behavior shaping

8/12/2019 Behavior Shaping

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BEHAVIOR SHAPING

It involves the use of selected reinforcers that beinglearned with hopefully change a childs behaviorfrom an inappropiate to an appropiate form.It is

based on the stimulus response theory andprincipes of social learning.For example When the child enter the receptionroom and associates this with a previous dental

experiences which was unpleasant,the childsinternal response is fear and anxiety while theexternal response would be crying.


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BEHAVIOR MODIFICATIONINVOLVES THREE TECHNIQUES

1. Desensitization2. Modeling3. Contingency management


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DESENSITIZATION

It is also known as reciprocal inhibition.Joseph wolpe (1975) used to remove fearsand tension in children who have hadprevious unpleasant dental experience ornegative behavior.Desensitization is accomplished by teaching

the children a competing response such asrelaxation and the introducing progressivelymore threatening stimuli.


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It ia an effective method for reducing amaladaptive behavior.Systemic desensitization is effective becausethe patient learn to substitute an appropriateor adaptive emotional response (relaxation)for an inapropriate or maladaptive response

anxiety


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TELL-SHOW-DO

Introduced by addleslon (1959).Method popularly used nowadays formodifying the behavior by desensitization inchildren is TELL-SHOW-DO technique.In this technique the child is told about thetreatment showed the instrument and than

the treatment is actually performed.Thus achild who requires a restoration is told thathis teeth are to be brushed and cleaned.


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While taking radiographs the x-ray machine isintroduced as a camera that takes the photoof the teeth.TELL-SHOW-DO technique needs to bemodified while treating a child who is visuallyimpaired.TELL-SMELL-DO or TELL-TOUCH-

DO should be used.This is effective in children more than 3 yearsof age.


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MODELING

Introduced by Bandura (1969).This procedure involves,allowing a patient toobserve one or more individuals (model) whodemostrate appropriate behavior in aparticular situation.The patient will frequentlyimitate the models behavior when placed in a

similar situation.


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MODEL CAN BE -

A. LIVEB. FILMEDC. POSTERSD. AUDIOVISUAL AIDS


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CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT

It is a method of modifying the behavior ofchildren by presentation or withdrawal ofreinforcers.

These reinforcers can be A) Positive reinforcer It is the one whose

contingent presentation increases the

frequency of behavior (Henry W Fields,1984)


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B) Negative reinforcer It is the one whosecontingent withdrawal increases thefrequency of behavior (stokes and

kenndy,1980)Negative reinforcer is usually a termination ofan aversive stimulus . E.g withdrawal of the

mother.


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TYPES OF REINFORCEMENTS :-

Social e.g positive facialexpression,praise,holding hand,physical contact byshaking hand and patting shoulder or back.Material May be given in the form oftoys,games.sweets are not given as reward since itcauses caries.

Activity reinforcers Involving the child in someactivity like watching television show/special

programmes with him.For the benefits ofcontingency management social reinforcers are themost effective,


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behavior shaping

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