behavior of small ruminant animals
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION
Behavior is the reaction of an animals(Sheep & Goat) to a certain stimulusor the manner in which it interactswith its environments.
Ethology is the study of animalbehaviour in the animal’s naturalhabits.
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TYPES OF BEHAVIOR Feeding behavior.
Social behavior.
Sexual behavior.
Parental behavior.
Drinking and excretory behavior.
Exploratory behavior.
Conflict behavior.
Sleep behavior.
Aggression and fear behavior etc.
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FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN GOATS
Goats are natural browsers,preferring to eat leaves, twigs,vines and shrubs.
They are very agile and willstand on their hind legs to reachvegetation.
Goats likes to eat the tops ofplants.
Goats will not eat mouldy ormusty feed and generally avoidpoisonous plants unless theyare wilted and then are morepalatable.
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FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP
Sheep are grazers,
preferring to eat short, tender
grasses and clover.
Their dietary preference is
forbs ( broad leaf weeds )
and they like to graze close
to the soil surface.
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SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Social behavior is also called
behavior of association.
Sheep and goats areassociated together ingroups.
Sheep and goats are move ingroups tend to follow aleader.
The leader of the herd isvery strong, aggressive andable to offer some protectionto some members of thegroup.
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DRINKING BEHAVIOR
The drinking behavior of a animal
is influenced by the part of the
brain called the hypothalamus.
Sheep and goat usually drink
water 1-5 times a day.
Sheep and goat on an average
require 2-10 litres per day for
drinking.
Daily water consumption depends
on the following factors:-
1.Body size of the animal.
2. Physiological condition.
3.Season.
4. Nature of feed etc.
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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Essentially, the behavioral
manifestation of sex depends uponthe action of sex hormones on thecentral nervous system. Somecharacters of the sexual behavior: -
Nosing & smelling of the female’svulva by male’s.
Flicking out of the tongue.
Low –pitched bleating sounds.
Butting of the female’shindquarters.
False mounting attempts.
Female animals are not alwayspassive in courtship .For example,the ewe actively solicits the ram bynuzzling his flank or scrotum.
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PARENTAL BEHAVIOR Parental behavior is well shown
by mother- offspring relationship.
They seek remote or hidden places
for giving birth.
After birth, the sheep and goat
may spend some time grooming
and cleaning amniotic fluid from
the newborn.
Assisting the young ones to suckle.
This may be done by lying down
or adopting a suitable orientation
that enables the newborn to locate
the teat.
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SLEEP BEHAVIOR Sleeping habits vary in
different animal species.
The purpose of sleep and rest
is to restore the body . Like
mating and feeding behavior.
Sheep and goats sleep for
about 8 hours and are awake
for about 16 hours a day.
Sheep and goats sleep in a
sitting position.
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COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOR Communication exists when
some type of information isexchanged between individualanimals.
This may occur with thetransfer of information throughany of the senses.
A distress call, involving adifferent type of sound, occursfrom either the female or heryoung when they becomeseparated.
Young animals cry for helpwhen disturbed or distressed:-lambs bleat.
Adult animals call for helpwhen under stress.
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CLIMBING AND MOULDING BEHAVIOR Goats are remarkable in their
ability to climb and canmove safety along narrowmountain path to grazeamong the rocks .
This ability can be a problemin farming as goats willclimb fence stay to jumpover, so electric fencing isnecessary to run goats,especially at the highstocking rates needed tomake them eat weeds.
Goats will also mould holesbelow fences to escape.
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EXCRETORY BEHAVIOR Excretory behavior is also called
eliminative behavior.
Excretory behavior refers to the
pattern of behavior connected with
the evacuation of faeces or urine
from the body.
The amount of material evacuated
and the number of times, it is
eliminated, depends on the amount
of food eaten, the type of food, the
temperature of the surroundings,
and the animal itself.
Animals defecate and urinate more
when stress or excited.
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EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR Exploratory behavior is the
type of behavior in which theanimal searches an object in itssurrounding to satisfy itscuriosity.
Exploratory behavior is usuallyinvestigative.
Exploratory behavior appearsto be increased by strangenessof the environment, and by itsspaciousness and complexity.
Exploratory behavior enablesan animal to learn about itsenvironment.
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SHELTER SEEKING BEHAVIOR
Animals crowd together in
snow and cold winds.
Animals seek shelter to trees
when it rains.
Sheep and goat seek shady
area for rest and rumination
if weather is hot.
In extreme situation animals
pile-up to the extent that
some get smother.
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CONFLICT BEHAVIOR Conflict behavior is the
opposition(conflict) betweenbehavioral tendencies.
The dominant buck isaggressive during the breedingseason.
Sheep and goats are establish adominance hierarchy in flocks,sometimes through headbutting.
This reason, animals of similarage should be grouped togetherso that bullying will bereduced.
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LEARNING BEHAVIOR Learning is the process which
produces change in individualbehavior as the result ofexperience.
The factor include the age ofthe animal, its environment,rewards associated withlearning, as well as constraintson learning.
Younger animals are moresusceptible to learning than arethe adult animals.
Farm animals respond to callsor whistles of the producer.
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AGGRESSION AND FEAR Animal aggression is the tendency
of one animal to want to inflict
damage on another animal, or the
tendency to initiate vigorous
conflict.
The dominant buck is aggressive
during the breeding season.
Dominant animals are inclined to
be more aggressive with other
animals and usually feed first at
trough.
Factors which affect aggression:-
Hormones, Experience, Appetitive
behavior, External factors.
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ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR
Anomalous behavior is anybehavior which is a variantof a normal activity,displayed abnormally, e.g.-excessive self-grooming.
Anomalous sexual behaviorin male animals includesexcessive libido, reduced sexdrive etc.
Anomalous behaviour maybe regarded as abnormal orirregular behaviour.
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BEHAVIOR DURING HANDLING AND RESTRAINT
Most animals are handled andrestrained several times duringtheir lifetime.
Ease of handling dependslargely on the animals’temperament, size and previousexperience and the design ofthe handling facilities.
Understanding animalsbehavior can assist inpreventing injury, undue stressand physical exertion for bothanimals and producers.
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MANAGEMENT OF BEHAVIOR
1. Giving training to regulate behavior.
2. Control by maneuvering the animals by
anticipation of their behavior.
3.The use of physical force.
4. By use of mechanical disadvantages.
5. By the use of drugs etc.
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CONCLUSION
Animal(sheep & goat )behavior results from theinteraction between stimuli in an animals internal andexternal environments.
Knowledge of animal behaviour will help producer to bemore efficient in managing livestock enterprises whichwill be safer and more production.
Animals also change their behaviour from season toseason, mainly as a person to change in weather condition.
Pattern of animals behaviour is determined chiefly byheredity but it also can be modified by training andlearning.
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