beginning of the modern world the enlightenment. the enlightenment grew out of the scientific...
TRANSCRIPT
Beginning of the Modern World
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific Revolution that swept through Europe in the 1600s
Analyze the major themes of the
Enlightenment, who made its greatest
contributions and how they were enacted prior
to the French Revolution.
started during the
grew out of
Ideas began modestly with
Beginnings of the Modern
Thinking
- Isaac Newton- Laws of nature
- John Locke protect citizens- Voltaire- tolerance/speech- Denis Diderot Encyclopedia- Cesare Beccaria Crime/Punishment- Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations- Charles-Louis Montesquieu three branches of government.- Jean-Jacques Rousseau social contract- Thomas Jefferson Dec. of Independence
with important thinkers
- Reason- Replaces faith (use reason to
understand nature, not faith to understand God
- Nature- Becomes God (nature and its laws
are understandable) - Happiness
- Human happiness is the highest aim (no more heaven, only here is certain)
- Progress- Understanding nature will leads us
to progress - Liberty
- For people to reason about nature and to ultimately progress, man needs to be free
such as
Had Three Major Monarchs
EnlightenedDespotism
- Frederick the Great- Embrace
enlightenment thinking
- 1st servant of state
- Catherine the Great- Talked much,
did little- Joseph II
- Many reforms, none lasting
major themes
Enlightenment
Geography
Paris
London ENGLAND
FRANCE
Mediterranean Sea
North Sea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
.Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
In 1215 King John I signs the Magna Carta, agreeing to share power with
nobles and respect rights of
citizens.
Enlightenment ideas spread to the Americas and inspire
Simon Bolivar and the
American Revolution
William and Mary replace James II in the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
They make the English Bill of Rights in 1689.
After Scientific Revolution, thinkers
started to study human behavior to improve
society.
Revolution ends
monarchy.French go
from monarchy
to democracy
to monarchy.
AFRICA
EUROPE
Philosophers
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes:
Summary:
10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes:
Summary:
10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World
1. The Enlightenment A. 18th-century European movement where thinkers used reason and science to try to improve society B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world
The Enlightenment had many different thinkers who tried to use scientific ways of looking at the world to try to understand society…
…some of the most famous were…
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes:
Summary:
10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World
1. The Enlightenment A. 18th-century European movement where thinkers used reason and science to try to improve society B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world
2. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions
Isaac Newton• Put the nail in the coffin to the Church
as an intellectual force
• Science separates from religion
• All questions of nature are attainable through the scientific method
• Understanding natures underlying laws will allow man to progress out of ignorance and superstition
• Newton uncovered the Universal laws that hold the universe together through both reason, mathematics and empiricism
• Man should also use these tools to understand all aspects of nature including man’s nature
• Birth of the social sciences
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes:
Summary:
I. The Enlightenment A. 18th-century European movement where thinkers used reason and science to try to improve society B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world
II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions A. Isaac Newton– laid foundation for
Enlightenment i. Used rationalism & empiricism– proved
the Universe had rational & natural laws that
could be measured with mathematics and
proved through observation. ii. This must be the method to uncover all
truths iii. Church dogma (truths) could not stand up
to these standards of truth. a. Science is the path to truth
John Locke• born in England in 1632
• left England for individual freedom (religion)
• returned to England after the bloodless Glorious Revolution - a new king agreed to share power with Parliament and accept a Bill of Rights
• he said that governments are formed to protect the rights of the citizens (these were life, liberty, and property)
• he said that the power to rule must come from the consent (agreement) of the ruled
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes:
Summary:
I. The Enlightenment A. 18th-century European movement where thinkers used reason and science to try to improve society B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world2. Pre-Enlightenment Figures that influences
period A. Isaac Newton– laid foundation for
Enlightenment i. Used rationalism & empiricism– proved
the Universe had rational & natural laws that
could be measured with mathematics and
proved through observation. ii. This must be the method to uncover all
truths iii. Church dogma could not stand up to these standards of truth. a. Science is the path to truth B. John Locke – (Social Contract theorist) i. governments made to protect natural
rights a. Life, Liberty & Property ii. governments get their power from
agreement (consent) of the people iii. people can overthrow unjust governments
Voltaire
(Francois Marie Arouet)
• brilliant French philosopher
• Popularized Enlightenment ideas
• Reason, Nature, Liberty, Progress, Happiness
• lived in many countries
• called for tolerance (especially religious)
• criticized Christianity
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: I. The Enlightenment II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions A. Isaac Newton – Theory of gravity
i. Nature laws guide all thingsii. Need to understand laws through
empiricism and mathematics- all things can be
understoodB. John Locke – (Social Contract theorist) i. governments made to protect natural
rights a. Life, Liberty & Property ii. governments get their power from
agreement (consent) of the people iii. people can overthrow unjust governments
C. Voltaire – called for freedom of speech &
religion i. Admired English for their freedom &
tolerance ii. Works included Letters on the English; Candide; and Treaty on Tolerance a. attacked the Church as purvayors of supersitition and ignorance b. ended all of his letters and essays-
“Crush the infamous thing”
Baron de Montesquieu• de Montesquieu believed that people were not naturally equal
(he thought women were inferior and that slavery was acceptable), but that most people were essentially good
• he thought that all differences should be tolerated (especially religious ones)
• political power should be divided between three branches of government with separate but equal powers
• each branch would check that the other branches did not abuse their power
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: 1. The Enlightenment A. 18th-century European movement where thinkers used reason and science to try to improve society B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world2. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions A. Isaac Newton-theory of gravity B. John Locke – life, liberty, property C. Voltaire – toleration D. Montesquieu – separation of powers i. called for three branches of government ii. said the branches would balance each other. iii. environment influenced political structures
Jean-Jacques Rousseau• believed people are good, free, and
compassionate
• people would be happy and peaceful without a government
• thought that society’s institutions (like school, arts, the media, and government) brought out the worst in people
• believed in the Swiss model of small villages making decisions through direct democracy
• believed in a “social contract” where people came together and ruled themselves with direct democracy
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions A. Isaac Newton-theory of gravity B. John Locke – life, liberty, property C. Voltaire – toleration D. Montesquieu – separation of powers E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Champion of Freedom
i. Critic of modern society- has led man to be miserable and corrupt ii. Believed man is inherently “good” but
“society” is inherently “evil”
a. inspired the words “man was born free, but
everywhere he is in chains” iii. Man to be happy which is the key to human existence- he must return to his nature state which is free and equal- like hunters & gatherer societies- admires the qualities of the noble-
savage iv. new social contract – people give over their
rights & freedoms to themselves- obedient to the laws made for oneselves v. Direct Democracy & rule of the General Will
The Enlightenment & Religion
Deism
• John Toland
• Christianity Not Mysterious (1696)
• Regarded God as a divine watchmaker
• Did not intervene in human affairs
• Joseph Addison-
The spacious firmament on high,
With all the blue ethereal sky,
And spangled heav’n, a shining frame,
Their great Original proclaim:
Th’ unwearied Sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator’s power display,
And publishes to every land
The work of an Almighty hand
•
William Blake
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & Religion A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist &
empirical approach B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker”
Voltaire• Treatise on Tolerance
• Attacked fanatical Catholicism
• Defended a French Huguenot accused of murder and convicted because of his faith
• In Philosophical Dictionary – he pointed out Biblical inconsistencies
• Crush the Infamous Thing
• ended every essay or letter with slogan above
• Believed the Church and the State were institutions of ignorance and superstition
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & Religion A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist &
empirical approach B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a
Huguenot accused of murder by Catholic political authorities
ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing”
Baron de Holbach & David Hume• Leading atheist thinkers of the
time
• Baron de Holbach
• The System of Nature
• "no necessity to have recourse to supernatural powers to account for the formation of things."
• David Hume
• Inquiry into Human Nature
• “Oh Miracles”- no empirical evidence for miracles
David Hume
Baron de Holbach
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & Religion A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist &
empirical approach B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a
Huguenot accused of murder by Catholic political authorities
ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing”
D. David Hume- “Inquiry into Human Behavior “& “Of Miracles”- Rational Skepticism
Baruch Spinoza• Ethics- Pantheism
• Excommunicated Jew
• Identified God with Nature
• All matter is nature and all of us are a part of God
• Helped lead Enlightenment thinkers to call for the liberation of Jews
Baruch Spinoza
Ethics
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & Religion A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist &
empirical approach B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a
Huguenot accused of murder by Catholic political authorities
ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing”
D. David Hume- “Inquiry into Human Behavior “& “Of Miracles”- Rational Skepticism
E. Baruch Spinoza- Ethics- pantheism
Denis Diderot• Attempted to secularize
learning • Organized a work called
the Encyclopedie– Attempted to collect in a
comprehensive work of all the new knowledge of the age
– Every major Enlightenment philosophe contributed
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & Society A. Denis Diderot
i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new
knowledge into one comprehensive set of books called The Encyclopedia
a. banned by censors in France b. attacked Christianity as irrational
Cesare Beccaria• believed laws were made to
keep order in society
• laws NOT made to avenge crimes
• laws should try to make the most amount of good for the greatest number of people
• stop torture
• punishment should fit the crime
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & Society A. Denis Diderot
i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new
knowledge into one comprehensive set of books called The Encyclopedia
a. banned by censors in France b. attacked Christianity as irrational B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law i. end cruel and unusual punishment
(torture) ii. listed steps to protect accused criminals
Francois Quesnay
• Among the early group of economic
• Philosophers called the physiocrats
• Agricultural philosopher- get rid of agricultural tariffs
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & Society A. Denis Diderot
i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new
knowledge into one comprehensive set of books called The Encyclopedia
a. banned by censors in France b. attacked Christianity as irrational B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law i. end cruel and unusual punishment
(torture) ii. listed steps to protect accused criminals C. Francios Quesnay- (physiocrat) i. Among the early group of economic philosophers called the physiocrats ii. Agricultural philosopher- get rid of agricultural tariffs
Adam Smith
• Father of modern capitalism
• Natural economy- no artificial barriers
• Laizzez-Faire- Govt. out of economy
• Criticized mercantilism• The market is the
“invisible hand” • The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Questions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & Society A. Denis Diderot B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law C. Francios Quesnay- (physiocrat) i. Among the early group of economic philosophers called the physiocrats ii. Agricultural philosopher- get rid of agricultural tariffs D. Adam Smith i. Father of modern capitalism ii. Natural economy- no artificial barriers iii. Laizzez-Faire- Govt. out of economy iv. Criticized mercantilism v. The market is the invisible hand
Popularizingthe
Enlightenment
Popularizingthe
Enlightenment
A Parisian Salon
Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
The Salonnieres
Madame Geoffrin
(1699-1777)Mademoiselle
Julie de Lespinasse
(1732*-1776)
MadameSuzanne Necker
(1739-1794)
Female Philosophes
► Emilie du Chatalet, a French noblewoman(1706-1749).
► Wrote extensively aboutthe mathematics andphysics of GottfriedWilhelm von Lebnitz andIsaac Newton.
► Her lover, Voltaire, learned much of his science from her.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quest ions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & SocietyV. The Enlightenment & Women A. Emile du Chatalet i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science &
calculus
Marie-Therese Geoffrin & Marquise de Pompadour
• Marie-Therese Geoffrin• well connected woman
who organized the salon
• Marquise de Pompadour• mistress of Louis XV• Organized salons and
helped get Encyclopedie published and protect philosophes from censors
Marie-Therese Geoffrin
Marquise de Pompadour
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quest ions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & SocietyV. The Enlightenment & Women A. Emile du Chatalet i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science &
calculus B. Marie-Therese Geoffrin
i. well connected woman who organized the salon C. Marquise de Pompadour
i. mistress of Louis XV ii. Organized salons and helped get
Encyclopedie published and protect philosophes from censors
Mary Wollstonecraft• called for equal rights for
women
• believed that women should be educated like men
• called for women to enter jobs that men traditionally held
• believed that women could be useful in society
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quest ions Notes: III.The Enlightenment & ReligionIV. The Enlightenment & SocietyV. The Enlightenment & Women A. Emile du Chatalet i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science &
calculus B. Marie-Therese Geoffrin
i. well connected woman who organized the salon C. Marquise de Pompadour
i. mistress of Louis XV ii. Organized salons and helped get
Encyclopedie published and protect philosophes from censors D. Mary Wollstonecraft – Women’s Equality
i. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ii. encourages education to make women
useful iii. Attacked Rousseau’s view of women
from his book- Emile iv. Most philosophes felt women were
naturally inferior to men and held traditional
views
Other Female Salons
► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin.
► In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.
► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.
Reading During the Enlightenment►Literacy:
80%%% o/o for men; 60 o/o women.
►Books were expensive (one day’s wages).
►Many readers for each book (20 : 1)
novels, plays & other literature.
journals, memoirs, “private lives.”
philosophy, history, theology.
newspapers, political pamphlets.
An Increase in Reading
An Increase in Reading
“Must Read” Books of the Time
In the 1700s Paris became the intellectual center of the world. Wealthy people would have parties where
thinkers, writers, artists, and musicians would meet to talk about ideas.
The Philosophes
“Enlightened
Despotism”
Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)
► 1712 -– 1786.
► Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”).
► He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.”
Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
► German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst.
► 1729 -– 1796.
1767: Catherine summons the Legislative Commission.
1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War.
1771-1775: Pugachev Rebellion is suppressed.
1772: First partition of Poland.
1785: Charter of Nobility.
1793: Second partition of Poland.
1795: Third partition of Poland.
Reformer? OR Despot?
Reformer? OR Despot?
Russian Expansionism in the Late 18c
Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790)
► 1741 -– 1790.
► His mother was Maria Theresa.
1772: First partition of Poland.
1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to Austrian lands.
1781: Declared the Toleration Patent.
1781: Abolition of serfdom and feudal dues.
1785: He failed to exchange the Austria Netherlands for Bavaria.
1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the Russo- Turkish War, but little was gained.
1795: Third partition of Poland.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II of Austria
The Legacy of the Enlightenment?
1.The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive.2.Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.
The Legacy of the Enlightenment?
3.New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations.4.19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)