beginner's guide to linux where to start
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TechRadar Pro(/pro) News(/pro/news) Beginner's guide to Linux: where to start
Beginner's guide to Linux: where tostartTUTORIAL Start your journey from beginner to Linux guru
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By Jonathan Roberts (/author?searchTerm=Jonathan Roberts)from Linux Format Issue
155 March 4th 2012
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PAGE 1 OF 2 Beginners guide to Linux: starting off
Linux is a powerful and att ractive desktop operating system
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It's that time of year again, when lots of people set
resolutions for themselves, trying to break bad habits andform a few good ones.
Many aim to start exercising more or eat less junk food, but
here at LXF towers, we think you should consider trying a
new operating system.
Unsurprisingly, this being a Linux magazine, we think that
you should try Linux. That's why we've created this guide - to
give you all the information you need to get started with
Linux. We'll begin by looking at what Linux is, and consider
why you'd want to use it. We'll then show you how to get your
feet wet in a risk-free way, before explaining how to install
Linux and go about your day to day business with it.
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TechRadar AVOur software highlights:
software-1119579)At the end of the article, we're also going to take a look at
how you can begin learning what's happening behind the
scenes. This final section isn't necessary for using Linux as a
casual computing platform, but it's knowledge that is getting increasingly
important as digital technologies are becoming more widespread.
We also happen to think it's a lot of fun to learn how computers work, and a
new hobby for a new year is never a bad thing!
We hope that, with this guide in hand, you'll start using Linux, and keep using
it long after you've started enjoying all those delicious pastries again.
What is Linux?
Linux is an operating system, in the same way that Windows, Mac OS X, iOS
and Android are all operating systems.
Essentially, what an operating system does is provide a platform for
everything else on your computer to run on top of.
This platform is made up of lots of different parts. Some parts are responsible
for making the hardware work, others for displaying the user interface, and
still other parts for ensuring that applications can work with the hardware and
each other. Just like Windows etc, Linux performs all of these functions.
You may be asking, "If Linux does all the same things that Windows or Mac
OS X does, why bother switching?". The answer is that Linux has its own
way of doing things, and for some people, the Linux way suits them better.
Secure, flexible, powerful
Out of the things that Linux does differently, two categories can be formed.
The first one covers all the technical aspects that make Linux distinct from
other operating systems. This includes, amongst other things: A radically-
reduced risk of catching viruses - so much so that only very specialised users
need to run anti-virus software.
It's modular, and so infinitely flexible - for example, while Windows limits you
to a single user interface (what the system looks like), on Linux you can
choose from a dozen different options. It runs well on very old and slow
hardware, as well as on super-computers and modern laptops (by some
counts, 90% of the world's super-computers are currently running a variant of
Linux). It's designed with security in mind, providing advanced features, such
as strong encryption, as standard.
One caveat that you'll want to keep in mind, with regard to Linux's technical
differences, is that it has a completely different approach to making hardware
work. This means that Linux's developers have to add support for hardware
all by themselves. They do a remarkably good job of this, and you'll find that
almost every piece of hardware imaginable works 'out of the box'.
There are exceptions to this, though, particularly where hardware
manufacturers keep the way their devices work a secret. On these
occasions, the developers have to figure out how a device works for
themselves, and then write the software to make it work - it's kind of like
listening to a piece of music to figure out the score.
This most often applies to graphics cards and wireless cards, although even
these are almost universally supported these days. Later in the article, we'll
show you how to check your hardware works, and how to get help if itWe use cookies on this website. By using this site, you agree that we may store and access cookies on your device. Find out more and set your preferences
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doesn't.
Freedom
The second category could broadly be called 'ideological'. Linux is what's
known as free software. This doesn't necessarily mean that it's free of charge
(although it often is), but that anybody can study how it works, share it with
their friends, modify it, and use it for any purpose.
This sounds a bit out there, but it's actually a very important aspect of Linux.
For starters, it means that it's not developed by a single company or nation,
but by a massive community that's spread around the world. This means youdon't need to worry about a company going bust and taking your photos,
documents and other data with them; neither do you need to worry that your
computing activity is surreptitiously being recorded, or otherwise influenced,
to advance some unknown group's interests.
With free software, your computer works for you. When you combine this
freedom with Linux's unique technical features, some interesting results
emerge. For instance, since Linux works well on older hardware and can be
shared for free, it's often used to provide low-cost but powerful computing
solutions for developing nations, schools and charities.
What's more, since the source code can be studied, it gives a valuable leg up
to many students who wouldn't otherwise be able to get a quality technical
education.
How it works
Of course, some people don't use Linux because of any of these reasons -
they just like the way it works. They don't care that they could use it to build
the next Wikipedia, or that it makes a wonderful educational tool, and they
have no interest in bundling up old computers for the developing world. They
just find that, out of all the operating systems available, Linux works best for
them.
What's more, as we'll soon see, you can try Linux in a virtually risk-free way,
without modifying the current contents of your computer. So, you should at
least give Linux a try because, whatever you think of its other defining
features, you might just find that it works right for you.
Now that you've decided to give Linux a try, you must first back up your data.
This isn't because using Linux is dangerous - in fact, as we've said, i t's
virtually risk-free - it's just that accidents do happen, and you should back up
your data regularly anyway.
Lord of the Jungle
If you don't yet have a backup solution, we think that Jungle Disk is a great
option. It works with Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, and it has a basic
monthly cost of just $2/month.
More importantly, though, it uses Amazon's cloud storage to back up your
files. This means that your files are kept in a different location from your
computer, ensuring that they'll remain safe even in the event of a fire or any
other physical disaster.
Of course, if you're in a hurry or you have limited bandwidth, you couldconsider burning your data to a DVD, or putting it on a portable hard drive -
just remember to keep it in a different location.
Trying Linux
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With your data safe, we're ready to get started and load Linux for the first
time. For this we're going to use a version of Linux known as
Ubuntu(http://www.ubuntu.com/).
This version of Linux, like many, is really clever, as you can use it as a live
CD. This means that you can run the entire operating system from the disc
without it making any changes to your computer.
If you decide you like Linux, you can then install it using the same disc; if you
don't, you can just reboot your computer, take out the disc and everything will
be just as you left it. It's the perfect way to try Linux without risk.
The only thing you need to bear in mind about live discs is that they're slower
than if the operating system were installed on your hard drive. So, while it's a
useful way to get a feel for what a system is like, don't think that Linux is
always so slow!
To use the live disc, you'll need to put the disc in your computer and then
reboot. When the first screen appears, usually with your computer
manufacturer's logo on it, you'll need to press a key to tell your computer to
start from the disc, rather than your hard drive. This key is different on every
PC, but it's usually one of F2, F12 or DEL.
The only way to be sure is to try the different buttons, one of which will
display a boot menu. From this menu, you'll want to select whichever entry
corresponds to your DVD drive.
Shortly after making this selection, you'll be presented with another menu,
this time with the Linux Format logo on it. You'll want to select the entry that
reads 'Ubuntu with Gnome', after which your computer will load Linux and
eventually leave you at the desktop - the main interface. Great! This is so
cool! Now what?
Well, the first thing to do is get familiar with the interface. Before we show
you around, remember Linux isn't Windows, and it isn't Mac OS X. As with
the technical and ideological differences, Linux's interfaces are different from
theirs. This means that it will take a while for you to get used to the way
things work, but if you persevere with it, you'll be surprised at how quickly it
becomes second nature.
It helps that some of the most basic ideas, such as the mouse, work the
same in Linux as in other operating systems. So, you use the left mouse
button to select things, some of which require a double-click, and the right
mouse button often pulls up a menu with further actions you can perform.
That said, let's take a look around the desktop. As you hopefully noticed
while exploring the Activities overview, as well as providing an attractive
desktop, Linux comes with a great set of applications installed by default.
This means you can get started working with your new operating system as
soon as you've turned it on.
A few of the applications will be familiar to users of other platforms, since
they're available for all operating systems; some of the applications are
Linux-specific, however, and aren't so well known (although they're just as
good, if not better!).
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Getting to know you
To speed you on your way to familiarity, we've compiled the above table,
which compares Ubuntu's default applications with their counterparts on
other platforms. Most of the default applications are fairly self-explanatory,
requiring little more than a bit of time playing with them to discover their
essential functions.
For those times when you're not sure how to do what you want, however,
check out the tutorials we've linked to.
The most important thing to do at this point is play around with everything. It's
almost impossible to break anything, and if you do, you can just reboot your
computer and remove the disc!
Don't forget to launch the System Settings dialog from the user menu, too, as
you'll find all kinds of options in there, including changing the wallpaper, the
keyboard layout and much more.
While you're trying things out without the fear of breaking them, now is a
great time to test your hardware too. If you managed to boot Ubuntu
successfully and explore the desktop, you can rest assured that all the most
important bits work well already - including your graphics card.
Test cards
Having said all of the above, one bit of hardware Linux occasionally has
trouble with is wireless cards, so it's worth using this playing around time to
make sure that this works too.
The easiest thing to do is just make sure that your computer can see some
nearby wireless networks: to do this, click the small computer icon on the
right of the panel and, if all is well, you should see a 'Wireless' entry followed
by all the nearby networks.
If you can't see this and you think you should, don't worry too much. WithLinux, there's almost always a way to make things work, it sometimes just
takes persistence and a helping hand to get there. See 'Getting help with
Linux' to find out how to go about solving your problem.
Installing Linux
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Things are looking pretty good at this point. You've successfully started your
computer with Linux instead of your normal operating system; you've
explored the interface and tried a few of the default applications; you've even
checked that it works with your most important hardware.
If, by this point, you're wanting to explore this new world further, then it's time
to install it on your computer and learn more about the system. This will give
you the chance to begin finding out how you can tweak the system, how fast
it runs in the real world, and to use it with your own files in your day to day
work.
This is the part where that backup you made is more important, as we're
going to be making changes to your computer's hard drive. It's surprisingly
easy, but in the event of any mistakes, you'll want to know that your data is
safe. If you didn't make a backup earlier, do it now.
To start the installation process, get to the desktop of the live CD as before,
and then double-click the Install icon on the desktop. From this point on, most
of the installation screens will ask you straightforward questions about your
language, time zone, keyboard layout and the like.
However, there are one or two screens that will require a bit of further
explanation. The third screen of the installer will give you some options
covering how Ubuntu should be installed - whether to install it alongside your
existing operating system, to replace the existing system entirely, or to letyou do your own thing.
What this screen is really asking is how to partition your computer. Your
computer keeps all of the information it stores on your hard drive, and this
hard drive can be sub-divided into distinct 'partitions', which it treats entirely
separately from one another.
By shrinking one partition, the one your existing operating system is on, and
creating a new one, Ubuntu's installer can let you keep the existing system
while still making Ubuntu available to you. This is what the Install Alongside
option will do, and this is the safest option to choose while you're just getting
started.
If you select this, every time your computer starts a menu will appear asking
whether you want to start Ubuntu or your previous system - something we
call dual booting. This way, if you still need your old operating system,whether for games or to occasionally use something familiar, you can just
reboot and select its menu entry.
You can also partition the computer in many other ways, including creating
separate partitions for important locations on your computer. This can have
some benefits when it comes to keeping your data safe and your computer
secure, but that's a topic for another time.
Security
The other screen you'll want to pay extra attention to is towards the end,
when it asks you for a username, computer name and password. While it
doesn't really matter what you choose to call your computer or user, youWe use cookies on this website. By using this site, you agree that we may store and access cookies on your device. Find out more and set your preferences
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should think carefully about choosing a good pass-phrase, as it will greatly
increase your security.
As we've often said here at LXF, the best thing to do is string together a few
random words, such as 'LXFlovespinkponies', to create something
memorable and difficult to crack. Try to use some upper- and some
lower-case letters, and maybe add a few punctuation marks, too.
This screen also gives you the option to encrypt your home directory (more
on the home directory shortly). This provides extra protection if you ever
leave your laptop on a train - or in any other position where some nefarious
foe might get physical access to your computer.
Move to Linux
After installing Ubuntu, rebooting your computer and selecting your brand
new operating system from the boot menu, the first thing you'll want to do ismake all your existing data accessible. This is a straightforward task.
Launch the Activities overview, and from there select the filing cabinet icon at
the bottom of the dash. This will launch Nautilus, the default Ubuntu file
manager. On the left of this window is a panel, and above all the bookmarked
locations, such as Home, Pictures and Downloads, there should be an entry
for a xxx Gb Filesystem.
This is the partition that your previous operating system lives on, and which
contains all your old files and folders. Accessing them is a simple matter of
double-clicking the entry, and then all your files and folders will appear in the
main part of the window.
Most user documents and settings, on Windows 7 and Vista, are stored in
the Users\ directory, on XP in Documents and Settings\
, while on Mac OS X they're in the /Users/
directory. If you can't find this directory, check to see if there's more than one
partition listed in the side panel.
Some manufacturers distribute their computers with a separate data partition
by default, so you may need to look in these other partitions for your files.
Copying and linking
Once you've got access to the files, you may want to copy them across to the
appropriate directory on your Ubuntu partition.
This works just like in all other operating systems: use the mouse to drag a
box around all the files you want to copy, go to the Edit menu at the top of theWe use cookies on this website. By using this site, you agree that we may store and access cookies on your device. Find out more and set your preferences
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window, and select Copy (or press Ctrl+C). Then, go to the location on your
Ubuntu partition where you want to store the files, probably in your home
folder, but maybe in the Documents, Music or Pictures subdirectories, and
select Paste from the Edit menu (or press Ctrl+V).
Of course, this will work best if you're not constantly switching between
operating systems. If you are, then you may find that you end up with files
that are out of sync with one another. The best way to avoid this situation is
to work on the files straight from the Windows partition; if you do this,
however, keep in mind that you'll have to open the file manager and click the
partition each time you want to use it.
There is a way to automate this, but it's beyond the scope of this feature.
Take a look at the Getting Help with Linux box if you want to find out how to
do this.
Importing data
The final thing you'll want to do to make your new operating system feel like
home is import some of your files to the appropriate applications. For
instance, now that your music files are accessible, you can import them in to
Banshee's database, which will then automatically download cover artwork
and keep everything organised for you.
To import your music into Banshee, launch the Activities overview and begin
typing 'Banshee'. After a few characters, the Banshee icon should appear
and be highlighted, at which point pressing Return will launch the program.Then, go to Media>Import Media, and select Choose Folders... in the window
that appears.
This will launch a file browser, from which you can browse to your Windows
partition, or the location on your Ubuntu partition where your music files are
stored. Select the folder that your music is stored in, and then click Import at
the bottom of the file browser. Banshee will then take care of everything else
for you. (Note that importing your photos to Shotwell involves a similar
process).
It's also worth knowing that Banshee comes with support for several online
media stores turned on by default, so you can download new music from
Amazon, get podcasts from Miro, or classic videos and audio from the
Internet Archive. All of these are available at the bottom of Banshee's side
panel.
Package managers
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Tags tutorial(/tag/tutorial), Linux(/tag/Linux), operating systems(/tag/operating systems), free software(/tag/free software),open source(/tag/open source)
See more operating systems news
The penultimate step on our journey is to show you how to install new
programs and keep old ones up to date. This is an area where Linux has
been ahead of the game for years.
Rather than expecting you to go to third-party websites and download an
executable file (.exe in Windows, .dmg in Mac OS X), Linux distributions
provide package repositories, which store all the software you can install on
that distribution. This is much more secure, since the packages in the
repositories are all digitally signed to guarantee their origin. This means you
can be sure who's providing the package, and that it hasn't been altered by
someone with malicious intent (whereas on Windows and Mac OS X, there's
little to guarantee the authenticity of the programs you install).
It also has the major advantage that all the software on your computer can be
kept up to date automatically. So, every time there's a security fix, you'll
immediately be notified about it and given the opportunity to install it. It's
really a very good system.
Installing and updating
On Ubuntu, the repositories are accessed through the Software Centre. If
you launch it from the Overview mode, you'll find yourself at the Software
Centre's homescreen. It's very much like the iTunes app store - here, you
can see featured applications, browse by category or search for applications.
Once you see one that takes your fancy, you can click its entry and you'll be
taken to a more detailed description of the program. This page includes userreviews, version details, and a button that says Install.
Unsurprisingly, this Install button installs the application. Installed
applications are marked by a green circle with a tick inside it, and instead of
having an Install button, these have a Remove button.
There are loads of applications to explore, and as luck would have it, a few
months back we ran a feature on the 50 Best Linux Apps(/news/software
/applications/top-50-best-linux-apps-2011-1014373) to help you find some
interesting targets to install on your new machine.
Updating applications uses an alternative program. From the Overview
mode, you'll want to launch the Update Manager. You can click the Check
button to look for new updates, and then the Install Update button to install
them. It's rare that you'll need to restart your computer for updates to take
effect, but you'll be notified if necessary.
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4 comments Add comment
mirudo
February 16th
4thaks a lotyou may have a look at Arashium tutorials too:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5RlfB_hkD0
babumonjose1
September 29th
2012
3Best Linux distro for beginners..Read morehttp://www.bestlinuxdistros.com/2012/05/best-distro-for-beginners-ubuntu.html
serendipity
March 4th 2012
2Nothing ahgaint Linux, use Ubuntu myself as well as
Windows Vista and 7 but I hate how all Linux beginnersarticles claim that Linux is somehow inherently secure, itisn't - just as Mac OSX isn't either. If these OSes ran on95% of the world's desktop PCs you can bet they would gethacked regularly. Where Linux is popular (ie. web servers
and Android) it gets hacked!!
@mitcoes "MS tablet cost from 1100 to 1500 USD"Err check out the Acer Iconia W500 it's less than 500dollars. And the bad news is that Windows tablets wi ll geteven cheaper when they become popular after Win 8 islaunched. Personally, I'd much prefer a full fat Windows (orLinux) tablet that can run proper 'applications' than some
cheapo tablet that can only run 'apps'.
mitcoes
March 4th 2012
1WUBI or YUMI is the best way of installing Linux for abeginner. WUBI is is a total non techie install is as easy asany program where you click next and yes.
YUMI, is for USB installation is easy, anyone that knowshow to reinstall MS WOS would do it, ans it is much easier
than istall MS WOS.
And lat but not least, if your laptop is slow and old with MS
WOS, do not buy a new one, try Lubuntu or Xubuntu it willgo as fast as hell, and it is FREE. and sure it will be 2 yearsmore state of the art compared to MS WOS.
An MS tablet cost from 1100 to 1500 USD, and Androidstablets - with Linux kernel but without X Windows - and
other Linux tablets runs from 200 USD, 5 times lessexpensive for almost the same performance.
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