before reading_ 1.1

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Kalervo Oberg: (1901-1973) a world-renowned anthropologist.

Born: 1901 Birthplace: British Columbia, Canada Died: July 11, 1973, in Corvallis, Oregon Best Known As: a pioneer in economic and applied anthropology

Script

Kalervo Oberg was born in 1901 in the Canadian province of British Columbia, to Finnish parents. He received a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of British Columbia in 1928, a master’s degree in economics from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D from the University of Chicago. Oberg had numerous teaching positions in his career, but never a permanent position. He also worked in various government postings overseas, including the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, forerunner of the US Agency for International Development. After his employment with the government, Oberg returned to teaching at Cornell University, the University of Southern California, and also Oregon State University. He was an excellent teacher and was always aware of current events around the world and ready to discuss them. Although he did not publish as much as many anthropologists due to the nature of his work, his contributions were great. He was most famous for developing the idea of “culture shock.”

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Directions: Culture is responsible for how we live. There are different ways to divide culture, one of which is to think about culture in two basic categories: individualism and collectivism. Watch the video and try to get the differences between individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Individualistic culture:

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

People are concerned more with the needs, goals and interests of the individual.People tend to emphasize self-actualization and individual initiative and achievement. People focus on an I identity. People are supposed to look after themselves and immediate families only. People tend to emphasize individual rights like freedom, independence, individuality and equality. People tend to have a SELF-other orientation toward relationships, meaning that the SELF is the most important.Examples of individualistic cultures are US and Australia.

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c.d.

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f.

g.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Collectivistic culture:

People are more concerned with the group’s needs, goals and interests than those of the individual.People stress fitting in with or belonging to the group.People focus on a WE identity. People are supposed to look after others in the group or collective in exchange for loyalty. People tend to emphasize belonging to groups. Family relations, loyalty and harmony are highly valued. People tend to have a self-OTHER orientation toward relationships meaning that the other is more important than the self.Examples of collectivistic cultures are China, Columbia, Costa Rica and Indonesia.

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b.c.d.

e.

f.

g.

Directions: The term “culture shock” was introduced for the first time in 1954 by Kalvero Oberg. Now let’s learn something in detail about it.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

1. Definition

2. Six aspects of culture shock

3. A typical six-month cycle of culture shock

4. Causes of culture shock

5. Signs of culture shock

6. Dealing with intercultural stress and shock

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Definition

Culture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within an entirely different culture or social environment, such as a different country.

Script

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Six aspects of culture shock

Strain due to the effort required to make necessary psychological adaptations.A sense of loss and feelings of deprivation regarding friends, family, status, career and possessions.Being rejected by and/or rejecting members of the new culture.Confusion in role, role expectation, values, feelings andself identity.Surprise, anxiety and even disgust and indignation after becoming aware of cultural differences.Feelings of impotence due to not being able to cope with a new environment.

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Script

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

A typical six-month cycle of culture shock

Pre-Departure

Sixth MonthFirst Month

Fourth and Fifth Months

Third Month Second Month

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Pre-Departure: Defined by excitement, anticipation and enthusiasm. Emotions are running high and although excited, everyone is also a bit apprehensive and concerned.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

First Month: Still filled with the excitement of travel and newness of food, culture and environment. Learning the language becomes a priority.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Second Month: Distinguished by the awareness of differences being felt as unpleasant. Inconveniences in accommodation, not speaking the language well enough and the lack of familiarity of foods, shops, friends and surroundings are noticed.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Third Month: Often the low point in the adjustment period. Language skills seem to stagnate and personal productivity drops. Nothing about the new culture seems positive. Family and friends are greatly missed.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Fourth and Fifth Months: The beginning of the return of enthusiasm and enjoyment. New foods, new ways of doing things and the language are tried with a positive effect. Emotions are smoother, confidence is regained and built up, and health is restored.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Sixth Month: Brings normal lifestyle, with established routines and social life in place. The ups and downs of living abroad are accepted. Normality, indeed, has finally smiled on you once again.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Causes of culture shock

Being cut off from cultural signals and known patterns of communication, especially the subtle, indirect ways of expressing feelings.Living or working over an extended period of time in a situation that is ambiguous.Having personal values (which were previously considered absolutes) brought into question.Being continually put into positions in which you are expected to function with maximum skill and speed, but where the rules have not been adequately explained.

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Script

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Signs of culture shock

homesickness, withdrawal, stereotyping of host nationals, need for excessive amounts of sleep, marital stress, loss of ability to work effectively, compulsive eating or drinking, unexplainable fits of weeping, irritability, physical ailments, boredom, exaggerated cleanliness, family tension and conflict

Script

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Dealing with intercultural stress and shock

Gather information. The more that is known about a place or its people, the less foreign or threatening they seem. Consider traveling locally, taking a cooking class, or joining a club.Do not criticize the host culture. Resist the temptation of talking negatively about the local people. Find a friend. Find someone who can serve as a “cultural informant” to introduce parts of local life and practices that are not normally accessible to foreigners. This will help make sense of the cultural differences one naturally encounters.Look at the “big picture.” Find patterns and interrelationships that explain what is going on so that it no longer seems confusing.

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Script

Language is a tool for us to communicate with each other. Lack of efficient linguistic as well as cultural knowledge may cause misunderstanding between people from different cultures. Watch the video See You Later.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

1.

Discuss with your group members. Your discussion should include the following questions:

a. Do you have the similar experiences? b. Have you heard of some stories of the same type? c. What can we do to avoid such an awkward situation?

2.

Kalervo Oberg

Culture Shock

Culture

Group Discussion

Part Division of the Text

Further Understanding

True or False

Questions and Answers

Intervie

w

Parts Para(s). Main Ideas

1

2

3

1~3

4~6

7~9

We might call culture shock a disease which is caused by the frustration and anxiety resulting from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

Culture shock is due to our own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural background and our lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment.

To get over culture shock, we should get to know the people of the host country and their language; we should find out what they do, how they do it, and what their interests are, etc. But understanding the ways of a people does not mean that we have to give up our own.



True or False


Intervie

w

Culture shock is just like a disease which can be cured.

Culture shock often leads to the loss of our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

Usually people resort to a particular way for dealing with their daily life.

People who experience culture shock tend to view the host country irrationally.

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2.

3.

4.

Culture shock results from the loss of our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

We orient ourselves to the situations of daily life in countless ways.

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F(

)

T(

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5.

6.



True or False


Intervie

w

After the period of culture shock, people tend to take a trip home.

Culture shock enables people to forget everything back home, good or bad.

Regression is another phase of culture shock. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.

Culture shock makes people forget all the difficulties and problems and remember only the good thing back home.

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)

F(

)



True or False


Intervie

w

1. What is the cultural environment made up of according to the passage?

A cultural environment consists of man-made physical objects, social institution, and ideas and beliefs.

2. Is culture acquired?

Yes, it is. An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.

3. What does culture enable young people to do?

Culture enables the young to learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.



True or False


Intervie

w

4. What is ethnocentrism?

It is a belief people hold that not only their culture but their race and nation form the center of the world.

5. What is the proper way for us to treat ethnocentrism according to the author?

We should recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups.

6. What should people know first in order to overcome culture shock?

People should realize that their trouble is caused by lack of understanding of different cultural background and the lack of means to communicate, and that both understanding and means can be gained by themselves.

learn the language;get to know the value and interest pattern;be a participant observer.

1.2.3.



True or False


Intervie

w

Directions: Work in pairs to perform an interview. One student plays as the writer, Kalervo Oberg, and the other, a TV reporter. The topic you are talking about is how we can get over culture shock. Your conversation should be based on part 3 and the interview should cover the following three aspects:

Part Division



Blank Filling

True or False


1. Do the students in distance learning programs use textbook?

Yes, they do. But textbooks are just learning aids and they aren’t the only source of knowledge.

2. Where can cyber students acquire knowledge apart from textbooks?

From the collaborative efforts of online debates, conferences and papers.

People tend to experience frustration and anxiety when they

enter a new culture. This phenomenon is often referred to as “cu

lture shock.” How and why does it happen? What is the nature o

f “culture shock”? And how can we cope with it? Kalervo Oberg

provides us with some answers.

Detailed Reading

Culture ShockKalervo Oberg

Detailed ReadingWe might almost call culture shock an

occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.

Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure.

Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues includethe thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues which may be words, gestures,

facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues.

Detailed Reading

Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react

to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”

Detailed Reading

When Americans or other foreigners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people — you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.

In an effort to get over culture shock, there is some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of man-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs. An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak

Detailed Reading

Portuguese, English, or French; nor that he should eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of his try and is built up over time largely through

processes which are beyond his awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate. And as we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life.

Detailed ReadingPeople have a way of accepting

their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable.

To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world. Individuals

identify themselves with their own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remark which is rude to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me; if you criticize me, you are criticizing my country. Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance,

Detailed Reading

if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait. He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks but because he is an American. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. It is thus best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups. Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism.

Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication. And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear.

Detailed Reading

The question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is getting to know the people of the host country. But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbol

system of communication. Now we all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you. But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbour, or to go on shopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but a whole new world of cultural meanings opens up for you.

Detailed Reading

You begin to find out what people do, how they do it, and what their interests are. People usually express these interests by what they habitually talk about and how they allocate their time and money. Once you know this value or interest pattern it will be quite easy to get people to talk to and be interested in you.

At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity. Yet the visitor should never forget that he or she is an outsider and will be treated as such.

Detailed Reading He or she should view this participation as a role-playing. Understanding the ways of a people is essential but this does not mean that you have to give up your own. What happens is that you have developed two patterns of behavior.

1. What does “it” refer to in this sentence?

Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure. Detailed Reading

“It” refers to culture shock.

2. In the previous sentence, the author uses the word “disease”, but here the word “ailments” is used. What is the difference between these two words?

Disease is a general term referring to an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. Ailment refers to an illness that is not very serious. Obviously, culture shock is not a serious physical disease that is affecting one’s body. It is just a kind of emotional discomfort usually found in somebody who has been suddenly transplanted abroad.

3. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。

1. Say something more about the usage of “when/what/how/ infinitive” structure.

… when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.

Detailed Reading

There are three points to remember when you use this kind of structure: 1) This structure is used only after such English verbs as ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see (=understand/perceive), and wonder, etc.; 2) Besides “when/what/how”, words like “where/which/whether”

can also be used in this structure; 3) The structure “whether + infinitive” is usually used after “want to know” or “wonder.”More examples:*I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.*I didn’t know when to switch the machine off.*I wondered whether to write or phone.

Detailed Reading

2. Paraphrase “when to take statements seriously and when not.”

when we should believe that these statements are worth our attention and when we needn’t pay attention to them

1. According to this statement, what makes up our culture?

These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.

Detailed Reading

The cues we acquire in daily life, the language we speak, and the beliefs we accept.


这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。

What is the implied meaning of this sentence?

All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues. Detailed Reading

Without these familiar cues such as words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, we would probably get lost and suffer from frustration and anxiety, and wouldn’t be able to work efficiently.

To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified.

Do the two words “American” in this sentence mean the same?

No, they don’t mean the same. The first “American” is a noun, meaning “someone from the USA,” while the second is used as an adjective, meaning “relating to the USA.”

Detailed Reading

The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness.

1. What can you infer from this sentence?

Culture develops and builds up through a long but hardly noticeable process.

Detailed Reading


任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。

1) The first part of this sentence uses the technique of fronting ( 前置手法 ). The regular sentence order would be “We give the name ethnocentrism to this attitude”; 2) In the second part, there is an appositve clause used to modify “belief,” telling us the specific content of this “belief.”

To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.1. To what kind of attitude do we give the name ethnocentrism?

We give the name ethnocentrism to the attitude that people regard their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.

Detailed Reading

2. How is ethnocentrism defined in this sentence?

It is a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.

3. Analyze the structure of this sentence.

For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait.

1. What can we infer from the sentence?

People tend to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.

Detailed Reading

2. Translate this sentence into Chinese.

例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性。

Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured.

Paraphrase the sentence.

His country rather than the individual himself would be officially criticized.

Detailed Reading

This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you.

1. What does “it” refer to?

It refers to the act of learning a new language.

Detailed Reading

2. Translate this sentence into Chinese.

无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。

At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.

1. Analyze the structure of the second sentence “whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.”

This sentence adopts the subjunctive mood. Here the third person singular pronoun “this” is followed by “be” instead of “is.” This is one type of present subjective ( 现在虚拟 ) which is often used in clauses of condition or concession. The present subjective can also be found in certain exclamations to express a wish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers.More examples:*God bless you!*Long live the queen!

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading 2. Translate this sentence into Chinese.

有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。

transplant: 1. vt. to move from one place and settle elsewhere

We start the flowers indoors and then transplant them to the garden.

Detailed Reading

His kidney was transplanted in his daughter.

Collocation:heart transplant surgery 心脏移植手术a bone marrow transplant 骨髓移植

2. n. the operation of transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc

Kelly’s only hope of survival was a heart and lung transplant.

ailment: n. an illness that is not very serious

It was still unclear what caused the victims’ ailments.Detailed Reading

The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of ailments, ranging from colds to back pains.

这些名词均有“疾病”之意。指身体或精神不适，尤其指小毛病。例如：

泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状态。例如：

指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。例如：

指具体部位的疾病，尤其指不是很严重的那种。例如：

Detailed Reading

CF: ailment, illness, disease & complaint

ailment

illness

disease

complaint

His ailment was only a slight headache.他身体不舒服，有点轻微的头痛。

Her mother was just recovering from an illness .他妈妈生了一场病，刚刚康复。

She suffers from a rare disease of the brain.她得了罕见的脑病。

He is having treatment for a chest complaint. 他正在接受胸部疾病的治疗。

cure: 1. n. treatment or substance that cures; remedy

There is still no cure for AIDS.Detailed Reading

预防比任何一种治疗都要好得多。

Prevention is far better than any cure.

2. vt. to make an illness or medical condition go away

Many types of cancer can now be cured.

Ninety percent of patients can be cured of the disease.Pattern:cure sb. of sth. 把某人的病治愈

She had some acupuncture treatment which seems to have cured her.

针灸几次后她的病似乎痊愈了。

precipitate:1. vt. to make (an unwanted event) happen sooner

An attack on the country could precipitate a world war.

Detailed Reading

The 1929 stock market crash precipitated the collapse of the American banking system.

2. vi. to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way

This material causes most of the alumina in the solution to precipitate quickly.

3. n. a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a liquid

老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。

The teacher asked him to warm the mixture after the precipitate dissolved.

4. adj. happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully

A precipitate decision leads to his failure.

Detailed Reading

一阵冷风造成气温急剧下降。

A cool breeze caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.NB:该词作动词用时，近义词为 hasten；作形容词用时，近义词为 hasty 。

orient: v. to arrange or direct with a particular purpose

She looked at the street names, trying to orient herself.

Detailed Reading

登山者停下来以便辨别自己的方位。

The climber stopped to orient himself.

The meeting decided that the magazine had to orient to the busisness community.

Detailed Reading

Collocations:orient oneself to sth. 使自己熟悉某事

be oriented to/towards/around sth/sb 迎合某人的需要 , 围绕某事

It takes new students a while to orientate themselves to college life.

新同学要花一定的时间来熟悉校园生活。

The course is oriented towards the needs of businessmen.

这一课程是为迎合商人的需要而设立的。

A lot of the training is orientated around communications skills.

很多培训都是围绕交际技能展开的。NB:

“ ”该词还可以用作名词，意为东方，但通常以 the Orient的形式出现。例如：

The traveler made a fame for himself by a book about the Orient.这个旅行家凭了一本描写东方的书一举成名。

purchase: 1. n. sth. you buy, or the act of buying it

Other customers arrived, made their purchases and left.

Detailed Reading

那顶帽子买得不错。

That hat was a good purchase.

2. vt. to buy sth.

You can purchase insurance online.

Detailed Reading

Foreign investors are not permitted to purchase land.

Collocations:date of purchase 购买日期proof of purchase 购买凭证hire purchase 分期付款make purchases 购物

a fish out of water: sb. who is uncomfortable; sb. who is at a disadvantage

I felt like a fish out of water in my new school.

Detailed Reading

Pattern:be/feel like a fish out of water 感觉格格不入

tremendous: adj. very great in size, amount, or degree

She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm.

Detailed Reading

这个计划能省我们一大笔钱。

This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.

这些形容词均有“巨大的” ，“庞大的”之意。指某物非常大，大得惊人。强调尺寸大小、数量以及程度方面的大。含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。非常大，强调比同类中的其他事物大得多。

CF: tremendous, huge, vast & giant

tremendous

hugevastgiant

Be careful. The forest is full of snakes and spiders.

King’s new novel will undoubtedly be a success.

She praised her husband for the support he

had given her.

areas of the Amazon rainforest have been destroyed.

Detailed Reading

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words in the previous page. Change the form where necessary.

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2.

3.

4.

giant_____

huge_____

Vast____

tremendous__________

glorify: vt. to cause to appear more important or better than they really are

Movies that glorify violence may be responsible for some of the rise in crime.

Detailed Reading

The emperor’s achievements were glorified in numerous poems.

get over1) to find a way to deal with

Once we’ve got over the first few months, we should be making a reasonable profit.

Detailed Reading

我不知道我们应该怎样解决这个问题。I don’t know how we’re going to get over this problem.

2) to become well again after an illness or a very upsetting experience

It’s taken me ages to get over the flu.

她从没有从儿子去世的悲伤中恢复过来。

She never got over the death of her son.

dictate: v.1) to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave

Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered.

Detailed Reading

The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government.

她拒绝听命于华盛顿一些愚蠢官员。She refused to be dictated to by some stupid officials in Washington.

Can they dictate how the money will be spent?

Detailed Reading

Patterns:

dictate thatdictate todictate who / what / how etc.

2) to say words for someone else to write down

He’s dictating a letter to his secretary right now.

transmit: v. to send or pass from one person, place, or thing to another

会议将通过卫星进行现场转播。Detailed Reading

Radars that transmit at lower frequencies are more effective than high-frequency radars in penetrating clouds, fog, and rain.

The meeting will be transmitted live via satellite.

Detailed Reading这些动词均含“送出”，“发送”，“传送”之意。指通过无线电、电视或其他类似的设备将信号、消息等发送出去或指传播知识、疾病等。例如：

最常用，含义广，指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或送的方式。例如：

指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。例如：

CF: transmit, send & deliver

transmit

send

deliver

The system transmits information over digital phone lines.

这个系统通过数字电话线发送信息。Cultural values are transmitted from parent to child.文化价值观由父母传递给孩子。

We sent Mom flowers for Mother’s Day.母亲节我们送花给母亲。

The morning mail has just been delivered.

晨报刚刚送到。

build up: 1) to increase, develop, or become gradually larger

The firm has built up a wide reputation for fair dealing.

Detailed Reading

He’s built up the family firm into a multinational company.

When sick you must rest to build up your health.

2) to make someone well and strong again; strengthen

Taking exercise will build up your strength.

生病的时候必须休息以便恢复健康。

by means of: by using a particular method or system

I found my lost dog by means of a notice in the paper.

Detailed Reading

NB:

英文单词means比较活跃，有很多固定用法。常用的有：by all means 尽一切办法 , 一定by any means 无论如何by no means 决不

associate with sb.: to spend time with sb.

I don’t like those people you’re associating with.

Detailed Reading

约翰好像一直和犯罪分子混在一起。

John may have been associating with the criminals.

identify oneself/sb. with sb./sth.: to support or feel closely connected with sb./sth.

She has always been identified with the radical left.

Detailed Reading

I tried to identify my mind with the old fellow’s, and take his view of the world.

这些动词均含“认出”，“识别”之意。指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。

CF: identify, recognize & make out

identify

recognize

make out

I didn’t you in your uniform.

His accent him as a Frenchman.

He could just a dark shape moving towards him.

Scientists have the gene that causes abnormal

growth.

Detailed Reading


1.

2.

3.

4.

recognize________

identified________

identified________

make out________

to the extent that: so much that

Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their homes.

Detailed Reading

NB:

英语中还有一个词组与该词组意思相同： to such an extent that，意“ ”为到这样的程度以致。常用的关于 extent的词组还有：

to a certain extent 在一定程度上to some extent 在某种程度上to a great/large extent 在很大程度上

tendency: n. a characteristic likelihood of doing sth.

There is an increasing tendency for women to have children later in life.

Detailed Reading

男孩的好斗倾向比女孩强。

Boys have a stronger tendency to fight than girls.

Collocations:aggressive tendency 进攻倾向suicidal tendency 自杀倾向criminal tendency 犯罪倾向artistic tendency 艺术倾向have a tendency to/towards sth. 有做某事的倾向

attribute:1. vt. to regard sth. as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb./sth.

We attribute courage to the lion and cunning to the fox.

Detailed Reading

Alice’s success should be attributed to her intelligence and hard work.

艾丽思的成功归功于她的聪明和勤奋。

2. n. a quality considered as belonging to a person or thing; characteristic.

Patience is an attribute of a good teacher.

What attributes should a good manager possess?

一名好经理应该具备何种素质？

peculiarity: n. sth. that is a feature of only one particular place, person, situation etc.

We noticed the peculiarity of his manner at once.

Detailed Reading

She was well aware of the peculiarity of her own situation.

这些名词均有“特性”，“特点”，“品质”之意。指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。通常指好的或有用的特征、品质。

CF: peculiarity, trait & attribute

peculiarity

trait

attribute

Detailed Reading

Courage, love, patience and common sense are desirable

.

One of his is that his two eyes are not the

same color.

He possesses the essential of a journalist.


1.

2.

3.

peculiarities__________

attributes________

traits_____

hostility: n. unfriendliness; opposition.

The guard dog showed signs of hostility toward the newcomers.

Detailed Reading

Recently there has been hostility towards the Prime Minister from members of his own party.

Collocations:open hostility 公开的敌意

popular hostility 公众的敌意

hostility to/towards sb./sth. 对某人或某事的敌意

他们带着明显的敌意注视对方。They eyed each other with open hostility.

难民照片引起了公众对于战争的愤怒。

Pictures of refugees aroused popular hostility towards the war.

新政引起了强烈的敌意。There was fierce hostility to the new policy.

Detailed Reading

open up: 1) to (cause to) spread or unfold

With a microscope, a whole new world of investigation opens up.

The new international agreement opens up the possibility of much greater co-operation against terrorism.

新国际公约带来了更多反恐合作的可能性。

2) to open sth. that is closed, locked, or covered

Open up, this is the police!

3) to stop being shy and say what you really think

Last night was the first time that Ken had opened up about his feelings.

Detailed Reading

allocate: vt. to divide and give as a share

You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.

One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.

这些动词均含“分配”，“分发”之意。指分配某项任务给某人或让某人负责某事；也可指为某事指定时间、地点。通常指将整体或定量分为若干份来分配。普通用词，强调将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。将某物划归特殊用途使用或将某物划拨给特定的人。

CF: assign, distribute, divide & allocate

assign

distributedivide

allocate

Detailed ReadingDirections: Fill in the blanks with the words in the previous page.

Change the form where necessary.

The Wall used to East and West Berlin.

The Ford Foundation millions of dollars for cancer

research.

Clothes and blankets have been among the

refugees.

I’ve been the task of looking after the new

students.

1.

2.

3.

4.

divide_____

allocated________

distributed_________

assigned________

Detailed Reading

participant: 1. adj. participating; sharing.

Participant reporters are welcome at the council meeting.

Last summer, children’s art program had fourteen participants.

2. n. someone who is taking part in an activity or event

At the end of the conference, all the participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire.

as such: properly so named; in the exact meaning of the stated thing

If Mr. Green chooses to act like a child, he may have to be treated as such.

Detailed Reading

Birth is a natural process and should be treated as such.

分娩是一个自然过程，也应该这样被对待。

Collocations:be treated as such 被这样对待be recognized as such 被这样认可be accepted as such 被这样接受

Useful Expressions

Discussion and

WritingOptional Classroom

Activities

Picture TalkingProverbs and

Quotations

1. 职业病

an occupational disease

2. 因……而产生 result from

3. 社会交往 social intercourse

4. 使自己熟悉（新情况） orient oneself to

5. 握手 shake hands

6. 购物

make purchases

7. 对……当真 take sth. seriously

8. 面部表情 facial expressions

9. 在……过程中

in the course of

10. 离水之鱼；不得其所的人 a fish out of water

11. 心胸开阔 be broad-minded

Listening Comprehension

12. 一系列 a series of

13. 对……做出反应 react to

14. 抱怨 complain about

15. 克服，战胜 get over

16. 除了

in addition to

17. 社会风俗 social institutions

18. 增加，积累 build up

19. 用，依靠 by means of

20. 使自己适应 adapt oneself to

21. 和……打交道 associate with

22. 和……打成一片，认同

identify with

23. 到这样的程度以至于

to the extent that

24. 例如 for instance

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


25. 个人行为 an individual act

26. 因为 due to

27. 而不是

rather than

28. 尽快

as quickly as possible

29. 进行交谈 carry on a conversation

30. 打开，展开 open up

31. 宗教仪式 a religious ritual

32. 被这样对待 be treated as such

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


Directions: Listen to the following passage and then fill in the blanks.

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


You have stepped off the plane into a new (1) wo

rld. Initially you may experience a sense of (2) a

nd surprise. Everything around you is (3) : a different lan

guage, different dress, or a confusing (4) system. Sl

owly you begin to adapt.

You may have heard these words — culture shock, a psyc

hological disorientation (心理错位 ) that most people

(5) when living in a culture markedly different fro

m one’s own. Everyone experiences culture shock in differ

ent ways, at different (6) and to different (7)

. Usually the cultural adjustment (8) follows a certain

pattern. At first, you will be excited about

cultural_______

Dealing with culture shock

experience_________

excitement_________

new____

transit_____

times_____

degrees_______ process_______

going abroad and starting a new (9) . When you f

irst arrive, everything will (10) new and exciting. How

ever, after some time, you may start to feel (11) an

d question why the local people do things so differently. You

may even become (12) about these differences. How

ever, you will eventually (最终 ) get used to this new way of lif

e. And before you know it, you will be getting excited about t

he (13) home to your family and friends. Sometimes our values and (14) will conflict and sometimes they will converge (汇合 ) with the cultures we visit. The better you are able to adjust to the differences, the greater the ability you will have in empathizing and (15) with those with whom you come in contact. The result will be a better understanding of your own values and the values of the people you will encounter in another culture.

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


adventure________

appear______

homesick________

upset_____

return_____beliefs______

communicating_____________

Here is a story about a Canadian’s experience in China. Read it and have a discussion with your classmates. Your discussion might cover the following aspects:

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


1. Discussion

(1) The Canadian’s attitude towards privacy;(2) The concept of privacy in Chinese culture;(3) Your comments on this example of culture difference;

Culture Shock — Sense of Privacy

2. Homework for Writing

For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Different Concepts of Privacy based on the story and the discussion above. Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

I don’t mean to say that there was no privacy in China. But, what I experience in a public office made me wonder what privacy really meant to many people there. One day, I went into the office. Seeing people revealing their quite personal stories in front of many others made me uncomfortable… “Do as the Romans do” I told myself. So, I waited patiently and tried to avoid the sound coming from the person in front of the line. Then, I sensed that someone was peering through my shoulder and stared at the paper that I was holding. “Do as the Romans do” I murmured quietly. Moments later, my brother came and we discussed at the corner of the office with the documents open on the desk. Almost immediately, I saw a man was staring at the documents. His staring lasted (about three minutes) till I politely reminded him that it was a personal document and … My mouth dropped seeing him shouting at me, reminding me that it was a public place and he stared just the desk not the document.

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


On some occasions we Chinese behave differently from people in the Western countries. The most apparent difference can be found on the way people deal with their daily life. Besides the cultural difference shown in the table manner, in the way to address and greet people, in giving and receiving gifts, can you name some other differences in terms of the value system? You may take America as an example of the Western countries.

Value Difference

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


Aspects China United States

Interpersonal “Relationship” comes first

“Economics” comes first

On “Humility” (谦卑 )

“Humility” viewed as a virtue

“Humility” is a sign of weakness; there is every reason for the abled to be proud

What Wins Respect

Respect for seniority, wisdom, ability

Respect for success, achievement, wealth

On “Family” Children should learn to respect the elder, love the young, and rely on the “extended family”

Children should learn to be independent

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


Aspects China United States

On “the Strong” and “the Weak”

It is not righteous to hurt others who are not as strong as you are

It is an honour to win; business is all a competition; it is only natural that the weak is replaced by the strong

Tolerance of Diversity (对多样性的容忍 )

Openly very receptive, but actually less so

More open

On Shame or Humiliation (羞辱 )

Long memory; need and urge to declare the innocence

Tends to come after business consideration

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


1. Every country has its customs.

乡有乡俗。

2. Do as the Romans do.

入乡随俗。

3. Let our object be our country, our whole country, and nothing but our country.

我们的心目中要有国家，要有整个国家，而且只有我们的国家别无其他。

4. Culture itself is neither education nor law making, it is an atmosphere and a heritage. — Henry Louis Menken, American writer and editor

文化本身既不是教育，也不是立法，它是一种氛围，一种遗产。 —— 美国作家、编辑亨利•路易斯•门肯

Useful Expressions

Discussion and


Activities


Quotations


5. Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home. — J. H. Payne, American dramatist and act

金窝，银窝，不如自家的草窝。 —— 美国剧作家、演员

J. H.佩恩6. Home is the place where, when you have to go there, it has to take you in. —Robert Frost, American poet

无论何时何地家永远是向游子敞开大门的地方。 —— 美国诗人罗伯特•弗罗斯特

7. Go where he will, the wise man is at home. His hearth the earth, his hall the azure dome. —Ralf Waldo Emerson, American thinker

明智者四海为家——地球是他的壁炉，蓝天是他的客厅。 —— 美国思想家拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生

before reading_ 1.1

Documents

university of british

cornell university

university of pittsburgh

university of chicago

oregon state university

idea of culture shock

individual rights

individual initiative