. . ..BE.BOP 2012. BLACK EUROPE BODY POLITICSEDITED BY ALANNA LOCKWARD AND WALTER MIGNOLO

... .

BE.BOP 2012 BLACK EUROPE BODY POLITICSMay 4-6, 2012

ROUNDTABLE SESSIONS

Friday, May 4th

10:00-11:00 - SCREENING OF WORKS BY JEANNETE EHLERS, INGRIDMWANGIROBERTHUTTER, TERESA MARÍA DÍAZ NERIO, EMEKA UDEMBA AND TRACEY MOFFATT

11:30-13:30 - BLACK EUROPE AND DECOLONIAL (DIASPORIC) AESTHETICSAlanna Lockward, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin - Walter Mignolo, Duke University - IngridMwangiRobertHutter, Artist. Moderator: Rolando Vázquez, Roosevelt Academy

14:15-16:30 - BLACK EUROPE, CITIZENSHIP AND THE DECOLONIAL OPTIONManuela Boatca, Freie Universität Berlin - Gabriele Dietze, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin - Artwell Cain, Director Ninsee (National Institute for the Study of Dutch Slavery and its Legacy) - Rolando Vázquez, Roosevelt Academy. Moderator: Walter Mignolo

16:45-18:00 - OPEN MICModerator: Robbie Shilliam, Queen Mary University, London and Alanna Lockward, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

Saturday, May 5th

09:30-11:30 - SCREENINGS OF WORKS BY JEAN-MARIE TENO, SUMUGAN SIVANESAN AND WILLIAM KENTRIDGE

11:45-13:45 - COLONIAL AMNESIA I. CONNECTING ENSLAVEMENT LEGACIES BEFORE AND AFTER THE TRIANGULAR TRADE IN SCANDINAVIA Simmi Dullay, Independent scholar - Jeannette Ehlers, Artist - Ylva Habel, Södertörn University. Moderator: Alanna Lockward

14:30-16:30 - COLONIAL AMNESIA II. RES NULLIUS, THE BERLIN-CONGO CONFERENCE AND THE HERERO-NAMA GENOCIDEJosé Manuel Barreto, Goldsmiths College London - Ulrike Hamann, Goethe University Frankfurt. David Olusoga, Author. Moderator: Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung, Director of Savvy Contem-porary

16:30-18:00 - OPEN MICModerator: Michael Küppers-Adebisi, Director of AFROTAK TV cyberNomads and Teresa María Díaz Nerio, Artist

Sunday, May 6th

10:30-11:00 - SCREENING OF WORK BY AFROTAKT TV CYBERNOMADS

11:00- 13:00 - BLACKNESS, SISTERHOOD AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOCIETY OF THE SPECTACLE Teresa María Díaz Nerio, Artist - Grada Kilomba, Author - Rozena Maart, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal - Minna Salami, Writer/Blogger. Moderator: Robbie Shilliam, Queen Mary University, London

14:00-15:30 - BLACKNESS, BROTHERHOOD AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOCIETY OF THE SPECTACLE Quinsy Gario, Artist - Michael Küppers-Adebisi, Director of AFROTAK TV cyberNomads -Robbie Shilliam, Queen Mary University, London. Moderator: Ylva Habel, Stockholm University

15:30-16:00 - Open MicModerator: Walter Mignolo and IngridMwangiRobertHutter

17:00 - SCREENING OF TOXI/1952) BY ROBERT A. STEMMLE, IN COLLABORATION WITH AFRICAVENIR, HACKESCHE HÖFE KINO FOLLOWED BY RECEPTION

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DECOLONIAL AISTHESIS AND OTHER OPTIONS RELATED TO AESTHETICSby Walter D. Mignolo

I see four emerging trajectories or options in the artistic domains today that deviate from the original path that defined and characterized the concept “art” and its relations to other spheres of life (economy, authority, gender, sexuality, knowledge, “race”) since the Eigh-teenth Century. This original path, which in reality was nothing but an option, appeared for a while as the only “truth” about art and aesthetics. I would like to preface the four emerging trajectories by outlining how “aesthetics” became a philosophical discourse responsible not only for establishing a certain criteria that (still) regulates “taste” but also for classifying different populations around the world who, according to Kant’s conceptualization, were not apt to sense and understand the beautiful and the sublime. All “civilizing missions” after him were built in such beliefs. These constructed parameters, the sense of the beautiful and the sublime as well the invention of “art” as a philosophical category, and its articulation within a broader philosophical aesthetics, were all components of a point of departure and a respective set of intentions that created a peculiar category: “Similar but different.” The oxymoron “similar but different” is intentional. It is a consequence of the imperial and colo-nial epistemic, aesthetic, religious and ontological difference invented by Western theology, secular philosophy and science.

The Eighteenth Century established a break in the history of Western thinking and sensing. While Poiesis was dominant through the Renaissance it was Art that during the Enlighten-ment was added and differentiated. Until then, the word “art” referred to the skill a person must had in order to do something.

Poiesis originally meant “to make.” For that reason any “maker”, who was not God, received the name of “poet.” Thus, the etymology of “art” in Latin is similar to that of “poiesis”, but until the 18th Century “art” was not connected to the conceptual requirements that made of certain kind of poiesis, a “tragedy” and/or a “comedy” as it was conceived by Aristotles’s in his Poetics. Two of those requirements, interrelated of course, were mimesis and catharsis: the final goal was catharsis which was meant to be achieved through mimesis, that is, the imitation of life situations to touch certain cords in the spectator. To depart from “Poiesis” and “art” as “making” is not enough for an endeavour to be acknowledged as a work of poetry or a work of art. “Making” needed to be related to “sensing” and Aristotle expanded sensing to the domain of “catharsis”. In the Eighteenth Century, sensing was instead related to “taste and beauty”, as established by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten and Immanuel Kant.

Through the Renaissance and up to the Eighteenth Century, poiesis was the equivalent of what became aesthetics during the Enlightenment and after. Aesthetics, as a discursive strategy, needed to be anchored in a different medium, and the concept of “art” came to the rescue. “Art” that originally meant “to make” became “art as aesthetics and aesthetics as art.” Which means that “to make” was associated with values attached to the beautiful and the sublime. At the same time, “literature” was taking the place of “poetry.” Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s Laocoon (1766) did one of the first attempts to deal with the separation between poetry (art with words) and painting (what we call today “visual arts” and previously were “fine arts”).

From the Enlightenment to the end of the 20th Century, the story is well known. Art became a powerful medium to shape the senses of modern subjects in Europe and, because Europe

... .

05

was becoming the economic and political centre of the world, European art and aesthetics touched Non-European actors, institutions and knowledges all over the world. These actors had to deal with European arts and aesthetics in a way that differed from the one of those European actors (“artists and philosophers”) who themselves did not have to get involved with non-European ways of world-making (art) and thinking about world-making (philosophy). For the former, the question became whether to accept, assimilate, reject, integrate or appro-priate European arts and philosophical aesthetics into their own histories, ways of living and sensing. For Europeans, the rest of the world (following Kant’s evaluation) did not reach the state of producing art or literature/narratives but what they produced was considered “arts-crafts” and “myths”. These classifications, to which Kant contributed significantly, served to legitimize the “superiority” of European arts and aesthetics.

By the first decade of the 21st Century, the situation began to change drastically parallel to the radical changes in the world´s disorder and its further reordering. Obviously, the four emerging trajectories mentioned at the beginning are being built in relation to the existing modern paradigms from the Eighteenth to the end of the 20th Century of what can be called “traditional aesthetics.” It is certain that “traditional modern aesthetics” will continue to exist in the lives of many for several years before it becomes a stifled memory in museums all over the world, preserving, for those who would still be interested, how the West systema-tically constructed its epistemic “supremacy” for 250 years since the Enlightenment, and 250 years before that, during the Renaissance. I will call the classical aesthetic trajectory since Baumgarten and Kant until the end of the Twentieth Century the “modern and postmodern” aesthetics in art practices and art histories.

This is how I see the way in which the classical tradition of modern and postmodern aesthe-tics is being eroded today by these four options that although go beyond aesthetics, impinge on aesthetics as well:

1) The market options. Art has become one of the most distinguished commodities. The value of art is the value of the market: all values that have characterized arts in the recent past (aesthetics, innovation, nationalism, artistic schools, periods, etc.) are subsumed and surro-gated to market values;

2) Next to the market value of art is the tendency to maintain the artistic and intellectual values within a discourse that underlines the “novelty” not in the Western timeline but in the identification of common artistic discourses around the globe and the denial of identities. This is the altermodern option. The altermodern options are parallel to the market value op-tions. They both inoculate artistic practices from any type of identity politics and impose the “neutrality” of values that respond to the dynamics of the market value; 3) Confronting and contrasting with these two options we found the De-Westernization of art. That is, a perspective where the value of art is not that of the market or that of the global commonality of artistic discourses and techniques, but artistic practices that aim at delinking from the imperial hegemony of Western artistic values. I will give two examples: the forthcoming Sharjah Biennale 2013 and the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha;

4) The four option is the decolonial option, of which BE.BOP 2012. BLACK EUROPE BODY POLITICS is an example.

. Walter D. Mignolo is William H. Wannamaker Distinguished Professor and Director of the Center for Global Studies and the Humanities at Duke University. He is Visiting Fellow at the Advanced Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Studies, at the City University of Hong Kong (January-June 2012). Among his major works are The Darker Side of The Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization (1995) and Local histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledge and Border Thinking (2000). The Idea of Latin America (2005) received the Frantz Fanon Award from the Caribbean Philosophical Association in 2006. The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options was just released in December of 2011.

In a nutshell, I will be arguing that a) through the concept of aesthetics, Western philo-sophy colonized aisthesis in the name of modernity (e.g., establishing norms to distinguish, within its own history, the concept “art” from other “similar and different” expressions (po-pular art, folklore, art-crafts) and b) this distinction played the role of a deflected mirror image towards the non-European world. If Western philosophy colonized aisthesis (sensing) and “art” was the instrument to carry on this goal, decolonizing aesthetics means to liberate aisthesis. Liberating aisthesis implies decolonizing knowledge (the control and management of aesthetics by Western philosophy, art history and art criticism) and decolonizing being (the control of subjectivity by means of the control of knowledge). In this regard, there is a point of intersection between dewesternization and decolonization of aesthetics: the need to delink from the mono-culture of modernity, postmodernity and altermodernity in the domain of “art,” and “aesthetics,” their conceptualizations and their histories. In different ways, both options delink also from the stock market value of art. Although dewesternizing art and aes-thetics is being done on sound economic foundations, the goal is the politics of heritage rat-her than the politics of capital accumulation. It is the politics of wealthy states, or so-called “emerging economies” (China, India, Qatar, Kuwait). The decolonial option operates, instead, in the sphere of the political society which is marginal in relation to the control of the economy (market value) and the control of the State (politics of heritage based on economic wealth).

Last but not least, the previous outline was not constructed from a perspective “outside” the trajectories and options that I mentioned. First, I say “trajectories and options” because if I say only “option” it appears as something fixed, without movement, without a genealogy and a future orientation. And if I say “trajectory” only, it appears as if it was a movement without a goal. Secondly, my outline presupposes the decolonial option as a locus of enun-ciation. By making this clear, I also make two additional claims: a) each of the trajectories is an option and claims about the rightfulness, truthfulness or superiority of any of these options is unwarranted; b) the decolonial option is not the “best without parenthesis”, for the decolonial option claims precisely that “best or preferable” without parenthesis is un-warranted in a world in which every “true” and “preferable” option is always in parenthesis. This doesn’t mean “cultural relativism” and “everything goes.” It means that the struggle is a struggle among options and it is only as an option that the emerging (as well as the classical) non-decolonial options have to generate their analysis in order to sustain their claim to the values they promote (values are relative to options as they do not fall from the sky) and their claims on their role and place in the definition of “art” within the framework of global social interactions.

There is nothing beyond coexisting options. The decolonial is one among the four emerging options, confronting the canonical one-the modern/postmodern option. The market and al-termodern options are departing from it. The dewesternizing and decolonial options are de-linking from it. However, the decolonial option is so far the only one committed to advancing the arguments outlined here (s. Decolonial Aesthetics Manifesto at the end of this publica-tion and also: http://www.criticallegalthinking.com/2011/10/12/in-commemoration-october-12-1492-manifesto-of-decolonial-aesthetics-2/.

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t of

Doc

umen

ta 1

2 th

at

fini

shed

las

t Su

nday

, ac

cord

ing

to e

xhib

itio

n di

rect

or, Ro

ger

Buer

gel:

‚The

lif

e ou

tsid

e th

e ex

hibi

tion

hal

ls c

ould

not

flo

uris

h. T

his

mea

nt t

hat

the

idea

l atm

osph

ere,

the

live

line

ss c

ould

no

t be

nur

ture

d‘. T

he a

rts

need

war

mth

: ‚Th

is i

s w

hy G

reec

e is

the

ori

gin

of c

ivil

izat

ion

and

Afri

ca t

hat

of m

anki

nd.‘

(Der

Tag

essp

iege

l, 24

.09.

07. p

25)

.

....

H

ow d

o cu

rren

t no

tion

s of

the

Afr

ican

con

tine

nt r

espo

nd t

o ve

ry s

peci

fic

mom

ents

of

Eu-

rope

an c

omm

erci

al e

nter

pris

es a

nd h

ow h

as p

hilo

soph

y se

rved

the

pur

pose

s of

col

oniz

atio

n an

d ge

noci

de?

My

hypo

thes

is i

s th

at t

his

coul

d ha

ve o

nly

take

n pl

ace

thro

ugh

sile

ncin

g th

e ac

hiev

emen

ts o

f Af

rica

n cu

ltur

es a

nd t

he s

yste

mat

ic “

prim

itiv

izat

ion”

of

all

Afri

can

peop

les.

Ar

tist

s w

orki

ng w

ithi

n Dec

olon

ial

Dia

spor

ic A

esth

etic

s ha

ve c

onsi

sten

tly

chal

leng

ed t

hese

no

tion

s so

met

imes

usi

ng t

he r

educ

tion

to

absu

rdit

y th

roug

h m

imic

ry,

the

juxt

apos

itio

n of

di

ffer

ent

leve

ls o

f m

eani

ng o

n a

sing

le p

lane

and

als

o ve

ry o

ften

quo

ting

onc

e ag

ain

thos

e co

mm

on a

ssum

ptio

ns (w

hich

hav

e be

com

e an

invi

sibl

e “n

orm

” by

the

pur

e fo

rce

of r

eite

ration

) re

veal

ing

thei

r de

eper

and

tw

iste

d pu

rpos

es.

It is

cru

cial

to

poin

t ou

t th

at H

egel

mad

e hi

s ep

iste

mic

div

isio

n of

Afr

ica4 at

the

sam

e ti

me

that

the

fir

st G

erm

an p

rote

stan

t co

loni

zing

mis

sion

was

est

ablish

ed in

the

cont

inen

t (1

829)

. In

thi

s se

nse,

we

coul

d in

terp

ret

his

Phil

osop

hy o

f His

tory

(w

hich

con

sist

s of

tra

nscr

ipti

ons

of h

is l

ectu

res

at t

he U

nive

rsit

y of

Ber

lin

and

was

pub

lish

ed p

osth

umou

sly,

in 1

837,

six

yea

rs

afte

r hi

s de

ath)

was

inde

ed a

ver

y ef

fect

ive

publ

ic r

elat

ions

cam

paig

n in

fav

our

of E

urop

ean

colo

niza

tion

.

In m

y m

aste

r th

esis

Sch

war

z-Bl

ack-

Afro

. Wid

ersp

iege

lung

ein

es W

ortf

elde

s im

Tag

essp

iege

l. (2

004-

2006

) (Sc

hwar

z-Bl

ack-

Afro

. Cou

nter

-ref

lect

ions

of

a w

ord

fiel

d in

the

Dai

ly M

irro

r), f

or

whi

ch I

crit

ical

ly s

elec

ted

one

hund

red

arti

cles

fro

m t

he m

ains

trea

m G

erm

an n

ewsp

aper

Der

Ta

gess

pieg

el,

I ha

ve f

ound

the

se H

egel

ian

para

digm

s re

prod

uced

con

stan

tly.

Bla

ck G

erm

an

citi

zens

hip

is s

yste

mat

ical

ly d

enie

d by

mea

ns o

f si

lenc

ing

its

mer

e ex

iste

nce.

In t

his

sens

e, I

have

con

cept

ualize

d it

as

the

“Silen

ced

Dia

spor

a”. T

his

cate

gory

is m

eant

to

expa

nd t

he s

cope

of

Mic

hel-

Rolp

h Tr

ouillo

t’s

(199

5) S

ilen

cing

the

Pas

t. P

ower

and

the

Pro

duct

ion

of H

isto

ry. I

n Tr

ouillo

t’s

rese

arch

, th

e Hai

tian

Rev

olut

ion

is e

xpos

ed a

s an

inc

once

ivab

le a

chie

vem

ent

of

(dec

olon

ial)

his

tory

whi

ch h

as b

een

ther

efor

e sy

stem

atic

ally

silen

ced

from

its

begi

nnin

g un

-ti

l to

day.

I tr

ansp

ort

the

noti

on o

f Si

lenc

ing

that

is

prev

alen

t in

mos

t w

hite

(Ch

rist

ian,

mal

e)

Euro

-(N

orth

)Am

eric

an a

ccou

nts

of a

ll a

ccom

plis

hmen

ts a

nd r

ealiti

es o

f Bl

ack

Peop

les

to t

he

spec

ific

sit

uati

on o

f th

e Si

lenc

ed D

iasp

ora.

The

Silen

cing

of

the

Blac

k Ge

rman

Dia

spor

a in

Ger

-m

an m

edia

tic

and

ling

uist

ic c

onte

xts

is a

n ex

ampl

e su

ppor

ting

my

argu

men

t. T

his

stra

tegi

c te

rmin

olog

y in

terv

enti

on is

not

mea

nt t

o su

bsti

tute

the

sel

f-na

min

g of

the

Bla

ck C

omm

unit

y in

Ger

man

y, w

hich

rem

ains

as

the

only

leg

itim

ate

refe

renc

e of

a h

isto

rica

l re

-exi

sten

ce.

Onl

y th

roug

h th

e gr

ound

brea

king

con

trib

utio

ns o

f Bl

ack-

Germ

an a

nd B

lack

Dia

spor

a ac

-ti

vist

s in

Ger

man

y, a

nd m

ore

rece

ntly

in

rela

tion

to

the

pres

s (N

oah

Sow

200

9, L

ockw

ard

2006

/201

0, a

nd t

he o

nlin

e m

edia

-wat

ch p

orta

l de

r br

aune

mob

), th

e fi

rst

idea

s on

a p

erce

p-ti

on o

f a

Sile

nced

Dia

spor

a in

a w

hite

heg

emon

ic c

onte

xt c

an b

e fo

und.

The

re a

re a

lso

rece

nt

theo

reti

cal

appr

oach

es t

o th

e sa

me

phen

omen

on o

f Si

lenc

ing

by B

lack

Eur

opea

n sc

hola

rs.

Grad

a Ki

lom

ba (

2008

) ha

s m

ade

a po

wer

ful

inte

rven

tion

in

her

book

Pla

ntat

ion

Mem

orie

s.

Epis

odes

of

Ever

y Day

Rac

ism

, fro

m w

hich

the

fol

low

ing

para

grap

h is

ext

ract

ed:

“O

nce

conf

ront

ed w

ith

the

coll

ecti

ve s

ecre

ts o

f ra

cist

opp

ress

ion

and

the

piec

es o

f th

at

very

dir

ty

hist

ory,

the

whi

te s

ubje

ct c

omm

only

arg

ues:

‘not

to

know

…’, ‘

not

to u

nder

stan

d…’,

‘not

to

rem

embe

r…’,

or ‘n

ot t

o be

liev

e…’.

Thes

e ar

e ex

pres

sion

s of

thi

s pr

oces

s of

rep

ress

ion

by w

hich

the

sub

ject

res

ists

mak

ing

the

unco

nsci

ous

info

rmat

ion

cons

ciou

s; t

hat

is,

one

wan

ts t

o m

ake

the

know

n un

know

n [s

ilen

cing

]. R

epre

ssio

n [s

ilen

cing

] is

, in

this

sen

se, t

he

defe

nse

by w

hich

the

ego

con

trol

s an

d ex

erci

ses

cens

orsh

ip o

f w

hat

is i

nsti

gate

d as

an

‘un-

plea

sant

’ tru

th. T

hey

say

they

do

not

know

! But

if

I kno

w, t

hey

too

have

to

know

as

we

co-e

xist

in

the

sam

e sc

enar

io. T

hey

say

they

hav

e ne

ver

hear

d of

it!

But

how

com

e, i

f w

e ha

ve b

een

spea

king

it

sinc

e 50

0 ye

ars.

Fiv

e hu

ndre

d ye

ars

is s

uch

a lo

ng t

ime.

Wha

t do

the

y w

ant

to

know

? An

d w

hat

do t

hey

wan

t to

hea

r?”

P. 3

3. [

The

brac

kets

are

min

e].

11

I

n or

der

to b

uild

an

intr

oduc

tory

arg

umen

t fo

r th

e co

ncep

tual

izat

ion

of D

ecol

onia

l Dia

spo-

ric

Aest

heti

cs in

the

con

text

of

the

Sile

nced

Dia

spor

a, t

he w

ork

of In

grid

Mw

angi

Robe

rtHut

ter5

is a

cas

e in

poi

nt. Fo

rmed

by

a Ke

nyan

-Ger

man

wom

an a

nd a

whi

te G

erm

an m

an t

hat

have

m

erge

d as

a s

ingl

e ar

tist

ic e

ntit

y si

nce

2003

, the

ir p

erfo

rman

ces,

vid

eo-a

rt, p

hoto

grap

hy a

nd

inst

alla

tion

s ad

dres

s th

e si

lenc

ing

of B

lack

Ger

man

iden

tity

and

Ger

man

y‘s

colo

nial

leg

acy

in

the

Afri

can

cont

inen

t in

cur

rent

his

tori

ogra

phy

and

med

iati

c (w

hite

Wes

tern

Chr

isti

an E

uro-

pean

) ac

coun

ts.

Taki

ng a

glo

bal st

and

on t

he H

egel

ian

cons

truc

tion

s of

an

undi

ffer

enti

ated

iden

tity

for

all

th

e co

untr

ies

of t

he A

fric

an c

onti

nent

in w

hich

Ger

man

y pl

ayed

and

sti

ll p

lays

a c

ruci

al r

ole

and

that

is c

onst

antl

y re

prod

uced

in a

cade

mic

tex

ts, p

opul

ar c

ultu

re, t

he m

edia

and

eve

ryda

y la

ngua

ge, th

eir

wor

k re

flec

ts t

he l

ong

jour

ney

of r

ecog

niti

on b

etw

een

the

whi

te a

nd B

lack

su

bjec

t pa

rtic

ipat

ing

in t

his

crea

tive

exp

erie

nce.

On

the

one

hand

, th

e Bl

ack

fem

ale

body

is

the

cons

tant

by

whi

ch t

he r

ule

of O

ther

ing

is e

stab

lish

ed; w

hile

the

whi

te m

ale

body

app

ears

on

ly o

n ra

re o

ccas

ions

. Thi

s is

qui

te e

vide

nt in

the

pie

ce u

sed

as t

he c

over

of

this

pub

lica

tion

, Th

ing,

(20

07).

Wea

ring

the

Obj

ect

of C

onte

mpl

atio

n, o

f th

e sa

me

year

, evo

kes

the

solu

tion

of

a ri

ddle

. Aft

er t

he f

irst

pie

ce t

hat

used

the

res

ourc

e of

exp

osin

g th

e sk

in t

o th

e su

n w

ith

the

inte

rven

tion

of

a st

enci

lled

pat

tern

(St

atic

Dri

ft,

2001

), a

com

ing

of t

erm

s ca

me

into

pla

ce

and

the

whi

te s

ubje

ct r

efle

cts

on a

nd l

iter

ally

pro

ject

s hi

s ow

n co

loni

zing

con

stru

ctio

ns a

nd

prac

tice

s on

his

ow

n bo

dy, i

n a

man

ner

that

is

neit

her

patr

oniz

ing/

patr

iarc

hal,

or r

espo

nds

to t

he d

eman

ds o

f w

hite

gui

lt.

Anot

her

exam

ple

of h

ow t

his

colo

nizi

ng m

ess

is c

onte

sted

app

ears

poi

gnan

tly

in R

esol

u-ti

on o

f Li

es (

2008

), a

poet

ic e

quat

ion,

not

sur

pris

ingl

y fo

und

in N

atur

e, ind

eed…

We

can

hear

th

e so

und

of s

ilen

ce i

n th

is i

mag

e. I

ts p

ower

ful

self

-exp

lana

tory

‘na

ture

’, it

s ic

onog

raph

ic

stam

ina

and

self

-ref

eren

tial

ity

mig

ht a

lso

be a

tra

p of

our

ow

n se

nses

. The

rep

rodu

ctio

n of

th

e co

ntin

enta

l sha

pe o

n a

rock

tha

t se

ems

to h

ave

capt

ured

by

pure

cha

nce

the

resi

dues

of

a re

d de

luge

, con

veys

the

not

ion

of a

nev

er e

ndin

g ra

ndom

ized

alg

orit

hm o

f qu

esti

ons,

of

pos-

sibi

liti

es, h

isto

rica

l, bi

ogra

phic

al, c

osm

ic, p

hysi

cal,

text

ual,

visu

al, a

nd, a

nd, a

nd…

How

do

we

know

tha

t th

is im

age

was

tak

en in

the

Afri

can

cont

inen

t, f

or e

xam

ple?

Is t

his

ques

tion

rel

e-va

nt a

t al

l? W

hat

are

the

trut

hs t

hat

rem

ain

hidd

en in

the

whi

te s

upre

mac

ist

cons

truc

tion

s of

th

e Af

rica

n co

ntin

ent?

Wha

t re

mai

ns S

ilen

ced

in t

hese

con

stru

ctio

ns?

Coul

d Si

lenc

ing

beco

me

a m

etho

dolo

gica

l tr

ansl

atio

n of

lie

s, o

f (d

elib

erat

e) o

mis

sion

s? I

arg

ue t

hat

not

only

whi

te

Germ

any

was

bor

n in

Nam

ibia

(El

Tay

eb 2

001)

, but

als

o th

at t

he c

urre

nt c

onst

ruct

ion

“Afr

ica”

w

as in

vent

ed b

y Heg

el (T

aiw

o 19

97) a

nd le

gall

y pr

escr

ibed

IN G

erm

any

duri

ng t

he B

erlin

Cong

o Co

nfer

ence

188

4-18

85. H

ow is

it p

ossi

ble

that

suc

h hi

stor

ical

fac

ts r

emai

n “u

nkno

wn”

in w

hite

su

prem

acis

t Ge

rman

y? H

ow t

o an

alys

e w

orks

and

nar

rati

ves

that

hav

e be

en s

yste

mat

ical

ly

sile

nced

and

con

nect

the

ir c

hall

engi

ng c

ount

er-d

isco

urse

s in

a m

eani

ngfu

l w

ay?

How

to

the-

oriz

e on

the

bod

y po

liti

cs a

nd t

he p

reca

riou

snes

s of

Bla

ck D

iasp

ora

cult

ural

pro

duct

ion

and

spec

ific

ally

tho

se p

erta

inin

g to

the

sph

ere

of w

omen

, as

Audr

e Lo

rde6

expl

ains

to

us?

The

road

is

alr

eady

ope

ned

by p

ione

erin

g th

inke

rs a

nd c

reat

ors

as L

orde

and

Mw

angi

Hut

ter

, the

y ar

e on

e of

the

man

y so

urce

s of

my

insp

irat

ion

for

Dec

olon

ial

Dia

spor

ic A

esth

etic

s.

1

It

ha

d it

s fi

rst

man

ifes

tati

ons

in

a vo

lum

e ed

ited

by

Zu

lma

Pale

rmo

(200

9),

in

Arge

ntin

a,

wit

h th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of C

olom

bian

inte

llec

tual

, art

ist

and

acti

vist

, Ado

lfo

Albá

n-Ac

hint

e w

ho u

sed

the

term

aro

und

2003

an

d al

so c

oine

d “r

e-ex

iste

nce”

in 2

010.

M

igno

lo, W

alte

r. A

isth

esis

Dec

olon

ial.

Call

e 14

, No.

4, M

arzo

201

0.

Pal

erm

o, Z

ulm

a (E

d.)

2009

. Art

e y

esté

tica

en

la e

ncru

cija

da d

esco

loni

al. P

refa

ce b

y W

alte

r M

igno

lo. B

ueno

s Ai

res:

Edi

tori

al d

el S

igno

.

....

2

htt

p://

tran

snat

iona

ldec

olon

ialins

titu

te.w

ordp

ress

.com

/dec

olon

ial-

aest

heti

cs/

3 O

ne o

f th

e m

ost

suit

able

con

cept

ualiza

tion

s of

the

Afr

ican

Dia

spor

a fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

thi

s fi

rst

appr

oach

is

to

be f

ound

in a

tho

roug

h es

say

of A

gust

ín L

ao M

onte

s:

“If

the

wor

ld-h

isto

rica

l fi

eld

that

we

now

cal

l th

e Af

rica

n di

aspo

ra, a

s a

cond

itio

n of

dis

pers

al a

nd a

s a

proc

ess

of d

ispl

acem

ent

is f

ound

ed o

n fo

rms

of v

iole

nce

and

terr

or t

hat

are

cent

ral t

o m

oder

nity

, it

also

sig

ni-

fies

a c

osm

opol

itan

pro

ject

of

arti

cula

ting

the

div

erse

his

tori

es o

f Af

rica

n pe

ople

s w

hile

cre

atin

g tr

ansl

ocal

in

tell

ectu

al/c

ultu

ral

curr

ents

and

pol

itic

al m

ovem

ents

.”

Lao

Mon

tes,

Agu

stín

200

7: H

ilos

Des

colo

nial

es. T

rans

-loc

aliz

ando

los

espa

cios

de

la D

iásp

ora

Afri

cana

. Tab

ula

Rasa

. Bog

otá

Colo

mbi

a, N

o. 7

: 47-

79, j

ulio

-dic

iem

bre

2007

:55

4

Afri

ca p

rope

r, a

s fa

r as

his

tory

goe

s ba

ck, h

as r

emai

ned-

for

all p

urpo

ses

of c

onne

ctio

n w

ith

the

rest

of

the

wor

ld-s

hut

up; i

t is

the

gol

d-la

nd c

ompr

esse

d w

ithi

n it

self

, the

lan

d of

chi

ldho

od, w

hich

lyi

ng b

eyon

d th

e da

y of

his

tory

, is

enve

lope

d in

the

dar

k m

antl

e of

nig

ht. I

ts is

olat

ed c

hara

cter

ori

gina

tes,

not

mer

ely

in it

s tr

opic

al

natu

re, b

ut e

ssen

tial

ly in

its

geog

raph

ical

con

diti

on.

H

egel

, G. W

., 18

37. T

he P

hilo

soph

y of

His

tory

, p. 1

. 5

O

ffic

ial

site

of

Ingr

idM

wan

giRo

bert

Hut

ter:

htt

p://

ww

w.in

grid

mw

angi

robe

rthu

tter

.com

6 “

Ove

r th

e la

st f

ew y

ears

, wri

ting

a n

ovel

on

tigh

t fi

nanc

es, I

cam

e to

app

reci

ate

the

enor

mou

s di

ffer

ence

s in

the

mat

eria

l de

man

ds b

etw

een

poet

ry a

nd p

rose

. As

we

recl

aim

our

lit

erat

ure,

poe

try

has

been

the

maj

or

voic

e of

poo

r, w

orki

ng c

lass

, and

Col

ored

wom

en. [

… ]

. The

act

ual re

quir

emen

ts t

o pr

oduc

e th

e vi

sual

art

s al

so

help

det

erm

ine,

alo

ng c

lass

lin

es, w

hose

art

is

who

se.”

L

orde

, Aud

re 1

984:

Age

, Rac

e, C

lass

,and

Sex

: Wom

en R

edef

inin

g Dif

fere

nce.

In: S

iste

r O

utsi

der,

Los

Ang

eles

: Fr

eedo

m, P

P. 1

14-1

23.

. Alanna

Loc

kwar

d is

an

auth

or, cr

itic

and

ind

epen

dent

cur

ator

spe

cial

ized

in

tim

e-ba

sed

unde

r-ta

king

s. I

n 19

88, sh

e w

as a

ppoi

nted

Dir

ecto

r of

Int

erna

tion

al A

ffai

rs a

t M

useo

de

Arte

Mod

erno

in

Sant

o Dom

ingo

. She

is t

he f

ound

ing

dire

ctor

of

Art

Labo

ur A

rchi

ves,

a c

ultu

ral pl

atfo

rm a

nd a

genc

y re

spon

sibl

e fo

r pr

oduc

ing

situ

atio

n-sp

ecif

ic a

rt e

vent

s an

d ex

hibi

tion

s si

nce

1997

in

the

US,

the

Ca

ribb

ean,

Eur

ope

and

the

Afri

can

cont

inen

t. S

he i

s ch

ief

edit

or o

f Vi

deoA

rtW

orld

onl

ine

mag

azin

e an

d ge

nera

l m

anag

er o

f th

e Tr

ansn

atio

nal

Dec

olon

ial

Inst

itut

e. S

he o

btai

ned

her

Lice

ntia

te a

t th

e U

nive

rsid

ad A

utón

oma

Met

ropo

lita

na-X

ochi

milco

on

com

mun

icat

ions

sci

ence

, an

d he

r M

A at

the

In

stit

ute

for

Art

in C

onte

xt o

f th

e U

nive

sity

of

the

Arts

Ber

lin.

Her

uni

que

appr

oach

to

tran

sdis

cipl

i-na

ry k

now

ledg

e-pr

oduc

tion

eng

agin

g vi

sual

art

s, d

ecol

onia

l th

eory

and

Bla

ck f

emin

ism

has

bee

n pa

rt o

f he

r le

ctur

es a

nd p

rese

ntat

ions

at

dif

fere

nt i

nsti

tuti

ons

such

as

the

Hum

bold

t U

nive

rsit

y Be

rlin

, Tra

nsar

t In

stit

ute,

the

Roo

seve

lt A

cade

my-

Utr

echt

Uni

vers

ity,

Nin

see

(Nat

iona

l In

stit

ute

for

the

Stud

y of

Dut

ch S

lave

ry a

nd it

s Le

gaci

es),

Dut

ch

Art

Inst

itut

e, G

olds

mis

ths

Uni

vers

ity

of L

ondo

n,

Uni

vers

ity

of W

arw

ick,

th

e U

nive

rsit

y of

Kw

a-Zu

lu N

atal

and

the

11

Hav

ana

Bien

nial

, am

ong

othe

rs.

She

has

been

aw

arde

d by

the

Dan

ish

Arts

Cou

ncil,

the

Nor

dic

Coun

cil

of M

inis

ters

and

the

All

ianz

Ku

ltur

stif

tung

.

BIBL

IOGR

APHY

El-T

ayeb

, Fat

ima

(200

1). S

chw

arze

Deu

tsch

e: D

er D

isku

rs u

m R

asse

und

Nat

iona

le Id

enti

tät

(189

0-19

33).

Fran

kfur

t/M

ain:

Cam

pus.

Sow

, Noa

h (2

009)

. Deu

tsch

land

Sch

war

z W

eiss

. Der

Allt

äglich

e Ra

ssis

mus

. Mün

chen

: Gol

dman

n.

Opitz

(Ayi

m),

May

; Ogu

ntoy

e, K

atha

rina

and

Sch

utz,

Dag

mar

(Hg)

(198

6). F

arbe

bek

enne

n. A

fro-

deut

sche

Fra

uen

auf

den

Spur

en Ih

rer

Gesc

hich

te. B

erlin

: Orl

anda

Fra

uen

Verl

ag.

Taiw

o, O

lufe

mi (

1998

). Ex

orci

sing

Heg

el‘s

Gho

st: A

fric

a‘s

Chal

leng

e to

Phi

loso

phy.

Afr

ican

Stu

dies

Qua

rter

ly. I

ssue

4

(Rel

igio

n an

d Ph

iloso

phy

in A

fric

a)

http

://w

eb.a

fric

a.uf

l.edu

/asq

/v1/

4/2.

13

DEC

OLO

NIA

L TH

OU

GHT

AND T

HE E

XTER

IORI

TY O

F M

ODER

NIT

Yby

Rol

ando

Váz

quez

This

pap

er i

nves

tiga

tes

the

rela

tion

bet

wee

n de

colo

nial

tho

ught

and

mod

erni

ty. F

irst

we

ask

how

is

mod

erni

ty c

once

ived

fro

m t

he p

ersp

ecti

ve o

f de

colo

nial

tho

ught

. As

it

has

been

sh

own

by Q

uija

no (

2000

) m

oder

nity

can

not

be u

nder

stoo

d w

itho

ut c

olon

iality

. Th

e no

tion

of

colo

nial

ity

arti

cula

tes

the

rela

tion

of

mod

erni

ty w

ith

its

exte

rior

ity.

In

othe

r w

ords

, to

re-

cogn

ize

that

col

onia

lity

is

cons

titu

tive

of

mod

erni

ty i

s al

so t

o re

cogn

ize

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f un

ders

tand

ing

mod

erni

ty’s

rel

atio

n to

its

ext

erio

rity

(Dus

sel,

2011

). An

d th

is t

hink

ing

of m

o-de

rnit

y in

rel

atio

n to

its

ext

erio

rity

is

alre

ady

a de

colo

nial

mov

e, i

n it

mod

erni

ty c

ease

s to

be

rep

rese

nted

as

a to

tality

or

a se

ries

of

tota

liti

es a

nd b

ecom

es a

ssoc

iate

d to

a h

isto

ry o

f pr

oces

ses

of n

egat

ion

and

expu

lsio

n th

at m

ade

poss

ible

its

hege

mon

y, a

nd m

ore

spec

ific

ally

, w

hich

mad

e po

ssib

le t

he ‘u

nive

rsal

’ pre

tens

ions

of

the

‘Wes

t’.

T

he d

ecol

onia

l co

ncep

tion

of

mod

erni

ty,

as h

isto

rica

lly

dete

rmin

ed a

nd d

epri

ved

of i

ts

univ

ersa

l va

lidi

ty c

laim

s, o

pens

the

pos

sibi

lity

of

conf

igur

ing

form

s of

doi

ng r

esea

rch

that

pa

y cl

ose

atte

ntio

n to

its

colo

nial

ity

and

its

exte

rior

ity.

In t

his

vein

, the

ess

ay s

ugge

sts

som

e ap

prox

imat

ions

tow

ards

a d

ecol

onia

l m

etho

d of

res

earc

h, o

r w

hat

we

coul

d ca

ll, de

colo

ni-

al s

trat

egie

s of

inv

esti

gati

on. Th

ese

deco

loni

al s

trat

egie

s of

inv

esti

gati

on a

re p

rese

nted

in

rela

tion

to

thre

e di

ffer

ent

mom

ents

of

crit

ique

: the

mod

ern,

the

col

onia

l an

d th

e de

colo

nial

. Th

e m

oder

n lo

oks

at t

he m

echa

nism

s an

d pr

oces

ses

of inc

orpo

rati

on, a

ppro

pria

tion

and

re-

pres

enta

tion

tha

t co

nfig

ure

mod

erni

ty a

s th

e to

tality

of

the

real

. The

col

onia

l m

omen

t lo

oks

at t

he m

echa

nism

s of

dis

avow

al, o

f ob

livi

on, o

f ex

tern

aliz

atio

n th

at c

onst

itut

e th

e co

loni

alit

y of

mod

erni

ty, t

he n

egat

ion

of t

he o

ther

and

its

null

ific

atio

n (S

anto

s, 2

006)

. Fin

ally

, the

dec

o-lo

nial

mom

ent

of t

he c

riti

que

look

s fo

r th

e m

ovem

ents

fro

m t

he o

utsi

de o

f m

oder

nity

tha

t ar

e br

ingi

ng i

nto

ques

tion

the

mec

hani

sms

of i

ncor

pora

tion

and

ext

erna

liza

tion

of

mod

ern

hege

mon

y.

The

fina

l pa

rt o

f th

e pa

per

offe

rs s

ome

refl

ecti

ons

on h

ow m

oder

nity

app

ears

und

er t

he

ligh

t of

dec

olon

ial

thou

ght,

par

ticu

larl

y w

hen

faci

ng t

he q

uest

ion

of i

ts e

xter

iori

ty. Fr

om a

de

colo

nial

per

spec

tive

mod

erni

ty is

depr

ived

of

its

sem

blan

ce o

f to

tality

and

hen

ce f

rom

its

un

iver

sal

validi

ty c

laim

s. B

y op

enin

g th

e po

ssib

ilit

y of

thi

nkin

g in

rel

atio

n w

ith

the

outs

ide

of m

oder

nity

, Dec

olon

ial

thou

ght

cont

ribu

tes

to t

he e

pist

emic

str

uggl

e th

at s

eeks

, no

t to

ne

gate

mod

erni

ty, b

ut t

o hu

mbl

e it

in

orde

r to

mak

e vi

sibl

e th

e di

vers

ity

of m

ovem

ents

tha

t ar

e op

enin

g de

colo

nial

hor

izon

s.

Bibl

iogr

aphy

Dus

sel,

E. (

2011

) Fi

loso

fía

de l

a li

bera

ción

, Mex

ico:

Fon

do d

e Cu

ltur

a Ec

onóm

ica.

Mig

nolo

, W. (

2000

) Lo

cal His

tori

es/G

loba

l Des

igns

, Col

onia

lity

, Sub

alte

rn K

now

ledg

es, a

nd B

orde

r Th

inki

ng,

Pr

ince

ton:

Pri

ncet

on U

nive

rsit

y Pr

ess.

Qui

jano

, A. (

2000

) Co

loni

alit

y of

Pow

er, E

uroc

entr

ism

, and

Lat

in A

mer

ica,

In:

Nep

antl

a: V

iew

s fr

om S

outh

,

vo

l. 1, n

o. 3

, pp.

533

-580

.

Sa

ntos

, B.S

. (20

06)

The

Rise

of

the

Glob

al L

eft,

The

Wor

ld S

ocia

l Fo

rum

and

Bey

ond,

Lon

don:

Ver

so.

....

. Roland

o Vá

zque

z te

ache

s so

ciol

ogy

at t

he R

oose

velt

Aca

dem

y, U

nive

rsit

y Co

lleg

e fr

om t

he U

nive

r-si

ty o

f U

trec

ht i

n Th

e N

ethe

rlan

ds.

Sinc

e 20

10 h

e co

ordi

nate

s w

ith

Wal

ter

Mig

nolo

the

Mid

delb

urg

Dec

olon

ial

Sum

mer

Sch

ool.

Wit

h Al

anna

Loc

kwar

d an

d W

alte

r M

igno

lo h

e is

mem

ber

of t

he E

xecu

-ti

ve B

oard

of

the

Tran

snat

iona

l D

ecol

onia

l In

stit

ute.

He

has

wri

tten

on

deco

loni

al t

houg

ht, c

riti

cal

theo

ry a

nd p

hoto

grap

hy.

His

Cri

tica

l Ph

otog

raph

y pr

ojec

t en

gage

s ph

otog

raph

y w

ith

deco

loni

al

aest

heti

cs.

The

Bear

able

Ord

eal

of t

he C

olla

pse

of C

erta

inti

es, 2

011, t

heat

er &

poe

try,

Pho

to c

redi

t: B

rett

Rus

sel

Qui

nsy

Gari

o

....

15

MIG

RATI

ON, I

NTEG

RATI

ON A

ND C

ITIZ

ENSH

IP: S

URIN

AMES

E AN

D AN

TILL

EANS

IN T

HE N

ETHE

RLAN

DSby

Art

wel

l Ca

in

M

any

colo

nial

sub

ject

s of

the

Dut

ch K

ingd

om a

rriv

ed in

gre

at n

umbe

rs t

o Th

e N

ethe

rlan

ds

in t

he p

erio

d be

twee

n 19

69 t

o 19

90. T

hese

wer

e m

igra

nts

from

Sur

inam

and

the

for

mer

Dut

ch

Anti

llea

n is

land

s. T

hey

wer

e ac

tual

ly l

eavi

ng t

he p

erip

hery

, w

here

the

y w

ere

taug

ht a

nd

brai

nwas

hed

into

thi

nkin

g th

at l

ivin

g in

the

cen

tre,

mea

ning

The

Net

herl

ands

, will

som

ehow

le

ad t

o th

eir

upw

ard

soci

al m

obilit

y. T

his

was

a s

tory

wel

l to

ld a

nd a

s su

ch i

nter

nalize

d.

Thes

e co

loni

al s

ubje

cts

wer

e be

nt o

n m

igra

ting

to

Euro

pe t

o pa

rtic

ipat

e an

d ha

ve a

sha

re in

the

wea

lth

and

wel

fare

of

the

‘mot

her

coun

try’

. Obv

ious

ly, i

ndiv

idua

ls a

nd g

roup

s ha

d th

eir

spec

ific

rea

sons

to

mig

rate

, how

ever

, tw

o of

the

mos

t fu

ndam

enta

l re

ason

s w

ere

the

sear

ch

for

bett

er e

duca

tion

opp

ortu

niti

es a

nd l

ivin

g st

anda

rds,

whi

ch w

ere

to b

e at

tain

ed f

or t

hem

-se

lves

and

the

ir o

ffsp

ring

s.

The

mas

sive

mig

rati

on f

rom

Sur

inam

als

o ha

d to

do

wit

h et

hnic

seg

men

tati

on a

nd s

egre

-ga

tion

. M

any

thou

ght

that

the

im

pedi

ng i

ndep

ende

nce

of t

he R

epub

lic

of S

urin

am,

in 1

975,

w

ould

sti

mul

ate

ethn

ic d

isor

der.

In t

he c

ase

of t

he isl

ands

for

mal

ly k

now

n as

Dut

ch A

ntille

s (C

urac

ao, A

ruba

, Sai

nt M

arti

n, B

onai

re, S

aba

and

St. E

usta

tius

) th

e en

titl

emen

t to

bei

ng D

utch

w

as d

iffe

rent

. Ind

ivid

uals

fro

m t

hese

isla

nds

still ca

rry

the

Dut

ch n

atio

nality

, the

ir m

igra

tion

ha

s be

en m

ore

of a

n ed

ucat

iona

l an

d so

cial

eco

nom

ical

nat

ure.

The

oil c

ompa

nies

She

ll a

nd

Esso

, whi

ch w

ere

larg

e em

ploy

ers

on t

he i

slan

ds o

f Cu

raca

o an

d Ar

uba,

res

pect

ivel

y, c

lose

d th

eir

door

s ar

ound

198

5 an

d le

ft t

he i

slan

ds. Dur

ing

this

pea

k pe

riod

of

mas

sive

mig

rati

on,

Suri

nam

ese

acto

rs c

arri

ed t

he D

utch

nat

iona

lity

, bu

t si

nce

1980

the

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o ge

t a

visa

. In

spit

e of

thi

s, t

he v

ast

maj

orit

y of

Sur

inam

ese

have

the

Dut

ch n

atio

nality

tod

ay .

Thes

e ar

riva

ls w

ere

not

seen

or

expe

rien

ced

by t

he E

urop

ean

Dut

ch a

s an

inc

enti

ve o

f be

tter

thi

ngs

to c

ome

but

rath

er a

s a

hind

ranc

e to

pro

gres

s an

d a

crad

le f

or f

utur

e so

cial

pr

oble

ms.

In t

he w

ake

of t

heir

arr

ival

off

icia

l an

d in

form

al c

alls

wen

t ou

t to

get

the

m “

inte

-gr

ated

” as

soo

n as

pos

sibl

e in

to t

he D

utch

soc

iety

. Par

adox

ical

ly, t

his

“int

egra

tion

” w

as m

ore

gear

ed a

t fo

rcin

g th

em t

o be

com

e si

milar

to

the

Euro

pean

Dut

ch t

han

prov

idin

g th

em w

ith

the

spac

e an

d av

aila

ble

tool

s to

bec

ome

righ

tful

cit

izen

s. V

ery

soon

thi

s gr

oup

was

pro

blem

a-ti

zed

as a

thr

eat

to l

aw a

nd o

rder

in t

he D

utch

soc

iety

. Man

y po

liti

cian

s, t

he m

edia

per

sonn

el

and

prof

essi

onal

mem

bers

of

the

inte

grat

ion

indu

stry

cla

imed

tha

t th

e ev

olvi

ng s

ocia

l pr

o-bl

ems

wer

e en

gros

sed

in t

he f

ailu

re o

f th

e in

tegr

atio

n po

licy

.

My

thes

is i

s th

at a

n “i

nteg

rati

on”

and

citi

zens

hip

policy

tha

t fl

ung

toge

ther

pos

t co

loni

al

mig

rant

s an

d la

bor

mig

rant

s fr

om t

he M

edit

erra

nean

are

a in

to o

ne s

ingl

e ca

tego

ry, g

ener

al-

ly r

efer

red

to a

s al

loch

thon

ous,

was

a r

ecip

e fo

r th

e st

rain

ed r

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

bein

g an

al

loch

thon

ous

and

a pr

oper

cit

izen

. Thi

s in

its

elf

was

a r

easo

n fo

r th

e fa

ilur

e of

thi

s po

licy

. In

add

itio

n, t

here

wer

e no

att

empt

s m

ade

at r

edre

ssin

g th

e sy

stem

atic

and

str

uctu

ral

fra-

mew

ork

of d

omin

atio

n of

the

whi

te D

utch

heg

emon

ic s

ocie

ty w

hich

pre

vent

s th

e ac

com

plis

h-m

ent

of t

he s

ocia

l m

obilit

y am

biti

ons

of t

hese

col

onia

l s

ubje

cts.

....

. Artwel

l Ca

in o

btai

ned

his

PhD i

n 20

07 a

t th

e U

nive

rsit

y of

Tilbu

rg.

From

199

1 -

2000

he

dire

cted

th

e Fo

unda

tion

for

the

Fur

ther

ance

of

the

Wel

l-be

ing

of A

ntille

ans

and

Arub

ans

at R

otte

rdam

. Cai

n ed

ited

“Tu

la s

lave

reb

ellion

in C

urac

ao”

(200

9) a

nd h

as p

ublish

ed e

xten

sive

ly o

n c

itiz

ensh

ip,

the

af-

term

ath

of t

rans

–At

lant

ic s

lave

ry a

nd s

ocia

l mob

ilit

y. C

urre

ntly

, he

dire

cts

NiN

see

(Nat

iona

l ins

titu

te

of D

utch

Sla

very

Pas

t an

d Le

gacy

).

THE

MAR

K OF

THE

NON

-MOD

ERN:

CIT

IZEN

SHIP

AS

ASCR

IBED

INEQ

UALI

TY IN

THE

GLO

BAL

AGE

by M

anue

la B

oatc

a

In t

he w

ake

of t

he F

renc

h Re

volu

tion

, the

gra

ntin

g of

cit

izen

ship

as

the

basi

s fo

r th

e un

i-ve

rsal

equ

alit

y of

pol

itic

al a

nd s

ocia

l rig

hts

in a

mod

ern

soci

al o

rder

was

not

onl

y un

ders

tood

as

an

expr

essi

on o

f libe

rty

(i.e.

, th

e op

posi

te o

f sl

aver

y),

but

also

as

the

mar

k of

civ

iliz

a-ti

on.

As s

uch,

cit

izen

ship

was

, ho

wev

er,

to b

e ac

quir

ed a

s th

e re

sult

of

a ci

vilizi

ng p

roce

ss

- th

at i

s, g

radu

ally

. In

the

im

med

iate

aft

erm

ath

of t

he r

evol

utio

n, c

itiz

ensh

ip r

ight

s w

ere

ther

efor

e on

ly g

rant

ed t

o m

ale

prop

erty

-ow

ners

, w

hose

abi

lity

to

pay

taxe

s an

d m

ilit

ary

trib

ute,

and

thu

s co

ntri

bute

to

the

mai

nten

ance

of

soci

al o

rder

, qua

lifi

ed t

hem

as

“act

ive

ci-

tize

ns”.

Wom

en, f

orei

gner

s, a

nd c

hild

ren

wer

e in

tur

n de

fine

d as

“pa

ssiv

e ci

tize

ns”

and

deni

ed

all

politi

cal

righ

ts.

The

cons

titu

tion

of

1793

con

sequ

entl

y ex

tend

ed a

ctiv

e ci

tize

nshi

p to

all

ad

ult

mal

es, t

hus

leav

ing

wom

en t

o de

rive

the

ir m

embe

rshi

p in

the

soc

ial

com

mun

ity

from

th

eir

rela

tion

ship

to

men

. The

ins

titu

tion

aliz

atio

n of

the

div

isio

n be

twee

n pr

ivat

e an

d pu

blic

sp

here

s, h

abit

uall

y co

nsid

ered

a c

hara

cter

isti

c of

the

spe

cifi

call

y m

oder

n fo

rm o

f so

cial

or-

gani

zati

on, i

s th

ereb

y re

veal

ed t

o ha

ve b

een

clos

ely

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

the

gend

erin

g of

eco

no-

mic

rol

es u

pon

whi

ch t

he s

tate

-pro

paga

ted,

bou

rgeo

is f

amily

mod

el w

as b

ased

. In

turn

, in

the

Fren

ch c

olon

y of

St.

Dom

ingu

e, w

here

the

sla

ve r

evol

utio

n re

sult

ed in

the

abo

liti

on o

f sl

aver

y in

179

4, s

kin

colo

r to

ok p

rece

denc

e ov

er p

rope

rty

as a

cri

teri

on f

or t

he g

rant

ing

of c

itiz

ensh

ip.

Sinc

e no

t al

l w

hite

s w

ere

prop

erty

-ow

ners

, bu

t re

lati

vely

man

y fr

ee “

mul

atto

s” w

ere,

the

co

loni

al a

ssem

bly

incl

uded

the

for

mer

in t

he r

ight

to

vote

eve

n be

fore

thi

s w

as a

ccom

plis

hed

in c

onti

nent

al F

ranc

e, b

ut e

xclu

ded

both

sla

ves

and

“mul

atto

s” f

rom

fra

nchi

se a

fter

a s

erie

s of

hea

ted

deba

tes.

By

rele

gati

ng w

omen

, chi

ldre

n, f

orm

er s

lave

s, a

nd f

orei

gner

s in

the

pas

t of

the

civ

iliz

ing

proc

ess

that

adu

lt m

en h

ad s

uppo

sedl

y ac

com

plis

hed,

the

impl

emen

tati

on o

f un

iver

sal

prin

cipl

es w

as t

hus

alre

ady

crea

ting

its

own

part

icul

aris

ms.

Agai

nst

this

his

tori

cal

back

grou

nd,

the

pape

r ar

gues

tha

t, s

ince

the

em

erge

nce

of W

e-st

ern

Euro

pean

nat

ion-

stat

es in

the

Nin

etee

nth

Cent

ury,

nat

iona

l id

enti

ty, i

nsti

tuti

onal

ized

as

citi

zens

hip,

has

bee

n th

e m

ain

mec

hani

sm e

nsur

ing

the

mai

nten

ance

of

the

high

ine

qual

ity

betw

een

rich

and

poo

r co

untr

ies.

Dra

win

g on

rec

ent

lega

l an

d so

ciol

ogic

al s

chol

arsh

ip t

hat

conc

eptu

aliz

es n

atio

nal

citi

zens

hip

as a

for

m o

f in

heri

ted

prop

erty

and

pro

vide

s em

piri

cal

data

for

the

cla

im t

hat

it r

emai

ns t

he m

ain

dete

rmin

ant

of a

per

son‘

s po

siti

on w

ithi

n th

e w

orld

ineq

uality

str

uctu

re t

oday

, the

pap

er t

akes

issu

e w

ith

the

conv

enti

onal

soc

iolo

gica

l un-

ders

tand

ing

of m

oder

n so

cial

arr

ange

men

ts a

s de

fine

d by

ach

ieve

d ch

arac

teri

stic

s. In

stea

d,

citi

zens

hip

as a

scri

bed

char

acte

rist

ic is

pres

ente

d as

a p

arti

cula

rist

ic, y

et n

ever

thel

ess

mo-

dern

str

ateg

y of

Wes

tern

rul

e, w

hich

ens

ured

the

rel

ativ

e so

cial

and

pol

itic

al i

nclu

sion

of

the

popu

lati

ons

of W

este

rn E

urop

ean

nati

on-s

tate

s, y

et a

t th

e sa

me

tim

e ac

coun

ted

for

the

sele

ctiv

e ex

clus

ion

of t

he c

olon

ized

and

/or

non-

Euro

pean

pop

ulat

ions

fro

m t

he s

ame

soci

al

and

politi

cal

righ

ts t

hrou

ghou

t re

cent

his

tory

.

....

. Manue

la B

oatc

a is

Pro

fess

or o

f So

ciol

ogy

at t

he F

reie

Uni

vers

ität

Ber

lin.

She

stu

died

Eng

lish

and

Ge

rman

phi

lolo

gy a

t th

e U

nive

rsit

ies

of B

ucha

rest

, Bon

n, a

nd C

olog

ne, a

nd s

ocio

logy

at

the

Uni

vers

ity

of E

ichs

tätt

, Bos

ton

Coll

ege,

and

the

MIT

. She

is

auth

or o

f “F

rom

Neo

evol

utio

nism

to

Wor

ld-S

yste

ms

Anal

ysis

. Th

e Ro

man

ian

Theo

ry o

f ‘F

orm

s w

itho

ut S

ubst

ance

’ in

Ligh

t of

Mod

ern

Deb

ates

on

Soci

al

Chan

ge”,

200

3, a

nd c

o-ed

itor

of

“Dec

olon

izin

g Eu

rope

an S

ocio

logy

. Tr

ansd

isci

plin

ary

Appr

oach

es“

(wit

h E.

Gut

iérr

ez-R

odrí

guez

and

S. C

osta

), 20

10.

....

17

UPRO

OTIN

GS A

ND B

ELON

GING

S. M

APPI

NG T

HE B

LACK

BOD

Y IN

A S

CAND

INAV

IAN

EXIL

Eby

Sim

mi D

ulla

y

This

con

trib

utio

n de

part

s fr

om m

y ow

n fa

mily

expe

rien

ce d

urin

g ou

r Den

mar

k ex

ile

afte

r 19

78, w

ith

brie

f in

terv

als

from

whe

n I w

as f

our

unti

l I w

as e

ight

een;

an

d sp

endi

ng a

yea

r in

Ta

nzan

ia in

the

ear

ly e

ight

ies

at t

he A

NC

Solo

mon

Mah

lang

u Fr

eedo

m C

olle

ge, u

ntil w

e re

tur-

ned

‘hom

e’ t

o So

uth

Afri

ca, in

199

2. B

ased

on

an a

uto-

ethn

ogra

phic

met

hodo

logy

, fo

cuss

ing

on G

ram

sci’s

not

ion

of t

he p

erso

nal as

pol

itic

al, I

dra

w f

rom

per

sona

l tr

ajec

tori

es a

roun

d th

e Bl

ack

body

in

Euro

pe a

nd f

rom

the

pol

itic

al j

unct

ions

in

soci

al i

nter

play

s th

an m

ore

ofte

n th

an n

ot c

arry

alm

ost

inta

ngib

le h

isto

ries

of

colo

nial

ity

and/

or l

iber

atio

n.

Upo

n ou

r re

turn

‘hom

e’, I

exp

erie

nced

a s

econ

d up

root

ing

and

bega

n to

exp

lore

the

rup

-tu

res

surr

ound

ing

us

mai

nly

thro

ugh

visu

al i

mag

es,

whi

ch a

llow

ed m

e to

‘dr

aw’

(pla

ying

on

its

dou

ble

mea

ning

) th

e co

ntin

ents

tog

ethe

r on

to t

he s

ingu

lar

spac

e of

thi

s m

ediu

m.

Revi

siti

ng l

ette

rs, p

hoto

grap

hs, r

efle

ctio

ns a

nd m

emor

ies

a ne

w t

apes

try

bega

n to

em

erge

, m

appi

ng a

ver

y di

ffer

ent

wor

ld t

han

that

of

the

line

ar m

etan

arra

tive

s of

“un

iver

sality

”.

My

cont

ribu

tion

will

cont

est

curr

ent

noti

ons

of “

exile”

by

mea

ns o

f of

feri

ng m

y ow

n an

tido

tes

agai

nst

conv

enti

onal

, pa

cify

ing,

pos

tcol

onia

l di

scou

rses

sur

roun

ding

exi

le a

nd b

elon

ging

. Sc

andi

navi

an, a

nd e

spec

iall

y Dan

ish

colo

niza

tion

, str

etch

es f

rom

a p

art

of Ind

ia, t

he A

fric

an

Wes

t Co

ast,

the

Car

ibbe

an, Gr

eenl

and,

Ice

land

and

the

Far

oe I

slan

ds. At

an

earl

ier

tim

e, t

he

Dan

ish/

Viki

ng c

onqu

ests

ext

ende

d ov

er s

outh

ern

Swed

en,

Finl

and,

Nor

way

, En

glan

d, I

rela

nd

and

part

s of

Sco

tlan

d. C

urre

nt f

orm

s of

col

onia

lity

inv

olve

the

Bla

ck E

urop

ean

Dia

spor

a li-

ving

in S

cand

inav

ia a

s w

ell.

To

unco

ver

thes

e of

ten

hidd

en t

raje

ctor

ies

of e

nsla

vem

ent,

I am

pr

opos

ing

a vi

sual

and

tra

nste

xtua

l ju

xtap

osit

ion

of a

cade

mic

mem

orab

ilia

and

alt

erna

tive

kn

owle

dge

prod

ucti

ons

that

will c

onju

re t

he in

visi

bility

of

diff

eren

t m

omen

ts a

nd d

imen

sion

s of

upr

ooti

ng a

nd b

elon

ging

.

....

. Simm

i Dul

lay

is a

n in

depe

nden

t Tr

icon

tine

ntal

cul

tura

l pr

oduc

er. S

he o

btai

ned

her

MFA

Cum

Lau

de

at D

urba

n U

nive

rsit

y of

Tec

hnol

ogy,

in

2010

. She

inv

esti

gate

s ex

ile

as a

too

l fo

r pe

rson

al a

nd s

ocia

l tr

ansf

orm

atio

n us

ing

a va

riet

y of

int

erdi

scip

lina

ry m

etho

ds b

ased

on

visu

al m

etho

dolo

gies

, Bl

ack

cons

ciou

snes

s, d

ecol

oniz

atio

n pr

axis

, au

to-e

thno

grap

hy &

mem

ory

wor

k. H

er r

esea

rch

draw

s pr

o-du

ctiv

ely

on a

rt, c

ultu

ral

& g

ende

r st

udie

s, c

riti

cal

philos

ophy

and

soc

iolo

gy. D

ulla

y te

ache

s at

the

U

nive

rsit

y of

Kw

a Zu

lu N

atal

on

Educ

atio

n, S

ocia

l Ju

stic

e an

d Div

ersi

ty a

s w

ell

as o

n Ph

ilos

ophy

and

So

ciol

ogy

in E

duca

tion

. Sh

e al

so l

ectu

res

at t

he U

nive

rsit

y of

Sou

th A

fric

a (U

NIS

A).

Sele

cted

pub

lica

tion

s

Dul

lay,

S w

ith

Dem

ant,

T. H

emps

on, C

. & P

atm

an, R

. 201

0. R

esea

rchi

ng o

urse

lves

and

exp

lori

ng g

ende

r an

d ra

ce, b

elon

ging

s an

d di

sloc

atio

ns, p

leas

ures

and

opp

ress

ions

, pow

er a

nd r

esis

tanc

es. M

iddl

esex

Uni

vers

ity

Dub

ai&

Psy

chol

ogy

Trac

k on

line

e-j

ourn

al.

Dul

lay,

S.

Tool

, Sh

awn

Ed.

2007

. As

we

Cont

empl

ate

the

Plac

e an

d Bu

rden

of

Pain

ting

. Dur

ban:

Kw

a-Zu

lu

Nat

al S

ocie

ty o

f Ar

t.

Blac

k M

agic

At

The

Whi

te H

ouse

, 200

9, 0

3:46

, sou

nd, c

ourt

esy

of t

he a

rtis

t an

d Ar

t La

bour

Arc

hive

s

Jean

nett

e Eh

lers

19

INVU

LNER

ABLE

BUT

TOUCH

Y: W

HITE

GOVE

RNM

ENTA

LITY

, ”R

ACE”

AND

THE

AFFE

CTIV

E EC

ONOM

IES

OF

THE

POST

-POLI

TICA

L IN

SW

EDIS

H M

EDIA

DIS

COURS

E ON T

HE T

RANSA

TLAN

TIC

SLAV

ERY

by Y

lva

Hab

el

A

s Gh

assa

n Hag

e, P

aul

Gilr

oy,

Sara

Ahm

ed a

nd W

endy

Bro

wn

have

arg

ued,

whi

te n

eoli-

bera

l di

scou

rse

arou

nd ”

race

” is

inc

reas

ingl

y di

spla

ced

from

pol

itic

al t

o cu

ltur

al a

rena

s,

whe

re c

laim

s to

tol

eran

ce a

nd c

ultu

ral

vuln

erab

ilit

y be

com

e in

stru

men

tal

in t

he p

roce

sses

of

man

agin

g m

ulti

cult

ural

ism

and

dif

fere

nce

in p

ostc

olon

ial W

este

rn s

ocie

ty. I

n th

is c

onte

xt,

cari

ng a

nd w

orry

ing

for

the

futu

re a

nd w

ell-

bein

g of

the

nat

ion

enta

ils

a ra

cial

ized

dis

tri-

buti

on o

f in

divi

dual

ized

sta

tes

and

disp

osit

ions

lin

ked

to t

he p

robl

emat

ics

of e

ntit

lem

ent

and

belo

ngin

g: w

hite

peo

ple

wor

ry, c

are

abou

t an

d ex

pres

s ho

pe f

or t

he f

utur

e of

the

nat

ion

– an

d ex

peri

ence

reg

iste

rs o

f pa

in,

fear

and

hat

e in

the

thr

eate

ning

pre

senc

e of

the

Oth

er.

Hag

e ar

gues

tha

t th

ere

is a

cer

tain

inve

rted

log

ic o

f po

wer

rel

atio

ns t

o th

is c

laim

to

vuln

erab

ilit

y,

mar

gina

lity

, an

d in

noce

nce.

Tho

se i

n po

wer

im

agin

e th

emse

lves

to

be i

n w

eak

and

radi

cal

oppo

siti

on t

o le

ftis

t “p

olit

ical

cor

rect

ness

”, a

nd r

epre

sent

the

mse

lves

as

bein

g in

im

min

ent

dang

er.

In

con

tras

t to

suc

h hi

gh-s

trun

g af

fect

ivit

ies,

Sw

edis

h cu

ltur

al in

vest

men

ts in

whi

te p

olit

i-ca

l in

noce

nce

are

grou

nded

in

coll

ecti

vely

hel

d im

ages

of

bein

g hi

stor

ical

ly e

xem

pted

fro

m

raci

aliz

ing

proc

esse

s. S

ever

al S

wed

ish

scho

lars

, su

ch a

s Ka

tari

na M

atts

son,

Mek

onne

n Te

s-fa

hune

y, a

nd L

ena

Saw

yer

have

cla

imed

tha

t Sw

eden

im

agin

es its

elf

as a

rac

e-le

ss, t

oler

ant

coun

try,

pur

port

edly

les

s af

fect

ed b

y po

stco

loni

al r

elat

ions

tha

n ot

her

nati

ons

– by

vir

tue

of

its

wel

fare

pol

itic

s, a

nd i

ts e

galita

rian

pri

ncip

les.

In

rece

nt y

ears

, thi

s po

siti

onin

g ha

s be

en

defi

ned

as N

ordi

c ex

cept

iona

lism

. Ta

king

my

poin

t of

dep

artu

re i

n th

is s

eren

e di

scou

rse,

ti

nged

by

whi

te g

over

nmen

tality

, I

am i

nter

este

d in

dis

cuss

ing

how

rac

ialize

d di

ffer

ence

is

them

atiz

ed in

the

rec

ent

year

’s d

ebat

es a

roun

d th

e re

peat

ed s

urfa

cing

of

play

ful ap

proa

ches

to

the

Tra

nsat

lant

ic s

lave

ry. W

hat

affe

ctiv

e le

vels

of

enga

gem

ent

are

invo

lved

in t

hese

gam

es,

and

how

do

they

con

trib

ute

to o

rche

stra

ting

res

pons

es o

n th

e pu

blic

are

na?

....

. Ylva H

abel

is A

ssis

tant

Pro

fess

or in

Med

ia a

nd C

omm

unic

atio

ns S

tudi

es a

t Sö

dert

örn

Uni

vers

ity.

She

fi

nish

ed h

er d

isse

rtat

ion

in 2

002,

Mod

ern

Med

ia, M

oder

n Au

dien

ces:

Mas

s M

edia

and

Soc

ial

Engi

nee-

ring

in

the

1930

s Sw

edis

h W

elfa

re S

tate

. Hab

el’s

cur

rent

res

earc

h pr

ojec

t, “

Dan

difi

ed g

lobe

trot

ters

: La

SAP

E’s

spat

ialize

d fa

shio

n pr

acti

ces”

rev

olve

s ar

ound

the

ass

erti

ve p

rese

nce

of t

he C

ongo

lese

fa

shio

n m

ovem

ent

La S

APE

(La

Soci

été

des

Ambi

ance

urs

et d

es P

erso

nnes

Elé

gant

es)

in P

aris

and

ot

her

Euro

pean

met

ropo

lise

s.

Sele

cted

pub

lica

tion

s

Hab

el, Y

lva

(201

2): ”

Chal

leng

ing

Swed

ish

exce

ptio

nalism

? Te

achi

ng w

hile

Bla

ck”,

in K

assi

e Fr

eem

an a

nd E

than

Jo

hnso

n, e

ds.,

Educ

atio

n in

the

Bla

ck D

iasp

ora:

Per

spec

tive

s, C

hall

enge

s, a

nd P

rosp

ects

, Rou

tled

ge, 9

9-12

2.

Hab

el, Yl

va (

2011

): ”V

ooDol

ls: Sv

ensk

’mas

hup’

-ges

talt

ning

av

vodo

u” (

”Voo

Dol

ls: Sw

edis

h co

nfig

urat

ions

of

vodo

u in

’m

ashu

p’ c

ultu

re”)

, in

Fre

drik

Sva

nber

g, e

d.,

Fors

knin

g på

mus

eer,

(Re

sear

ch i

n th

e m

useu

ms)

, 28

-47.

Hab

el, Y

lva

(200

9): “

Hol

lyw

ood

His

trio

nics

: “Pe

rfor

min

g ‘A

fric

a’ in

The

Ros

e of

Rho

desi

a”, i

n St

ephe

n Don

ovan

an

d Vr

eni H

ocke

njos

, eds

., Sc

reen

ing

the

Past

, ca

20 p

p. (

peer

rev

iew

ed).

http

://w

ww

.latr

obe.

edu.

au/s

cree

ning

thep

ast/

25/r

ose-

of-r

hode

sia/

habe

l.htm

l

....

Hom

mag

e à

Sara

Bar

tman

, 200

7,

04.0

0, n

o so

und,

cou

rtes

y of

the

ar

tist

and

Art

Lab

our

Arch

ives

Tere

sa

Mar

ía D

íaz

Ner

io

21

Blac

k M

emor

y/W

hite

Am

nesi

a: G

erm

an C

olon

ial Le

gaci

es a

nd t

he A

fric

an D

iasp

ora

by F

atim

a El

-Ta

yeb

This

pap

er e

xplo

res

the

posi

tion

alit

y of

Bla

ck E

urop

eans

(an

d Af

ro-G

erm

ans

in p

arti

cula

r)

wit

hin

both

the

con

text

of

the

Afri

can

dias

pora

and

the

uni

ted

Euro

pe. B

lack

Eur

opea

n co

m-

mun

itie

s ar

e sh

aped

by

the

part

icul

ar E

urop

ean

link

bet

wee

n ra

cial

izat

ion,

col

onia

lism

and

m

igra

tion

as

muc

h as

by

the

larg

er B

lack

Atl

anti

c co

nste

llat

ion

prod

uced

by

raci

al s

lave

ry

and

the

Enligh

tenm

ent

plac

ing

of B

lack

s as

ant

i-hu

man

. How

ever

, con

tine

ntal

Eur

opea

n de

ve-

lopm

ents

hav

e be

en l

arge

ly a

bsen

t fr

om t

heor

etic

al d

ebat

es w

ithi

n Af

rica

na S

tudi

es, l

arge

ly

due

to t

he c

onti

nent

’s s

uppo

sedl

y se

cond

ary

role

in t

he c

entr

al t

hem

e of

the

Afr

ican

dia

spor

a:

the

tran

s-At

lant

ic s

lave

tra

de. T

he f

ocus

on

the

latt

er n

eces

sari

ly d

efin

es d

iasp

oric

pop

ula-

tion

s w

ho h

ave

ente

red

the

Wes

t th

roug

h di

ffer

ent

traj

ecto

ries

, suc

h as

col

onia

lism

, as

less

re

pres

enta

tive

of

the

Blac

k At

lant

ic e

xper

ienc

e. I

argu

e th

at t

he n

on-n

orm

ativ

e el

emen

ts o

f th

e Bl

ack

Euro

pean

exp

erie

nce

can

be u

sed

to c

ompl

icat

e an

d ch

alle

nge

exis

ting

bin

arie

s an

d bl

ind

spot

s an

d to

dec

ente

r th

e U

.S. d

iasp

ora

expe

rien

ce e

xact

ly t

hrou

gh a

pply

ing

its

theo

-ri

zati

ons

to t

he E

urop

ean

cont

ext.

I w

ill

do s

o th

roug

h an

ana

lysi

s of

Afr

o-Ge

rman

act

ivis

m

arou

nd t

he n

atio

ns’ c

olon

ial

past

and

its

afte

r ef

fect

s.

....

. Fatim

a El

-Tay

eb i

s As

soci

ate

Prof

esso

r of

Lit

erat

ure

and

Ethn

ic S

tudi

es a

nd a

ssoc

iate

dir

ecto

r of

Cr

itic

al G

ende

r St

udie

s at

the

Uni

vers

ity

of C

alif

orni

a, S

an D

iego

. Sh

e is

the

aut

hor

of t

wo

book

s,

Euro

pean

Oth

ers.

Que

erin

g Et

hnic

ity

in P

ostn

atio

nal

Euro

pe (

Uni

vers

ity

of M

inne

sota

Pre

ss 2

011)

and

Sc

hwar

ze D

euts

che.

Ras

se u

nd n

atio

nale

Ide

ntit

aet,

189

0-19

33 (

Blac

k Ge

rman

s. R

ace

and

Nat

iona

l Id

enti

ty, 18

90-1

933,

Cam

pus

2001

), as

wel

l as

of

a nu

mbe

r of

art

icle

s on

the

int

erac

tion

s of

“ra

ce”,

ge

nder

, sex

uality

, and

nat

ion,

mos

t re

cent

ly “‘G

ays

Who

Can

not

Prop

erly

be

Gay’

. Que

er M

uslim

s in

the

N

eolibe

ral

Euro

pean

Cit

y”, E

urop

ean

Jour

nal

of W

omen

’s S

tudi

es (

fort

hcom

ing

2012

) an

d‚“‘T

he F

orce

s of

Cre

oliz

atio

n’.

Colo

rblind

ness

and

Vis

ible

Min

orit

ies

in t

he N

ew E

urop

e”,

in F

ranç

oise

Lio

nnet

and

Sh

u-m

ei S

hi (

eds)

, The

Cre

oliz

atio

n of

The

ory

(Duk

e U

nive

rsit

y Pr

ess

2011

).

Befo

re c

omin

g to

the

US,

she

liv

ed in

Ger

man

y an

d th

e N

ethe

rlan

ds w

ere

she

was

act

ive

in B

lack

fe-

min

ist,

mig

rant

, and

que

er o

f co

lor

orga

niza

tion

s. S

he is

als

o co

-aut

hor

of t

he m

ovie

All

es w

ird

gut/

Ever

ythi

ng w

ill b

e fi

ne (

Germ

any

1997

).

Blac

k Bo

x/Ch

ambr

e N

oire

, 200

5, 2

2:00

, sou

nd, c

ourt

esy

of t

he a

rtis

t an

d M

aria

n Go

odm

an G

alle

ryW

illiam

Ken

trid

ge

....

23

‘DEA

TH T

HROUGH

EXH

AUST

ION’

By D

avid

Olu

soga

The

re i

s ev

en e

vide

nce

that

- a

t le

ast

in t

he m

ind

of t

he D

eput

y Go

vern

or T

eckl

enbu

rg

- th

e ca

mps

wer

e in

tend

ed t

o w

eed

out

the

wea

k an

d le

ave

only

the

str

onge

r Her

ero.

In

a

lett

er w

ritt

en t

o th

e Co

loni

al D

epar

tmen

t in

Jun

e 19

05 T

eckl

enbu

rg a

rgue

d th

at t

he h

igh

de-

ath

rate

s am

ongs

t th

e pr

ison

ers

wer

e in

Ger

man

y’s

long

-ter

m i

nter

ests

. Th

e co

ncen

trat

ion

cam

ps w

ould

lea

ve t

he H

erer

o cu

ltur

ally

bro

ken

and

deci

mat

ed. A

ny H

erer

o w

ho s

urvi

ved

the

hard

ship

s w

as la

ter

to b

ecom

e a

slav

e of

the

Ger

man

col

onis

ers,

the

se s

urvi

vors

wou

ld, i

n th

e Dar

win

ian

sens

e, n

eces

sari

ly b

e th

e st

rong

est

and

fitt

est.

He

adde

d th

at,

“The

mor

e th

e Her

ero

peop

le n

ow f

eel

the

cons

eque

nces

of

the

upri

sing

on

thei

r ow

n bo

-di

es, t

he l

ess

the

com

ing

gene

rati

ons

wil

l fe

el i

ncli

ned

to r

ebel

. Sur

e, t

he d

eath

of

so m

any

nati

ves

has

a ne

gati

ve c

omm

erci

al i

mpa

ct, b

ut t

he n

atur

al lif

e-fo

rce

of t

he H

erer

o w

ill so

on

allo

w t

hem

to

reco

ver

thei

r nu

mbe

rs; t

he f

utur

e ge

nera

tion

s, w

hich

cou

ld p

ossi

bly

be m

ixed

w

ith

a bi

t of

Dam

ara

bloo

d, w

ould

thu

s ha

ve b

een

bott

le-f

ed w

ith

[an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

] th

eir

infe

rior

ity

to t

he w

hite

rac

e.”

Wilhe

lm E

ich,

the

Rhe

nish

Mis

sion

ary

in O

kaha

ndja

whe

re 1

,500

Her

ero

had

been

div

ided

ou

t in

thr

ee s

mal

l co

ncen

trat

ion

cam

ps, c

laim

ed o

n 19

th J

une

1905

tha

t,

“Th

e ov

erse

er o

f Ca

mp

I [t

he m

ilit

ary

cam

p] t

old

me

rece

ntly

tha

t he

was

und

er o

rder

s on

ly t

o se

ek o

ut t

he s

tron

g fo

r His

Maj

esty

[W

ilhe

lm II

].”

The

mos

t da

mni

ng e

vide

nce

sugg

esti

ng t

hat

the

mas

s de

aths

of

pris

oner

s in

the

con

cen-

trat

ion

cam

ps w

as k

now

n of

and

app

rove

d by

the

Ger

man

aut

hori

ties

is f

ound

in t

he N

atio

nal

Arch

ives

of

Nam

ibia

. In

the

vau

lts

of t

he a

rchi

ves

is a

Tot

tenr

egis

tern

– a

dea

th r

egis

ter,

for

th

e Sw

akop

mun

d ca

mp.

It

reco

rds

the

deat

hs o

f so

me

of t

he t

hous

ands

of

Her

ero

pris

oner

s w

ho p

eris

hed

in b

etw

een

Janu

ary

1905

and

190

8. S

imilar

Tot

tenr

egis

tern

may

wel

l ha

ve e

xis-

ted

for

the

othe

r ca

mps

but

hav

e si

nce

been

los

t, o

r w

ere

delibe

rate

ly d

estr

oyed

.

The

page

s of

the

Sw

akop

mun

d To

tten

regi

ster

n ar

e di

vide

d in

to c

olum

ns i

n w

hich

the

m

ilit

ary

cler

k or

cam

p of

fice

r en

tere

d th

e na

mes

, gen

ders

and

age

s of

dec

ease

d pr

ison

ers.

How

ever

, off

icia

ting

cle

rks

had

no n

eed

to e

nter

det

ails

into

the

col

umn

indi

cati

ng t

he ‘c

ause

of

dea

th’.

That

cam

e pr

e-pr

inte

d –

“dea

th t

hrou

gh e

xhau

stio

n, b

ronc

hiti

s, h

eart

dis

ease

or

scur

vy”.

Extr

act

From

‘Dea

th T

hrou

gh E

xhau

stio

n’, C

hapt

er 9

of

The

Kais

er’s

Hol

ocau

st :

Ger

man

y’s

Forg

otte

n Ge

noci

de a

nd t

he C

olon

ial

Root

s of

Naz

ism

, 201

0. L

ondo

n: F

aber

& F

aber

. Rep

rodu

-ce

d w

ith

perm

issi

on b

y th

e au

thor

.

....

. David

Olu

soga

is

the

co-a

utho

r of

The

Kai

ser’

s Hol

ocau

st: G

erm

any’

s Fo

rgot

ten

Geno

cide

an

d th

e Co

loni

al R

oots

of

Naz

ism

, Fab

er &

Fab

er, 2

010,

and

was

a c

ontr

ibut

or t

o th

e O

x-fo

rd C

ompa

nion

to

Blac

k Br

itis

h His

tory

, OU

P, 2

007.

Fo

r 15

yea

rs h

e ha

s w

orke

d in

Rad

io

and

Tele

visi

on p

rodu

cing

a l

arge

bod

y of

top

ical

and

his

tori

cal

film

s an

d pr

ogra

mm

es

that

hav

e ex

plor

ed e

mpi

re, m

ilit

ary-

hist

ory,

“ra

ce”,

philos

ophy

, art

, sla

very

, and

con

tem

-po

rary

cul

ture

in

the

UK

and

USA

. An

aw

ard-

win

ning

doc

umen

tary

mak

er h

e cu

rren

tly

wor

ks f

or t

he B

BC a

s Pr

oduc

er a

nd S

erie

s Pr

oduc

er. H

is l

ates

t bo

ok W

hite

Sla

very

& t

he

Blac

k W

ar e

xplo

res

the

effe

cts

of B

riti

sh c

olon

ialism

on

the

isla

nd o

f Ta

sman

ia.

....

A Ch

ildre

n´s

Book

of

War

, A [

Not

So]

Sec

ret

War

. Ter

ra N

ulli

us a

nd t

he P

erm

anen

t St

ate

of E

xcep

tion

, 1:4

6,

soun

d, 2

010.

Cou

rtes

y of

the

Art

ist

and

The

Mom

entu

m C

olle

ctio

n.Su

mug

an S

ivan

esan

DU

ALA

– CO

NFR

ON

TATI

ON

S O

F “R

ES N

ULL

IUS’

’by

Ulr

ike

Ham

ann

Dur

ing

thei

r co

loni

al i

nvas

ions

the

Ger

man

s fa

ced

a co

nsta

nt a

mou

nt o

f re

sist

ance

tha

t w

as n

ot o

nly

arm

ed, l

ike

in t

he H

erer

o-N

ama-

war

, but

tha

t co

ntes

ted

the

alle

ged

Germ

an p

o-w

er o

f de

fini

tion

in

a di

scur

sive

way

. Thi

s ki

nd o

f co

unte

r ar

guin

g ca

n be

exe

mpl

ifie

d by

the

po

liti

cal co

nflict

aro

und

the

plan

ned

segr

egat

ion

of D

uala

-Cit

y in

Cam

eroo

n. O

ver

four

yea

rs,

from

191

0 to

191

4, t

he D

uala

peo

ple

foug

ht w

ithi

n th

e Ge

rman

par

liam

ent

and

in D

uala

aga

inst

th

e di

spos

sess

ion

of t

heir

lan

d an

d th

e se

greg

atio

n of

the

ir c

ity

alon

g a

‘col

or l

ine’

. Dur

ing

this

str

uggl

e, t

he D

uala

peo

ple,

rep

rese

nted

by

the

elec

ted

spok

esm

an D

uala

Man

ga B

ell,

ques

tion

ed t

he n

otio

n of

bot

h re

s nu

lliu

s an

d so

vere

ignt

y. F

ollo

win

g th

e line

s of

arg

umen

t of

the

Dua

la p

rote

st n

otes

to

the

segr

egat

ion

plan

, it

is m

y ai

m t

o hi

ghligh

t th

e Dua

la p

er-

spec

tive

on

the

Germ

an-D

uala

tre

atie

s of

188

4 as

wel

l as

the

ir r

evis

ion

of t

hese

doc

umen

ts

afte

r tw

enty

-fiv

e ye

ars

of G

erm

an c

olon

ial r

ule.

I ar

gue

that

the

res

erve

d la

nd r

ight

s th

at t

he

Dua

la m

anag

ed t

o in

clud

e in

to t

he “

prot

ecto

rate

tre

atie

s” l

ogic

ally

exc

avat

ed t

he n

otio

n of

re

s nu

lliu

s. T

he a

utho

rs o

f th

e pr

otes

t no

tes1 e

voke

d th

e fu

ll t

ext

“res

nul

lius

ced

it o

ccup

anti

” of

the

Rom

an C

odex

Iust

inia

nus,

whi

ch w

as n

ot w

ritt

en in

to t

he f

inal

sta

tem

ent

of t

he B

erlin

Afri

ca-C

onfe

renc

e (1

884-

1885

) an

d th

us r

efer

red

to t

he o

rigi

n of

thi

s le

gal

cons

truc

t in

an-

cien

t Ro

me.

The

refo

re, s

o I w

ill

argu

e, t

he D

uala

aut

hors

cir

cum

vent

the

res

nul

lius

-mod

ifi-

cati

on o

f th

e Be

rlin

Afr

ica-

Conf

eren

ce, w

hich

dem

ands

tha

t a

soci

ety

mus

t ha

ve a

Eur

opea

n na

tion

-sta

te m

odel

of

gove

rnm

ent

and

politi

cal

orga

niza

tion

in

orde

r to

be

acce

pted

as

so-

vere

ign

wit

h th

e ri

ghts

of

self

-det

erm

inat

ion.

The

vic

ious

col

onia

l co

nund

rum

“re

s nu

lliu

s ac

cord

ing

to t

he l

aw o

f na

tion

s” (Vö

lker

rech

t) g

rant

ed n

one

of t

he A

fric

an p

olit

ies

the

sove

-re

ignt

y ov

er t

heir

lan

d an

d so

cial

and

pol

itic

al o

rgan

izat

ion.

T

he D

uala

rep

rese

ntat

ives

impl

ied

that

the

rec

ogni

tion

of

the

Germ

an c

olon

ial g

over

nmen

t de

pend

ed o

n th

eir

own

appr

oval

. If

the

Germ

ans

failed

, wha

t th

ey d

id i

n th

e ey

es o

f th

e Du-

ala,

to

fulf

ill

a ju

st g

over

nmen

t fo

llow

ing

the

inte

rest

of

all

peop

le o

f Dua

la, G

erm

an ‘r

ight

’ to

exe

rcis

e po

wer

was

no

long

er a

ckno

wle

dged

by

them

. Fur

ther

mor

e, t

he a

utho

rs o

f th

ese

prot

est

note

s di

d no

t co

nsid

er t

hem

selv

es a

s co

loni

al o

bjec

ts, b

ut a

s su

bjec

ts in

the

sen

se o

f ci

tize

ns, d

eman

ding

the

ir l

egal

rig

hts.

I

n th

eir

pers

pect

ive,

the

col

onia

l po

wer

rel

atio

ns r

emai

ned

unst

able

and

dep

ende

nt o

n th

e ap

prov

al o

f th

e ‘c

olon

ized

’. In

add

itio

n, t

hey

wer

e ab

le t

o pr

ove

that

the

Dua

la t

reat

y-si

gnat

orie

s ne

ver

gave

up

thei

r so

vere

igni

ty a

nd t

here

fore

the

ir l

and

coul

d no

t be

tre

ated

as

res

null

ius.

T

heir

ana

lysi

s of

Ger

man

con

duct

of

gove

rnm

ent

dism

antl

ed it

s ‘l

egit

imac

y’ a

nd p

rovo

ked

a vi

olen

t re

acti

on.

The

arch

itec

t of

the

seg

rega

tion

, Her

rman

n Rö

hm,

accu

sed

two

of t

he

repr

esen

tati

ves

– Ru

dolf

Dua

la M

anga

Bel

l an

d N

goso

Din

, his

sec

reta

ry a

nd t

he e

mis

sary

of

the

Dua

la p

eopl

e –

wit

h hi

gh t

reas

on. Go

vern

or K

arl

Eber

mey

er o

rder

ed t

heir

exe

cuti

on o

n Se

ptem

ber

18th

, 191

4, i

n Dua

la. A

gain

st t

he c

olon

ial

Gove

rnm

ent’s

expe

ctat

ions

, the

se p

olit

i-ca

l m

urde

rs d

id n

ot e

nd t

he r

esis

tanc

e of

the

Dua

la’s

peo

ples

. In

cont

rast

– t

hey

took

arm

s ag

ains

t th

e Ge

rman

s an

d le

d th

e Br

itis

h tr

oops

into

the

ir t

erri

tory

.

1

Ev

en t

houg

h th

e pr

otes

t no

tes

may

hav

e be

en w

ritt

en b

y Dua

la M

anga

Bel

l th

ey w

ere

pres

ente

d, d

iscu

ssed

an

d go

t th

eir

appr

oval

at

the

Ngo

ndo

– th

e Ge

nera

l As

sem

bly

of t

he r

epre

sent

ativ

es o

f al

l Dua

la l

inea

ges.....

. Ulrike

Ham

ann

is c

urre

ntly

wri

ting

a d

isse

rtat

ion

at t

he U

nive

rsit

y of

Fra

nkfu

rt/M

ain

abou

t th

e re

sist

ance

aga

inst

rac

ism

dur

ing

the

Germ

an c

olon

ial

peri

od in

the

Afr

ican

con

tine

nt. S

he is

a m

em-

ber

of t

he J

unio

r Re

sear

ch G

roup

“Tr

ansn

atio

nal Ge

neal

ogie

s” a

nd t

he F

rank

furt

Res

earc

h Ce

nter

for

Po

stco

loni

al S

tudi

es.

25

Danc

ing

wit

h th

e St

ar, 2

011, 1

1:46

, no

soun

d, c

ourt

esy

of t

he a

rtis

t a

nd A

rt L

abou

r Ar

chiv

esEm

eka

Ude

mba

....

27

BLAC

K EU

ROPE

AS

BLAC

K FL

ESH

by R

ozen

a M

aart

The

Blac

k bo

dy in

Euro

pe w

as h

isto

rica

lly

one

of m

ilit

ary

prow

ess,

as

reco

rded

by

Shak

e-sp

eare

in

Oth

ello

, on

e of

pow

er a

nd c

onqu

est

as i

n th

e do

min

atio

n of

Spa

in a

nd P

ortu

gal

as o

ne n

atio

n, a

nd S

icily

by t

he M

oors

fro

m t

he 8

th u

ntil t

he 1

2th

cent

ury,

one

of

allu

re a

s w

as e

vide

nced

by

pain

ting

s de

pict

ing

wom

en in

Art

of t

he p

erio

d, w

here

the

mes

sage

of

the

hidd

en a

nd t

he f

orbi

dden

als

o re

ads

as a

war

ning

of

secr

ecy

and

dece

it, o

ne o

f in

terp

rete

r an

d he

lper

to

the

Brit

ish

Empi

re d

urin

g it

s pe

riod

of

usur

pati

on a

nd c

onqu

est

in A

fric

a, a

nd

one

of p

orno

grap

hy o

f th

e po

or--

the

post

card

dep

icti

on E

urop

ean

wom

en w

ere

priv

ileg

ed t

o en

joy,

as

Germ

an, B

riti

sh a

nd D

utch

Em

pire

s ca

rved

itse

lf in

to A

fric

a, w

riti

ng t

o sw

eeth

eart

s an

d po

stin

g pi

ctur

es o

f co

loni

zed,

nak

ed B

lack

wom

en’s

bod

ies,

dis

play

ed i

n ac

tivi

ties

tha

t re

info

rced

the

im

age

of t

he n

ativ

e as

nat

ure,

wit

h he

r na

vel

and

her

nipp

le,

on b

leac

hed

card

boar

d pa

per.

Whi

te f

emin

ists

hav

e r

efus

ed t

o po

liti

cize

the

ir o

wn

dupl

icat

ion

of s

uch

acti

ons,

ado

rnin

g th

e w

alls

of

Wom

en’s

Stu

dies

cor

rido

rs w

ith

pict

ures

of

Bla

ck w

omen

in

the

fiel

d, b

abie

s ha

ngin

g fr

om o

ur b

reas

ts,

hair

cov

ered

in

peas

antr

y pi

ety

whi

le r

eser

ving

th

eir

bodi

es f

or m

ore

mor

ally

just

ifie

d m

easu

res

like

mar

riag

e, m

othe

rhoo

d an

d m

ortg

ages

.

This

pre

sent

atio

n sh

all

exam

ine

how

Afr

ica

cam

e to

be

the

cont

este

d te

rrit

ory

wit

hin

the

disc

ours

e of

the

Eur

opea

n an

d th

e no

n-Eu

rope

an, t

he h

yphe

nate

d ex

iste

nce

whe

re t

he h

yphe

n as

bar

sta

nds

as p

rohi

biti

on t

o th

e no

tion

of

Euro

pean

, by

dra

win

g on

Bla

ck C

onsc

ious

ness

, hi

stor

ical

dis

cour

ses,

Der

rida

and

dec

onst

ruct

ion

and

psyc

hoan

alys

is.

....

. Dr. Roz

ena

Maa

rt i

s an

Ass

ocia

te P

rofe

ssor

and

Hea

d of

Gen

der

Stud

ies

at t

he U

nive

rsit

y of

Kw

a Zu

lu N

atal

. Her

wor

k as

a f

emin

ist

scho

lars

exa

min

es r

elat

ions

hips

bet

wee

n an

d am

ong

Blac

k Co

n-sc

ious

ness

, Pol

itic

al P

hilo

soph

y an

d Ps

ycho

anal

ysis

. Sh

e is

als

o an

aw

ard-

win

ning

wri

ter

of f

icti

on

and

her

book

s ha

ve m

ade

the

top

ten

list

in S

outh

Afr

ica

and

in C

anad

a. P

rof.

Maa

rt

was

nom

inat

ed

to t

he “

Wom

en o

f th

e Ye

ar’’

awar

d at

age

24

for

her

wor

k in

the

are

a of

vio

lenc

e ag

ains

t w

omen

and

fo

r st

arti

ng,

wit

h fo

ur w

omen

the

fir

st B

lack

fem

inis

t or

gani

sati

on,

Wom

en A

gain

st R

epre

ssio

n in

Ca

pe T

own,

Sou

th A

fric

a in

198

6.

....

THE

POLI

TICS

OF

AMNES

IA. T

HE H

ERER

O-N

AMA

GENOCI

DE IN

THE

CONTE

XT O

F EU

ROPE

AN A

ND

GERM

AN

STRA

TEGI

ES O

F DE

NIA

L by

Jos

é M

anue

l Ba

rret

o

Germ

any

is o

ne o

f th

e co

untr

ies

in w

hich

a p

ublic

cons

ciou

snes

s ab

out

the

crim

es o

f th

e pa

st is

mor

e ad

vanc

ed. F

or m

ore

than

six

ty y

ears

Ger

man

y ha

s de

alt

wit

h th

e da

rk s

ide

of it

s hi

stor

y by

an

exam

inat

ion

of N

azi a

troc

itie

s, a

pro

cess

tha

t it

is o

ften

cal

led

Verg

ange

nhei

ts-

bew

älti

gung

. A

sim

ilar

pra

ctic

e of

rem

embe

ring

and

ana

lyzi

ng t

he p

ast

has

been

adv

ance

d in

rel

atio

n to

the

cri

mes

com

mit

ted

unde

r th

e co

mm

unis

t re

gim

e of

Eas

t Ge

rman

y. S

uch

a co

llec

tive

‘sou

l-se

arch

ing’

pro

cess

has

eff

ects

in

the

self

-con

cept

ion

of t

he n

atio

n, i

ts m

ain

rati

onal

e be

ing

that

of

func

tion

ing

as a

war

ning

abo

ut s

omet

hing

tha

t ha

ppen

ed a

nd s

houl

d no

t, a

nd c

anno

t, h

appe

n ag

ain.

Yet

, a

sim

ilar

att

empt

at

reac

hing

a t

ruth

ful

acco

unt

of t

he

even

ts h

as n

ot b

een

mad

e in

rel

atio

n to

the

bru

taliti

es c

arri

ed o

ut b

y th

e Ge

rman

Em

pire

du

ring

the

tim

es o

f th

e Se

cond

Rei

ch. T

he k

illing

of

hund

reds

of

thou

sand

s of

hum

an b

eing

s in

Ger

man

Eas

t Af

rica

, tod

ays’

Tan

zani

a, a

nd t

he g

enoc

ide

of t

he H

erer

o an

d N

ama

in G

erm

an

Sout

h-W

est

Afri

ca, t

oday

’s N

amib

ia, r

emai

n un

know

n, h

idde

n or

for

gott

en. T

his

is n

ot o

nly

the

case

of

Germ

any,

but

it

is a

lso

a co

mm

on f

eatu

re i

n al

l m

oder

n an

d co

ntem

pora

ry c

olon

ial

pow

ers.

Whi

ch is

the

ext

ent

and

dept

h, if

any

, of

the

cons

ciou

snes

s of

the

peo

ples

of

Germ

any,

Sp

ain,

Por

tuga

l, Gr

eat

Brit

ain,

Hol

land

, Fr

ance

, Be

lgiu

m,

Ital

y, t

he U

SA a

nd C

hina

abo

ut t

he

barb

aris

m a

nd c

rim

es c

omm

itte

d al

ongs

ide

of c

entu

ries

of

mod

ern

impe

rial

ism

in

Amer

ica,

Af

rica

and

Asi

a?

T

he g

enoc

ide

of t

he H

erer

o an

d N

ama

mus

t be

exa

min

ed w

ithi

n a

wid

er s

cope

of

Euro

pean

ge

noci

de-d

enia

l pr

acti

ces.

Kar

l Ko

rsch

, Sve

n Li

ndqv

ist

and

Enzo

Tra

vers

o fi

nd in

col

onia

l ge

n-oc

ides

an

ante

cede

nt t

o th

e Eu

rope

an H

oloc

aust

. Kor

sch

wro

te t

hat

‘the

nov

elty

of

tota

lita

rian

po

liti

cs in

this

res

pect

is

sim

ply

that

the

Naz

is h

ave

exte

nded

to

‘civ

ilis

ed’ E

urop

ean

peop

les

the

met

hods

hit

hert

o re

serv

ed f

or t

he ‘n

ativ

es’ a

nd ‘s

avag

es’ l

ivin

g ou

tsid

e so

-cal

led

civi

li-

sati

on’.

For

Lind

qvis

t, t

he f

anta

sies

of

whi

te s

uper

iori

ty a

nd o

f ex

term

inat

ion

of t

he ‘le

sser

ra

ces’

tha

t in

form

ed E

urop

ean

colo

nial

pol

icy

in N

inet

eent

h Ce

ntur

y cu

lmin

ated

in

‘Eur

ope’

s ow

n Hol

ocau

st’.

For

Trav

erso

, the

im

plem

enta

tion

of

the

tact

ics

and

ideo

logy

of

impe

rial

ism

by

the

Naz

is w

ould

all

ow u

s to

thi

nk o

f th

e Se

cond

Wor

ld W

ar a

s ‘a

war

of

conq

uest

and

ext

er-

min

atio

n’ a

nd a

s ‘a

col

onia

l w

ar w

ithi

n Eu

rope

’. Al

thou

gh d

ism

isse

d re

cent

ly b

y m

ains

trea

m

hist

oria

ns, t

his

gene

alog

ical

rel

atio

n ca

n al

so b

e pr

edic

ated

abo

ut t

he G

enoc

ide

of t

he H

erer

o an

d N

ama.

A n

umbe

r of

sim

ilar

itie

s an

d co

nnec

tion

s ca

n be

fou

nd b

etw

een

the

geno

cide

s in

Ge

rman

y an

d in

Nam

ibia

: the

tec

hniq

ues

of r

epre

ssio

n an

d ex

term

inat

ion,

am

ong

them

mas

s ki

llin

gs, c

once

ntra

tion

cam

ps, f

orce

d la

bor

or s

lave

ry, r

ape

of g

irls

and

wom

en; t

he m

akin

g of

med

ical

exp

erim

ents

; per

sona

l co

nnec

tion

s, a

s so

me

offi

cers

pla

yed

an im

port

ant

role

in

both

gen

ocid

es; a

nd t

he id

eolo

gy o

f ra

cial

sup

erio

rity

, leb

ensr

aum

, soc

ial

Dar

win

ism

and

the

po

licy

of

anni

hila

tion

.

....

. José-M

anue

l Ba

rret

o is

cur

rent

ly a

Vis

itin

g Fe

llow

at

the

Uni

t fo

r Gl

obal

Jus

tice

, Gol

dsm

iths

Col

-le

ge, U

nive

rsit

y of

Lon

don.

His

res

earc

h gr

avit

ates

aro

und

the

hist

ory

and

theo

ry o

f hu

man

rig

hts

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f m

oder

n co

loni

alis

m a

nd g

enoc

ide.

He

is i

nter

este

d in

ret

riev

ing

the

Thir

d-W

orld

tr

adit

ion

of h

uman

rig

hts

that

has

roo

ts a

s fa

r ba

ck a

s th

e Fi

ftee

nth

Cent

ury

in t

he e

xper

ienc

e of

th

e Co

nque

st o

f Am

eric

a, d

evel

opin

g a

crit

ique

of

Euro

cent

rism

and

tak

ing

the

insi

ghts

of

Dec

olo-

nial

The

ory

to t

he f

ield

of

hum

an r

ight

s. H

is r

esea

rch

also

add

ress

es q

uest

ions

abo

ut t

he r

elat

ion

betw

een

the

‘tur

n to

em

otio

ns’ a

nd t

he h

uman

rig

hts

cult

ure,

the

‘aff

ecti

ve o

pera

tion

s of

art

s’ a

nd

abou

t ho

w t

o de

fend

hum

an r

ight

s te

llin

g st

orie

s. H

is r

ecen

t w

ork

incl

udes

the

boo

k ‘H

uman

Rig

hts

from

a T

hird

Wor

ld P

ersp

ecti

ve: Cr

itiq

ue, His

tory

and

Int

erna

tion

al L

aw’ (

Cam

brid

ge S

chol

ars

Pu-

blis

hing

, for

thco

min

g 20

12).

29

DIVE

RSIT

Y IN

ADV

ERSI

TYby

Gra

da K

ilom

ba

E

very

sem

este

r, o

n th

e ve

ry f

irst

day

of

my

sem

inar

, I p

lay

a qu

iz w

ith

my

stud

ents

. We

firs

t co

unt

how

man

y pe

ople

are

in t

he r

oom

in o

rder

to

see

how

man

y of

us

will b

e ab

le t

o an

swer

th

e qu

esti

ons.

I st

art

by a

skin

g ve

ry s

impl

e qu

esti

ons

such

as:

Wha

t w

as t

he B

erlin

Conf

eren

ce

of 1

884-

5? W

hich

Afr

ican

cou

ntri

es w

ere

colo

nise

d by

Ger

man

y? H

ow m

any

year

s di

d Ge

rman

co

loni

sati

on o

ver

the

cont

inen

t of

Afr

ica

last

? I c

oncl

ude

wit

h m

ore

spec

ific

que

stio

ns, s

uch

as: W

ho w

as Q

ueen

Nzi

nga

and

whi

ch r

ole

did

she

play

on

the

stru

ggle

aga

inst

Eur

opea

n co

-lo

nisa

tion

? W

ho w

rote

Bla

ck S

kin,

Whi

te M

asks

? W

ho w

as M

ay A

yim

?

N

ot s

urpr

isin

gly,

mos

t of

the

whi

te s

tude

nts

are

unab

le t

o an

swer

the

que

stio

ns, w

hile

the

Bl

ack

stud

ents

ans

wer

mos

t of

the

m s

ucce

ssfu

lly.

Sud

denl

y, t

hose

who

se k

now

ledg

e ha

s be

en

hidd

en, b

ecom

e vi

sibl

e, w

hile

tho

se w

ho h

ave

been

ove

r-re

pres

ente

d be

com

e un

noti

ced

and

invi

sibl

e. T

hose

who

are

usu

ally

silen

t st

art

spea

king

, whi

le t

hose

who

alw

ays

spea

k be

com

e si

lent

. Silen

t, n

ot b

ecau

se t

hey

cann

ot a

rtic

ulat

e th

eir

voic

es o

r to

ngue

s, b

ut r

athe

r be

caus

e th

ey d

o no

t po

sses

s th

e kn

owle

dge.

T

his

exer

cise

mak

es u

s un

ders

tand

how

the

con

cept

s of

kno

wle

dge

and

the

idea

of

wha

t sc

hola

rshi

p or

sci

ence

is, a

re in

trin

sica

lly

link

ed w

ith

pow

er a

nd r

acia

l aut

hori

ty. W

hat

know

-le

dge

is b

eing

ack

now

ledg

ed a

s su

ch?

And

wha

t kn

owle

dge

is n

ot?

Who

is

ackn

owle

dged

to

have

the

kno

wle

dge?

And

who

is

not?

And

who

can

tea

ch k

now

ledg

e? A

nd w

ho c

anno

t? W

ho

is a

t th

e ce

ntre

? An

d w

ho r

emai

ns o

utsi

de, a

t th

e m

argi

ns?

So, w

ho c

an ind

eed

spea

k in

the

ac

adem

y? A

nd w

ho c

anno

t?

A

cade

mia

is

not

a ne

utra

l lo

cati

on.

This

is

a w

hite

spa

ce w

here

Bla

ck p

eopl

e ha

ve b

een

deni

ed t

he p

rivi

lege

to

spea

k. H

isto

rica

lly,

thi

s is

a s

pace

whe

re w

e ha

ve b

een

voic

eles

s, a

sp

ace

we

coul

d no

t en

ter.

Her

e, w

hite

sch

olar

s ha

ve d

evel

oped

the

oret

ical

dis

cour

ses

whi

ch

form

ally

con

stru

cted

us

as t

he in

feri

or O

ther

- p

laci

ng A

fric

ans

in a

bsol

ute

subo

rdin

atio

n to

th

e w

hite

sub

ject

. We

wer

e m

ade

the

obje

cts,

but

we

have

rar

ely

been

the

sub

ject

s.

T

his

posi

tion

of

obje

ct, w

hich

we

com

mon

ly o

ccup

y, d

oes

not

indi

cate

a la

ck o

f re

sist

ance

or

of in

tere

st, a

s it

is c

omm

only

bel

ieve

d, b

ut r

athe

r a

lack

of

acce

ss t

o re

pres

enta

tion

by

Blac

ks

them

selv

es. I

t is

not

tha

t w

e ha

ve n

ot b

een

spea

king

; but

rat

her

that

our

voi

ces

- th

roug

h a

syst

em o

f ra

cism

- h

ave

been

sys

tem

atic

ally

dis

qual

ifie

d as

val

id k

now

ledg

e; o

r el

se r

epre

-se

nted

by

whi

tes,

who

iron

ical

ly b

ecom

e th

e ‘e

xper

ts’ o

f ou

rsel

ves.

Eit

her

way

, we

are

lock

ed

in a

vio

lent

col

onia

l hi

erar

chy.

(Thi

s te

xt i

s an

ext

ract

fro

m t

he p

ublica

tion

Pla

ntat

ion

Mem

orie

s. E

piso

des

of E

very

day

Ra-

cism

(20

08).

Mün

ster

: Unr

ast

Verl

ag. R

epro

duce

d w

ith

perm

issi

on o

f th

e au

thor

.)

....

. Grada

Kilo

mba

is

a w

rite

r, r

esea

rche

r an

d ps

ycho

logi

st b

orn

in L

isbo

n w

ith

orig

ins

in t

he W

est

Afri

can

isla

nds

of S

ao T

omé

e Pr

ínci

pe. H

avin

g st

udie

d cl

inic

al p

sych

olog

y an

d ps

ycho

anal

ysis

in L

is-

bon,

she

is l

ivin

g an

d w

orki

ng in

Ber

lin,

whe

re s

he r

esea

rche

s an

d w

rite

s w

ithi

n th

e ar

ea o

f cu

ltur

al

stud

ies.

She

foc

uses

pre

dom

inan

tly

on p

sych

oana

lysi

s, s

lave

ry,

colo

nial

ism

, tr

aum

a an

d m

emor

y.

Amon

g ot

hers

, she

is t

he c

o-ed

itor

of

the

book

Myt

hen,

Mas

ken

and

Subj

ekte

: Kri

tisc

he W

eißs

einf

or-

schu

ng i

n Deu

tsch

land

(U

nras

t 20

05)

and

the

auth

or o

f Pl

anta

tion

Mem

orie

s: E

piso

des

of E

very

day

Raci

sm (

Unr

ast

2008

).

NI ‘

MAM

ITA’

NI ‘

MU

LATI

TA’:

CARI

BBEA

N W

OM

EN’S

STE

REOTY

PES

AND T

HE D

IASP

ORA

by T

eres

a M

aría

Día

z N

erio

In

orde

r to

dec

onst

ruct

the

pos

itio

ning

of

wom

en o

f Ca

ribb

ean

orig

in, s

peci

fica

lly

from

th

e Gr

eate

r An

till

es S

pani

sh-s

peak

ing

isla

nds,

in p

rese

nt d

ay E

urop

ean

citi

es, I

wis

h to

ana

lize

th

e w

ay in

whi

ch “

mix

-rac

ed”

wom

en h

ave

been

som

ehow

com

pell

ed t

o ta

ke u

pon

them

selv

es

the

ster

eoty

pes

crea

ted

duri

ng c

olon

ial t

imes

, of

‘la m

ulat

a’ a

nd ‘l

a m

amit

a’. T

his

will b

e do

ne

from

a C

arib

bean

cent

ric

pers

pect

ive,

app

roac

hing

the

rac

ialize

d st

ereo

type

s an

d ov

erse

xua-

liza

tion

of

Cari

bbea

n fe

mal

e bo

dies

in

the

mas

s m

edia

dur

ing

the

firs

t ha

lf o

f th

e 20

th C

en-

tury

. Car

ibbe

an w

omen

, suc

h as

the

fam

ous

Rum

bera

s of

the

Gol

den

Age

of M

exic

an C

inem

a,

and

the

repr

esen

tati

on o

f ‘m

ulat

as’ a

nd ‘m

amit

as’ i

n Cu

ban

and

Puer

to R

ican

tel

evis

ion

is t

he

poin

t of

dep

artu

re o

f th

ese

argu

men

ts. M

any

of t

hese

so-

call

ed v

edet

tes

wer

e ex

trao

rdin

a-ri

ly g

ifte

d pe

rfor

mer

s w

ho a

part

fro

m r

epre

sent

ing

the

“exo

tic/

prim

itiv

e”-

“Afr

ican

” an

d “m

ulat

a” a

lso

cont

ribu

ted

to t

he d

econ

stru

ctio

n of

Bla

ckne

ss. S

ome

of t

hem

, mos

tly

Cuba

n,

wer

e ligh

t-sk

inne

d “m

ix-r

aced

” w

omen

who

cha

llen

ged

raci

aliz

atio

n in

the

ir l

yric

s, a

s in

the

ca

se o

f Ri

ta M

onta

ner

in t

he f

ilm

Neg

ro e

s m

i co

lor

1951

(Bl

ack

is m

y co

lor)

whe

re s

he a

cts

in b

row

nfac

e as

the

rej

ecte

d m

othe

r of

a l

ight

-ski

nned

sin

ger.

Mon

tane

r, w

ith

her

amaz

ing

voic

e, s

ings

abo

ut r

acia

l di

scri

min

atio

n w

hile

her

dau

ghte

r, M

exic

an a

ctre

ss M

arga

Lóp

ez, i

s fo

rced

to

don

brow

nfac

e an

d in

terp

ret

“Alm

a N

egra

” (B

lack

Sou

l).

Mex

ico

beca

me

an int

eres

ting

cas

e in

poi

nt a

s th

e Cu

ban

pres

ence

in

the

Rum

bera

Cin

e-m

a te

stif

ies

on t

hese

cha

llen

ging

sel

f-re

pres

enta

tion

s as

in

the

case

of

won

derf

ul M

exic

an

sing

ers

like

Toñ

a la

Neg

ra i

nter

pret

ing

Ora

ción

Car

ibe

(Car

ibbe

an P

raye

r) w

here

she

sin

gs

‘pie

dad,

pie

dad

para

el q

ue s

ufre

’ (pi

ety,

pie

ty f

or t

he o

ne t

hat

suff

ers)

, im

plyi

ng t

he s

uffe

ring

of

Bla

ck p

eopl

e. N

otic

eabl

y, t

he s

elf-

affi

rmat

ion

char

acte

r of

the

se s

ongs

est

ablish

es t

he

type

of

agen

cy t

hat

thes

e w

omen

had

wit

h re

gard

s to

com

mun

icat

ing

thei

r po

siti

onal

ity

on

raci

aliz

ing

issu

es. Y

et,

the

popu

lar

imag

es o

f Ca

ribb

ean

wom

en a

s ov

erse

xual

ized

‘mul

atas

’ or

und

erse

xual

ized

mai

ds ‘

mam

itas

’ an

d th

eir

self

-rep

rese

ntat

ion

as “

Rum

bera

s” e

nact

ing

the

“pri

mit

ive”

“Af

rica

n” a

nces

try

in f

ilm

and

tel

evis

ion

prod

ucti

ons

of t

he 4

0’s

and

50’s

, ha

ve c

ontr

ibut

ed t

o ce

men

t th

ese

ster

eoty

pes

not

only

in f

orei

gn a

udie

nces

but

als

o in

loc

al

ones

. M

y hy

poth

esis

is

that

the

se r

oles

ar

e so

ing

rain

ed i

n th

e Ca

ribb

ean

wom

en’s

vie

w o

f th

emse

lves

tha

t it

gre

atly

aff

ects

the

ir c

hoic

e of

soc

ial

perf

orm

ance

. In

tur

n, t

hese

ste

re-

otyp

es a

re b

eing

tak

en f

or g

rant

ed b

y w

hite

Eur

opea

ns,

whi

ch i

n th

e lo

ng r

un c

ontr

ibut

es

to p

erpe

tuat

e th

e m

isre

pres

enta

tion

of

Cari

bbea

n w

omen

and

in

this

reg

ard

prev

ents

the

ir

acce

ssib

ilit

y to

oth

er s

pher

es o

f live

in t

he W

est.

....

. Teresa

Mar

ía D

íaz

Ner

io i

s a

Dom

inic

an v

isua

l an

d pe

rfor

man

ce a

rtis

t an

d re

sear

cher

liv

ing

in

Amst

erda

m. S

he g

radu

ated

as

a Ba

chel

or i

n Fi

ne A

rts

from

the

Ger

rit

Riet

veld

Aca

dem

ie (

2007

) an

d re

ceiv

ed h

er M

aste

r in

Fin

e Ar

ts f

rom

the

Dut

ch A

rt In

stit

ute

(200

9). S

he d

oes

rese

arch

oft

en f

ocus

ed

on s

ubje

cts

info

rmed

by

the

hist

ory

of c

olon

ial a

nd n

eoco

loni

al in

vasi

ons

in t

he G

loba

l Sou

th c

hall

en-

ging

the

heg

emon

ic E

uroc

entr

ic a

nd U

S ce

ntri

c no

tion

s of

who

is w

ho a

nd w

hat

is w

hat.

31

FASHIONING WOMANHOOD IN AFRICA THROUGH THE 20TH CENTURY - THE CULTURE AND POLITICS OF DRESSby Minna Salami

Not for the first time but nevertheless significantly, African fashion is again at a historical conjuncture marked by an increased international consumption of what the continent has to offer style-wise. This time around the African fashion revolution is coming at an age where the terms ‘ethical’ and ‘sustainable’ have become closely linked with the fashion industry.What other elements of African fashion are closely tied to ethics, society and to citizenship?

I examine hidden historical, cultural and political content that lurks beneath fashion with a photographic journey through each decade where gender politics was played out on the fashion of women sometimes by women for women’s advantage, and sometimes as part of attempts to maintain patriarchal equilibrium by controlling they way women dress.

Multiple and an often-contradictory implication of ‘fashioning’ processes will be identi-fied alongside compatibilities with ideas of citizenship. Feature highlights of women such as Miriam Makeba whose fashion in a revolutionary sense sought to reinforce political views, to examples of the controlling of women‘s lives through ‘fashioning’ codes, as in the case of Betty Kaunda whose miniskirt caused political outrage in the 1960s, to Sharia law and the burka in 1990s Nigeria, to the recent Malawian ban on women wearing trousers will explore links between the traditional, the colonial and gender.

Fashion in Africa has been used in both exciting and disturbing ways. My aim is to incor-porate into our social and political memory ideas of citizenship and womanhood through fashion.

... .

. Minna Salami African feminist blogger, independent writer and social commentator on African fe-minism, pop culture, fashion, & “race” and editor of multiple award-nominated MsAfropolitan.com, Founder of The MsAfropolitan Boutique and HuffPo blogger.

Apart from editing one of the most popular African feminist-orientated blogs on the internet, www.msafropolitan.com, Minna Salami’s writing and commentary has been featured on CNN.com, The Guardian, Arise Magazine and Clutch Magazine to name a few. She is a Huffington Post columnist and the author of a collection of poems. She has spoken at the Southbank Centre, University of Warwick, the V&A museum, channel 4, The Africa Centre and VoxAfrica amongst others.

Minna is the founder of the MsAfropolitan Boutique, an online shop launched as a tribute to the Afri-can Women’s Decade 2010 – 2020, selling design made by women of African heritage. She sees fashion as both aesthetically and socially relevant. She is a curator of African fashion at venues such as the V&A Museum & Saatchi Gallery showcasing couture from some of Africa’s largest fashion houses such as Tiffany Amber, Jewel by Lisa and Bunmi Koko. Minna is an MA student in Gender Studies at SOAS University where she is completing research on African feminism and African women’s history. With her blog, her online shop, her public profile and her research, Minna is committed to bringing to the forefront topics that are relevant to women of African heritage.

....

Oth

er, 2

009,

07:

00, s

ound

, cou

rtes

y of

the

art

ist

and

The

Mom

entu

m C

olle

ctio

nTr

acey

Mof

fatt

KESK

IDEE

ARO

HA: T

RAN

SLAT

ION

ON

THE

CO

LON

IAL

STAG

Eby

Rob

bie

Shilliam

M

y pr

esen

tati

on w

ill f

ocus

on

the

1979

tou

r by

the

Lon

don-

base

d Bl

ack

thea

tre

grou

p, K

esk-

idee

, of

Mao

ri a

nd P

asif

ika

com

mun

itie

s in

Aot

earo

a, N

ew Z

eala

nd. T

he o

rgan

izer

s of

the

tou

r,

a lo

cal

coll

ecti

ve c

alle

d Ke

skid

ee A

roha

, wer

e co

mm

unit

y an

d po

liti

cal

acti

vist

s w

ho h

ad, i

n th

e 19

70s,

agi

tate

d bo

th f

or c

ivil r

ight

s an

d Tr

eaty

rep

arat

ions

. By

the

end

of t

he d

ecad

e, in-

crea

sed

raci

sm a

nd s

ocia

l in

equa

liti

es led

the

se a

ctiv

ists

to

purs

ue c

ultu

ral pa

ths

othe

r th

an

the

stri

ctly

pol

itic

al in

orde

r to

pre

serv

e an

d de

epen

the

str

uggl

e. A

rt w

as s

een

as a

bat

tle-

grou

nd t

hrou

gh w

hich

to

tack

le d

ehum

aniz

atio

n an

d en

tren

ch t

he f

eeling

s an

d de

man

ds f

or

self

-det

erm

inat

ion

in a

con

text

whe

rein

pol

itic

al s

trug

gles

ove

r ci

vil

righ

ts h

ad b

y an

d la

rge

failed

. The

Kes

kide

e Ar

oha

orga

nize

rs h

oped

tha

t th

e to

ur w

ould

cat

alys

e th

ese

new

str

uggl

es

as B

lack

Con

scio

usne

ss a

nd R

asta

fari

con

vers

ed w

ith

indi

geno

us p

asts

and

pre

sent

s. K

eski

dee

Aroh

a de

mon

stra

tes

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f th

e re

lati

onsh

ip b

etw

een

art,

cit

izen

ship

and

“ra

ce”,

an

d th

e m

alle

abilit

y of

the

iden

tifi

er B

lack

as

a ca

taly

st f

or s

trug

gles

ove

r so

cial

just

ice.

T

he n

atur

e of

inte

r-cu

ltur

al, m

ulti

cult

ural

and

cro

ss-c

ultu

ral p

erfo

rman

ce h

ave

now

bee

n de

bate

d in

som

e de

pth

in t

heat

re s

tudi

es, a

nd t

he a

ssum

ptio

n th

at c

ultu

ral

exch

ange

occ

urs

amon

gst

equa

ls h

as b

een

roun

dly

crit

ique

d. T

o th

is e

nd, s

ome

scho

lars

hav

e fo

cuse

d up

on t

he

hist

oric

ally

col

onia

l ch

arac

ter

of c

ultu

ral ci

rcul

atio

n w

here

in t

he e

xoti

cise

d an

d pr

imit

ivis

ed

aest

heti

cs a

nd n

arra

tive

s of

non

-Wes

tern

wor

lds

are

uneq

uall

y ex

chan

ged,

app

ropr

iate

d,

com

mod

ifie

d an

d as

sim

ilat

ed b

y W

este

rn a

rtis

ts a

nd in

stit

utio

ns s

o as

to

give

val

ue-a

dded

to

exta

nt im

peri

al a

rt f

orm

s. H

owev

er, t

hese

deb

ates

ove

r tr

ansl

atio

n in

the

art

s te

nd t

o as

sum

e th

at t

he c

olon

ial

econ

omy

of c

ultu

ral

exch

ange

is

defi

ned

by a

rel

atio

n be

twee

n tw

o m

ain

prot

agon

ists

: tho

se p

osit

ione

d in

the

im

peri

al c

entr

e an

d th

ose

in t

he c

olon

ial

(or

quas

i-co

-lo

nial

) pe

riph

ery.

Arg

umen

ts t

hat

owe

muc

h to

Sai

d’s

crit

ique

of

Ori

enta

lism

fit

com

fort

ably

in

to t

his

fram

ewor

k: t

he s

peak

ing,

aut

hori

tati

ve W

est

cons

truc

ts a

mul

tipl

icit

y of

mut

e ex

otic

O

ther

s fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

val

oris

ing

its

own

dist

inct

iven

ess.

How

ever

, bec

ause

the

Ori

enta

list

cri

tiqu

e fr

ames

the

pro

tago

nist

s of

the

col

onia

l dr

ama

as t

he c

olon

izin

g se

lf a

nd c

olon

ized

Oth

er, i

t ru

ns t

he r

isk

of m

utin

g an

d pa

cify

ing

cult

ural

pr

ojec

ts o

f se

lf-d

eter

min

atio

n th

at h

ave

been

pre

dica

ted

upon

int

er-c

ultu

ral

rela

tion

s th

at

exce

ed t

he c

olon

ial

bina

ry o

f se

lf/O

ther

. Th

e w

eigh

t of

the

col

onia

l st

age

upon

whi

ch s

uch

rela

tion

s ha

ve t

aken

pla

ce s

till

res

ts u

pon

foun

dati

ons

cons

truc

ted

by t

he i

mpe

rial

cen

tres

. Bu

t th

is d

oes

not

mea

n th

at t

he d

ram

as h

ave

to d

irec

tly

addr

ess

the

pers

onif

icat

ions

of

thes

e fo

unda

tion

s. K

eski

dee

Aroh

a w

as a

pro

ject

of

cult

ural

sel

f-de

term

inat

ion

that

rea

ched

acr

oss

the

colo

nial

sta

ge f

rom

(po

st-)

colo

nize

d Af

rica

and

the

Bla

ck A

mer

icas

via

the

im

peri

al e

n-tr

epôt

of

Lond

on t

o Ao

tear

oa N

Z. It

was

pre

dica

ted

upon

a d

ialo

gue

betw

een

(pos

t-)c

olon

ized

su

bjec

ts o

ver

thei

r co

ndit

ions

and

, if

abo

ut t

he i

mpe

rial

fou

ndat

ions

, it

was

not

add

ress

ed

dire

ctly

or

prim

arily

to t

he c

olon

izer

s or

the

ir d

esce

ndan

ts.

....

. Robbie

Shi

llia

m i

s Se

nior

Lec

ture

r in

Int

erna

tion

al R

elat

ions

at

Que

en M

ary

Coll

ege,

Uni

vers

ity

of

Lond

on. H

e ha

s w

ritt

en o

n tr

ans-

Atla

ntic

sla

very

, Bla

ck P

ower

and

Ras

tafa

ri in

a n

umbe

r of

aca

dem

ic

fora

. He

has

also

wor

ked

on r

etri

evin

g th

e im

port

ance

of

anti

-col

onia

l th

ough

t fo

r co

ntem

pora

ry

unde

rsta

ndin

gs o

f in

tern

atio

nal

politi

cs. P

rior

to

Que

en M

ary,

Rob

bie

taug

ht a

t Vi

ctor

ia U

nive

rsit

y of

W

elling

ton

in A

otea

roa,

New

Zea

land

. Dur

ing

this

tim

e, R

obbi

e ha

s w

orke

d w

ith

vari

ous

acti

vist

s an

d co

mm

unit

ies

to r

etri

eve

the

conn

ecti

ons

and

link

ages

bet

wee

n th

e st

rugg

les

of t

he A

fric

an D

iasp

ora

and

Indi

geno

us p

eopl

es o

f th

e So

uth

Paci

fic.

33

....

MULT

I-M

EDIA

-ARC

HIVE

S OF

SURV

IVAL

. OCC

UPY

! by

Mic

hael

Küp

pers

-Ade

bisi

In

col

onia

l Act

s of

cri

me

agai

nst

hum

anit

y Ge

rman

arc

hive

s w

ere

fill

ed w

ith

Afri

can

hum

an

skul

ls. I

n 20

11, f

inal

ly a

Nam

ibia

n de

lega

tion

tra

vele

d to

Ger

man

y to

ret

urn

hom

e 20

of

thes

e Af

rica

n re

mai

ns o

f th

e Fi

rst

Euro

pean

Gen

ocid

e (1

904

– 19

08)

of t

he 2

0th

Cent

ury.

Sim

ulta

ne-

ousl

y, d

ocum

enta

tion

, con

text

ualiza

tion

& d

ecol

oniz

atio

n tu

rn in

to n

eo-l

iber

atio

n m

etap

hors

&

per

spec

tive

s, g

ueri

lla

tact

ics

and

med

ia-w

arfa

re. P

ower

ed b

y di

aspo

ric

bank

-acc

ount

s of

no

mad

ic k

now

ledg

e -

AFRO

TAK

TV c

yber

Nom

ads

as S

ocia

l M

edia

Act

ivis

ts O

CCU

PY t

he a

rena

of

cult

ural

lob

byin

g, m

arke

ting

&/o

r pr

opag

anda

. Neo

-col

onia

l 20

th &

21s

t Ce

ntur

y po

wer

inte

r-ve

ntio

ns i

n Ir

aq, Af

ghan

ista

n &

Lib

ya o

ff b

alan

ced

the

glob

al s

ocia

l eq

uilibr

ium

& t

he t

hirs

t fo

r fr

eedo

m &

just

ice

in A

fric

a. B

ut n

eces

siti

es o

f su

rviv

al r

e/un

ite

the

frag

men

ted

hist

orie

s.

And

hack

ed id

enti

ty-p

aper

s &

pas

swor

ds p

rovi

de t

he s

oftw

are

for

the

2.1

- Ca

stle

of

Euro

pe -

M

ille

nium

-ReM

IX. W

orld

wid

e ec

onom

ic e

xplo

itat

ion

hits

Gre

ece

like

a v

irus

& t

he a

rchi

tect

ure

of W

este

rn c

anon

s of

kno

wle

dge,

mem

ory

& id

enti

ty c

olla

pse

like

the

tow

ers

of B

abyl

on. (

See

Adet

oun

Küpp

ers-

Adeb

isi:

“Kno

wle

dge

Arch

ives

, So

cial

Net

wor

ks &

Art

isti

c M

edia

Res

ista

nce

as K

now

ledg

e M

anag

emen

t St

rate

gy.”

(ht

tp:/

/ww

w.a

frot

ak.c

om)

....

. Michae

l Kü

pper

s-Ad

ebis

i (a.

k.a.

Sun

Lee

gba

Love

a.k

.a. B

lack

Hyp

erio

n) w

orks

for

AFR

OTA

K TV

cy

berN

omad

s -

The

1st

Blac

k Ge

rman

Med

ia, C

ultu

re &

Edu

cati

on A

rchi

ves

sinc

e 20

01. I

n 19

96, h

e w

as

the

1st

Afro

-Ger

man

lyr

ical

am

bass

ador

for

the

Goe

the-

Inst

itut

e N

ew Y

ork.

For

the

Afr

ican

Dia

spor

a in

Ger

man

y he

mod

erni

zed

Soci

al M

edia

Act

ivis

m. I

n co

oper

atio

n w

ith

the

Off

ice

for

Civi

c Ed

ucat

ion

of

the

Gove

rnm

ent

he r

ealize

d Af

rica

n M

edia

Con

fere

nces

at

Goet

he In

stit

ute,

Hei

nric

h-Bö

ll-F

ound

atio

n &

Hou

se o

f W

orld

Cul

ture

s. H

e in

itia

ted

May

Ayi

m A

war

d -

The

1st

Blac

k Ge

rman

Inte

rnat

iona

l Li

tera

-tu

re A

war

d an

d w

as h

onor

ed b

y th

e U

NES

CO a

s “G

erm

an P

roje

ct f

or t

he R

emem

bran

ce o

f th

e Sl

ave

Trad

e &

its

Abo

liti

on.”

Oth

er M

edia

& C

ultu

re A

war

ds: A

DLE

R En

trep

rene

ursh

ip A

war

d -

Afri

can

Yout

h Fo

unda

tion

200

5/ B

est

Prac

tice

Aw

ard

- Ge

rman

Gov

ernm

ent

Allian

ce D

emoc

racy

& T

oler

ance

200

8/

Best

Pra

ctic

e Aw

ard

- Co

unci

l fo

r Dem

ocra

cy &

Tol

eran

ce o

f th

e Se

nate

of

Berl

in 2

009/

Pub

lish

er,

Auth

or, F

ilm

mak

er, P

layw

righ

t on

Afr

oEur

ope:

Los

t Tr

ibes

of

Afri

ca 1

995/

Dea

th o

f th

e W

hite

Gra

nd-

fath

er 1

999/

The

Kid

napp

ing

2001

/ Th

eBla

ckBo

ok &

May

Ayi

m A

war

d 20

04/

Mus

ic-R

evol

ts, M

igra

tion

&

Politi

cs 2

011.

DEC

OLO

NIA

L AE

STHE

TICS

MAN

IFES

TO

A

tra

nsm

oder

n w

orld

has

em

erge

d, r

econ

figu

ring

the

pas

t 50

0 hu

ndre

d ye

ars

of c

olon

iality

an

d it

s af

term

ath,

mod

erni

ty,

post

mod

erni

ty a

nd a

lter

mod

erni

ty.

A re

mar

kabl

e fe

atur

e of

th

is t

rans

form

atio

n is

the

cre

ativ

ity

in/f

rom

the

Non

-Wes

tern

wor

ld a

nd i

ts p

olit

ical

con

se-

quen

ces—

inde

pend

ent

thou

ghts

and

dec

olon

ial

free

dom

s in

all

sph

eres

of

life

. Dec

olon

iality

of

kno

wle

dge

and

bein

g, t

wo

conc

epts

tha

t ha

ve b

een

intr

oduc

ed b

y th

e w

orki

ng g

roup

mo-

dern

ity-

colo

nial

ity

sinc

e 19

98 (

http

://e

s.w

ikip

edia

.org

/wik

i/Gr

upo_

mod

erni

dad/

colo

nial

idad

) ar

e en

coun

teri

ng t

he d

ecol

onia

lity

of

aest

heti

cs in

orde

r to

joi

n di

ffer

ent

gene

alog

ies

of r

e-ex

iste

nce

in a

rtis

tic

prac

tice

s al

l ov

er t

he w

orld

.

Tran

snat

iona

l id

enti

ties

-in-

politi

cs h

ave

insp

ired

a p

lane

tary

rev

olut

ion

in k

now

ledg

e an

d se

nsib

ilit

y. T

he c

reat

ivit

y of

vis

ual

and

aura

l ar

tist

s, t

hink

ers,

cur

ator

s an

d ar

tifi

ces

of t

he

wri

tten

wor

d ha

ve a

ffir

med

the

exi

sten

ce o

f m

ulti

ple

and

tran

snat

iona

l id

enti

ties

, re

affi

r-m

ing

them

selv

es in

the

ir c

onfr

onta

tion

wit

h gl

obal

impe

rial

ten

denc

ies

to h

omog

eniz

e an

d to

er

ase

diff

eren

ces.

The

aff

irm

atio

n of

iden

titi

es is

tan

tam

ount

wit

h th

e ho

mog

eniz

ing

tend

en-

cies

of

glob

aliz

atio

n w

hich

are

cel

ebra

ted

by a

lter

mod

erni

ty a

s th

e ‘u

nive

rsal

ity’

of

arti

stic

pr

acti

ces.

Thi

s no

tion

cha

stis

es t

he m

agni

fice

nt d

iver

sity

of

hum

an c

reat

ive

pote

ntia

l an

d it

s di

ffer

ent

trad

itio

ns;

it p

eren

nial

ly a

ims

at a

ppro

pria

ting

dif

fere

nces

ins

tead

of

cele

brat

ing

them

.

Dec

olon

ial

aest

heti

cs, i

n pa

rtic

ular

, and

dec

olon

iality

in g

ener

al h

ave

join

ed t

he l

iber

atio

n of

sen

sing

and

sen

sibi

liti

es t

rapp

ed b

y m

oder

nity

and

its

dark

er s

ide:

col

onia

lity

. Dec

olon

iali-

ty e

ndor

ses

inte

rcul

tura

lity

, (w

hich

has

bee

n co

ncep

tual

ized

by

orga

nize

d co

mm

unit

ies)

and

de

link

s fr

om m

ulti

cult

ural

ism

(whi

ch h

as b

een

conc

eptu

aliz

ed a

nd im

plem

ente

d by

the

Sta

te).

Mut

icul

tura

lism

pro

mot

es i

dent

ity

politi

cs,

whi

le i

nter

cult

ural

ity

prom

otes

tra

nsna

tion

al

iden

titi

es-i

n-po

liti

cs.

Mul

ticu

ltur

alis

m i

s m

anag

ed b

y th

e St

ate

and

som

e af

filiat

ed N

GO’s

, w

here

as int

ercu

ltur

alit

y is

ena

cted

by

the

com

mun

itie

s in

the

pro

cess

of

delink

ing

from

the

im

agin

ary

of t

he S

tate

and

of

mul

ticu

ltur

alis

m. I

nter

cult

ural

ity

prom

otes

the

re-

crea

tion

of

iden

titi

es t

hat

wer

e ei

ther

den

ied

or a

ckno

wle

dged

fir

st b

ut in

the

end

wer

e si

lenc

ed b

y th

e di

scou

rse

of m

oder

nity

, pos

tmod

erni

ty a

nd n

ow a

lter

mod

erni

ty. I

nter

cult

ural

ity

is t

he c

ele-

brat

ion

by b

orde

r dw

elle

rs o

f be

ing

toge

ther

in

and

beyo

nd t

he b

orde

r. D

ecol

onia

l tr

ansm

o-de

rn a

esth

etic

s is

int

ercu

ltur

al, in

ter-

epis

tem

ic, in

ter-

politi

cal,

inte

r-ae

sthe

tica

l an

d in

ter-

spir

itua

l bu

t al

way

s fr

om p

ersp

ecti

ves

of t

he g

loba

l so

uth

and

the

form

er-E

aste

rn E

urop

e.

Mas

sive

mig

rati

on f

rom

the

for

mer

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

and

the

glob

al s

outh

to

for

mer

-We-

ster

n Eu

rope

(to

day

Euro

pean

Uni

on)

and

to t

he U

nite

d St

ates

hav

e tr

ansf

orm

ed t

he s

ubje

cts

of c

olon

iality

into

act

ive

agen

ts o

f de

colo

nial

del

inki

ng. “

We

are

here

bec

ause

you

wer

e th

ere”

is

the

rev

ersa

l of

the

rhe

tori

c of

mod

erni

ty; t

rans

nati

onal

ide

ntit

ies-

in-p

olit

ics

are

a co

nse-

quen

ce o

f th

is r

ever

sal,

it c

hall

enge

s th

e se

lf-p

rocl

aim

ed im

peri

al r

ight

to

nam

e an

d cr

eate

(c

onst

ruct

ed a

nd a

rtif

icia

l) id

enti

ties

by

mea

ns e

ithe

r of

silen

cing

or

triv

ializa

tion

.

Th

e em

bodi

ed d

aily

lif

e ex

peri

ence

in d

ecol

onia

l pr

oces

ses

wit

hin

the

mat

rix

of m

oder

nity

de

feat

s th

e so

litu

de a

nd t

he s

earc

h fo

r or

der

that

per

mea

tes

the

fear

s of

pos

tmod

ern

and

alte

rmod

ern

indu

stri

al s

ocie

ties

. Dec

olon

iality

and

dec

olon

ial

aest

heti

cs a

re ins

trum

enta

l in

co

nfro

ntin

g a

wor

ld o

verf

low

ed w

ith

com

mod

itie

s an

d ‘in

form

atio

n’ t

hat

inva

de t

he l

ivin

g sp

ace

of ‘c

onsu

mer

s’ a

nd c

onfi

ne t

heir

cre

ativ

e an

d im

agin

ativ

e po

tent

ial.

Wit

hin

diff

eren

t ge

neal

ogie

s of

re-

exis

tenc

e ‘a

rtis

ts’ h

ave

been

que

stio

ning

the

rol

e an

d th

e na

me

that

hav

e be

en a

ssig

ned

to t

hem

. The

y ar

e aw

are

of t

he c

onfi

nem

ent

that

Eur

o-ce

nte

red

conc

epts

of

arts

and

aes

thet

ics

have

impo

sed

on t

hem

. The

y ha

ve e

ngag

ed in

tra

nsna

ti-....

35

onal

iden

titi

es-i

n-po

liti

cs, r

evam

ping

iden

titi

es t

hat

have

bee

n di

scre

dite

d in

mod

ern

syst

ems

of c

lass

ific

atio

n an

d th

eir

inve

ntio

n of

rac

ial,

sexu

al, n

atio

nal,

ling

uist

ic, r

elig

ious

and

eco

-no

mic

hie

rarc

hies

. The

y ha

ve r

emov

ed t

he v

eil

from

the

hid

den

hist

orie

s of

col

onia

lism

and

ha

ve r

eart

icul

ated

the

se n

arra

tive

s in

som

e sp

aces

of

mod

erni

ty s

uch

as t

he w

hite

cub

e an

d it

s af

filiat

ed b

ranc

hes.

The

y ar

e dw

elling

in t

he b

orde

rs, s

ensi

ng in

the

bor

ders

, doi

ng in

the

bo

rder

s, t

hey

have

bee

n th

e pr

opel

lers

of

deco

loni

al t

rans

mod

ern

thin

king

and

aes

thet

ics.

Dec

olon

ial

tran

smod

erni

ties

and

aes

thet

ics

have

bee

n de

link

ing

from

all

tal

ks a

nd b

elie

fs o

f un

iver

salism

, new

or

old,

and

in

doin

g so

hav

e be

en p

rom

otin

g a

plur

iver

salism

tha

t re

ject

s al

l cl

aim

s to

a t

ruth

wit

hout

quo

tati

on m

arks

. In

this

reg

ard,

dec

olon

ial

tran

smod

erni

ty h

as

endo

rsed

ide

ntit

ies-

in-p

olit

ics

and

chal

leng

ed i

dent

ity

politi

cs a

nd t

he s

elf-

proc

laim

ed u

ni-

vers

alit

y of

alt

erm

oder

nity

.

C

reat

ive

prac

titi

oner

s, a

ctiv

ist

and

thin

kers

con

tinu

e to

nou

rish

the

glo

bal

flow

of

deco

lo-

nial

ity

tow

ards

a t

rans

mod

ern

and

plur

iver

sal

wor

ld. T

hey

conf

ront

and

tra

vers

e th

e di

vide

of

the

col

onia

l an

d im

peri

al d

iffe

renc

e in

vent

ed a

nd c

ontr

olle

d by

mod

erni

ty,

dism

antl

ing

it,

and

wor

king

tow

ards

“livi

ng i

n ha

rmon

y an

d in

ple

nitu

de”

in a

var

iety

of

lang

uage

s an

d de

colo

nial

his

tori

es. T

he w

orld

s em

ergi

ng w

ith

deco

loni

al a

nd t

rans

mod

ern

politi

cal s

ocie

ties

ha

ve a

rt a

nd a

esth

etic

s as

a f

unda

men

tal

sour

ce.

Thes

e ar

tist

s ar

e op

erat

ing

in w

hat

can

be s

een

as t

he c

once

ptua

l le

gaci

es o

f th

e Ba

n-du

ng C

onfe

renc

e (1

955)

. The

Ban

dung

Con

fere

nce

unit

ed 2

9 As

ian

and

Afri

can

coun

trie

s, a

nd

was

fol

low

ed b

y th

e fo

rmat

ion

of t

he N

on-A

lign

ed M

ovem

ent,

in 1

961, w

hich

incl

uded

for

mer

Ea

ster

n Eu

rope

and

Lat

in A

mer

ica.

The

leg

acy

of t

he B

andu

ng C

onfe

renc

e w

as t

he p

ossi

bility

of

im

agin

ing

othe

r w

orld

s be

yond

cap

ital

ism

and

/or

com

mun

ism

, to

eng

age

in t

he s

earc

h an

d bu

ildi

ng o

f a

thir

d w

ay, n

eith

er c

apit

alis

t no

r co

mm

unis

t, b

ut d

ecol

onia

l. To

day

this

con

-ce

ptua

l le

gacy

has

bee

n ta

ken

beyo

nd t

he s

pher

e of

the

sta

te t

o un

ders

tand

cre

ativ

e fo

rms

of r

e-ex

iste

nce

and

auto

nom

y in

the

bor

ders

of

the

mod

ern/

colo

nial

wor

ld. Th

e de

colo

nial

m

etap

hor

a “w

orld

in

whi

ch m

any

wor

lds

wou

ld c

o-ex

ist”

im

plie

s pl

uriv

ersa

lity

as

a pl

ane-

tary

pro

ject

and

dem

ands

the

con

trib

utio

n of

dif

fere

nt n

otio

ns o

f ho

w a

n em

ergi

ng g

loba

l po

liti

cal

soci

ety

shou

ld f

eel,

smel

l an

d lo

ok l

ike.

Dec

olon

izin

g ae

sthe

tics

to

libe

rate

ais

thes

is

has

alre

ady

been

hap

peni

ng in

all

sph

eres

of

know

ledg

e-pr

oduc

tion

. We

have

bee

n w

itne

ssin

g a

cont

inua

tion

of

epis

tem

ic s

hift

s in

the

dis

cipl

ines

and

the

art

s th

at h

ave

furt

here

d th

e pr

o-ce

ss o

f de

colo

niza

tion

wit

hin

and

beyo

nd t

he k

ey e

lem

ents

of

the

colo

nial

mat

rix

of p

ower

.

Th

e go

al o

f de

colo

nial

thi

nkin

g an

d do

ing

is t

o co

ntin

ue r

e-in

scri

bing

, em

body

ing

and

dig-

ni

fyin

g th

ose

way

s of

liv

ing,

thi

nkin

g an

d se

nsin

g th

at w

ere

viol

entl

y de

valu

ed o

r de

mon

ized

by

col

onia

l, im

peri

al a

nd in

terv

enti

onis

t ag

enda

s as

wel

l as

by

post

mod

ern

and

alte

rmod

ern

inte

rnal

cri

tiqu

e.

Alan

na L

ockw

ard,

Rol

ando

Vás

quez

, Ter

esa

Mar

ía D

íaz

Ner

io, M

arin

a Gr

zini

c, M

iche

lle

Eist

rup,

Tanj

a O

stoj

ic, D

alid

a M

aría

Ben

fiel

d, R

aúl

Moa

rque

ch F

erre

ra B

alan

quet

, Ped

ro L

asch

, Nés

tor

Mal

dona

do T

orre

s, O

vidi

u Ti

chin

dele

anu,

Wal

ter

Mig

nolo

.

Sund

ay, M

ay 2

2nd ,

2011

....

37

. ... SYNOPSIS AND BIOGS Session 1, May 4th

In Black Magic At The White House, 2009 (3:46,sound), Ehlers performs a Vodoun dance in Marienborg, official summer residency of Denmark´s Prime Minister, an old building with strong connection to the trans-Atlantic trade.

In Three Steps of Story, 2009 (3:35), Ehlers dances a waltz in the big hall where rebellious governor Peter von Scholten scandalized the white citizens by inviting “free Negroes” to the ball. He proclaimed the emancipation of the enslaved of St. Croix in 1848.

. Jeannette Ehlers studied at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and The Funen Academy of Fine Arts. Her works explores the Danish slave trade and colonialism worldwide through digitally manipu-lated photographs and video installations.

In Wild Life, 1998 (01:33, sound), Neger, 999 (4:16, sound), and Masked, 2000 (5:16, no sound), Mwangi transforms herself into beastly images that derive from the discriminatory imagi-nation of the West. By becoming first a roaring caged animal in Wild Life, and a minimalistic self locked “haired” entity in Neger and Masked, Mwangi‘s videos blend beautiful images with the edge of brutality embedded in racial stereotypes (By: Laurie Ann Farrel).

. Ingrid Mwangi and her husband Robert Hutter work together as video, photography and perfor-mance artists. They came to consider their practice as inseparable, „one artist two bodies“, and thus exhibit under their combined names.

Hommage à Sara Bartman, 2007 (4:00), elucidates the life and afterlife of a South Afri-can Khoisan woman who was exhibited in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Sara Bartman’s iconic status is a consequence of the well-documented “legitimate” scientific and voyeuristic rape of her body. For Teresa María Díaz Nerio’s biography s. p. 29.

Dancing with the Star, 2011 (11:46, no sound), explores the conceptual twists and political context related to issues of tradition, religion and gender. Emeka Udemba studied Art Edu-cation at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. His artistic practice focuses on the use of instal-lations, video, photography, drawing and painting used as complementary to each other. His works focuses mainly on communication in the social and political sphere.

. Emeka Udemba studied Art Education at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. His artistic practice fo-cuses on the use of installations, video, photography, drawing and painting used as complementary to each other. His works focuses mainly on communication in the social and political sphere.

In Other, 2009 (7:00, sound), Moffatt explores the ways in which societies define so-called minorities as the Other, using film collage to elicit poignant and insightful understandings of stereotypes and cultural attitudes.

. Tracey Moffatt is highly regarded for her formal and stylistic experimentation in film, photogra-phy and video, her work draws on history of cinema, art and photography as well as popular culture and her own childhood memories and fantasies. She studied visual communication at the Queensland college of Art.

....

Sess

ion

2, M

ay 5

th

L

e M

alen

tend

u Co

loni

al, 2

004

(78:

00:0

0, s

ound

), is

a f

ilm

tha

t lo

oks

at C

hris

tian

eva

ngel

ism

as

the

for

erun

ner

of E

urop

ean

colo

nial

ism

in A

fric

a, in

deed

, as

the

ideo

logi

cal

mod

el f

or t

he

rela

tion

ship

bet

wee

n N

orth

and

Sou

th t

oday

.

. Jean-

Mar

ie T

eno

stud

ied

audi

ovis

ual

com

mun

icat

ion

and

wor

ked

as a

film

cri

tic

for

Bwan

a M

aga-

zine

and

as

chie

f ed

itor

at

Fran

ce 3

. He

prod

uces

his

ow

n fi

lms

wit

h th

e co

mpa

ny L

es F

ilm

s du

Rap

hia.

A Ch

ildr

en’s

Boo

k of

War

, Ter

ra N

ulli

us a

nd t

he P

erm

anen

t St

ate

of E

xcep

tion

, 201

0 (1

:46,

so

und)

, pr

esen

ts h

ow o

ne i

nter

pret

atio

n of

int

erna

tion

al l

aw h

as i

t th

at p

eopl

e ca

n pr

ove

thei

r so

vere

ignt

y by

the

ir a

bility

to

mak

e an

d m

aint

ain

law

s, a

nd t

heir

abi

lity

to

decl

are

war

.

. Sumug

an S

ivan

esan

is

an a

nti–

disc

iplina

ry a

rtis

t. H

e is

a m

embe

r of

the

wea

ther

gro

up_

U,

an

expe

rim

enta

l do

cum

enta

ry c

olle

ctiv

e fo

cuse

d on

ind

igen

ous-

non–

indi

geno

us e

xcha

nge

and

coll

abo-

rati

on.

He

lect

ures

Exp

erim

enta

l Fi

lm a

nd V

ideo

at

the

Coll

ege

of F

ine

Arts

, Uni

vers

ity

of N

ew S

outh

W

ales

.

In

Blac

k Bo

x/Ch

ambr

e N

oire

, 200

5 (2

2:00

, sou

nd),

the

deve

lopm

ent

of v

isua

l te

chno

logi

es

and

the

hist

ory

of c

olon

ialism

int

erse

ct t

hrou

gh K

entr

idge

‘s r

efle

ctio

n on

the

his

tory

of

the

Germ

an g

enoc

ide

of t

he H

erer

o an

d N

ama

in G

erm

an S

outh

wes

t Af

rica

(no

w N

amib

ia) in

190

4.

. William

Ken

trid

ge is

a S

outh

Afr

ican

art

ist

best

kno

wn

for

his

prin

ts, d

raw

ings

, and

ani

mat

ed f

ilm

s.

Aspe

cts

of s

ocia

l in

just

ice

that

hav

e tr

ansp

ired

ove

r th

e ye

ars

in S

outh

Afr

ica

have

oft

en a

cted

as

fodd

er f

or h

is p

iece

s.

Sess

ion

3, M

ay 6

th

Bes

t Pr

acti

ce, c

ultu

re a

nd i

nteg

rati

on, s

ound

, 201

0. A

FRO

TAK

TV c

yber

Nom

ads,

the

Bla

ck

Germ

an S

ocia

l M

edia

, Cu

ltur

e an

d Ed

ucat

ion

Net

wor

k, w

as s

et u

p in

200

1 to

doc

umen

t th

e ex

chan

ge o

f so

cio-

cult

ural

com

mun

itie

s of

the

Bla

ck G

erm

an D

iasp

ora

reac

hing

out

to

glob

al

tran

satl

anti

c ne

twor

ks. F

or M

icha

el K

üppe

rs-A

debi

si’s

bio

grap

hy s

. p. 3

3.

Q

uins

y Ga

rio

is a

spo

ken

wor

d pe

rfor

mer

and

is c

urre

ntly

fol

low

ing

the

MA

prog

ram

Com

-pa

rati

ve W

omen

‘s S

tudi

es i

n Cu

ltur

e an

d Po

liti

cs a

t th

e Ge

nder

Stu

dies

Dep

artm

ent

of t

he

Uni

vers

ity

of U

trec

ht. H

e m

akes

art

und

er t

he b

anne

r of

NO

N E

MPL

OYE

ES.

. Robert

Ado

lf S

tem

mle

(190

3 –

1974

) was

a G

erm

an s

cree

nwri

ter

and

film

dir

ecto

r. H

e w

rote

for

86

film

s be

twee

n 19

32 a

nd 1

967.

He

also

dir

ecte

d 46

film

s be

twee

n 19

34 a

nd 1

970.

Fina

l scr

eeni

ng fo

llow

ed b

y re

cept

ion

in p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith A

fric

Aven

ir 5

:00

p.m

. Hac

kesc

he H

öfe

Kino

T

oxi,

1952

(89

:00:

00, s

ound

), As

one

of

the

firs

t an

d m

ost

succ

essf

ul f

ilm

s to

dir

ectl

y ta

ck-

le t

he p

robl

em o

f “r

ace”

in

post

-fas

cist

Ger

man

y, T

oxi

argu

ably

has

bee

n in

stru

men

tal

in

the

(re)

cons

truc

tion

of

the

Germ

an n

atio

n as

exc

lusi

vely

whi

te.

BE.B

OP

2012

. BLA

CK E

URO

PE B

ODY

POLI

TICS

Impr

int

4.-6

. MAY

201

2 Ba

llha

us N

auny

nstr

aße

A pr

ojec

t of

Art

Lab

our

Arch

ives

in c

olla

bora

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wit

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lianz

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tift

ung

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us N

auny

n-st

raße

. Coo

pera

tion

par

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ente

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r Gl

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Hum

anit

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orld

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see

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titu

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tudy

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ch S

lave

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). Fr

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pen

to t

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Publ

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ultu

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e.V

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lhau

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007

Part

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Jo

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la B

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wor

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....

Med

ia P

artn

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ners

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ISBN 978-3-00-038108-9