UNTIL IT flUEO THe R.m1Y\ fORCIN0 A CORNER ....... .

, I

J j

The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan. 1971 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather information and skills learned in process and present it in an easily accessible format. That INFLATOCOOKBOOK came loose leaf in a vinyl binder that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausalito. The first printing was 2000 copies.

The experiences that qualified us as 'Inflato­expertsl occurred over an 18 month period in which we designed, built, and erected inflatables for a variety of clients and situations.Charley Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap inflatagles out of polyethylene and tape and support them with used fans from Goodwill. That was in the fall of 1969. The first one built was the largest, a 100'xlOO ' white pillow that was built for the ill fated WiJd West Festival in San Francisco, then after being turned down for Stewart Brandis Liferaft Earth Event, finally had its day at Altamont. There followed a year in which we built numerous demo-inflatables at schools,conferences, festivals and gatherings around the state of California and beyond.

ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shapiro, Kelly Gloger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip Lord, Doug Hurr, Michael Wright,Curtis Schreier, Joe Hall, and Doug Michels.

The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was written, designed, and put together by: Chip Lord, Curtis Schreier, Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez, Doug Hurr, Doug Michels .with help from: Sylvia Dreyfus, Charley Tilford, and Sotiti Kitrilakis.

This SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new form for ease of printing and distribution. It gets a new cover and binding, and some material has been omitted for update. Still its a good buy at the original price of 3.00$, only at one place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Calif 94101

- @ ANT CORPS 1973

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The World's Largest Snake Alphabet Electroasis-instant media & The Universal Mass Consumption Grid Erection American shopping centers Livin' & jivin' - a & b . or university automatons/sto. - c&e Ultrasonic media blasts from d Blow it up - f The World's Largest Snake eats videoscreens - g & a 5 man crew explores limits, blows up buildings, destroy Fat City, build real (C)ity Solar energy, dreams, enviroyesterday mobiletomorrow AND We give lOX energy credits wi th fi llup.

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MA

TE

RIA

LS

W

e us

ed p

olye

thyl

ene

beca

use

of

low

co

st a

nd e

asy

hand

ling

. W

ith

a m

ater

ial

as a

bst

ract

as a

mic

ro-t

hick

pla

stic

fil

m,

and

as e

asy

to j

oin

as p

oly

eth

yle

ne,

on

e ca

n tr

ansi

t th

e en

tire

de

sign

-the

n-bu

ild

proc

ess

in s

uch

a sh

ort

tim

e as

to

be

able

to

see

th

e pr

oces

s as

a w

hole

. In

thi

s se

nse

po

lyet

hy

len

e ca

n be

a m

ediu

m f

or l

earn

ing

abo

ut

who

le d

esig

n pr

oces

ses.

I

' P

OL

YE

TH

YL

EN

E -

(dic

tion

ary

defi

niti

on)

impe

rvio

us t

o m

oist

ure,

lig

hter

th

an w

ater

, to

u~h, p

liab

le,

ou

tsta

nd

ing

at

diel

ectr

ic h

igh

freq

uenc

ies;

exc

elle

nt c

hem

ical

res

ista

nce.

We

star

ted

ou

t us

ing

fou

r m

il (.

004"

) fo

r ev

eryt

hing

(it

's c

heap

est)

bu

t no

w w

e us

e 6

mil

whe

reve

r w

e ca

n -

6 m

il st

rike

s a

pre

tty

goo

d ba

lanc

e be

twee

n co

st a

nd l

onge

vity

. T

he

life

~pan

of

the

mem

bra

ne

dep

end

s o

n 1

) th

e su

rfac

e th

e bu

bble

will

sit

on

(gr

ass

is b

est)

2)

il hat t

he

win

d w

ill d

o t

o i

t (H

igh

win

ds m

ay d

estr

oy

th

e pl

asti

cs j

ust

by

the

forc

e o

f th

e w

i d,

bu

t m

ore

oft

en t

he

dam

age

is d

on

e by

th

e w

ind

ripp

ing

the

poly

on

bra

nche

s, c

orne

rs

of

hing

s, e

tc.)

; 3)

th

e us

e it

is p

ut

to.

Pub

lic

even

ts w

ith

high

ene

rgy

sour

ces

such

as

rock

m

usic

ten

d t

o w

ear

hard

-st

able

use

s su

ch a

s gr

eenh

ouse

s o

r sl

eepi

ng p

lace

s te

nd

to

wea

r w

elt

Und

er o

pti

mu

m c

on

dit

ion

s (m

inim

um s

un &

win

d) t

he

mat

eria

l sh

ould

las

t ab

ou

t a

year

. 4)

(fo

r pu

blic

pla

ces

part

icul

arly

) un

ders

tand

ing

of

the

natu

re o

f th

e m

ater

ial

by t

he

peop

le u

sing

it.

Use

rs n

eed

to b

e m

ade

awar

e, s

om

eho

w,

to t

ake

off

the

ir s

hoes

bef

ore

ente

ring

, n

ot

to w

alk

on

(th

roug

h) t

he

wal

ls,

no

t to

tea

r th

e d

oo

rs a

s th

ey g

o th

rou

gh

, an

d n

ot

to b

lock

th

e ai

r-su

pply

tun

nels

. G

ener

ally

we

try

to

rei

nfor

ce a

reas

of

heav

y us

age

and

mak

e ai

r tu

nnel

s w

here

yo

u c

an't

get

to

th

em o

r m

ake

them

big

eno

ugh

to c

raw

l in

wit

ho

ut

bloc

king

th

e ai

r fl

ow.

It's

bet

ter

to d

esig

n in

dur

abil

ity

than

hav

e to

pol

ice

the

vuln

erab

le

deta

ils

(e.g

., se

lf-c

losi

ng d

oors

in

Geo

met

ry s

ecti

on).

... C

OL

OR

or

: C

OL

OR

T

he m

ost

eas

ily

avai

labl

e co

lors

are

cle

ar a

nd b

lack

(us

ed i

n co

ncr

ete

con

stru

ctio

n w

ork)

b

ut

wh

ite

and

colo

red

poly

can

als

o be

fou

nd.

Cle

ar i

s de

cide

dly

mag

ical

. It

s dr

awba

cks

arei

ltha

t it

get

s tr

emen

do

usl

y h

ot

insi

de i

f th

ere

is su

n an

d it

is

a h

ot

day.

It

ca~

co

ok

th

e pe

ople

ins

ide

and

the

gras

s u

nd

ern

eath

. T

his

can

be t

urn

ed t

o g

ood

adva

ntag

e In

coo

l we

~the

r fo

r so

lar

hea

t or

, in

war

mer

wea

ther

goo

d fo

r w

ater

env

iron

men

ts,

sau

na

bath

s, o

il m

alss

ages

, et

c.

Be

care

ful

of

leav

ing

a cl

ear

bubb

le o

n a

gre

en l

awn

for

too

lon

g as

it

wi'l

l ste~m

tl'fe

gra

ss i

n its

ow

n ju

ice

in a

few

hou

rs i

f th

e su

n is

hot.

W

hite

ref

lect

s he

at,

bu

t it

ge~s v

ery

brig

ht i

nsid

e.

You

can

pro

ject

on

it

at n

ight

or

bo

un

ce c

olor

ed l

ight

s ar

ou

nd

in

s'ide

it.

One

goo

d de

sign

co

mp

rom

ise

is a

half

wh

ite/

hal

f cl

ear

bubb

le -

yo

u c

an p

ut

the

whi

te s

ide

up

to

th

e su

n o

r th

e cl

ear

side

up

on

coo

l o

r cl

ou

dy

day

s.

It's

bes

t to

fin

d sh

ade,

o

r br

ing

yo

ur

ow

n -

a bi

g p

arac

hu

te o

ver

a bu

bble

hel

ps a

gre

at d

eal

on h

ot

days

. F

rost

ed

poly

is

best

for

rea

r pr

ojec

tion

, w

hit

e fo

r fr

on

t pr

ojec

tion

(al

thou

gh w

hite

will

wo

rk f

or

rear

pro

ject

ion

-it

ju

st i

sn't

qu

ite

as b

righ

t an

im

age)

. S

om

e po

ly s

old

as c

lear

is

wh

at i

s ca

Ued

"n

atu

ral"

whi

ch i

s sl

ight

ly f

rost

ed,

alth

ough

no

t fr

oste

d en

ough

to

wo

rk w

ell

for

rear

pr

ojec

tion

. W

ith

usag

e, c

lear

bec

omes

fro

sted

-y

ou

can

fac

ilit

ate

the

proc

ess

by

rub

bing

it

un~i

l th

e st

atic

cha

rge

pick

s u

p d

ust.

C

olor

ed p

oly

give

s a

fine

col

ored

lig

ht i

nsid

e.

Sou

rces

fo

r co

lore

d po

ly a

re 1

) sh

eetr

ock

and

som

e o

ther

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

are

shi

pped

on

fla

tcar

s

cove

red

wit

h 2

0' X

50

' she

ets

of

colo

red

poly

. T

alk

to

th

e pe

ople

wh

o u

nloa

d th

e ca

rs.

Orl

ce w

e g

ot

a br

and

new

red

cov

er f

rom

th

e U

S G

yp

sum

fac

tory

in

Hou

ston

. 2)

Col

ored

po:ly

dro

pcl

oth

s fr

om p

ain

t o

r ha

rdw

are

stor

es.

3) M

anuf

actu

rers

of

gas

stat

ion

and

use

d ca

r, lo

t ba

nner

s.

Ber

gman

Ban

ners

in

San

Fra

ncis

co s

tock

s ni

ne c

olor

s in

36

" w

idth

(4

mil)

an

d se

lls

it f

or

$.0

3/s

q.f

t.

4) U

nion

Car

bide

will

mak

e an

y co

lor

for

yo

u i

n lo

ts o

f 5

,00

0 I

bs.

It is

pos

sibl

e to

bu

y c

olor

s th

at t

hey

alr

eady

hav

e in

1,0

00-l

b. l

ots.

'----~------.:~ -

-._-

----

---

,---=

= =

=

Cd

NT

AC

T P

AP

ER

(th

e st

uff

yo

u p

ut

on s

helv

es)

"

It'~ g

ood

rein

forc

ing

for

plac

es t

hat

get

hea

vy s

tres

s o

r tr

affi

c, I

ike

do

ors

and

whe

re

turn

els

join

flo

ors.

RE

INF

OR

CE

D P

OL

Y

;! (S

ee S

ears

cat

alog

pag

e.)

Thi

s is

fine

, st

rong

stu

ff,

alth

ough

a l

ittl

e di

ffic

ult

to t

ape

du

e to

te~ture.

The

re i

s al

so a

co

mp

any

in

Hou

ston

nam

ed G

riff

olyn

th

at p

rodu

ces

this

stu

ff.

I

do

n't

kn

ow

ho

w t

hei

r pr

ices

com

pare

.

TA

PIN

G P

RO

CE

SS

or

: T

AP

ING

PR

OC

ES

S

Thi

s is

best

wo

rked

ou

t by

yo

u,

part

ly d

epen

ding

on

th

e n

um

ber

of

peop

le y

ou

hav

e ta

ping

to

geth

er.

AV

OID

WR

INK

LE

S i

n th

e ta

pe

as t

he

wri

nkle

s w

ill g

ath

er w

ater

, pa

rtic

ular

ly w

hen

the

bubb

le i

s le

ft u

ninf

late

d in

th

e ra

in.

Thi

s w

ill e

vent

uall

y d

estr

oy

th

e b

on

d o

f an

y o

f

thes

e ta

pes.

HE

AT

SE

AL

ING

SO,m

eone

fro

m O

rego

n se

z:

You

can

sea

l po

ly w

ith

a r

egul

ar c

loth

es i

ron

(Tef

lon

if p

ossi

ble)

. T

l1e

qu

alit

y o

f th

e se

am v

arie

s gr

eatl

y w

ith

th

e sk

ill

of t

he

pers

on w

ho

is

seam

ing,

so

prac

tice

fi

rst.

I

saw

a d

om

e bu

bble

th

at g

ot

des

tro

yed

by

th

e w

ind

as t

he

seam

s ha

d be

en h

eat-

seal

ed

this

way

by

amat

eurs

. P

ut

a co

up

le p

iece

s ar

e ca

rdb

oar

d t

og

eth

er u

pri

gh

t u

nd

er t

he

over

lapp

ing

edge

s an

d ru

n th

e ir

on a

long

it

smo

oth

ly a

nd e

venl

y.

PO

LY

ES

TE

R (

myl

ar i

s a

trad

e na

me

for

poly

este

r)

Sil

vere

d m

ylar

is

a go

od r

efle

ctiv

e su

rfac

e an

d V

E R

Y m

agic

al.

2 m

il m

ylar

is

roug

hly

equi

vale

nt in

str

eng

th t

o 6

or

8 m

il po

ly,

and

it c

an b

e ta

ped

to

get

her

lik

e p

oly

. Jo

hn

R

eeve

s in

Bos

ton

go

t a

qu

anti

ty o

f it

fro

m E

iser

Ind

ustr

ies

in R

ever

e, M

ass.

fo

r $

.20

/sq

.ft.

He

had

to d

o a

lo

t o

f ta

lkin

g to

get

it

at t

hat

pri

ce.

Th

ere

are

a lo

t o

f co

mp

anie

s pr

oduc

ing

myl

ar n

ow,

bu

t w

e h

aven

't i

nves

tiga

ted.

A

gain

, le

t us

kn

ow

wh

at y

ou

fin

d o

ut.

- '.

Bui

ldin

g su

pp

ly s

tore

s ar

e th

e m

ost

wid

espr

ead

sour

ces

of

po

lyet

hy

len

e (g

ood

last

min

ute

, S

atu

rday

sou

rces

) b

ut

pack

agin

g ho

uses

and

co

ncr

ete

con

stru

ctio

n s

uppl

y co

mp

anie

s us

uall

y

are

chea

per

an

d c

arry

a l

arge

r st

ock

of

dif

fere

nt

wei

ghts

and

siz

es o

f bl

ack

and

clea

r.

Th

ey

can

usua

lly

ord

er w

hit

e (i

n S

an F

ranc

is_c

o ar

ea,

the

Vis

quee

n d

istr

ibu

tor

has

whi

te,_

Bes

t pr

ices

we'

ve f

ou

nd

in

the

San

Fra

ncis

co A

rea

(per

sq.

ft.)

WEI

GH

T 4

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h(YV\1

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vu\

CLEA

R 14

-

1.5~

2~

WHI

TE

2.¢

N.A.

N

,A

BLAC

K I,'

d;

1.,,4

1.

1Q;

(Not

e:

Pri

ces

in S

an F

ranc

isco

are

n't

low

for

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

. P

rice

per

squ

are

foo

t

do

esn

't s

eem

to

inc

reas

e fo

rlar

ger

siz

e pi

eces

. W

hite

on

ly c

omes

in

4 m

iL)

Als

o se

e at

tach

ed S

ears

pri

ce l

ist.,

TA

PE

or

: T

AP

E

Po

lyet

hy

len

e ca

n be

hea

t-se

aled

, b

ut

we

use

tap

e be

caus

e it

eli

min

ates

har

dwar

e, c

an b

e us

ed

in t

he

fiel

d, a

nd t

he

tech

niq

ue

can

be m

aste

red

by

lar

ge n

um

ber

s o

f pe

ople

. T

he

mo

st

com

mo

n k

ind

of

tap

e is

2"

poly

tap

e av

aila

ble

from

mo

st p

oly

eth

yle

ne

ou

tlet

s, b

ut

it's

no

t th

e be

st.

Goo

d ta

pe

com

es i

n w

ider

siz

es,

and

is m

uch

stro

ng

er (

if t

he

seam

is

tap

ed w

ell,

th

e po

ly w

ill r

ip b

efor

e th

e se

am).

Tap

e ca

n be

had

fro

m:

Ari

sta

Cus

tom

Tap

e C

o.

Fo

ot

of

Far

m R

d.

Sec

aucu

s, N

.J.

07

09

4

864-

3131

H.

T.

McG

ill C

o.

P.O

. B

ox 5

17

45

11

Fro

nt

St.

B

rook

shir

e, T

exas

7

74

23

Mr.

Zim

mle

r is

a fi

ne g

uy.

He

do

esn

't l

ike

to f

ill o

rder

s sm

alle

r th

an $

10

0.

He

can

send

an

ord

er b

y U

PS a

ir f

reig

ht t

o S

an

Fra

ncis

co i

n th

ree

days

. H

e w

ill c

ut

his

9 m

il vi

nyl

tap

e (f

or

use

on p

olye

thyl

ene)

to

any

wid

th.

Pri

ce i

s $

1.2

0/i

nch

of

wid

th f

or a

36

yd

. ro

ll i

n an

y c

olo

r ex

cep

t cl

ear

(whi

ch c

omes

in

4"

on

ly a

nd

is

abo

ut

$4

.50

/ro

ll).

Th

e 4

" cl

ear

stu

ff is

ver

y go

od f

or

on

th

e sp

o',

patc

hing

. 3

" w

idth

is

good

in

the

colo

red

tap

e.

Jim

Co

ok

(w

ho h

as a

goo

d de

al o

f ex

per

ien

ce i

n po

ly i

nfla

tabl

es

whi

ch h

e is

usua

lly

pre

tty

op

en t

o s

hari

ng)

sell

s 4

" w

ide

po

lyet

hy

len

e ta

pe

(36

yd

rol

ls)

whi

ch i

s al

so e

xce

llen

t ta

pe.

The

pric

e is

com

par

able

to

Ari

sta'

s o

n 4

" cl

ear

bu

t th

e se

rvic

e is

n't

qu it

e as

fas

t.

Let

us

kn

ow

of

any

oth

er g

ood

sour

ces

and

we

will

pub

lish

th

e in

fo.

.3A

FE

TY

CO

DE

S A

ND

TH

I:: 1

-1 K

I:: IV

Ir\h

""'l

h~-

=ro

m T

ensi

le S

tru

ctu

res,

Vol

ume

On

e b

y F

rei

Ott

o:

" ..

. p

neu

mat

ic b

uild

ings

are

saf

er

:han

any

oth

er f

orm

of

stru

ctu

re.

Th

e m

ain

adva

ntag

e o

f th

e pn

eum

atic

ally

str

etch

ed

nem

bra

ne

is it

s sm

all

wei

gllt

; ev

en w

ith

span

s o

f m

ore

than

10

0m

, th

e w

eigh

t o

f th

e ,t

ruct

ure

does

no

t ex

ceed

3k

g/s

q.m

. E

ven

if t

he

com

pres

sed

air

sup

ply

sho

uld

fail

, it

vo

uld

tak

e a

long

tim

e fo

r la

rge

enve

lope

s to

col

laps

e, s

ince

th

e en

clos

ed a

ir c

an l

eak

ou

t li

lly

slow

ly.

Eve

n la

rge

hole

s an

d te

ars

are

no

t da

nger

ous.

A

ltho

ugh

the

pres

sure

dro

ps

luit

e ra

pidl

y, t

he

forc

e d

ue

to t

he

wei

ght

of

the

mem

bra

ne

is so

sm

all

that

, in

lar

ge

!nv.

elop

es,

it m

ay t

ake

days

bef

ore

the

encl

osed

air

esc

apes

eve

n if

th

e op

enin

gs a

re l

arge

."

Ve'

ve n

ever

had

any

inj

urie

s d

ue

to s

truc

tura

l fa

ilur

e.

Fir

e co

des

are

nec

essa

ry,

wit

ness

cir

cus

ten

t fi

re t

rage

dies

. T

hey

are

usu

ally

pri

mar

ily

con

cern

ed w

ith

exit

s in

pub

lic

stru

ctu

res.

P

olye

thyl

ene

infl

atab

les

have

a v

irtu

al 3

60

' ex

it b

ecau

se a

ny

on

e ca

n ri

p hi

s w

ay o

ut,

bu

t th

is is

som

etim

es h

ard

to c

om

mu

nic

ate

to

a fi

re m

arsh

all

:J8c

ause

he

wil

l ha

ve n

o p

rece

den

t fo

r al

low

ing

that

ty

pe

of

exit

. H

e w

ill

also

wan

t to

tes

t th

e fi

re r

esis

tanc

e o

f th

e m

emb

ran

e it

self

, us

uall

y by

hol

ding

a s

mal

l pi

ece

of

it o

ver

a bu

nsen

bu

rner

fo

r te

n s

econ

ds,

then

rem

ovin

g it

. If

it

rem

ains

bur

ning

fo

r m

ore

than

tw

o s

econ

ds i

t is

no

t co

nsid

ered

sel

f-ex

ting

uish

ing.

H

owev

er,

wh

en t

he

po

lyet

hy

len

e is

inf

late

d, t

he

stru

ctu

re h

as i

nter

nal

pres

sure

whi

ch w

ork

s to

ext

ingu

ish

the

flam

e as

soo

n as

it

bu

rns

thro

ug

h t

he

mem

bran

e. (

Cha

rley

Til

ford

in

New

Yo

rk h

as d

on

e

som

e re

sear

ch o

n t

his

and

has

a f

ilm

of

his

effo

rts.

) T

ry t

o e

xpla

in t

his.

W

e p

ut

up

in

flat

able

s in

man

y p

ubli

c si

tuat

ion

s w

ith

mix

ed s

ucce

ss -

we

did

no

t ge

t ap

prov

al f

rom

th

e S

an L

eand

ro F

ire

Mar

shal

l fo

r S

tew

art

Bra

nd's

hu

ng

er s

how

, b

ut

we

did

get

appr

oval

(w

ith

the

dili

gent

aid

of

Dr.

Fra

nk

Opp

enhe

imer

) fo

r an

int

erm

edia

ev

ent

in t

he

Pal

ace

of

Fin

e A

rts

in S

an F

ranc

isco

. W

e d

idn

't c

on

sult

a f

ire

mar

shal

l be

fore

Alt

amo

nt,

bu

t

rem

emb

er y

ou

are

res

pons

ible

for

th

e sa

fety

of

yo

ur

stru

ctu

re.

Go

od

thi

ngs

to t

alk

ab

ou

t w

ith

Fir

e M

arsh

alls

:

1)

self

-ext

ingu

ishi

ng p

rop

erti

es o

f in

flat

ed p

oly

eth

yle

ne

2)

rip

thro

ug

h e

xit

do

ors

(th

inne

ss o

f th

e po

ly)

3)

the

huge

nu

mb

er o

f d

oo

rs y

ou

hav

e 4)

le

ngth

of

tim

e re

quir

ed t

o d

efla

te t

he

buil

ding

wit

h h

oles

in

it

5)

the

pres

sure

at

whi

ch t

he

buil

ding

s ru

ns

6)

the

nu

mb

er o

f C

FM

of

air

yo

u a

re p

rovi

ding

per

per

son

7)

ho

w p

ower

ful

yo

ur

bac

k u

p f

an i

s (t

his

is a

mu

st f

or

publ

ic e

vent

s)

,

((LAY

1.1

/ [{O

tt J

, I

RECYCLING

The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it, but when it gets many holes in it, it is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage can - it will probably end up as land fill and never decompose. The best thing you can do with it is BURN it. When polyethylene burns it breaks down into CO2, H

20, and carbon

which is the ugly black smoke produced but which will precipitate out of the air quickly and be absorbed by the earth.

It is possible to recycle poly chemically, butit'san elaborate process and all the big manufacturers find it more profitable to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum), We think inflatable shelter is a much better use for petroleum than burning it in an internal combustion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren't in anyone place long enought to leave marks on the earth after thev're gone.

,~~----.-.--- ..

Lesathan 10 SQ. ft.-4 mil· 10x50 ft. roll

Lasts indefinitely when out of light . . about 6 months in direct sunlight. Meets FHA re­quirements and Dept. of Commerce wt. specifi­cations. Rotproof and water resistant. Remains flexible to 700 below zero. Not for greenhouses

Thick. Width length Catalog Wt. Rail nen feet Number Ibs. '--~ SO 32 W42006C $1.57 4 4 ft. SO 32 W42008C 5 1.98 6 ft. SO 32 W42011C 7 2.79 8 ft. SO 32 W42014C 9 3.75

4mll* 10 ft. 25 32 W4201SC 5 ~ 10 ft. 50 32 W42017C 11 4.79 12 ft. 50 32 W42021C 13 5.69 16 ft. 50 32 W4202AC 17 7.55 20ft. 50 32 W420271 21 9.50

6ft.'"" so 32 W42055C 9 <r.B 6 mil. 10 ft. ' 50 32 W42061C 15 6.98

12 ft. SO 32 W42064C 17 8.50 ,20 ft. SO 32 W42072l 31 13.95

MQrp PRICE ROLL BACKS I 100-foot roUs. Clear Polyelflylene.

Thick. Width Catalog Wt. Rail Roll ness Number Ib .. Wa'"

2 mlfIi 8 ft. 4 in. 32 W4W03C 9 $3.75 ~ 3 ft. 3Z W 42007C -r Z.69 Z55 4 ft. 32 W42009C ' 8 3:65 3.46 6 ft. 32 W 42012C 13 5.z9 5.02

4mll* 8 ft. 32 W 42015C 17 7.09 6.73

10 ft. 3Z W 42018C 22 SF 8:54 12 ft. 32 W 42022C 26 10.59 10.06 16ft. 32 W 42025C 34 14.z5 13.53 20ft. 32 W 42028l 43 17.95 17.05 -- 6 ft. 32 W 4Z056C 11 7.95 'T.5!l

6 miJ4< 12ft. 32 W 42065l 34 15.95 15.15 20ft. 32 W 42073l 59 26.35 25.03

,10mll* ~ 32 W 42086R 96 45:95 4m ·~W&.5 prices from 1910 SPring Big Book

&:per-clear Vinyl 5~ a3..d~tt :It ,2 to 3 tUnes stronger than polyethylen~. Stands up to sun •. ideal for storm windows. Higbly ,tear resistant. Stays f1enl>le to _260 ,F. Not ' recommended for permanent greenhouses. '

9x1O-meeh 1110 per SQua ... foot low 88 3 Nt <!-In. X 1QO.ft. roll

St~-reinforced. Woven wire mem, non-ravel edges, electrogalvanized, coated with liquid cellulose acetate. Bursting strength of 9x10t mesh is 109 lbs.; of 14x14 t mesh 157 lbs. Lasts several seasons. Cut with scissors. '

Cotton-reinforced r:,w 6 0 '~r' Green cotton 4x4t mesh, multiple strands woven for extra strength, fused between' 2 sheets of cellulOse acetate plastic. Total thickness 1.76 mil·. More f1enl>le than metal reinforced plas­tic. Ideal for <:urved inStaI1ations. Holds' its shape yet stays pliable even at low tempera­tures. Keeps cold out, heat in. Cut with scissors.

Mesh Width Roll " Catalog Shpg. PrICe

rrn:- lengr Number WI. 25 t. 32 w mlsc 31bs. R:5O

4x4t SO ft. 32 W 42817C SIbs. 8.45 150 ft. 32 W 42819C 121bs. 23.95

tWi"", or .franas per aquore tncn

. Black Polyethylene • "mil· 10 SQuore foot In 1_ than 10X1i0-ft. roll

Won't rot or mildew. Keeps out damaging light, ultra-violet rays. Lasts 3 to 5 times longer in, sunlight than clear polyethylene. Salt-proof, paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't be damaged by cor­rosive compost or silage acids. Cut to size with scissors. Available in 6 to 4O-fl:. widths.

Thickness Width length Catolog WI. Roll feet Number Ib .. --6ft.'"" 50 32 W 4Z1ill!C -y -u:u 10 ft. 50 32 W 42l11C 11 -n9 10 ft. 100 32 W42112C 22 9.15 ~ 16 32 W 4Z116C 6 -m

4II1II* 16 ft. SO 32 W 42118l 17 1.55 16 ft. 100 32 W42119l 34 14.75 20 ft. 20 32 W4Z1ZZC 9~ 20 ft. 50 32 W42124L 21 9.65 - 20 ft. 100 32 W 42125l 42 18'.75 -- '"'28Tt:'""" 100 32W42mN 58 27:Z!; ~ SO 32 W4ZIS5C 15 """'"1:Th 10 ft. 100 32 W42156C 29 13.85

161t.""" SO 32 W42161L ,24 ""1n5 6 ... •

16 ft. 100 32 W42162l 48 21.95 ~ SO 32 W4216SL 31 . ~ 20 ft. 100 32 W42166L 60 28.25 28 ft. ,100 32 W42168N 90 JD5 32 ft. 100 32 W4217U. 100 '45.50 40 ft. 100 32 W42174N 127 56.75

iOii.ii* ~ 100 32 W:a181N 96 4T.l!l'l

Black Plastic Mulch .1991~'1"t. Prevents weed growth, ends need ,to ~tivate. Increases yield because it speeds gcirminatioU:, Helps prevent frost damage • • maintain even ground temperature. Won't rot. Can be stored wet. Durable, 1M-mil· thick,' 40. mches wicie.:; ~vaiIable in 104 and lOOO-foot tolls., " , 32 W 42101C-I04-ft. roIl. Wt. 3 lbs;. ,Roll $1.99 32 W 42102C-lOOO-ft.roll. Wt. 25 Ibs .. RollU.89

Utility Plastic for windows, floors, carpets' ( 1 and 2 I Milk-white tranSlucent & 30 inches wid~ Gives frosbii effect on bathroom windows" shower doors. Ideal for temporary. carpet runners. Diamond embossed film (1) bas greater slip resistlmce, nl>bed film (2) is more pliable; both types can be easily cleaned by' shaking. Sold per foot or in 100-fil9t rolls.' ,',' ,

~, • J 1 DiamOnd EmbQssed'Film. Pecft. Shipping wt. 4 Oz.

32 W42275C .••.•.••.• Foot 34c , Roll. Shipping weight 24lbs.

32 W 42276C, .••••..•.... $30.95

2 Ribbed Film., . , Per ft. Shipping weight 4 oz. 32 W 42271C ..••••••.. Foot 23c

Roll. Shipping weight 21lbs; , ' 32 W 42272C ............ $19.95

.04··· .~!~~.~ ~,~ 3 Heavy-duty Indoor-Outdoor Tap;'lor smooth ( ~ and 5 I Snop Fosten!,rs. Snap covers ?l):' and off

Cover Outfits surfaces. Clear 10-mil· polyethylene. Air-tight, q1llckly. Crowns on 2x2-mcb pressure SeD.SJ.tive tape. waterproof. 50 ft. roll. lor 2-in. widths. Studs on tape or wood screws. 10 each per pkg.

Low as .249 32 W 42915-0ne~. w:!dth. Wt. 4 oz .... Roll 79c 4 Tape-mounted studs for smooth surfaces. 32 W 42916-Two m. WIdth. Wt. 10 oz. Roll $1.39 32 W 42903-Pkg. of 10. Wt. 4 oz .... , ...... Pkg. 99c

1'01ye!h:I~ .. f1~ble,pr~t plastic sheeting Indoor"Outdoor Waterproof CIolfi Tape. 60-ft. 5 Screw-in Studs for rough surfaces.. , of6mil t4icknessWIth4~x2m. brassgrommeted 32 W,4291~ne-in. width. Wt. 6 oz .. Roll $1.19 32 W 42904-Pkg. of to. Wt. 4 oz ........... Pkg. 99c (~ in. di~), self-adhesive tie downs. Protects 6 Bro~s. Grommo:ted Plast!c Tie Downs. ;Pressure-

' .. most anything from weather, dust grease Double-faced Mounting Tope. Strong ivory paper sensItive adhesIve. 4~x2 11l. with adhesive backing on both sides. 54-ft. roll. 32 W 42902-Pkg. of 10. Wt. 4 OZ; ............. Pkg. 99c

, Color Size Sq. No.

feet It. ties Clear 2oX5O ~ 40

6>9 54 "IiI 9x12 108 12

r.reeIl 10x20 200 16 15x20 300 18 20x20 400 2(1-Sears 20>:40 800 :l8

Calalog WI. Number lb ••

32 W:420')'lL 33 32 W 42579 2 32 W42581 3 32 W42582 6 32 W 42583 10 32 W42584 12 32 W42585C 23

Price

$17.')'5 2:49

3.59 6.75 9.75

11.95 19;95

32 W 42911":'*-in. width. Wt. 4 oz ..... Roll7ge '7 Molding Strip. Resin treated cardboard, tacks. For mounting sheeting. * in. by 36 in. long.. ,

,Alumi!\iz:ed Plastic CIolfi Tape. Waterproof. Makes Jxce1lent sealant for air ducts, joining or :mouht\li.g;plastic sheeting. 6O-foot roll. 2-in. width. \32 W-42~1-:'-Wt.1lb ......... : ..•.... Roll $1.65 , \,.)4;.w thick Is a mil? One mil Is one·!housandih (.CXl1)

"!, --~ __ 2....I!ll.l..:!!h!l!:!t.:!!~Lthl""'""A~ thl,;: Nlt'I~ __ .

32 W 42905-Pkg. of 18. Wt. lib .............. Pkg. 55e, 8 Button S~akes for 'anchoring plastic coven, to

ground. 6 m.long, notched. Pkg. of 40. 13 W'l9921'-Sbipping weight 6 ounces. •... _ .. Pkg. $1,~'

fine

i I

'-l

southcon3t MONOMEr. ... ,,1. ~EHDINb

IDE:-

Since polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil weigps about 20 Ibs.) a fan usually is a better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume air sources; fans give out more air at lower pressure. In measuring the output of a fan or blower there are two considerations: number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy way to measure static pressure.

A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble. Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see Anchoring section). You can tell how much pressure your seams will withstand. Make your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail in'the side of the bubble and then you ,are at-thp wind's mercy ...

"_~- Gt/I)) ,:1~ ;=tE)(/BtE /tl8G

RuLER ... (

-Ii i " ... .,. - .;"~ r~/',

.Ii ; ." , r/~, It ..... ~ ~I( (' #

\ ...... " "/ .', ... I ... ~. "fI --!' .., ~ •

" ,,<t" "'" ,. .. Remember that for a public event it is necessary to have a back-up fan that will support the whole bubble if the nu'mber one fan should fail. Each fan must be capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per. person indise the bubble. Having a working generator on hand is a good idea if your power source is at all dubious. (We have panicked when a fuse inside a locked building blew.) ,

' ..... 1 I "\..' • ( '\.(._ <. ,. J", ," p c)' ._. '-..../ ./ ... .-'--'

This is the 100' pillow before we put a net on it. When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up the little strings we had taped to it for tie-downs. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40' X 1 00' sail that you see in this picture. All the little strings popped and the bubble took oft We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release all the air. llT!il9inil"!gJl sail boat,:"ith a sa~ th~t big will give you an idea of the m~gnitude ~f()~~~~~~~!\led: This was an extreme case of low pressure, but you get the Idea ...

delivery tube

A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output . I usually try to match up a used fan I am buying with something in their catalog for an output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as their prices are about 1/2 to 3/5 retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run if you get it wholesale, _: but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good. .

About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time office fan that he talked the city of New York out of when they air-conditioned some offices. This fan is a 24" diameter, % h.p., direct-drive, two-speed fan with'a cast-aluminum, three-prop air-foil blade and a sturdy, close-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about 5,000 CFM at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at %" pressure. Having a strong guard on any fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people.

Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability. The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the Iblade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wind - it is a good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans this way. (A good invention might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.)

Our best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, six-blade . . fan powered by a % h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got

ai;:'co~aitio.ned. The original motor (% h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so test your voiiage ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place to test it for you. The replacement % h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor that shuts the motor off automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading, incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately 12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard highly recommended. %" screen is good. (Hinge pins are removeable for transporting.)

J

'

en . Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with . :-...... electrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog.

"

WARNING:

FUNKY GENERATORSI EAT FAN MOTORS

12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS 1200 to 6800 CFM. 1 & 2-Speed Totally Enclosed Dayton Motors. Aluminum Blades

" Assemble this 3-part kit and you'll mounted for quiet performance. Quiet; Dayton 16 FAN have a top·efficiency exhaust fan 3·wing aluminum fan blade. Rigid steel fan $27 69 at a saving up to 30%. This ven· frame with venturi discharge. Adjustable pre.

• turi·frame preferred everywhere punched motor base fastens to vertical supports Lots s. Up because of ease of installation with U·bolts supplied. Panel has mountiilg· hole

and efficient ventilation. Kit comes ' in each corner for easy, secure mounting. Hard. complete. Totally·enclosed Dayton 1500 RPM ware kit included. PaneIs are 4" wider and shaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM split· higher than fan blade size For shutters l'hase, 115V, 60 Cy. motors; Motors rubber index. " see

B~,~~ RPM CFM "A~. S~~~k. Retail ~~1k.dt!~:~ s~~. ·12" 1500 1200 1/20 7C867 $30.30 $18.12 $17.53 13

, / 16" 1725 2820 1/4 7C527 47.40 28.38 27.6931 V" 1725/1140 2820W 1/4 7C528 65.75 39.37 38.6835

18" 1725 4040 1/4 7C529 49.35 29.53 28.79 32 1725/1140 404O(~) 1/4 7C530 67.70 40.52 39"78 36

1140 3080 1/6 7C535 6145 36.80 36.06 32

20" 1725 4350 1/4 7C531 50.75 30.38 29.5434 1725/11404350W 1/4 7C532 69.10 41.37 40.53 38

1725 5000 1/3 7C642 55.50 33.22 32.3837 1725/1140 5OOO(~) 1/3 7C868 74.50 44.60 43.76 40

1140 4350 1/6 7C536 62.90 37.65 36.8134

-24" . 1'725 5150' - '1/4 7C087' 53.15 31.83 30.9441 1725/1140 5150(~) 1/4 7C327 71.50 42.82 41.93 46

1725 6800 1/2 7C873 71.65 42.89 42.00 52 1140 4600 1/6 7C088 65.30 39.10 38.21 '43

(~) CFM on low speed approx. 1/3 lesa.

~I

'L-

A b

elt

shou

ld b

e ju

st l

ight

eno

ugh

so t

hat

fing

er

pres

sure

mid

way

bel

Wee

n pu

lley

s w

ill

de/l

ect

it

abou

t 1f4

inc

h. I

f to

o lo

ose,

sli

ppag

e o

f th

e pu

lley

s w

ill

wea

r it

out

. If

too

lig

ht,

it i

ncre

ases

mot

or

load

and

wea

r on

the

bea

ring

s.

SELE

CTIR

G P

ULL

EYS

V -p

ulle

ys

are

mea

sure

d fr

om

edge

, [0

ed

ge

(not

in

g'o

o t'e

).

The

fo

llow

ing

tabl

e gi

ves

you

the

spee

ds o

f dr

iven

pul

leys

whe

n us

ing

vari

ous

com

­bi

nati

ons

of

driv

e an

d dr

iven

pu

lley

si

zes

(in

in

ches

).

--_

. -

----

L L

. 'L

'L~--~'L

L ~.

,...-, ..

......... .

.. /

...

' !>

o. ,

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lIf IM:D

s .... :

f-.".""

, "

We

boug

ht a

hug

e ce

ntri

fuga

l bl

ower

at

the

flea

mar

ket,

bu

t th

e m

oto

r w

ent o

ut

on

us

afte

r on

ly t

wo

eve

nts.

Th

e pr

oble

ms

wit

h us

ed m

otor

s is

th

at th

ey o

nly

go o

ut

at

.cru

cial

mom

ents

whe

n th

ere

is t

he

mos

t st

rain

on

a m

otor

, i.e

., in

a w

ind

or w

hen

ther

e .a

re a

lo

t of

peop

le g

oing

in

and

ou

t. W

hen

you

buy

a us

ed f

an o

r bl

ower

, ru

n it

fo

r

INA

M.

DIA

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nD

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pu

un

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OT ......

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• D

RIV

EN

pull

ey

spee

d

bas

ed

on

use

of

a 1

,72

5' r

pm

-m

otor

. Fo

r 0

3,4

50

rpm

m

otor

dou

ble

the

spee

ds l

iste

d. T

tre

Dia

. o

f D

rive

P

ulle

y S

pee

d

of

Mac

hine

fo

rmu

la f

or

fig

uri

ng

spe~~!!. _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_ •

Dia

. o

f D

rive

n

Pu

lley

Spe

ed

of

Mo

lor

PREC

AUTI

ONS

THAT

WILL

SA

VE Y

OUR

MOT

OR

DON'

T OV

ERLO

AD M

OTOR

O

verl

oadi

ng a

mot

or c

an b

urn

it ou

t. D

OlI'

t e.

'<­pe

et i

t to

mil

am

/il/

llol

ls/)

, ot

'erl

oade

d.

DON'

T LE

T VO

LTAG

E DR

OP

Whe

n vo

ltag

e at

m

o[O

r dr

ops,

ex

actl

y th

e sa

me

thin

g ha

ppen

s as

whe

n th

e m

otor

is

over

load

ed.

Wit

h t

oo l

ittl

e "f

uel"

it

is (

in e

ffec

t) o

verw

orke

d -

heat

s up

-an

d w

ill

burn

out

. U

se a

mpl

e si

ze

wir

ing.

DON'

T "S

UFF

OCA

TE"

MOT

OR

If f

ree

circ

ulat

ion

of

air

to a

mot

or i

s re

stri

cted

(b

y di

rt,

rags

or

pape

r, o

r cl

osin

g it

up i

n a

box)

it

ove

rhea

ts -

!nay

bur

n ou

t. K

eep

mot

or c

leat

l, al

ld d

rr.

If u

sed

whe

re w

ood

chip

s, d

ust,

etc

. ca

n en

ter

in­

side

. b

low

ou

t th

e in

teri

or w

ith

dry

com

pres

sed

air -

or

use

a va

cuum

cle

aner

.

GROU

ND M

OTOR

PRO

PERL

Y

The

mot

or f

ram

e sh

ould

be

conn

ecte

d, b

y w

ire

of

sam

e si

ze

used

in

li

ne

to

mot

or,

to

a su

itab

le

grou

nd (

wat

er p

ipes

or

a gr

ound

ing

rod

prop

erly

in

stal

led)

-

both

to

pro

tect

you

, an

d to

pro

tect

th

e m

otor

in

case

of

an i

nter

nal

shor

t ci

rcui

t.

LUBR

ICA

TE M

OTOR

PRO

PERL

Y

Mo

tors

w

ith

b

ron

ze b

eari

ng

s d

o

req

uir

e o

c­

casi

on

al

-b

ut

no

t to

o f

,eq

uen

t 0

' excess

ive

'-lu

bri

cati

on

. It

's b

est

to

ch

eck

yea

rly

, an

d

ad

d a

fe

w d

rop

s each

tim

e.

Too

mu

ch o

il c

an

cau

se

tro

ub

le

by

g

ett

ing

o

ut

of

the b

eari

ng

in

to

the m

oto

r.

USE

HE-

SET

PRO

PERL

Y

If y

ou h

ave

an o

verl

oad

prot

ecto

r w

ith

a m

anua

l re

set

burt

on,

alw

ays

u'ai

{ fo

, m

oto

, to

coo/

bef

o,e

usin

g th

e re

-set

. N

et'e

r ha

mm

er t

he r

e-se

t (i

f it

se

ems

to "

stic

k"),

as

this

wil

l br

eak

off

the

swit

ch

part

s. A

ny t

roub

le w

ith

re-s

etti

ng w

ill

prob

ably

be

due

to

dust

bet

wee

n th

e co

ntac

ts -

and

blow

­in

g aw

ay t

he d

ust,

or

sim

ply

hold

ing

the

butt

on

in f

irm

ly,

wil

l co

rrec

t th

is.

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I:;:;:!i

.,1,

15 m

inut

es f

irst

to

see

if

it h

eats

up.

If

thi

s he

ats

it u

p (h

ot

to t

he

touc

h), d

on

't b

uy

it,

beca

use

if i

t he

ats

up w

ith

no

loa

d, i

t is

alm

ost

sure

to

bur

n o

ut

unde

r st

rain

. T

he

whe

el o

n th

is b

low

er i

s ab

ou

t 1

2"

X 1

2".

We

have

use

d th

e * h

.p.

mo

tor

on

thi

s bl

ower

, w

hich

pro

babl

y pu

ts o

ut

arou

nd 3

50

0 C

FM a

t ,O

"pre

ssur

e an

d 3

00

0 a

t %

" pr

essu

re.

It w

ould

pro

babl

y po

p th

e se

ams

of

any

bubb

le i

f th

ere

wer

e no

air

ou

tlet

(su

ch a

s a

door

).

SIZ

ING

FA

N

8«'/fI~8N//lg.

Fig

urin

g o

ut

wha

t si

ze f

an t

o u

se,

in a

mor

e th

orou

gh w

ay t

han

just

ref

erri

ng t

o t

hlc

har

t.

It i

nvol

ves

taki

ng i

nto

cons

ider

atio

n al

l th

e de

man

ds o

n th

e fa

n.

The

se a

re:

1) T

he p

ress

ure

at w

hich

the

bub

ble

will

be

runn

ing.

T

his

is de

term

med

by

the

size

and

sh

ape

of t

he b

ubbl

e in

rel

atio

n to

the

win

d.

Thi

s is

deal

t w

ith

in t

he" A

ncho

ring

" .

chap

ter.

R

unni

ng p

ress

ure

is ab

ou

t 1

Ib/s

q.ft

. (1

/5"

pres

sure

in

a w

ater

man

omet

er).

U

nder

hea

vy w

ind

as m

uch

as 2

Ib/

sq.f

t. m

ay b

e ne

eded

. 2)

H

eat

calc

ulat

ions

. U

nles

s yo

u ha

ve a

cces

s {O

a g

iant

hea

ting

or

cool

ing

syst

em,

yo

ur

only

cont

rols

ove

r th

e te

mpe

ratu

re i

nsid

e w

ill b

e a.

col

or o

f th

e po

lyet

hyle

ne -

clea

r ge

ts t

he w

arm

est,

whi

te is

coo

lest

b.

sha

de -

gett

ing

the

bubb

le i

nto

the

shad

e is

by f

ar t

he e

asie

st a

nd g

ener

ally

the

m

ost

succ

essf

ul w

ay t

o c

ool

a bu

bble

; fr

eque

ntly

thi

s is

impo

ssib

le,

thou

gh

c. h

ow m

uch

air

you

pass

thr

ough

the

bub

ble

-th

ese

calc

ulat

ions

are

pri

mar

ily

wha

t w

e ar

e de

alin

g w

ith

belo

w

3) H

ow f

ast

you

wan

t to

inf

late

th

e bu

bble

. It

is u

nusu

al t

hat

you

wou

ld w

ant

to i

nfla

te

the

bubb

le s

o fa

st t

hat

the

size

fan

req

uire

d w

ould

be

larg

er t

han

th

at r

equi

red

by

th

e co

olin

g re

quir

emen

ts.

But

if

you

do u

se t

his

as a

des

ign

fact

or,

tak

e a

roug

h es

tim

ate

of

the

volu

me

of

the

bubb

le (

in c

ubic

fee

t),

divi

de b

y th

e nu

mbe

r o

f m

inut

es y

ou w

ant

to t

ake

to i

nfla

te t

he

bubb

le, a

nd t

he

qu

oti

ent

is t

he

the

requ

ired

CFM

ou

tpu

t fo

r th

e fa

n.

Vol

ume

(fi3

) =

C

FM r

equi

red

Infl

atio

n T

ime

(min

.)

Infl

atio

n T

ime

(min

.!

---'-

---

-,..

---

The

spe

cifi

cati

ons

we

are

trY

ing

to~ g

et f

or t

he f

an c

an b

e ex

pres

sed

as a

per

form

ance

cur

ve.

All

the

figu

res

bein

g de

alt w

ith

here

are

app

roxi

mat

ions

, so

you

will

hav

e to

adj

ust y

ou

r bu

bble

ope

rati

ng c

ondi

tion

acc

ordi

ng t

o w

hat

fee

ls r

ight

whe

n th

e bu

bble

is u

p (

mor

e ho

les,

ch

okin

g th

e fa

n tu

nnel

wit

h a

stri

ng,

etc.

). T

his

curv

e is

dif

fere

nt f

or e

ach

fan.

W

e w

ill g

ive

as a

n ex

ampl

e he

re t

he

appr

oxim

ate

curv

e fo

r th

e 2

4"

Ven

turi

-Fra

me

Exh

aust

Fan

fro

m

the

Gra

inge

r ca

talo

g.

'Us;

ing

the

give

n w

orki

ng p

ress

ure

of a

bub

ble

to b

e 1

.. pr

essu

re (

see

"Anc

hori

ng")

thi

s pa

rtic

ular

fan

will

be

putt

ing

ou

t ab

ou

t 35

00 C

FM.

,

'510

X'

~ -;';1<

?°H----

'-t(

: O·

\

I,04?

,

-1

-

~

lt1Ch

e.s , I , , I ,

'l41-

l.P.

24"

VeNT

\JR1

fRAM

E El

HAU5

T FA

N PfP_II'M1"~

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fA~ P~NCE

CiUR

Va

L-~

love

loacl

~fr-

, '

1 ..

-

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3f6

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W11

Cer

~"",re

.11

-111

o

In order to arrive at how much air the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area of holes it will take for this air to pass through the bubble while maintaining the proper pressure in the bubble requires a series of calculations. Since the amount of air we an'! going

to pass through depends on the heating imd cooling requirements, we must figure out wnat conditions are going to make it hotter and how much hotter, then balance this with the factors that are going to cool the bubble.

HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine 2) people, inside

COOLING FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin 4) passing air through the bubble

How to figure these follows:

GAIN DVE TO SUN

1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSHINE Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approximately 300 BTU/sq.ft./hr. of direct sunshine (sun at 90 degrees to the surface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset or as the angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes.

It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat gain will be somewhat less, but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than necessary ratherthan a I ittle less ....

2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/person/hr. This depends on the level of activity of the people. If the bubble is going to be.in full sun, this figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun.

3) HEAT LOSS DUE TO CONDUCTION THROUGH THE BUBBLE SKIN

Q = (A)( T) (U) Q = conduction loss in BTU/hr A = surface area of the bubble (not counting that

which is one the ground) T = the difference in temperature inside and outside

the bubble in degrees Fahrenheit U = heat transfer coefficient for polyethylene (about 1.2)

4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING AIR THROUGH THE BUBBLE

Qair = heat loss in BTU/hr

W = cubic ft. of air moved per hour

Cp = heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft3)

T= difference between inside and outside temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

Now in order to use these figures, add together all the gains from heat and people, subtract from this the heat loss due to conduction, and solve the 4th formula for W or the amount of air you are Qoing to have to move. 5)~

In order to pass this much air through a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes for the air to flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance curve (which has been determined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the required number of CFM to be moved, and the following formula:

. {pHv2) Pd=' 2G"

45° 0° AN6LE OF SUN TO eusSlE

l­

I

Pd = pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft. under normal conditions

p = density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3

V = air velocity at the hole (in ft./sec.)

G = acceleration due to gravity

2G = 64 ft./sec.2

V = (approx) 30 for normal conditions

LOOKS ~ft1PLEX? Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with:

NOPe l1T~ c-Z. HERES IlN EXAMPLE TO SH()W

V =( CFM at which fan is operating) (from calcu'lation 4 above) ~quare feet of opening

60 seconds (the variable here to change minutes to seconds)

YIV HtJW ,Go oVER YOUR /r$SVMPTltJNS C!VN !fNGf,E ,Erc) AIVP

CALCVLAT/tJ/V5 BFAJRE . BUVINe;.

HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN for determining fan and size EXAMPLE

50'X50' pillow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will be about half the pillow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. Therewill probably be about 100 people at medium to high activity as there will be rock music. Outside t~mperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K. Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ...

3 I) Sun Ga~n - 2500 sq ft 1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun (see chart) Kx~iRxk~KtK~X~~¥ will gain

.-AI\A1-, (Vf(f,tl'0 150 BTU/hr/sq ft. 1250 -tvv""L~: 1 { x 150

8 z

" f~

R8il~XKX

'~~,x'IqIJYV ~ t 187500 BTU gain/hr "\ l~ ~ from Sun

~/~~~ ~ 2)Body ~eat gain ItO B~Ytk~tp8~X.K y~~ I~ene~at~ng 500BTU/hr/person =

r..(tCU~oN~·· 70,000 BTU gain per hr ~ ~ 3)Conduction Loss-~~ Q=AATU

Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr Loss from conduction k¥.x ~i

187,500 + JO,OOO - 85,00 Total Gain per hour.

= =,000·

4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ~hrough ~RR;RRx

150,000 =(W)(.016)(20) Two medium-size fans (around W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour 480,000

60 = W expressed in CFM

5000 CFM) might be a good solution, providing good control over the il •• KK~X.£Xili~xi air-flow as wellaas a double blower syste~ W = 8,000 CFM

5)

V = TCD . 30 = V )

l1sJ[ ft opening 60

or ~XKX opening = 4.5 sq ft.

Roukh guess 1o~r door openings f.~x~~iK a bit Kxx8¥x~ak8x~kHm smaller to allow for xR8(inevitable)tears which will increase

the area of air leakage.

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ANCHORING

If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system. For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these

. co·uld be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier. anchoring. There are

. a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges, taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi-permanent installation where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation ona smooth floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees, fire hydrants), or where it would be easy to drive tent stakes or augers.

The anchoring system must withst'and not only windloading but also the internal air pressure of the structure. Precise structural calculations should be left to 2 engineers, 3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close enough estimate of what anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and second with wind loads.

PRESSURE LOAD ... On any surface that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball-park figures on figuring pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a powerful direct ,drive fan is 2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib./sq.ft.). A normal working pressure is 1Ib./sq.ft. On a water monometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib./sq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep a structure up with as little as %Ib./sq.ft.

Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature .. The tension is the downward force you need per foot of edge.

T/ft= (P}(Rcl Tift

P

downward force needed per foot of edge

pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.)

Rc radius of curvature (in feet)

EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in New York City was 200'X60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors were parking meters spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressure which the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of width) times(spacing between meters}. Tension = (30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.) and

Tension per rope = (9)(30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.) = 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test 3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used.

If you want to do an inflatable with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): find the total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit of length of the perimeter.

WINDLOADING

To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind. (length)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be up to 10Ib./sq.ft. depending on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will II¥8I't create rt'Pore.; negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble.

Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative pressure on the outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A structure to be left up for more than, say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to postpone due to high wind) should be designed for 10Ib./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure 50' long and 15' high, the design force would be (50')(15')(10Ib./sq.ft.) which is 7500 Ibs force on the structure. .

FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.) = wind load

If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents to the wind in a good, high wind.

TOTAL LOAD

This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring system has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor point (such as when a square pillow with a square net anchored down at each corner presents one corner to the wind), then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on each anchor. If the wind is coming directly against one side, then the windload divided by the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for each anchor.

rIp· 1'(

secTioN net-Vii /lliI'11hI~

TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS

TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into the edge over a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove the inflatable by lifting it over the bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because the plastic floor is eliminated, this type of inflatable would also be good for a .greenhouse, storage facility, pool cover, etc. These types might tend to last longer, too, because they are more static so people probably wo,uJdn't walk through the walls or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic.

WEIGHTED EDGE

Weighted Edge is anything heavy that can be laid on the edge of the plastic or taped into the edge. See illustration.

I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer Thing program in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) 'that tied down to a piece of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A 20' diameter circle of this phone cable weighed about 200 Ibs. The phone company usually just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between the cable and the edge of the plastic. This could be desireable if you want to circulate a lot of air, but if you have pressure problems a flap could be taped on inside the bubble, like on giant Bird-Air and most commercial inflatables. A section of the detail

might look like this:*

Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an approximate shape, reinforce the edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the tie-downs through the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress at the point where the tie-down meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes can be made in the same way as this.

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Jim

Coo

k at

H.

T.

McG

ill C

o. i

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oust

on s

how

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is m

etho

d o

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ryin

g ed

ges.

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e ha

s ha

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tens

ive

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ce w

ith i

t. H

is c

ompa

ny h

as d

one

poly

ethy

lene

sw

imm

ing

pool

cov

ers,

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istm

as t

ree

war

ehou

ses,

and

oth

er s

tuff

. T

he h

oles

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om a

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mpo

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ess

they

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the

re,

the

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lect

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ater

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akes

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d th

e lu

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Jim

Coo

k al

so s

how

ed u

s pi

ctur

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f a

syst

em h

e di

d w

ith

two

by f

our

fram

es.

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p th

e po

ly a

t le

ast

one

tim

e al

l th

e w

ay a

roun

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e sm

alle

r pi

ece

of w

ood

befo

re

naili

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r bo

ltin

g th

is on~

to t

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ram

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d-do

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s is

one

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e fe

w w

ays

to m

ake

a po

ly b

ubbl

e th

at h

as a

pla

stic

flo

or w

itho

ut a

net

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noth

er w

ay i

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st t

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ome

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ings

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ople

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bric

ks w

rapp

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ting

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Adv

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pla

stic

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or b

uild

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with

a n

et a

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bili

ty,

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l en

clos

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la

rge

infl

atab

les,

and

eas

e of

con

stru

ctio

n of

the

anc

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yste

m.

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lar

ge

infl

atab

le,

it w

ould

be

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icul

t to

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iths

tand

the

gre

at f

orce

s on

the

bub

ble.

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ets

can

also

be

very

bea

utif

ul.

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desi

gn y

our

net,

mak

e a

mod

el o

f yo

ur b

ubbl

e an

d st

art

play

ing

with

str

ing.

If

you

can

, se

t up

the

mod

el s

omew

here

tha

t yo

u ca

n na

il in

to t

he f

loor

(lik

e a

piec

e of

ply

woo

d) t

o si

mul

ate

anch

orin

g po

ints

. If

you

alre

ady

have

a s

ite f

or

the

bubb

le p

icke

d ou

t, p

ut n

ails

in

whe

re t

here

are

nat

ural

anc

hors

, lik

e pa

rkin

g m

eter

s or

tre

es o

r ca

rs.

If y

ou a

re g

oing

to

use

your

ow

n au

gers

, th

en y

ou a

re

,tota

lly

free

to

do a

nyth

ing

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the

net

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ider

web

s, s

tar

shap

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gian

t gr

ids.

w

hate

ver ..

, T

o te

st y

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mod

el,

get

the

fan

that

is

goin

g to

hol

d up

you

r bi

g bu

bble

and

use

it

as a

win

d so

urce

. T

his

test

ing

can

be r

eally

inf

orm

ativ

e if

you

vary

the

win

d an

d th

e pr

essu

re i

nsid

e th

e in

flat

able

. N

ylon

str

ing

(har

dwar

e st

ore)

is

a ni

ce m

odel

mat

eria

l.

Bui

ldin

g a

net c

an b

e a

maj

or j

ob.

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mad

e a

100'

Xl 0

0' n

et w

ith a

5·f

oot

grid

by

sta

king

dow

n al

l th

e ho

rizo

ntal

rop

es,

then

tyi

ng s

lip k

nots

eve

ry 5

fee

t in

ea

ch r

ope,

slip

ping

the

ver

tical

rop

es t

hrou

gh a

nd p

oppi

ng t

he k

nots

.

The

kno

ts a

t th

e ed

ge o

f th

e ne

t w

ere

just

squ

are

knot

s, t

ied

onto

loo

ps in

the

ed

ge r

ope.

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you

are

tyi

ng k

nots

, th

ink

abou

t kn

ots

that

don

't in

volv

e sl

ippi

ng

the

who

le r

ope

thro

ugh

each

kno

t.

The

100

' pill

ow n

et:

Our

fir

st n

et w

as t

his

100'

squ

are.

W

e us

ed p

arac

hute

cor

d fo

r th

e bu

lk o

f th

e ne

t, %

" ny

lon

rope

for

the

2nd

, 3r

d, a

nd 4

th r

opes

fro

m t

he

edge

, an

d 3

/8"

nylo

n ro

pe f

or t

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dge.

A

t ea

ch c

orne

r w

e ti

edil

"D

" ri

ng t

o av

oid

the

rope

rub

bing

and

cut

ting

its

elf

at t

his

stre

ss p

oint

. Fr

om t

he D

ring

to

the

anch

or w

e us

ed s

ome

10,0

00 lb

. ny

lon

stra

ppin

g th

at w

e go

t fr

om a

sur

plus

st

ore

with

a d

oubl

e D

ring

on

the

end

so t

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we

coul

d ti

ghte

n an

d lo

osen

the

ne

t. T

ight

enin

g th

e ne

t in

the

win

d he

lped

qui

te a

bit

in l

ower

ing

the

prof

ile

of

the

surf

ace

pres

ente

d to

the

win

d.

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used

10.

000

lb.

auge

rs.

Cha

rley

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ford

ha

s si

nce

mad

e an

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r 10

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illow

out

of

6 m

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ly (

the

orig

inal

was

4 m

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usin

g a

net

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20'

squ

ares

Ins

tead

of

6' s

quar

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RO

PE S

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rley

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New

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pe t

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car

s, e

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still

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t.

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u ha

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le u

p an

d th

e w

ind

com

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p, t

ight

en y

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net

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flat

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pres

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ncre

ased

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the

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t:11Qi~1

A I 4- J A t1a~ ta~e.d behInd a ort:<.!far 5 ttcu_vg 9.08 .a or 0""" h P /" 10 tat:n.ov:tnan anawl-wrmkles WI J oeo 'V '-' ' .. N '::J<;..f

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. open ?nd leak. 31r. ~"'It;; ~s1& the aqresure

Not.. recommended

. -.

Anns or hula hoop -taped around a Circular hole wit! berome (1 self clo51ns door If It IS located 50 rt rests f18t on theeroulld when no one IS entennB.

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Hot LLpS- 2 fiopD), donut, at -the end d Cl low pr-e~'5ure tunnel. When connected "to the. blower; small nole-'i:. ~cl mit ~Ir to the nJhnei from the llr~, TirJereeJ

Infi,.atrllB 110 ~~M -8-

. Curvcnture detenY'lJnes stress: 3 tiny plastic hose carnes 8 hundred pounc:/s pressure and '2> huge v\JeatY1ev- b'Clllcon has 2. pl"""es'3ur-e bt'lr-dy above atmClSphenc. Yet -the. stresses on both -the nose wall and the balloon skm m~lY Ije the same - Lhe tinY tube vV8!1 IS ~h'cw"Ply cuv-vea anct the wea-ther balloo() sur-face Is'ffarter. l:f the earth were 8 %mt balloon

l Ilrl~ne.

how little pressure would IX needecj inside -to ten5e the hDrlzon 3) ttqht! Make a I itt!e cube out ~ it) In p-leSt1c sheet. me n lV1f(t\U. The comers ) sh~J("p)~ curved) h8n5 ./IVnpl'j 1 while the:. 'mId /?DInts are -taut enou8h to burst! BemE> t18tte~ "these 8~5 ta~ more stress" The CUbe me'S To i'Je.come a sphere - (} Sh6r:: IV) vvhlch the sbn curves 1JJ an equB-l amount In 811 dwec:t1ons. de;3r/YI the best sh-aPe I~ a Spher-e) an.d these.

page';) ere clevotRd "to ~n~ g.s do'X::tD 5phenca.\ 6~ \

POLYGON METHOD

Surface [s or gores.

GoRE METHOD

, " pOS"1Jl)le wren flat matena '5. , " , "-

'" "-, "-".. "-

/( 11 () 11Y ') I \ ~Dovec:aHSDRoN /

... ~-- \ J ,,~ I

I

'--_--I roxtrYlt3te a 5phevrC8 surfac:e .. ,

Get Ideas from: basebBlls, vofleyoalls, soccer ~alls, BeodeS1C damer),! zor¥1€S, 8Ellrrletry books

A form made of rhombs (cll-omonds) IS eco)Jomlcal ltD

maKe -Trom YO! 15 of P qSt-Ic'

MabYl8 the leneth c;f the. ~es equal '* rne Cl rcum-

fe-re.nee of the b(3se. eIVe.S a half- spherIcal shape.

Get ideas from: peellne, taneennes weather balloons, (liner tubes/ beach b-a.\!sl tnflatBo[e lNarehou'5e.~J 8loves) world globes.

<

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uj] 2 5tar~5ures (above) only,· ltterence bemB not taY-?mS the center

seams,± way In ~~;Ie;~~ Lor~wa:p

Conti noe around, sl id ['ne;:< "the stars around for tIIJ£ best posItion to work trorY).

JIrTmTm""';'~ pmg l5 dlfhCUI1;i: the limp '5trUcfP[)re- wIll not lIe flat,

and tne process IS VIa rd to depl

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Foldhthe POI~t~ C'~r:r to t e -center \

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You wJiI be ma~Y\B the Inside hole at a donllt -shape

F <

o ~I ~ HERES HOW - lJeE ~M/L fOLY .~~=-

aJMEf:lIN 20' WIDEOOLL~ FI"-:J1Rc. ~~~ ______ ~~ n vv ~ ___ .:.' __ _ THe:. tOJz~ IN 2/:)' MODULEco ~. __ - ~

~ DIG A TRENCH 24" DEEp":::=:--:: ___ ----l2./I WIDE. ,...--.- _--------

/kCUT POLY-SEE. FATTERN DlMRAM -NOTE ~ CUT AT CoRNER ALLOW5 ~ INTERIOR 11T. CUT I1Q\IN HOLfS IN TRENctl EJX:,E

-----------* BuRY EDGES IN "TRENCH I ---- ----- -ADD RlXK€:I FOR WE,IGHT- WT

* J=AN5-~ 1000 GFt-tl UWALLY ftN ATiIC FAN CR OfflCE FAN WILL 00

, ,

USE EITHER FAN PETA1L

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AVOID <a-lARP RCXJ<S WI1I01 MAY GOT POLY. - pop OI41r I PfrCK IAmN

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\ (1 ~')1 I BRING TOOCTHER I

THESE Ef:X!,ES AND , /' TAPE I I ,

I ---.------------------ _____ 1 __ - ----. ___ 1 __

. I 1

I I \

PNEOM.AT1CS:A KEY m'XJIQLk HYBRID STRUCTURING

Anar seeing Mr. Bird'i impl'8llive achiev. menU and h..-Ing Mr. LundY'1 enthullasm I ~11h to introduce a note of constructive pes­..... Ism. Pealmlltically, I consider that the application - in theflefd of structures - of pneumatic techniques II toe) involved with ~ving normal structural and shelter prob­\llml. While the Intermittent encloalre of ~immlng pools or protection of traditional ·,construction work ilextremefy usaful, such applications, if too widespread, can well ,. suit in the following actionl which are detri­mental to increasing the development of V

pneumatic technology: 1) Over-emphasis may be given to the static siting of air structures. 2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional structures may be made. 3) The fixed-period accommodation avail­able with air structures may only be exploi­ted for disaster or random-use of air struc­tures. All these actions can retard the investigation of new applications requiring improved and more complex air-structures. In addition the development of new materials and fabricat­ion techniques should be related to new applications rather than concentrate on nie perfection of existing applications since these very applications are still extremely arbitrary. While space exploration and defence pro­grams provide a valuable technical "spin-off" of the development air-structure technology, its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the near future, the technological advance of air structuring related to civil and social activit­ies. Too many architects and designers wait to see what NASA and various Defence pro­jects will produce. This conference must increase the content and frequency of ex­change between scientists, engineers, manu­facturers, architects, planners and social administrators. An immediate task could be to agree on the semantic definition ofthe various structures and systems we are now discussing (air-supported structures; air­infl.ated structures; air structures; pneumatic membrane structures; sealed pneuma'i:ic structu res). In this paper, reference to air structures includes air-supported and air-inflated structures, together with air-controlled and air-moved structures. In addition, we must keep mutually aware of the alteration of attitudes of authorities and others to the employment of air structures. In September 1965 the Department of Architecture and Civic Design of the Greater London Council refused to license a high-pressure air-beam structure for temporary use as a place of public entertainment on the grounds that it constituted merely "a tent without poles or frame". hi December 1965 the same depart­ment of the G L C were prepared to consid­er the use of the identical structure on receipt of calculations related to stability. Only when a continuous exchange is estab-

mneid can lndWlcilaiglouPl- In my c_ architects and physical planAers - make accurate 111'14 IUbstantlated demandl on pneumatic technology. At thllstage of the conference I lilt some aspects of this tech­nology which are of particular Interest to me as an arch itact: a) Multi-membrane construction which enables variable pressurilBtion and contain­ment (cf. paper by R. Szilard). b) The availability and performance specif­ication of transparent membranes. c) The control of light and rediation by both membranes, intermembrane conltruct­ion and contained gases or liquids (cf. papers by R. Szilard and N. Laing). V

d) The containment of granular substances between membranes to control humidity, sou nd transference etc. e) The capacity of controlled air movement· through the material of the membranes. Such a possibility enables changes in the normal methods of foul air evacuation. f) Multi-layer bonding enabling variable cel construction. Such hybrid construction can enable the simultaneous use of high pressure sealed volumes and low pressure air-support­ed volumes. g) Ultra-sonic bonding enabling an increased variation of membrane material. An increa­sed use of various materials is urgently required not only to enable varying structur­al performance specifications to be met but also to achieve varying textural qualities. h) Further information on the perform­ance of high and low pressure structures in movement ..... e existing U K inflatable vehicle transporter which both protects the vehicle and propels it on the Hovercraft principle is an example of this. Movement must incllJde the employment of the Hover craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M) principle. i) Self-packing, on deflation, of large vol­ume membranes. j) A new method of costing air-structures which is related to the variation of use and not merely material and unit plant cost. Any mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must be accepted as a structural element. The variation and individual control of vol­umes singly or in combination enables the separation of membranes related to the elimination of particular adverse conditions Icf. paper by R. SZilard). As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist in the conventional sense, their pneumatic equivalents no longer need to provide the additive structural support normally re­quired. Only collective stability is required and the air one breathes can become the major structural force. This being so, the interior fittings or divisions of such structures become relatively more perman­ent (see the interior of Lundy/Bird US Atomic Energy Commission's travelling exhibit). ' Movement of such internal parts must also be investigated. The use of air-pallets for such intermittent movement is extremely valid. The use of an air-conditioning plant as the structural pressure feeri is only one

~------------- ----

.- .

67 05 Paper given at 1st International Colloquium

on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart

example of the advantage of co-ordinated use of air within such structures. Methods of cleaning and movement related to the whole or part of the structure should also be inclu­ded.

In the past major urban congregation areas were determined by the location of a large permanent structure providing mass accommodation or shelter such as the Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the Market Hall and the Sports Stadium. With the use of air structures such permanence is not required and so the additional restrict­ions of the fixed site should now be avoided. In effect, large air structures can enable planners to r.everse the pattern of traditional

urban congregation and servicing nodes found in existing towns or cities. In new proposed urban settlements such nodes need no longer be permanent generators of fixed urban patterning.

Theuse of air structures to provide sAort­term small and medium sized social facilities enables the siting of short-term mobile housing to be independent of towns offering sim ilar facil ities. Air structures are already used to provide industrial production space particularly where the demand for such space is likely to fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the mobile factory, but it must be fu rther devel­ope~ and its potential further exploited. Work on disaster control and emergency planning has, over the past years, produced a wide range of pneumatic appliances and applications such as fabddams, dracones, vehicular hover-pads and GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses of air structures have not yet been seen as a method of reducing the dependence of emergency planning. That is, they have not been viewed as a potential asset to society enabl ing rap id yet variable control and com­munication to be achieved. Such realisation, backed by increasing design and develop­meht work, can enable air structures to contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity in society's continuous control of the physical environment.

This conference and the possibilities of future exchange that it has created must assist in estabiishing new priorities for future work. Wh ile I accept the fact that develop­ment of present projects is by no means per­fect, a desire to achieve greater accuracy in the immediate tasks must not impair our realisatiol\ of the future potential. Pneumatics, as far as partial or total structur­ing are concerned, are likely to stagnate un­less this is realised. The field of valid applica­tion has scarcely been touched. The determination of the extent, inter­action and location of activities that require buildings is no longer a sufficient brief. The quantitative assessment of the valid social life related to particular location must also be made and designed for.

This then is the major role for r-lr structures now and in the future.

1 __

.. L.

III

L

A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWSPAPER

YEAR, NO.1 G WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 1972 10e DAILY

IFacu/ty Urges U.C Contr%f Air Labs

Some dared to enter, others just gaped at this huge plastic air container in lower Sproul Tr;bune Dholo bv F-310," ~ Plata at the U.C. Campus ~

Bag Breathing - That's Their BfT1KELEY-A 40-by-40-foot

]}lastic bag was the theater, ~~<;.g2 and prop yesterday f6r a chillingly realistic bit of theater about a l'Iay when the air becomes too polluted to breathe.

"Air Emergency" was con­ceived and built by a Sausali­to "family" of dropout ar­chitects called the Ant Farm. The commune, t1)uring Ameri~ --

can cam pus e ~ with their Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) per­formed outdoors at the Uni­versity of California campus as part of a three-day Envi­ronmental Teach-in.

As an 'air raid siren drew V.C. students to lower Sproul Plaza, a monotone loudspeak­er voice informed them that an "air failure" had occurred and those who couldn't escape from the pollution would die within-11i mmtites.

T.he voice invited onlookers to take shelter in the CAP 1500 which, it said, ihad been tested "in Akron under gov­ernment contract. " The air system inflating CAP 1500 also screens out deadly pollutants, the voice said.

Those who didn't go into CAP 1500 were given "nega­tive census forms" to fill out before dying.

White-jacketed Ant Far m members wearing gas masks

affixed small yellow cllcles to onlookers' foreheads. "These are sensors w.hich can be monitored by a Human Re­sources Sat e 11 i t e which is t r a c kin g your final move­ments," it was amiably ex­pIa r ned by a; man called "F-310," who described him­self as a "human mentad pro­g ram m e d only to answer questions from the press."

The teach-in 'concludes to­day.

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