b.con project 1 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPIC PAGE
01 INTRODUCTION (LOON JING WEI / 0322074)
02 SITE AND SAFETY (MUHD MIRZA QAYYUM / 0324031)
03 PRELIMINARIES WORK (CHUNG HOW CYONG / 0324152)
04 FOUNDATION (YONG AI YI / 0321977)
05 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN (CHONG HAO FOONG / 0322343) 5.2 SLAB (CHONG HAO FOONG / 0322343) 5.3 WALL (QUAH KENG YEW / 0322893) 5.4 STAIRCASE (QUAH KENG YEW / 0322893)
06 DOORS AND WINDOWS (CHONG YI HUI / 0324404)
07 ROOF (NGU XIAN LE / 0323898)
08 SUMMARY (LOON JING WEI / 0322074)
THIS IS A GROUP PROJECT WHERE OUR TASK IS TO DECIDE AN
ONGOING CONSTRUCTION SITE WHICH INCLUDES WHAT WE HAD
LEARNED IN THE SYLLABUS. WE HAD SELECTED A SITE, WHICH IS
LOCATED IN BANDAR SUNGAI LONG, CHERAS UNDER PROJECT NAME AS
D'ALTOS.
DEVELOPER: WIRA CHERAS DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD TOTAL LAND DEVELOPMENT: 31.5 ACRES TENURE: FREEHOLD TYPE: 3 / 4 STOREY SEMI-‐D HOME WITH LIFT FACILITIES NUMBER OF UNITS (PHASE 1): 37 UNITS LAND AREA FROM 42'X80 TO 42'X90' BUILD UP SIZE: 5,573 SQ FT TO 10,339 SQ FT
WE WERE REQUIRED IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
AND ITS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS, DETAILS AND MATERIALS. IN
ADDITION, WE WERE TO STUDY AND RECORD CONSTRUCTION OF
DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE. OUR GROUP
CONSISTS OF 8 MEMBERS WHERE EACH OF THEM ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND ITS ELEMENTS.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
D'ALTOS SEMI-‐D IN CHERAS IS HERE TO CELEBRATE EACH STAGE OF LIFE. THEY HAVE CREATED A SELF-‐FULFILLED COMMUNITY WHERE BOTH THE YOUNGER AND OLDER GENERATIONS WILL EACH FIND THEIR NICHE.
IT IS TRULY A DIFFERENT WORLD HERE -‐ A PLACE THAT TRANSFORMS NATURE INTO SANCTUARY, BLUEPRINTS INTO HOMES.
SITE MAP1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
TYPE RB-‐A 3-‐STOREY SEMI VILLA
TYPE RB-‐B 4-‐STOREY SEMI VILLA
FLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN
TYPE RB-‐C 3 -‐ STOREY SEMI-‐VILLA
TYPE RB-‐D 4 -‐ STOREY SEMI-‐VILLA
FLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN
TYPE RB-‐E4 STOREY SEMI-‐VILLA
FLOOR PLAN
AREAL VIEW
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
2.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION • SAFETY GLASSES SHOULD BE WORN AT ALL TIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS TO PREVENT FOREIGN OBJECTS FROM GETTING INTO THE EYE.
• THE SELECTION OF SAFETY GLASSES ARE BASED ON THE ANTICIPATED HAZARD
• FACE-‐SHIELDS PROTECTS THE FACE TO PREVENT ANY SPARKS DURING THE HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT WHEN CUTTING OBJECTS
• DUST MASK PROTECTS OUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FROM BEING INTERRUPTED BY DUSTS DURING WORKING HOURS AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE
FIG 2.1A : CONSTRUCTION SAFETY GOGGLES
FOOT PROTECTION • WORKERS AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE SHOULD ALWAYS WEAR BOOTS WITH SLIP RESISTANT SOLES
• SAFETY TOED FOOTWEAR ARE ALSO WORN TO PREVENT CRUSHED TOES WHEN HANDLING HEAVY EQUIPMENT
HAND PROTECTION • GLOVES SHOULD BE WORN AND SHOULD FIT SNUGLY AND COMFORTABLE FOR THE WORKER
HEAD PROTECTION • WORKERS SHOULD WEAR HARD HATS IN CASE HEAD INJURY BECOMES A HIGH RISK. HELMETS ARE ALSO TO BE INSPECTED TO IDENTIFY DEFECTS SHOULD THERE BE ANY HARNESSING
• MUST BE USED DURING OPERATIONS AT HIGH-‐LEVELS. IT IS BECAUSE THE HARNESS HAS A TIE-‐OFF POINT TO PREVENT THE USER FROM FALLING GREAT HEIGHTS
FIG 2.1B : BOOTS
HARNESS IS USED DURING HIGH-‐LEVEL OPERATIONS
FIG 2.1C : HELMET
2.2 SITE SAFETY OBJECTS
FIRST AIDS IT IS IDEAL TO PREPARE A FIRST AID KIT IN THE EVENT A MINOR INJURY GOT INFLICTED ON THE WORKERS
FIRE EXTINGUISHER A MUST HAVE TOOL AS A SAFETY PRECAUTION IN CASE A FIRE RELATED INCIDENT OCCURRED
FIG 2.2A : A SIGN FOUND AT THE SIGHT THAT EMPHASISES THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY FOR EVERYONE WHO VISITS THE SITE
SIGN BOARDS IT IS MAINLY USED TO NOTIFY AND WARN SURROUNDING VISITORS AND WORKERS OF THE VARIOUS HAZARDS ON THE SITE. THERE IS ALSO A SIGN WHICH PROVIDES THE DETAILS OF THE SAID PROJECT FOR LEGAL PURPOSES.
FIG 2.2B : A SIGN WHICH CONTAINS THE DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
2.5 MACHINERY 2.3 STRUCTURES DURING CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION MEETING PLACE -‐ THERE IS A TEMPORARY MEETING PLACE
THAT FUNCTIONS AS A DISCUSSION ROOM BETWEEN THE COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION AND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IF ANY PROBLEMS ARE ENCOUNTERED. THIS STRUCTURE LASTS UNTIL THE COMPLETION OF A PARTICULAR PROJECT.
2.4 WORK AREAS AT ELEVATED LEVELS
• SIGNS ARE POSTED TO SHOW THE LOAD CAPACITY OF THESE ELEVATED SURFACES
• MATERIALS ARE PILED IN A WAY THAT PREVENTS IT FROM COLLAPSING
SCAFFOLDING -‐ SCAFFOLDS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS TO REACH THE HIGHER WORKING
AREAS PROPERLY AND IN A SAFE MANNER -‐ SCAFFOLDS ARE SET ON SOUND FOOTING -‐ THE DAMAGED PARTS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH OF THE SCAFFOLD ARE TAKEN OUT
OF SERVICE -‐ ALL SCAFFOLDS ARE FULLY PLANKED AND SHOULD BE STABLE
FIG 2.4A : SCAFFOLDING FROM A DISTANCE AND A CLOSE VIEW OF THE SCAFFOLDINGS
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENTS UNDER THIS CATEGORY ARE USUALLY HEAVY-‐DUTY MACHINES THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY USED IN DIGGING EXCAVATIONS AND ALSO IN TRENCHING OPERATIONS. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS NORMALLY COMPRISES OF 5 EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS WHICH ARE IMPLEMENT, TRACTION,STRUCTURE, POWER TRAIN, CONTROL AND INFORMATION. SOME OF THESE EQUIPMENTS UTILISE HYDRAULIC DRIVES AS THEIR PRIMARY SOURCE OF MOVEMENT.
EXCAVATOR
• USED FOR EXCAVATION
BULLDOZER
• PUSH LARGE QUANTITIES OF SOIL, SAND OR OTHER SIMILAR MATERIALS DURING CONSTRUCTION OR CONVERSION WORK.
FORKLIFT
• A FORKLIFT IS AN INDUSTRIAL TRUCK WHICH FUNCTION IS TO LIFT AND MOVE MATERIALS TO SHORT DISTANCES.
BACKHOE LOADER
• USED FOR SMALL DEMOLITIONS, LIGHT TRANSPORTATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS, EXCAVATION AS WELL
AS PAVING ROADS.
2.5 MACHINERY
MOBILE CRANE (CRAWLER CRANE)
• THEIR MAIN ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER TYPES OF CRANES IS THAT THEY CAN MOVE AROUND AND PERFORM EACH LIFT WITH LITTLE SET UP.
HYDRAULIC PILE DRIVER
• A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO DRIVE PILES INTO THE SOIL TO PROVIDE FOUNDATION SUPPORT FOR THE BUILDING
CONCRETE MIXING TRANSPORT
• FUNCTIONS TO HOMOGENEOUSLY COMBINE CEMENT, AGGREGATES SUCH AS SAND AND ALSO WATER TO FORM CONCRETE.
4.0 FOUNDATION
4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION ON SITE
CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATION IS THE ELEMENT OF AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE WHICH CONNECTS IT TO THE GROUND, AND TRANSFERS LOADS FROM THE STRUCTURE TO THE GROUND WITHOUT ANY UNACCEPTABLE MOVEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD AND ENTIRE LIFE OF BUILDING ITSELF.
FOUNDATIONS ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED EITHER SHALLOW OR DEEP. THE FOUNDATION TYPE THAT THE SITE IS USING IS DEEP FOUNDATION WHICH IS PILING. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF PILING WHICH IS END BEARING AND FRICTION PILES. ON THE SITE, THEY USE FRICTIONAL PILES FOR THE STRUCTURE BECAUSE IT PROVIDES A STABLE FOUNDATION FOR THE BUILDING. OTHER THAN THAT, THE REASONS OF USING FRICTIONAL PILES FOR THE STRUCTURE IS DUE TO THE SOFT SOIL CONDITION AND THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING.
4.2 DETERMINING THE FOUNDATION TYPE BASED ON :
1. SOIL CONDITION
ON THE SITE, THE LAND IS NOT FLAT BUT WITH A STEEP SLOPE. SO THEY DECIDED TO CUT AND FILL THE LAND TO PROVIDE A FLAT SURFACE FOR EACH BUILDING. DUE TO THIS CHANGES, THE SOIL CONDITION WILL CONSOLIDATE OVERTIME CAUSING THE STRUCTURE ABOVE CANNOT BE PROPERLY SUPPORTED. SO, THE PROBABILITY OF USING PILING FOUNDATION IS HIGHER BECAUSE IT HAS A STRONGER SUPPORT TO STRUCTURE COMPARE TO SHALLOW FOUNDATION.
GROUND SLOPE
2. TIME FACTOR
TIME TAKEN FOR PILING FOUNDATION IS LONGER THAN SHALLOW FOUNDATION. FROM THE SITE, TIME TAKEN FOR FINISHING PILE FOUNDATION IS 3 MONTHS.
4.2 DETERMINING THE FOUNDATION TYPE BASED ON :
3. STRUCTURAL LOADING
THE LOAD OF A STRUCTURE WILL AFFECT THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION. FOR THIS SITE, MOST OF THE BUILDINGS WERE BUILT IN SEMI-‐D 4-‐STOREY AND SEMI-‐D 3 STOREY HOUSE. MOSTLY PILING FOUNDATION WAS USED FOR BUILDING THAT MORE THAN 3 LEVELS DUE TO ITS HEAVY LOAD OF THE BUILDING.
4.3 DRIVEN PILES
A RELATIVELY LONG COLUMN PILE THAT INSTALLED INTO THE GROUND BY IMPACT HAMMERING INTO THE EARTH, WHICH CAN PROVIDE RESIST FORCE. ON THE SITE, THE PILES ARE HAMMERED BY PILE DRIVER AS THE PICTURE SHOWN BELOW. DURING INSTALLATION, THE PILES CAN BE PHYSICALLY PRIOR BECAUSE IT HAS STANDARD SHAPE AND SIZE. BEFORE INSTALLATION OF PILES, ENGINEER AND SURVEYOR HAVE TO DONE SEVERAL INSPECTION IN ORDER TO AVOID PROBLEMS ARISE IN THE FUTURE.
4.4 TYPE OF PILES AND PILE CAP ON SITE
ON THE SITE, “2 PILE CAP” WAS USED WITH THE COMBINATION OF 2 PILES UNDER THE PILE CAP. BUT SOME OF THE AREA USED “1 PILE CAPS”. IF THE PILES WERE FAILED TO WITHSTAND A SPECIFIC LOAD, THEY WILL ADD ANOTHER PILE SO THE PILE CAP HOLE ARE DIFFERENT.
REINFORCE CONCRETE PILES (SQUARE SHAPE) LENGTH: 17M SIZE: 300MMX300MM
PILE
PILE CAP
4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES
STEP 1 INVESTIGATION WORKS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE SOIL CONDITION, DEPTH OF THE GROUND, BEARING CAPACITY OF WORKS, SOIL TYPE AND ANY EXISTING WORKING THAT MAY CLASH WITH PILE LOCATIONS. THE ENGINEER DETERMINES THE PILE POINT NUMBERING ON SITE. USUALLY EACH BOTTOM CORNER OF THE STRUCTURE WILL HAVE PILES UNDER IT TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE EVENLY.
STEP 2 TOPSOIL WAS REMOVED DUE TO THE ORGANIC MATTER WHICH MAKES IT UNSUITABLE TO BE LOAD BEARING SOIL. THE SOIL WAS MARKED AND CONCRETE PILES ARE DRIVEN BY DIESEL PILE DRIVER ACCORDING TO THE GROUND PLAN.
FIG 4.5A : EXCAVATOR REMOVE TOP SOIL
FIG 4.5B : DIESEL PILE DRIVE
STEP 3 THE PILES WERE MARKED BEFORE THE PILES ARE DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND WITH A DEPTH OF 12M. (IF THERE ARE UNEVEN HEIGHT OF THE PILES, IT WILL CUT INTO SAME LEVEL)
STEP 4 THE SURROUNDING SOIL OF THE PILE CLUSTER IS EXCAVATED BY APPROXIMATELY 350MM DEPTH FOR PILE CAP INSTALLATION.
4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES
STEP 5 THE MARKINGS ON THE PILE WAS MARKED FOR THE INSTALLATION OF PILE CAP. THIS IS TO ENSURE THE DEPTH OF THE PILE CAP ARE CORRECTLY INSTALLED.
STEP 6 THEN, REBAR WAS INSTALLED THE SHAPE OF THE REBAR WAS SUSTAINED BY USING METAL WIRE. IT WAS INSTALLED FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT PURPOSE.
STEP 7 ONCE THE REBAR IS SET, INSTALLATION OF TIMBER FRAMEWORK AROUND THE REBAR HAS TO BE DONE. THIS IS TO AVOID SAGGING AND FRACTURE WHILE SETTING THE MIXTURE OF THE PILE CAP. THE FRAMEWORK WAS INSTALLED TO SUPPORT THE MIXTURE.
STEP 8 AFTER THE FRAMEWORK HAS INSTALLED, CONCRETE MIXTURE WILL POUR INTO THE FRAMEWORK. STIRRING OF MIXTURE HAS TO BE DONE TO REMOVE AIR POCKETS BEFORE THE MIXTURE WAS COMPLETELY HARDEN THIS IS TO AVOID THE AIR POCKETS WEAKEN THE CONCRETE. FRAMEWORK THEN REMOVED AFTER THE CONCRETE WAS SET
FIG 4.5C : STIRRING
STEP 9 TO ENSURE THE PILES CAN SUPPORT THE SPECIFIC LOAD, THE ENGINEER WILL CONDUCT A LOAD TEST. BLOCKS CONCRETE IS STACKED UP ABOVE THE PILES. A GAUGES READING IS USED TO TAKE THE READING. (IF THE PILE FAIL TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED LOAD ADDITIONAL PILES WILL BE DRIVEN BESIDES IT TO CARRY THE WEIGHT).
STEP 10 10. TRENCHES ARE DUG AND LEAN CONCRETE IS POURED TO FORM A LAYER ON THE GROUND. REINFORCED STEEL BARS ARE PLACED IN IT
FIG 4.5D : STEP 9
STEP 11 11. CONCRETE IS POURED TO FORM THE GROUND BEAMS AND CONCRETE STABS AND STEEL MESH ARE PLACED IN BETWEEN THE SLABS. ONCE THE FOUNDATION IS DONE, COLUMNS AND WALLS CAN BE CREATED.
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURESUPERSTRUCTURE IS THE BUILDING PARTS LOCATED ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL. IT IS THE PART WHERE THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING START TO RISE UP WHETHER IT SERVES AS STRUCTURE, ENCLOSURE, OPENINGS AND FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE.
5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS
BEAM
A BEAM IS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT IS CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING LOAD PRIMARILY BY RESISTING BENDING. BEAMS ARE TYPICALLY MADE OF STEEL, REINFORCED CONCRETE, WOOD, COMPOSITES, OR CASED FLUIDS.
FUNCTION -‐ CARRY VERTICAL GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
GENERALLY -‐ DISTRIBUTE THE FORCES ALONG THE SLAB,
WHICH ARE THEN DISPERSED INTO THE COLUMNS.
FIG 5.1A : ON SITE BEAM
FIG 5.1B : CROSS SECTION OF COLUMN AND BEAM
COLUMN
THESE ARE THE VERTICAL LOAD BEARING MEMBERS OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME WHICH TRANSMITS THE BEAM LOADS DOWN TO THE FOUNDATIONS. THEY ARE USUALLY CONSTRUCTED IN STOREY HEIGHTS AND THEREFORE THE REINFORCEMENT MUST BE LAPPED TO PROVIDE STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY.
FUNCTION -‐ VERTICAL SUPPORT -‐ TAKING THE LOAD OF BEAM SLAB -‐ TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH
INDEPENDENTLY -‐ CONSTRUCTED WITH THE HELP OF STEEL BARS
AND CEMENT CONCRETE
FIG 5.1C : ON SITE COLUMN
5.1.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS REINFORCEMENT
TO FORM COLUMN OR BEAM, FIRST YOU MUST INSTALL THE METAL ROD FIRST. THEN YOU BUILD THE FORMWORK AND CONTINUE WITH THE CEMENT POURING.
THE CONCRETE USED IS MADE FROM CEMENT, WATER AND AGGREGATE. CONCRETE HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AS THE AGGREGATE EFFICIENTLY CARRIES THE COMPRESSION LOAD. HOWEVER, IT IS WEAK INTENSION AS THE CEMENT HOLDING THE AGGREGATE CAN CRACK ALLOWING THE STRUCTURE TO FAIL.
THIS IS WHERE REINFORCEMENT COMES IN. IT WAS EXPLAINED THAT CONCRETE HAS LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, THUS IT NEEDS TO BE REINFORCED WITH STEEL IN ORDER TO RESISTS ITS TENSILE STRESSES.
A REBAR (SHORT FOR REINFORCING BAR) , ALSO KNOWN AS REINFORCING STEEL, IS A COMMON STEEL BAR AND IS COMMONLY USED AS A TENSIONING DEVICE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES HOLDING THE CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION. IT IS USUALLY IN THE FORM OF CARBON STEEL BARS OR WIRES.
COLUMN REINFORCEMENTWORKER ON SITE PUTTING BINDERS ON THE MAIN BARS
BEAM REINFORCEMENT
5.1.2 BEAMS AND COLUMNS FORMWORK
FORMWORK IS TO EITHER TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT MOULDS INTO WHICH CONCRETE OR SIMILAR MATERIALS ARE POURED. IN THE CONTEXT OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, THE FALSEWORK SUPPORTS THE SHUTTERING MOULDS.
STEPS TO LAY FORMWORK: -‐ SET A STRING LINE 1 INCH IN FROM THE OUTSIDE EDGE OF CONCRETE ON FORM
LINE. -‐ DIG OUT FORM TRENCH IF NECESSARY -‐ START AT ONE CORNER AND LAY FORMWORK INTO THE HOLE, LAY IN ALL THE
REGULAR FORMS -‐ BEGIN TO STAND AND CONNECT THE FORMWORK -‐ SET ALL REGULAR FORMS. STAKE THEM VERTICALLY WITH REBAR STAKES AND BRACE
THEM EVERY 6 FEET USING A 2 BY 4 KICKER BOARD -‐ FIT ALL SPECIAL FORMS
ON SITE COLUMN
FORMWORK USED TO CONSTRUCT THE BEAM BEING SUPPORTED BY SCAFFOLDING
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST FOR COLUMNS
*USING PLYWOOD CAST INSTEAD OF METAL CAST FOR FORMWORK RESULTS IN MORE WASTE AS IT CAN ONLY BE-‐USE THREE TIMES AT MOST. HOWEVER IT ALLOWS FOR CUSTOMISATION OF FORMWORK COMPARED TO METAL CASTS THAT ARE ONLY SUITABLE FOR STANDARDISED FORMWORK DUE TO THE HIGH COST PRODUCTION.
STEPS TO REMOVE FORMWORK: -‐ ALLOW THE CONCRETE TO DRY BEFORE REMOVING THE FORMS. -‐ REMOVE FORMS STARTING AT THE TOP OF SLOPING SLABS. -‐ REMOVE THE STAKES FROM THE GROUND THAT SUPPORT THE FORMS WITH A STAKE
PULLER TO AVOID DAMAGING THE STAKES OR THE FORMS. -‐ PULL THE FORMS AWAY FROM THE SIDES OF THE CONCRETE SLAB -‐ REMOVE FORMS ON ALTERNATING SIDES OF THE SLAB TO MAINTAIN THE STRUCTURAL
BALANCE.
THE COLUMNS’ TIMBER CASTS WERE STRUCK AFTER A WEEK. HOWEVER FOR BEAMS, ONLY THE SIDES OF THE TIMBER CASTS WERE STRUCK WITHIN A WEEK WHILE THE SOFFITS AND PROPS WOULD BE STRUCK IN ABOUT A MONTH AFTER CONCRETE CASTING.
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST FOR GROUND BEAM
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST FOR CEILING BEAM
FORMWORK WILL BE PUT AND POINTED STAKE SET IN THE GROUND. STRENGTH OF FORMWORK IS IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT IT DOES NOT EXPAND WHEN POURING CONCRETE INTO IT
5.1.3 BEAMS AND COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
DETAILS ON BEAM STRUCTURE
PRIMARY BEAM -‐STRETCHES OVER FROM COLUMN TO COLUMN -‐TRANSFER THE WHOLE UPPER LOAD TO COLUMN THAT CONSISTS INSIDE THE BUILDING STRUCTURE
SECONDARY BEAM -‐STRETCHES OVER THE MAIN BEAM -‐TRANSMITTED TO THE LOAD OF THE MAIN BEAM -‐REDUCE A LENGTH THAT SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE OR CATCH HE LOAD OF STRUCTURE
EDGE BEAM -‐FUNCTION AS BUILDING BEAM TO STRETCHES BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL COLUMNS
*DESPITE STEEL BEING GENERALLY STRONGER THAN CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL STEEL IS RARELY EMPLOYED LOCALLY AS REINFORCED CONCRETE IS MORE ECONOMICAL CONSIDERING THE RELATIVELY HIGH COST OF STEEL. THE COMPOSITION OF STEEL REBAR IN BEAMS AND COLUMN ARE ABOUT 1% AND 6% RESPECTIVELY WITH COLUMNS BEARING BOTH TENSION AND AXIAL FORCES.
IN ORDER FOR STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY, THE REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS MUST BE LAPPED AS SUCH:
WHEN A CONTINUOUS BEAM SPANS OVER COLUMNS, TENSION IS AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM, SO REBAR IS NEEDED AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM OVER COLUMN SUPPORTS.
5.2 SLAB
CONCRETE SLAB IS ONE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF A BUILDING. IT IS USUALLY USED TO CONSTRUCT FLOORS AND CEILINGS, AND ALSO FOR EXTERIOR PAVING.
5.2.1 SLAB DETAILS
SLAB IS RELATIVELY THIN STRUCTURAL MEMBER COMPARED TO BEAM. IT SPANS HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN SUPPORTS AND RELY ENTIRELY ON THE EXISTING GROUND FOR SUPPORT. BEFORE THE GROUND FLOOR CAN BE CONSTRUCTED, THE GROUND MUST BE PREPARED TO ENSURE THE SLAB HAS CONSISTENT SUPPORT.
FUNCTION: -‐RECEIVE LOAD FROM THE BUILDING -‐REDUCE THE PRESSURE ON THE COLUMN AND STUMP -‐ACT AS THE MAIN BASE OF CONSTRUCTION -‐EASE THE JOB ON FLOOR FINISHES
DAMP-‐PROOF MEMBRANE -‐THICK POLYTHENE SHEET LAY UNDER THE FLOOR SLAB -‐TO ACT AS BARRIER IN RESISTING MOISTURE THROUGH THE STRUCTURE BY CAPILLARY ACTION
BINDING LAYER -‐TO EVEN OFF THE SURFACE OF HARDCORE -‐PREVENT THE DAMP-‐PROOF MEMBRANE FROM BEING PUNCTURED BY THE HARDCORE
HARDCORE -‐TO FILL IN ANY SMALL POCKETS THAT FORMED DURING OVER SITE EXCAVATION -‐TO PROVIDE A FIRM -‐TO HELP SPREAD ANY POINT LOADS OVER THE GREATER AREA -‐PREVENT ANY UNACCEPTABLE SETTLEMENT BENEATH THE SOLID FLOOR
LAYER OF COMPONENT AROUND SLAB
5.2.2 SLAB CONSTRCUTION PROCESS
SMOOTHING SURFACE AND REMOVE FORMWORK
SCRAPED AWAY UNSTABLE TOPSOIL
ASSEMBLE AND ERECT FORMWORK
PREPARE AND PLACE CRUSHED STONE LAYER AND WELDWIRE FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
POUR/VIBRATE CONCRETE
5.2.2 SLAB CONSTRCUTION DETAILS
AVERAGE 19MM-‐ DIAMETER CRUSH STONE (GRAVEL) ARE USED. THE THICKNESS OF GRAVEL AT LEAST NEED 100MM DEEP. GRAVEL ACT AS A DRAINAGE LAYER.
THE PURPOSE OF IRON GRID IS TO PREVENT CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE. EXAMPLE: CONCRETE SHRINKAGE, TEMPERATURE STRESS, CONCENTRATED LOAD. THE DIMENSION OF EACH SQUARE IS 15X15CM AND THE DIAMETER OF THE STRIPS IS 3.43MM
FOR THE GROUND SLAB, VAPOUR RETARDER (PLASTIC MEMBRANE) IS ADDED TO PREVENT THE MOISTURE FROM THE GROUND. FOR SOME CASE THEY USE FINE CRUSH STONE OR SAND TO REPLACE THE MEMBRANE.
PIPING SYSTEM MUST BE INSTALLED BEFORE THE LAYING DOWN OF SLAB TO ALLOCATE SPACE FOR WATER SUPPLY AND EXCREMENT DISPOSAL.
6.2.3 WINDOW OPERATION ON SITE
SLIDING WINDOW • USED IN TOILET • CONVINIENT FOT USER TO OPEN AND CLOSE WNDOW • USAGE OF DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS • CONSIST OF TWO SLIDING PANELS
CASEMENT WINDOW • USED IN LIVING ROOM, BEDROOM AND ETC. EXCEPT TOILET • CONVINIENT FOT USER TO OPEN AND CLOSE WNDOW • USAGE OF TINTED GLASS • ALLOWS NATURAL LIGHT IN AND ALSO GIVES PRIVACY
• CONSIST OF MULTIPLE OPERATING SASHES THAT ARE SIDE HINGED WHICH SWINGS OUTWARDS
FIXED WINDOW • USED IN LIVING ROOM AND BATHROOM • LOWER WINDOW FOR LIVING ROOM • HIGHER WINDOW FOR BATHROOM
• ZERO VENTILATION • USAGE OF TINTED GLASS AND DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS
6.2.4 WINDOW INSTALLATION
STEP 1 POSITIONING OF SUB-‐FRAME USING ALUMINIUM SHIN OR RIDE UP BLOCKS.
STEP 2 CHECK PLUMP BOB FOR SUB-‐FRAME ALIGNMENT.
STEP 3 TEMPORARY STIFFEN FRAME NEAR BOLTING POINTS USING TEMPORARY STIFFENER.
STEP 4 FIX SUB-‐FRAME TO WALL
STEP 5 SEAL ANCHOR HEADS AND JOINTS WITH WALL WITH PROTECTIVE TAPE. (BLACK COLOUR=PROTECTIVE TAPE)
STEP 6 PREPARE TO INSTALL MAIN FRAME USING MALLET.
7.0 ROOF
7.1 TYPE OF ROOF ON SITE
BUTTERFLY FLAT ROOF
• IT IS FOR LARGE/COMPLICATED SHAPED BUILDING • LOW PITCHED ROOF (14 DEGREES OR LESS) • SUITABLE FOR SPANS UP TO 4000MM • SPACING OF ROOF JOINTS IS CONTROLLED BY THE WIDTH OF DECKING MATERIAL/ CEILING BOARD
• TO FALL IN ONE DIRECTION TOWARDS A GUTTER/ OUTLET BY FIXING FITTINGS TO THE TOP OF THE JOINTS
ASPHALT FLAT ROOF
• CONSISTS OF AN AGGREGATE WITH A BITUMINOUS BINDER, WHICH IS CAST INTO BLOCKS READY FOR REHEATING ON SITE
• LAYING TO SLOPING SURFACE 15 DEGREE PITCH • SLOPING SURFACE REQUIRES 3 COATS, BUILD UP TO A 20MM TOTAL THICKNESS • CAN BE LAID TO FALLS SO THE RUN-‐OFF OF WATER IS RAPID AND EFFICIENT
7.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEP 1 THE ROOF TRUSSES, WHICH ARE MADE FROM METAL ARE FABRICATED IN A FACTORY AND IT IS THEN DELIVERED TO SITE FOR FIXING. THIS METHOD IS MUCH SIMPLER COMPARED TO THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF ROOFING, WHICH WAS DONE ENTIRELY ON SITE.
STEP 2 THE NEXT STEP IS THE INSTALLATION OF THE ROOF FRAME, WHICH FUNCTIONS TO PROVIDE STRUCTURE THAT SPANS THE WALLS OF THE BUILDING AND SUPPORTS THE ROOF COVERING. THE SLOPE ALLOWS RAINWATER TO RUN OFF AND DRAINED AWAY FROM THE DWELLING.
STEP 3 THE INSTALLATION OF THE ACOUSTIC INSULATION PANEL ON TOP OF THE ROOF FRAME. ITS PURPOSE IS TO PREVENT HEAT TO FLUX THROUGH THE ROOF, AND IT IS SET BELOW THE WATER PROOF MEMBRANE.
STEP 4 FINALLY COMES THE PROCESS OF FLASHING, WHICH IS BASICALLY THE INSTALLATION OF THE ASPHALT SHINGLES ON TOP OF THE INSULATION PANEL. IT CAN BE LAID TO FALLS SO THAT THE RUN-‐OFF FOR WATER IS SMOOTH AND EFFICIENT.
8.0 SUMMARY8.1 REFERENCES
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7.0 ROOF
ROOF IS DESIGN FOR KEEP OUT RAIN AND ALSO PREVENT WARMTH .
7.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ROOF IS BEING INSTALLED AFTER THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS BEING BUILT . TO BUILT A ROOF , THEY START BY MAKING TRUSSES . THEN THEY USES BRACE TO HOLD THE TRUSSES TO MAKE THEM STABLE AND MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF LATERAL LOADS .AFTER THAT INSULATION IS FIXED BETWEEN THE TRUSSES THEN COVER BY WATERPROOF MEMBRANE . LASTLY INSTALL THE METAL DECK.
7.2 DRAINAGE
IN THE SITE WE VISIT , THE HOUSE HAVE 2 ROOFS . SMALLER ROOF WILL LEAD THE WATER DIRECTLY TO THE GROUND INFRONT OF THE HOUSE , AND THE LARGER ROOF WILL GUIDE THE WATER INTO THE AREA IN 2ND FLOOR WHICH HAVE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
7.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS
STEP 4 THE ROOF IS COVERED BY METAL DECK , PIECE BY PIECE
STEP 3 INSULATION IS FIXED BETWEEN THE TRUSSES , AND ITS COVERED BY WATERPROOF MEMBRANE .
STEP 2 BRACE IT WITH STEEL BARS , THIS MAKES THE TRUSSES MORE STABLE AND CAN WITHSTAND MORE IMPACT .
STEP 1 STEP TO CONSTRUCT THE ROOF IS TO TRUSSES