bclme hake project: socio-economic exploratoration...
TRANSCRIPT
MPA Financing
U. Rashid Sumaila
Fisheries Economics Research Unit
The Global Fisheries Cluster
UBC Oceans and Fisheries
Vancouver, Canada
The 10X20 Initiative Conference on MPAs, March 7-9, 2016, Rome, Italy
Why invest in MPAs? • Food and nutritional security;
• Economic security;
• Social stability & security;
• Recreational values;
• Cultural and spiritual values;
• Regulation of earth’s climate;
• Ecosystem function and service.
L.Teh
D. Varkey
Why invest in MPAs: ~3.5%!
MPAs of the world: partially-protected MPAs (orange areas), no-take
marine reserves (green), and Paper tigers; blue). 17,600 more
average-sized MPAs to achieve the SDG target.
Why invest in MPAs: Economics
• Some examples:
– In Hawaii, a review of 6 marine managed areas showed that they generated cost-benefit ratios ranging from 3.8 to 41.5 (van Beukering & Cesar 2004);
– In Vanuatu: a mean return on investment of 1.8 was achieved for 5 MPAs only 5 years after the initial investment (Pascal 2011).
– Sala et al. (2012) demonstrate that economic benefits from establishing new MPAs can offset costs in as few as 5 years.
Why invest in MPAs: Uncertainty • MPAs as the ‘conservative’ part of our
ocean portfolio – serve as insurance against our mistakes in management (Clark 1996, Sumaila 1998).
Problem: Front-loaded cost and
back-loaded benefits
• Cost of establishment are realised in the short term while the benefits come later;
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50
Generations
Net
dis
counte
d b
enefits
as s
een b
y
each g
enera
tion
Status quo
Restoration
Adapted from Sumaila (2004)
Adequate funding needed
• Transition funding;
• Inadequate funding leads to lack of resources for enforcement and management, resulting in ‘paper parks’.
Financing sources
• Tourism:
– User fees: conservation and/or entry fees;
– Private management: private sector ( dive/resort operator) supports costs for managing MPA.
• Government budgetary allocations;
• International funding grants;
• Cost-sharing: co-management arrangements;
• Philanthropic and private contributions;
• Conservation trust funds;
• Fines (e.g., for illegal fishing).
Cost effectiveness of MPAs
• A cost effective MPA is one that achieves a given level of protection at the lowest cost among all the possible ways of providing protection.
• Why is cost effectiveness important?
– Helps ensure the long term sustainability of implemented MPAs;
– Makes available to society the highest level of for the available funding;
– Increases stakeholder confidence in MPAs, perhaps increasing their willingness to support/fund conservation activities.
Ways to improve MPA cost
effectiveness
• Costing the different ways of implementing
MPAs to determine the least cost approach;
• Involving stakeholders;
• Use of modern technology;
• Invoking social and cultural sanctions;
• Integrated, regional use of existing funding.
Collect data from 8 MPA sites
(CI-supported work)
MPA budget allocation
• Planning;
• Research;
• Implementation;
• Enforcement;
• Alternative livelihoods;
• Public education;
• Others.
• As a percentage
of the total
budget: – 42% goes to
administration and
overhead,
– 22% goes to
research &
monitoring;
– 21% goes to
enforcement.
Recommendations for action
• Assess financing baselines, needs and gaps, and
the full range of potential financing sources;
• Identify opportunities for improving cost-
effectiveness in national MPA expenditure;
• Develop strategies and policies to bridge the MPA
finance gap;
• Convene broad dialogue among governmental,
private and civil society actors on the arguments for
the integration of conservation and sustainable use
principles into various sectors via the
implementation of MPAs.
Recommendations for action
• Countries should integrate into training,
education and capacity building programmes,
awareness of the economic rationale for
implementing MPAs, and their role in achieving
sustainable development.
Thanks for your attention
Thanks for your attention