Module IV: Leadership and Management

Dr. Ashok KumarProfessor and Head (HR & OB Area)

Amity Business SchoolLucknow

Module IV: Content

• What is leadership; Importance of Leadership; • Difference between Leadership and

Management• Introduction to:• Servant and Spiritual leadership• Authentic and Ethical Leadership;• Charismatic and transformational Leadership

“Leadership is not about how good I am, but it is about how good are people because of me”

What is Leadership?

Leadership is the ability to influence individuals or groups to think, feel and take willingly and enthusiastically action to achieve goals.

Leadership

• The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

Three Basic Styles of Leadership

• Democratic• Autocratic• Laissez faire

Factors Affecting Style

• Personality and characteristics of leaders• Types of followers• Situation in hand

Cross-Cultural Models of Leadership

• The Charismatic Model• Technical Model• Political Process Model• Democratic Centralism Model

Difference Between Leadership and Management

Kotter: Management and Leadership

Management – Reduces uncertainty– Stabilizes organizations

Leadership– Creates uncertainty– Creates change

Kotter: Management and Leadership

Management Characteristics– Planning and budgeting– Organizing and staffing– Controlling and problem solving

Leadership Characteristics– Setting a direction for the organization– Using communication to align people with that

direction– Motivating people to action through

empowerment and basic need gratification

Leaders and ManagersPersonality Dimension

Manager Leader

Attitudes toward goals

Impersonal, passive, functional; goals arise out of necessity and reality

Personal, active; goals arise from desire and imagination

Conceptions of work

Combines people, ideas, things; seeks moderate risk, enables process

Looks for fresh approaches to old problems; seeks high-risk with high payoffs

Relationships with others

Prefers to work with others; avoids close and intense relationships, avoids conflicts

Comfortable in solitary work; encourages close, intense relationships; not averse to conflict

Sense of self Born once; accepts life as it is; unquestioning

Born twice; struggles for sense of order, questions life

Leadership: The Paradigm Shift

Manager Leader Boss Coach and MentorControl EmpowermentShort term Focus Long term FocusForced change EntrepreneurismRules Shared ValuesPosition Power Relationship PowerDepartments TeamsBlaming Collaborating

                     

              

Leading and Managing

• Management is a career, leading is a calling • You manage things, while you lead people• Management is about arms and hands,

leadership is about heads and hearts• Management is about the present, leadership

is about the future

Servant and Spiritual Leadership

Servant- Leader: The Concept

• Robert K. Greenleaf first coined the phrase "servant leadership" in his 1970 essay, "The Servant as a Leader."

• However, it's an approach that people have used for centuries.

• As a servant leader, you're a "servant first" – you focus on the needs of others, especially team members, before you consider your own

Servant Leadership• A servant-leader focuses primarily on the

growth and well-being of people and the communities to which they belong.

• While traditional leadership generally involves the accumulation and exercise of power by one at the “top of the pyramid,” servant leadership is different.

• The servant-leader shares power, puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible

Servant-Leadership- A Philosphy

• Servant leadership is not a leadership style or technique as such. Rather it's a way of behaving that you adopt over the longer term. It complements democratic leadership styles, and it has similarities with Transformational Leadership – which is often the most effective style to use in business situations – and Level 5 Leadership – which is where leaders demonstrate humility in the way they work

Five Ways for Servant-Leadership

1. Every person has value and deserves civility, trust, and respect2. People can accomplish much when inspired by a purpose beyond themselvesAccording to Edmonds, the five practices of servant leaders include the following...i. Clarify and reinforce the need for service to othersServant leaders educate the members of their team through their words and actions, and they encourage their people to set aside self-serving behaviours in favour of serving others.

Five Ways for Servant-Leadership (Contd.)

ii. Listen intently and observe closelyServant leaders really listen to their people, and they actively solicit their participation, their ideas, and their feedback. In time, they get to know the worldview of each one of their employees, and they tailor their leadership approach accordingly.iii. Act as selfless mentorsServant leaders know that by helping to guide the people who work for them, they will help their employees learn vital skills that will both improve their performance, and improve them as people.

Five Ways for Servant-Leadership (Contd.)iv. Demonstrate persistenceServant leaders realize that one or two conversations may not have the desired change in an employee's assumptions or mind-set. So they are tenacious and invest whatever time it takes to educate and inspire servant leadership practices in the members of their team.v. Lovingly hold themselves and others accountable for their commitmentsServant leaders know that no one is perfect, and everyone makes mistakes--including themselves. With that in mind, they push for high standards of performance, service quality, and alignment of values throughout the team, and they hold themselves and their people accountable for their performance.

What is Spiritual Leadership?

• There are several definitions for spiritual leader, and the term brings to mind different things to different people.

• Some think of a spiritual leader as a sort of guru. Others think of him/her as a life coach, one who can guide others through the problems and trials of life.

• The Bible describes a spiritual leader as one who possesses the spiritual gift of leadership, the ability to lead others as a direct result of the gifting received from, and performed by the power of, the Holy Spirit.

Spiritual Leadership in Business

• leaders can obtain happiness, respect, peace of mind and success, while at the same time serving the needs of all those affected by their leadership when they lead from a spiritual basis.

• It also indicates that spirituality can serve as the foundation for leadership that considers ethics, social responsibility and concern for the environment not just as instruments to protect corporate reputation and income generation but as fundamental principles and values in their own right.

Spiritual Leadership and Business

• One of the greatest challenges facing leaders today is the need to develop new business models that accentuate authentic and ethical leadership, employee well-being, and social responsibility without sacrificing profitability and revenue growth.

• In effect, experimenting with and adopting sustainable business strategies that emphasize the triple bottom line or “People, Planet, and Profit.”

Six Ways of Spiritual Leaders• They lead others into their own encounters

with Supreme Power• They lead others to discover their own

purpose and identity• They lead others into transformation—not

just production• They impact their surroundings• They help people see old things in new ways• They gain a following because of who they are

—not because of a position they hold

Authentic and Ethical Leadership

Authentic Leadership

Who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and believes openly and candidly

FAIRNESS

Fairness means treating people equitably, without bias or partiality. It means actively working to set aside self interest or group loyalty when rendering a judgment. In day to day life, fairness manifests itself in simple ways such as taking turns, listening intently, sharing, and not taking advantage of others based on their weaknesses.

What is Ethics?

• Understanding of what is good and right• The discipline that examines one’s moral standards

or the moral standards of a profession or a society• Ethike• Ethics could be: - Personal ethics - Professional ethics - Society ethics

What are Moral Standards?

• The norms about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right and wrong as well as the values placed on the kinds of objects believed to be morally good and morally bad

Five Characteristics of Moral Standards

1. Involved with serious injuries or benefits2. Not established by law or legislature3. Should be preferred to other values including

self interest4. Based on impartial considerations5. Associated with special emotions and

vocabulary

Authentic Leadership: Trust and Ethics

• Socially constructive way to serve others- ETHICS

• The expectation that leader will not act opportunistically- TRUST

• TRUST has to be mutual. Leaders have to trust followers before expecting trust of followers

• TRUST is a risk game

Types of Trust

• Deterrence based• Knowledge based• Identification based

The Effective Leadership

The acid test of effective leadership is the extent to which people in the organization trust their leaders

Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Charismatic Leadership

Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary abilities in the behavior of their leaders

Charismatic Leadership• Charismatic Leadership – the use, by a

leader, of vision, personal risk, sensitivity & unconventional behavior in order to have profound & extraordinary effects on followers

• Charisma – means gift in Greek• Potential for high achievement and

performance• Potential for destructive and harmful

actions

Characteristics of Charismatic Leadership

• Vision and articulation• Personal risk• Sensitivity to follower needs• Unconventional behavior

TRANSACTIONAL Vs TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

• TRANSACTIONAL LEADERS Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in

the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

• TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSLeaders who provide individualised consideration and intellectual stimulation, and who possess charisma.

As a transformational leader, I inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance.

Transformational Leadership

As a transactional leader, I use formal rewards and punishments.

Key Element of Transformational Leadership: VISION

• Create a strategic vision• Communicate the vision• Model the vision• Build commitment to vision

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADER

• Contingent Reward : Contracts exchange of rewards for efforts, promises rewards for good performance, recognises accomplishments.

• Management by Exception(active) : Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action.

• Management by Exception(passive) : Intervenes only if standards are not met.

• Laissez-Faire : Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANFORMATIONAL LEADER

• Charisma : Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust.

• Inspiration : Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways.

• Intellectual Stimulation : Promotes intelligence, rationality and careful problem solving.

• Individualised Consideration : Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.

The Dual Role of Leadership

• Charismatic (Transformational) -Envisioning -Empowering -Energizing

• Architectural ( Transactional) -Designing -Controlling -Rewarding