bay of plenty sediment characteristics: aquaculture management … · 2011-01-13 · asr marine...

ASR Marine Consulting and Research

Bay of Plenty Sediment Characteristics:

Aquaculture Management Areas

-4-202468101214160

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5Site - D90

Percent of Total Volume

D50MeanModeD90ShellTOCMudSortingSkew nessKurtosis

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9.8 µm10.2 µm10.5 µm57.0 µm0.73 %5.52 %91.0 %2.0-0.22.8

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Sediment Grain Size(µm)

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Environment Bay of Plenty

Marine Consulting and Research

coastal marine group


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Bay of Plenty Sediment Characteristics :


Report Status

Version Date Status Approved By:

V.1 April 2005 Draft K.Black V.2 June 2005 Final K.Black

It is the responsibility of the reader to verify the currency of the version number of this report. All subsequent releases will be made directly to the Client.

The information, including the intellectual property, contained in this report is confidential and proprietary to ASR Limited. It may be used by the persons to whom it is provided for the stated purpose for which it is provided, and must not be imparted to any third person without the prior written approval of ASR. ASR Limited reserves all legal rights and remedies in relation to any infringement of its rights in respect of its confidential information.

© ASR Limited 2005

Acknowledgements This work was conducted for Environment Bay of Plenty. EBOP staff participated in the collection of data and were closely involved with the project design and execution. We particularly thank the EBOP Project Leader Stephen Park for his very helpful involvement and Shane Iremonger for his assistance with provision of data and field work. Others closely involved were Paul Dell, Aileen Lawrie and Sam Stephens. The co-operation of the University of Waikato Coastal Marine Group is also warmly acknowledged.


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Bay of Plenty Sediment Characteristics :


Sediment Grab Samples, Analysis and Determination of Grain Size Distributions of the Bay of Plenty Sub-Tidal Area (10-100 m depth).

Peter Longdill1, 2 Kerry Black1 Terry Healy2 Shaw Mead1

Brett Beamsley1

1 ASR LTD, Marine Consulting and Research, 1 Wainui Rd, Raglan, New Zealand +64 7 8250380. 2 Coastal Marine Group, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Report prepared for Bay of Plenty Regional Council


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Numerous sediment samples were obtained from the seabed in depths ranging from 10 m to 100 m depth within the eastern Bay of Plenty in December 2004. This sub-programme formed part of the larger ASR Ltd study being undertaken for Environment Bay of Plenty with the goals to:

• Be informed about offshore oceanographic and ecological systems when choosing open coast AMA sites, for a sustainable environment, kaimoana and aquaculture industry in the Bay of Plenty

• Do background monitoring to complement the monitoring required under coastal permits for the proposed farm(s)

• Involve local iwi in determining effects on kaimoana, aquaculture planning and training

• Involve graduate university students who will be better trained for the expected future growth of the industry

To classify and analyse the sediments of the eastern Bay of Plenty, over 120 sediment samples (Figure 2) were obtained using a specially designed grab sampler. In addition, video camera images were obtained to qualitatively assess the seafloor habitat and environment. Samples were analysed for organic content, shell content, and grain size distribution using either a laser-sizer (111 samples) or mechanical sieving (9 samples). These data represent a significant advancement in the knowledge of the benthic environment of the eastern Bay of Plenty relative to the limited and sparse prior data set of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (1979). Coarser sediments dominate the inshore areas of the study region, reflecting the wave energies reaching the seabed. Eastwards of Whakatane, offshore (60 m - 100 m) sediments are dominated by silt-sized fractions typical of 'quiet water depositional environments'. Immediately offshore from Whakatane, however sediments are coarse relative to those at similar depths to the east and west. This trend peaks at between 90 m and 100m depths where the sediments off Whakatane are much coarser than others at similar depths within the study area. This area is adjacent to the White Island Canyon, which may accelerate shore-normal flows as they move down-slope. Further research utilising 3D models of water movements will provide further insights to this pattern.

Sediments between 40 and 100 m to the west of Whakatane exhibit two strong peaks in their size distribution, one of sandy-sized material and another of silt-sized material. This pattern is predicted to

be a result of the transport of silt-sized material from the more eastern areas of the Bay of Plenty.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................4 TABLE OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................6 1. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................7 2. METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................................7

2.1. Data collection.............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Sediment Grab Samples ............................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1. Sample Procedure and Handling ........................................................................................... 9 2.3. Sediment Analysis Methods ....................................................................................................... 10

2.3.2. Laser Sizer Methods............................................................................................................ 11 2.3.3. Sieving Methods.................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.4. Total Organic Content ......................................................................................................... 13 2.3.5. Carbonate Content ............................................................................................................... 14

2.4. Data Analysis Methods .............................................................................................................. 15 3. RESULTS...........................................................................................................................................15 4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................16

4.1. Mean Grain sizes ........................................................................................................................ 16 4.2. Sediment Sorting / Skewness .................................................................................................... 17 4.3. Inferred Sediment Transport Directions..................................................................................... 17

4.3.6. Ohiwa / Torere..................................................................................................................... 17 4.3.7. Westwards From Matata ..................................................................................................... 17

4.4. Sediment Mud Content............................................................................................................... 19 4.5. Organic Content and Carbonate Content.................................................................................... 19

5. SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................19 6. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................20 APPENDIX 1 – GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES .................................................................35 APPENDIX 2 – GRAIN SIZE STATISTICS........................................................................................55


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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Locality map of the Bay of Plenty seabed survey area showing the positions of transects out to the 100 m contour. The red-shaded area to the east of the map denotes the area covered by a previous drop-camera survey of Cape Runaway, while the orange-shaded areas denote proposed mussel farms. ........... 7

Figure 2 - Location of sediment grab samples.................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3 - Shipek grab sampler. An identical sampler was used during the seabed survey in 2004............................. 8 Figure 4 - Flow chart of sediment grain size analysis. Due to the variety of sediments collected two main

analysis methods were required - laser sizing and sieving......................................................................... 11 Figure 5 - Sediment characteristics from New Zealand Oceanographic Institute chart (1979). ................................... 21 Figure 6 - Mean sediment grain size from survey data (2004)....................................................................................... 22 Figure 7 - D50 grain size, from survey data (2004). Inferred directions of sediment transport (black arrows) from

bi-modal distribution curves, D50 and sediment sorting............................................................................ 23 Figure 8 - Modal grain size within sediments from survey data (2004). ....................................................................... 24 Figure 9 - D90 grain size within sediments, from survey data (2004)........................................................................... 25 Figure 10 - Percentage of mud within sediments (fraction finer than 63 microns), from survey data (2004).............. 26 Figure 11 - Sediment sorting based on moment methods, from survey data (2004). .................................................... 27 Figure 12 - Sediment skewness based on moment methods, from survey data (2004). Inferred sediment transport

directions (black arrows) from McLaren and Bowles (1985). ................................................................... 28 Figure 13 – Sediment bimodal strength, defined as size difference (Φ) between local maxima in grain size

distribution. Only peaks greater than 1% of total volume considered. Unimodal sediments have a value of 0. Sieved data has been disregarded, laser sizer analysed distributions only. ............................ 29

Figure 14 - Sediment total organic content, determined by loss on ignition at 500oC. ................................................. 30 Figure 15 - Sediment shell content (percent dry weight), determined by acid digestion. ............................................. 31 Figure 16 - Sediment total organic content (% dry weight) and depth within the Bay of Plenty. ................................ 32 Figure 17 - Sediment carbonate content (% dry weight) and depth in the Bay of Plenty. ............................................ 32 Figure 18 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment total organic content (% dry weight). .......................................... 33 Figure 19 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment carbonate content (% dry weight)................................................ 33 Figure 20 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment sorting. Characteristics of depositional environments from

Stewart (1958) and Tucker (1988). Sorting values < 0.5 defined as well sorted, between 0.5 and 1 moderately sorted, and > 1 poorly sorted. .................................................................................................. 34

Figure 21 – Burrowing organisms (Annelids, Decapods, Arthropods, Isopods, Bivlavles etc.) identified from the sediment grab samples. Values are semi-quantitative as some grabs (generally in hard packed sediments) did not obtain a full sample. ..................................................................................................... 34

Appendix 1, Figure 1 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect A. ......................................................................... 35 Appendix 1, Figure 2 - Grain size distribution curves for Transect B. .......................................................................... 36 Appendix 1, Figure 3 - Grain size distribution curves for Transect B cont. .................................................................. 37 Appendix 1, Figure 4 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect C. ......................................................................... 38 Appendix 1, Figure 5 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect D. ......................................................................... 39 Appendix 1, Figure 6 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect E........................................................................... 40 Appendix 1, Figure 7 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect F........................................................................... 41 Appendix 1, Figure 8 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect F cont................................................................... 42 Appendix 1, Figure 9 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect G. ......................................................................... 43 Appendix 1, Figure 10 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect G cont. ............................................................... 44 Appendix 1, Figure 11 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect H. ....................................................................... 45 Appendix 1, Figure 12 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect H cont. ............................................................... 46 Appendix 1, Figure 13 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect I.......................................................................... 47 Appendix 1, Figure 14 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect I cont.................................................................. 48 Appendix 1, Figure 15 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect J. ........................................................................ 49 Appendix 1, Figure 16 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect J cont. ................................................................ 50 Appendix 1, Figure 17 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect K. ....................................................................... 51 Appendix 1, Figure 18 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect L......................................................................... 52 Appendix 1, Figure 19 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect M. ...................................................................... 53 Appendix 1, Figure 20 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect M cont. .............................................................. 54


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1. BACKGROUND

This project is part of the on-going aquaculture management area (AMA) programme for the Bay of Plenty (‘Choosing open coast AMA’s to sustain the environment, kaimoana and aquaculture industry’). A field programme has measured physical and chemical properties throughout the area – this report presents the results of the physical aspects of the seabed survey of the 13 transects shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Locality map of the Bay of Plenty seabed survey area showing the positions of transects out to the 100 m contour. The red-shaded area to the east of the map denotes the area covered by a previous drop-camera survey of Cape Runaway, while the orange-shaded areas denote proposed mussel farms.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. DATA COLLECTION

Analysis of sediment samples obtained using a specially-designed grab sampler along pre-determined sub-tidal transects provides information on the physical character of the seabed within the Bay of Plenty. Data were collected during two field exercises. An initial effort (transects A and B) was undertaken on board the University of Waikato vessel Tai Rangahau. These transects were sampled on 8/9/04 and 9/9/04 respectively. A secondary effort was made on board the MV Macy Gray between 6/12/04 and


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9/12/04 working 24 hour days. These data provide valuable information on the benthic environment of the Bay of Plenty. Sediment grab samples were conducted at every 10 m depth interval between 10 and 100 m on 13 selected transects within the Bay of Plenty (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Location of sediment grab samples.

2.2. SEDIMENT GRAB SAMPLES

A 'SHIPEK' grab sampler (Figure 2) was lowered to the seabed where a sample of the sediment was obtained. The Shipek grab sampler is designed for use in unconsolidated sediments from soft ooze to hard-packed silts. It brings up virtually un-disturbed, unwashed samples to the surface from any depth. Its specialty is sampling benthic organisms living at or immediately below the water/bottom interface and sediment containing a significant population of non-sessile forms. Specifications are listed in Table 1.

Figure 3 - Shipek grab sampler. An identical sampler was used during the seabed survey in 2004.


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Table 1 - Shipek grab sampler specifications. Metal parts 316 stainless steel

Size 472 x 638 x 442 mm Weight 60 kg

Volume 3000 mL Sample area 1/25 (.04) square meter

Bite depth 102 mm (4”) Scoop top area 198 x 198 mm

The sampler worked well in areas of soft sediments. Difficulty was experienced, however, on relatively hard packed, sandy sediments. Up to four 'drops' were required in some of these areas to retrieve only a small quantity of sediment. The sampler was not used where video camera imagery indicated a hard substrate.

2.2.1. SAMPLE PROCEDURE AND HANDLING

The following methods were adopted with the sediment retrieved by the grab sampler. 1) A sub-sample of sediment, removed using a large spatula, was placed in a labelled zip-lock plastic

bag for grain size, shell content and organic content analysis. Once ashore these samples were refrigerated prior to analysis.

2) The remaining sediment from the grab sampler was sieved through a 1 mm sieve. The volumes of

sediment varied depending on the substrate (mud = full 3 L, hard packed sand ~500 mL). All organisms retained on the sieve were placed in a labelled sample jar and preserved in 4% buffered formalin in seawater. Organisms were later classified to lowest possible level at Leigh Marine Laboratory and representative organisms were preserved and catalogued for future reference. Reporting and analyses of these data are contained in an adjoining report titled "Bay of Plenty Biological Survey: Aquaculture Management Areas"


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2.3. SEDIMENT ANALYSIS METHODS

The sediment grain sizes varied considerably. Consequently, no single method was suitable for their analyses and so the strategy presented in Figure 4 was determined. Two main grain size analysis methods were adopted: a Malvern™ laser sizer (111 samples) and mechanical dry sieving (9 samples). The specifics of each method are detailed below. The use of two different methods to obtain grain size information is not optimal but due to the limitations of the equipment available it was unavoidable. The need for two methods arises because of the restriction of the laser sizer to particle sizes of less than 1 mm (300 RF lens) or 2 mm (300 RF extended range lens), resulting in the use of the less favourable mechanical sieving for samples with particles larger than 2 mm. These limitations are viewed as acceptable due to the restricted number of samples subject to the sieving analysis (7.5%). The calculations of relevant statistics (e.g. D50, mean and mode) are still comparable as the magnitudes of the values in the sieved populations are much larger than the errors resulting from the differing methods but direct comparisons between the population distributions obtained by the laser and sieves should be made with caution. Sediments were initially treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove any organic material present (Day, 1965; Dane and Topp, 2002; Poppe et al., 2000). The samples were stirred and left overnight. A sub-sample was then analysed either in the laser sizer or through sieving to determine the grain size distribution. At no stage during the treatments were the samples (to be analysed in the laser sizer) allowed to dry out, avoiding the potential aggregation of clay-sized particles. Samples to be sieved were oven dried prior to analysis, however as these were only the coarsest samples, any clay fraction would be a minimal proportion of the total. This was in fact confirmed in the subsequent analyses.


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Figure 4 - Flow chart of sediment grain size analysis. Due to the variety of sediments collected two main analysis methods were required - laser sizing and sieving.

2.3.2. LASER SIZER METHODS

A Malvern Mastersizer-S was using a 300RF lens was employed to determine the grain size distribution of selected sediment samples. The 300RF allows the determinations of grain size fractions between 1000 and 0.05 µm (Malvern, 1985). The size calculations used by the lasersizer convert the particles to 'equivalent spheres', and are volume based (Rawle, 1995). The volume based distribution is equal to the weight based distribution (e.g. sieving) only if the density of the particles is constant. Enough sample was transferred to the presentation unit using an eye dropper to ensure an obscuration value of between 10% and 20%. The sample was ensonified (Malvern ultrasonics 80%) for a minimum of 2 minutes prior to analysis to break up any clay aggregations that may have been present.


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2.3.3. SIEVING METHODS

The nine samples to be sieved were dried overnight in a convection oven at 90oC prior to analysis. The large grain sizes and lack of clay particles prevented any agglomerations of grains during drying. The size distribution determined by sieving is weight based in contrast to the volume based methods of the laser sizer. Other key differences include the laser sizer reporting the 'equivalent sphere' diameter (Rawle, 1995) as the output size for each grain, and the sieve returning a minimum dimension of a particle as the output size (Sahu, 1965; Kennedy et al., 1985). The sieved distributions will be systematically finer than those analysed with the laser sizer. The dried sediment (~ 40 g) was then sieved through several banks of 200 mm diameter Endecotts™ certified sieves conforming to ISO 3310. The sieve banks were arranged in 0.25 Φ intervals (from -3.25 Φ [9.52 mm] to 4.5 Φ [0.044 mm]) and mechanically shaken with an Endecotts™ Octagon 2000 digital shaker for a period of ten minutes for each bank of sieves. The portion retained on each sieve was weighed with a 'Sartorius Analytic AC210S' electronic scale, accurate to 0.001 g.


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2.3.4. TOTAL ORGANIC CONTENT

The total organic content of the sediment was determined by Loss On Ignition (LOI) methods (Konrad et al., 1970; Dean, 1974; Heiri et al., 2001). LOI at 500oC - 550oC has been shown to have a strong correlation with the amount of organic carbon determined chromatographically in sedmients (Dean, 1974). The method used is similar to that described by Dean (1974), Heiri et al. (2001) and Ballinger (2003): 1) A ceramic or nickel crucible is cleaned, dried in an oven and left to cool in a desiccator, 2) the crucible is weighed and the weight recorded, 3) the sample (~8-10 g) is placed in the crucible and dried in an oven at 105oC overnight, 4) the crucible (and sample) is removed from the oven and allowed to dry in a dessicator, 5) the crucible (and sample) is weighed and the weight recorded, 6) the crucible (and sample) is placed in a furnace at 500oC for a period not less than 4 hours, 7) the crucible (and sample) is removed from the furnace and allowed to dry in a dessicator, 8) the crucible (and sample) is weighed and the weight recorded. The difference between the post combustion (500oC) and pre-combustion dry weights is the amount of organic carbon ignited

(%) 105 500organic

105

DW DWLOI 100DW

−= ×

where LOIorganic is the Loss on Ignition at 500oC (as a percentage), DW105 represents the dry weight of the sample before combustion and DW500 is the dry weight of the sample after combustion. All crucibles and samples were weighed on a set of 'Sartorius™ Analytic AC2105' electronic scales accurate to 0.001g. This technique has been assessed to have a likely maximum error of 2% provided sample volumes, temperatures and exposure times are constant between the samples (Heiri et al., 2001).


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2.3.5. CARBONATE CONTENT

The carbonate content of the sediment samples was determined by acid digestion (Morrissey et al., 1998; Briere et al., 1999; Poppe et al., 2000). Whilst LOI at 950oC can also be used to determine carbonate content (Dean, 1974; Heiri, 2001), the limitations of the available furnace prevented the application of this method. The method used followed that of Morrissey et al. (1998), Briere et al. (1999) and Poppe et al. (2000) which is: 1) Wash containers, dry in a dessicator and weigh, 2) place a subsample of the sediment (~5 g) in the container and oven dry at 105oC overnight, 3) remove sediment from the oven and allow to cool to room temperature in a dessicator, 4) weigh the dry sediment, 5) manually remove any large shell material with tweezers, 6) cover sample with 25% acetic acid (pers. comm. P.Cooke) until no further effervescence occurs, 7) dry sediment in oven at 105oC overnight, 8) remove sediment from oven and allow to cool to room temperature in a dessicator, 9) weigh the dry sediment. The difference between the sediment dry weight post-acid digestion and the dry weight prior to acidification represents the amount of shell material.

(%) initial post digestion3

initial

DW DWCaCO 100

DW−

= ×

where CaCO3 is the percentage of carbonate in the sample, DWintial is the initial dry weight of the sediment and DWpost digestion is the weight of the sediment after acid digestion.


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2.4. DATA ANALYSIS METHODS

The data were gridded in New Zealand Map Grid co-ordinates using Golden Software's SURFER™ (v7.0) program. A krigging algorithm was used to determine the value of the various parameters over a grid with resolution of 2000 m (x direction [east]) and 1000m (y direction [north]). Areas of rocky reef or boulder reef have no meaningful value in terms of their sedimentary characteristics. In these areas there were either no sediments to sample or the spacing of the boulders interspersed with sediments was such that the grab sampler could not obtain a representative sample. These areas have been blanked from the sediment plots created. The boundaries of these areas have been interpreted by EBOP, while this represents the best data available for this at the time, the areas should not be taken as definitive boundaries. Forthcoming work utilising a multi-beam sonar and side-scan sonar systems will provide information leading to a reliable delineation of the boundaries of these areas. The moment based mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis was determined using a specifically written MATLAB™ script (Appendix 2). Additionally, calculations were made to determine the D50, D90, and percent of gravel, sand, silt and clay-sized material (Appendix 2). Where the value of one of these parameters did not coincide with the mid-point of the class interval a linear interpolation calculation was undertaken between the two bounding values to determine the reported statistic.

3. RESULTS

Results are presented in graphical form based on the surface interpolated for the various parameters. Grain size distribution curves may be found in Appendix 1, and summarised tabulated statistics of the distributions is contained in Appendix 2. Additionally, grain size distribution curves for each sample can be viewed using the interactive 'clickable' map contained within the CD enclosed in the back cover of this report. Raw data of the distributions and statistics is also provided on the CD.


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4. DISCUSSION

The data collected in the Bay of Plenty sub-tidal survey provide valuable baseline information on the sediment grain size characteristics of the Bay of Plenty region. The data set is a vast improvement on the limited amount of information provided in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute chart (NZOI, 1979) both in terms of resolution and information obtained.

Grab samples of sediment within the Bay of Plenty sub-tidal area (119 sites, 13 transects, 10-100 m depth) were analysed for both physical characteristics (mean size, D50 size, sorting, %gravel, %sand, etc.) and also total organic content and carbonate (shell content). Grain size analysis was conducted with either a laser sizer or mechanical sieving; organic content and carbonate content were determined using standard methods.

4.1. MEAN GRAIN SIZES

The mean and D50 grain size distributions show similar large scale trends to the sediment distributions detailed in a New Zealand Oceanographic Institute chart (NZOI, 1979) based on a much sparser dataset (Figure 5). The new data has more detail, however, providing grain size distributions and other data for each point sampled. Rocky reef areas exist nearshore (~15-40 m) off Pukehina (Transects A and B), surrounding Rurima, Muotoki, and Tokata Islands (Transect D), and nearshore off Omaio (Transect K) and Waikawa (Transect L) (Figure 6). The reef areas range from boulders interspersed with coarse sediment to exclusively hard substrate, the variations in these areas is best demonstrated in the habitats map within the report titled "Bay of Plenty Biological Survey: Aquaculture Management Areas" The mean (and D50) grain size is a function of both the size of available materials and the amount of energy reaching the seafloor. In general, coarser-grained sediments dominate inshore areas and finer sediments are more dominant offshore (~80-100 m) (Figures 6 and 7). Sediments in the Bay of Plenty may be broadly grouped based on their D50 grain size, sorting and depth. Nearshore (<30 m depth) sediments fit typical characteristics of wave-dominated environments (well sorted, 2Φ<D50<3.5Φ), whilst those offshore fit typical characteristics of 'quiet water environments' (poorly sorted, 3.0Φ<D50 (Figure 20). An area of relatively coarse-grained sediments does, however, exist offshore (~80-100 m) from Whakatane, on transects F and G (Figures 7 and 8). This is contrary to other locations in the Bay of Plenty at these depths. The entire (20 m to 100 m) Whakatane transect (F) is made up of coarser mean grain sizes than its surrounding areas (Figure 6). This can not be attributed to reduced riverine inputs surrounding the transect. The presence of this 'coarse' region indicates either a supply of coarse material or relatively enhanced velocities preventing the accretion of finer sediments. The transect is immediately shoreward of the White Island Canyon (Figure 2). The canyon may act to accelerate shore-normal density driven gravity flows as they flow down-slope into the canyon. These flows have been observed in other areas adjacent similar canyons such as the California Shelf and Kaikoura (Lewis and Barnes, 1999). More precise patterns of currents in this region are to be determined in subsequent work utilising numerical models.


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Nearer East Cape, fine-grained sediments extend closer to the shoreline (Transects K and L). The width of the continental shelf in this region is much narrower than the rest of the Bay of Plenty. The changes in sedimentary characteristics (sorting, skewness, etc.) with depth are similar to other areas, although they are condensed into a reduced physical distance (Figures 6, 7 and 8). Rocky reef areas exist immediately adjacent the shoreline in these areas in place of the sandy, well sorted nearshore sediments found elsewhere in the study area.

4.2. SEDIMENT SORTING / SKEWNESS

Sediment sorting (the standard deviation of the grain size distribution) is dependent on four major factors

i. the size range of material supplied, ii. the type of deposition, iii. the current characteristics (e.g. degree of turbulence), iv. the rate of sediment supply c.f. the efficiency of the sorting process.

The sorting statistics for the Bay of Plenty data are typically well sorted close to the shoreline and poorly sorted further offshore (Figure 11). Wave action near the shore is efficient at sorting sediment grains, hence areas actively under the influence exhibit a higher degree of sorting relative to those sediments offshore without such a transport mechanism to sort grains (Figure 20).

4.3. INFERRED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DIRECTIONS

4.3.6. OHIWA / TORERE

McLaren and Bowles (1985) note that, in general, sediment becomes more coarsely (negatively) skewed (and finer grained) along its transport path, while the lag becomes more finely (positively) skewed and relatively coarser. Sediments in the region from Ohiwa Harbour to Torere (Transects G, H and I) consist of progressively finer mean grain sizes and become more negatively skewed offshore, indicative of potential transport in the offshore direction (Figures 5, 6 and 12).

4.3.7. WESTWARDS FROM MATATA

Sediment sorting in the offshore (60 – 100 m) areas westwards of Matata (Transects A, B, C and D), is poorer than other areas at these depths in the study area (this is also observed to a limited extent off Whakatane at Transect F) (Figure 11). Closer inspection of the distribution curves at these sites reveals strong bimodal distributions, indicative of the presence of two different grain size populations (Figure 13 and Appendix 1). In general, the strength of the 'secondary' (finer, silt-sized) mode


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increases offshore from ~ 40 m to reach a peak at ~ 60-70 m, it then decreases with further distance offshore (Appendix 1). The secondary mode is more prominent in the Eastward most transects (D, E and F). Grain size distributions in similar depths to the east are dominated by unimodal (silt-sized) distributions (Figure 13 and Appendix 1) and are better sorted (Figure 11). Bimodality may occur if fine grained sediments are deposited immediately above coarser sediments. The finer grains may infiltrate the coarser ones by settling downward through the large pore spaces among the coarser grains. For this process to be effective, the diameter of the smaller grains must be less than about one-tenth the diameter of the larger (Blatt, 1982), which is the case for the bimodal distributions measured. These grain size distributions may also be created if the sediment profile is made up of two well sorted laminae, and burrowing organisms are able to disturb the sediment and effectively mix the two distinct sediment types. Burrowing organisms capable of mixing sediments are in no denser concentrations where the bimodal distributions occur than at other sites in the study area (Figure 21). There is no pattern to the spatial variation of burrowing organisms over the areas where the bimodal distributions occur. Determination of the existence or otherwise of these laminae can only be made with the aid of sedimentary cores. An alternative explanation is the transport of finer sediments to overlay coarser sediments. Potential transport conditions leading to the observed bimodal distributions involve silt-sized sediments being transported either offshore (from river flows), alongshore (from the silty sediments to the east), or both, and being deposited over the sandy-sized 'original' material (Figure 13). The lack of significant quantities of silt-sized sediments nearshore in these areas is predicted to be due to wave action or more steady water currents creating shear stresses on the bed preventing their accumulation. The increase (from ~40 m to ~65 m) and then decrease (from ~65 m to 100 m) of the silty-sized particles in the offshore direction (Appendix 1) leads to the conclusion that they are being transported with some offshore component, while the strength of the silt-sized mode decreasing in a westerly direction (Appendix 1) leads to the conclusion that there is some westerly directed component of the transport. The only anomaly to this pattern, however, is in deep water (90 m – 100 m) off Whakatane (Transects F and G), where the grain size distributions indicate relatively coarse, unimodal (Figure 13) and positively skewed sediments (Figures 8 and 12). If the suggested transport pattern does in fact exist, this area seems to have not experienced the same accumulation of silt-sized material as similar locations farther westward. This area is located immediately shoreward of White Island Canyon, a deep canyon extending shoreward reducing the width of the continental shelf. Shore-normal density driven gravity flows can be expected to accelerate over this area as they flow down the steep slope into the canyon.


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4.4. SEDIMENT MUD CONTENT

Sediment mud content (Figure 10) displays a similar trend to the D50 grain size. Low abundances of mud-sized particles occur close to the shoreline. This is likely to be a result of the sorting of the sediments by wave orbital currents. The mud content is higher nearer major river outflow locations (Figure 10) and is lowest in the western region of the study area, adjacent to Pukehina, where riverine inputs are small relative to other areas investigated. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the Bay of Plenty rivers are a source of silt-sized material for the shelf (30 – 100 m depths) and that this material is being transported in a net westwards and offshore direction.

4.5. ORGANIC CONTENT AND CARBONATE CONTENT

Sediment Total Organic Content increases with depth (Figure 16) and is strongly linked to the D50 grain size, finer sediments have a higher organic content (Figure 18). Sediment shell content does not appear to follow any systematic pattern (Figures 17 and 19).

5. SUMMARY

• Broad scale sediment distribution patterns within the Bay of Plenty are similar to a New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Chart published in 1979 (NZOI, 1979), however the current data set is more comprehensive and spatially dense.

• Rocky reef and boulder reef areas exist off Pukehina, surrounding Rurima, Muotoki, and

Tokata Islands, and nearshore off Omaio and Waikawa.

• Nearshore sediments are in general coarser and better sorted than sediments farther offshore. This is attributed to the sorting and transport ability of wave orbital currents.

• An area of relatively coarse 'sandy' sediments exists at depth (90-100 m) offshore from

Whakatane, immediately shoreward of the White Island Canyon.

• Sediment organic content is closely linked with the D50 grain size, with finer grain sizes having increased organic content. Sediment shell content does not appear to follow any identifiable pattern.

• There is evidence for the transport of silt-sized material (potentially sourced from river

outflows) westwards and offshore between 30 and 80 m.


20

6. REFERENCES

Ballinger, M. M., 2003. Developing methods for identifying cryptic tephra in peat cores from the Waikato region, North Island, New Zealand., Faculty of Science, University of Plymouth, 126.

Blatt, H., 1982. Sedimentary Petrology., W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA, 564p. Briere, P.R., Scanlon, K.M., Gledhill, C.T., Koenig, C.C., and Fitzhugh, G., 1999. West Florida Shelf:

Sidescan Sonar and Sediment Data from Shelf Edge Habitats in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-589. U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543. URL <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of99-589/htm/index2.htm>

Dane, J.H., and Topp, G.C., eds., 2002, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods. Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America Book Series Number 5, ISBN 0-89118-810-X, 1692 p

Day, P.R. 1965. Particle fraction and particle-size analysis, pp. 545-566. In C.A. Black et al. (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Agronomy No. 9. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.

Dean, W.E., 1974. Determination of Carbonate and Organic Matter in Calcareous Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks by Loss on Ignition: Comparison with Other Methods., Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44(1), 242-248.

Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., and Lemcke, G., 2001. Loss on Ignition as a Method for Estimating Organic and Carbonate Content in Sediments: Reproducibility and Comparability of Results., Journal of Paleolimnology, 25, 101-110.

Kennedy, S.K.; Meloy, T.P. and Durney, T.E., 1985, Sieve Data – Size and Shape Information., Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 356-360.

Konrad, J.G., Chesters, G., and Keeny, D.R., 1970. Determination of Organic and Carbonate Carbon in Freshwater Lake Sediments by a Micro-Combustion Procedure., Journal of Thermal Analysis, 2, 199-208.

Lewis, K.B., and Barnes, P.M., 1999. Kaikoura Canyon, New Zealand: Active Conduit from Nearshore Sediment Zones to Trench-axis channel., Marine Geology, 162, 39-69.

Malvern, 1985. Malvern MasterSizer Refernce Manual: Software version 2.1 and later. Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, England.

McLaren, P. and Bowles, D., 1985. The Effects of Sediment Transport on Grain Size Distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55(4), 457-470.

Morrissey, D.; Turner, S. and MacDiarmid, A.B., 1998. Subtidal Assemblages of Soft Substrata, in Studying Temperate Marine Environments, Kingsford, M, and Battershill, C. (eds)., Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, NZ, 335p.

Poppe, L.J., Eliason, A.H., Fredericks, J.J. , Rendigs, R.R., Blackwood D. and Polloni, C.F., 2000, Grain-size Analysis of Marine Sediments: Methodology and Data Processing. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 00-358. U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543. URL<http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of00-358/text/chapter1.htm>.

Rawle, A. 1995: The basic principles of particle size analysis. Technical Paper, Malvern Instruments Ltd. 8 p.

Sahu, B.K., 1965, Theory of Sieving., Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 35, 750-753. Stewart, H.B.Jr., 1958, Sedimentary Reflections on Depositional Environments in San Migue Lagoon,

Baja, California, Mexico. Bulletins of the American Association of Petrologists and Geologists. 42, 2567-2618.

Tucker, M.E, 1988, Techniques in Sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, England, 394pp. Tucker, M.E., 1991, Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, 2nd

ed. Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, 260pp.


21

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Sediment Distrubutions from NZOI (1979)

0 10,000 20,000 30,000

Figure 5 - Sediment characteristics from New Zealand Oceanographic Institute chart (1979).


22

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Mean Grain Size

0 10,000 20,000 30,000

Approximate mean flow rates (cumecs)

4000 1000 250 62 16 4 Size (microns) (logarithmic)-2 0 2 4 6 8 Size (Phi)

1850

29 115

85

36

81

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 6 - Mean sediment grain size from survey data (2004).


23

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - 50th Percentile Grain Size

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1000 500 125 32 16 8 Size (microns) (logarithmic)Size (Phi)

1850

29 115

85

36

81

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 764250

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 7 - D50 grain size, from survey data (2004).


24

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Modal Sediment Size

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

1000 250 634000 16 Size (microns)-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Size (phi)

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 8 - Modal grain size within sediments from survey data (2004).


25

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - 90th Percentile Grain Size

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

Size (phi)500 250 125

-1 0 1 2 3 410002000 63 Size (microns)

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 9 - D90 grain size within sediments, from survey data (2004).


26

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Mud Content of Sediments

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

% Mud Content in Sediment (< 63 microns)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 10 - Percentage of mud within sediments (fraction finer than 63 microns), from survey data (2004).


27

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Sediment Sorting

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Well

SortedModerately

SortedPoorlySorted

Very PoorlySorted

Sorting (moment method)Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 11 - Sediment sorting based on moment methods, from survey data (2004).


28

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Sediment Skewness

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

Very Negatively Skewed

Very PositivelySkewed

Skewness (moment method)-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 12 - Sediment skewness based on moment methods, from survey data (2004). Inferred sediment transport directions (black arrows) from McLaren and Bowles (1985).


29

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Bimodal Distribution Strength

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


Size Difference (phi units) Between Peaks in Grain Size Distribution(Only Peaks > 1% considered)

1850

29 115

85

36

81

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 13 – Sediment bimodal strength, defined as size difference (Φ) between local maxima in grain size distribution. Only peaks greater than 1% of total volume considered. Unimodal sediments have a value of 0. Sieved data has been disregarded, laser sizer analysed distributions only. Inferred directions of sediment transport (black arrows) from bi-modal distribution curves, D50 and sediment sorting


30

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Total Organic Content (Sediment)

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

1 2 3 4 5 60% Organic matter by weight in dry sediment

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 14 - Sediment total organic content, determined by loss on ignition at 500oC.


31

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Shell Content in Sediments

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


1850

29 115

85

36

81

0 1 2 3 4 5 6% Shell Content by weight in dry Sediment

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 15 - Sediment shell content (percent dry weight), determined by acid digestion.


32

Depth vs Sediment Total Organic Content (%)

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Depth (m)

Tota

l Org

anic

Con

tent

(%)

Figure 16 - Sediment total organic content (% dry weight) and depth within the Bay of Plenty.

Depth vs Calcium Carbonate (%)

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Depth (m)

Cal

cium

Car

bona

te (%

)

Figure 17 - Sediment carbonate content (% dry weight) and depth in the Bay of Plenty.


33

D50 Grain Size vs Sediment Organic Content

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

D50 (50th percentile) Grain Size (phi)

Sedi

men

t Tot

al O

rgan

ic C

onte

nt (%

dry

wei

ght)

Figure 18 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment total organic content (% dry weight).

D50 Grain Size vs Sediment Calcium Carbonate Content

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

8.00%

-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00


Sedi

men

t Car

bona

te C

onte

nt (%

dry

wei

ght)

Figure 19 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment carbonate content (% dry weight).


34

D50 Grain Size vs Sorting

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00


Sedi

men

t Sor

ting

10 - 30 m40 - 100 m

Figure 20 – Sediment D50 grain size and sediment sorting. Characteristics of depositional environments from Stewart (1958) and Tucker (1988). Sorting values < 0.5 defined as well sorted, between 0.5 and 1 moderately sorted, and > 1 poorly sorted.

353637 38

394041

43

4445

4647484950515253

545556

5758

596061

62

63646566

67

6869

70

2800000 2850000 2900000 2950000

6350

000

6400

000 Bay of Plenty Sea Bed - Burrowing Organisms

0 10,000 20,000 30,000


Burrowing Organisms Per Grab (3000 ml max)

1850

29 115

85

36

81

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Reef / Boulder Reef

Figure 21 – Burrowing organisms (Annelids, Decapods, Arthropods, Isopods, Bivlavles etc.) identified from the sediment grab samples. Values are semi-quantitative as some grabs (generally in hard packed sediments) did not obtain a full sample.

Quiet water slow deposition

Waves


35

APPENDIX 1 – GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - A10 Sieve Data (Weight %)

Percent of Total Weight


==========

202.9 µm200.6 µm148.7 µm447.7 µm5.21 %2.25 %2.7 %1.0-0.54.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - A40



==========

83.4 µm52.9 µm140.6 µm239.1 µm6.89 %3.31 %42.4 %2.11.03.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12Site - A50 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

1223.5 µm1459.8 µm840.9 µm4535.7 µm2.49 %0.98 %0.0 %1.1-0.22.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - A55



==========

18.5 µm17.2 µm65.5 µm104.4 µm3.53 %4.30 %79.6 %2.00.22.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - A60



==========

36.0 µm33.2 µm259.0 µm277.6 µm0.04 %4.45 %60.4 %2.40.32.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5Site - A70



==========

21.9 µm23.8 µm259.0 µm245.6 µm4.54 %5.73 %68.7 %2.40.12.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - A80



==========

52.7 µm43.8 µm301.7 µm370.2 µm1.76 %4.57 %51.6 %2.70.31.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - A90



==========

32.1 µm31.8 µm259.0 µm292.8 µm1.74 %3.89 %60.5 %2.50.22.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - A100



==========

26.6 µm28.1 µm259.0 µm266.4 µm1.98 %3.46 %61.4 %2.60.21.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 1 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect A.


36

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Site - B20 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

722.9 µm781.7 µm594.6 µm2923.0 µm1.00 %0.69 %0.0 %1.3-0.63.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Site - B30



==========

209.8 µm185.8 µm222.3 µm338.3 µm3.36 %1.38 %4.0 %1.13.721.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10Site - B40



==========

127.5 µm87.4 µm163.8 µm275.6 µm0.99 %1.87 %24.4 %1.91.75.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - B50 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

655.0 µm709.7 µm594.6 µm1465.0 µm2.12 %0.74 %0.0 %0.9-0.74.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9Site - B55



==========

163.2 µm82.4 µm301.7 µm382.6 µm2.33 %2.79 %31.9 %2.41.13.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5Site - B60



==========

19.7 µm21.1 µm12.2 µm234.9 µm1.56 %4.66 %74.3 %2.4-0.12.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - B70



==========

15.0 µm17.1 µm10.5 µm207.6 µm1.04 %5.46 %77.6 %2.4-0.12.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - B80



==========

14.6 µm15.6 µm10.5 µm141.4 µm1.15 %5.31 %80.9 %2.2-0.02.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - B90



==========

14.8 µm17.2 µm9.0 µm181.4 µm1.68 %3.71 %77.3 %2.3-0.12.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 2 - Grain size distribution curves for Transect B.


37

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - B100



==========

47.8 µm37.5 µm259.0 µm295.1 µm2.44 %3.71 %53.6 %2.50.41.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 3 - Grain size distribution curves for Transect B cont.


38

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - C10 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

121.1 µm135.2 µm105.1 µm242.7 µm4.40 %1.39 %2.3 %0.8-2.29.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - C30 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

1141.5 µm1871.4 µm9513.7 µmNaN µm1.64 %0.79 %0.0 %2.0-0.11.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - C50



==========

20.0 µm18.3 µm65.5 µm102.7 µm0.54 %4.35 %79.1 %2.00.32.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - C60



==========

17.8 µm18.0 µm12.2 µm141.8 µm0.55 %5.28 %77.5 %2.20.12.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - C70



==========

12.0 µm12.7 µm10.5 µm90.3 µm3.72 %5.69 %86.4 %2.1-0.12.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - C80



==========

27.3 µm31.7 µm301.7 µm338.9 µm1.04 %4.40 %60.2 %2.70.11.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - C90



==========

14.5 µm17.1 µm9.0 µm172.3 µm2.79 %4.87 %76.1 %2.3-0.12.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Site - C100



==========

103.0 µm49.3 µm301.7 µm340.1 µm0.40 %3.03 %45.9 %2.70.62.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 4 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect C.


39

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - D10 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

170.7 µm163.3 µm148.7 µm521.0 µm2.67 %2.64 %15.3 %1.2-0.42.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - D20a



==========

57.1 µm38.5 µm103.6 µm170.9 µm0.57 %3.96 %55.0 %2.00.83.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - D40



==========

89.1 µm58.6 µm140.6 µm292.8 µm2.44 %3.05 %40.9 %2.20.93.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - D50



==========

28.4 µm26.6 µm222.3 µm216.4 µm1.48 %4.42 %66.3 %2.30.22.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - D60



==========

17.4 µm17.2 µm12.2 µm121.9 µm3.88 %4.06 %79.9 %2.10.12.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - D70



==========

10.8 µm11.1 µm10.5 µm63.9 µm2.43 %4.96 %90.1 %1.9-0.02.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - D80



==========

9.0 µm8.7 µm10.5 µm40.1 µm5.16 %6.25 %96.4 %1.70.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - D90



==========

9.8 µm10.2 µm10.5 µm57.0 µm0.73 %5.52 %91.0 %2.0-0.22.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - D100



==========

14.5 µm18.0 µm10.5 µm240.1 µm0.94 %4.66 %76.7 %2.4-0.22.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 5 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect D.


40

-4-202468101214160

5

10

15

20

25Site - E10 Sieve Data (Weight %)



==========

122.6 µm153.6 µm105.1 µm411.1 µm1.55 %1.48 %1.1 %1.1-2.17.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Site - E20



==========

85.5 µm56.5 µm140.6 µm237.4 µm1.63 %2.91 %40.8 %2.11.13.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - E30



==========

29.3 µm21.6 µm65.5 µm98.4 µm1.13 %5.00 %75.6 %1.90.62.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - E50



==========

15.1 µm13.4 µm35.6 µm60.7 µm0.00 %4.67 %91.2 %1.80.42.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - E60



==========

12.3 µm11.7 µm12.2 µm54.9 µm2.03 %5.40 %92.6 %1.80.22.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - E70



==========

11.4 µm11.2 µm12.2 µm62.4 µm0.00 %4.92 %90.5 %1.90.12.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - E80



==========

8.8 µm8.0 µm12.2 µm31.2 µm3.84 %6.30 %98.7 %1.60.32.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - E90



==========

8.4 µm8.1 µm9.0 µm35.7 µm2.00 %6.17 %97.7 %1.60.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - E100



==========

10.9 µm10.2 µm14.2 µm47.1 µm1.02 %5.29 %94.3 %1.80.12.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 6 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect E.


41

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Site - F10



==========

133.1 µm114.3 µm163.8 µm213.9 µm0.31 %1.65 %10.4 %1.13.316.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10Site - F20



==========

101.4 µm58.1 µm163.8 µm209.3 µm1.18 %4.98 %36.8 %2.01.23.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10Site - F30



==========

68.2 µm49.6 µm88.9 µm143.9 µm0.90 %3.03 %48.5 %1.71.65.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Site - F40



==========

45.3 µm31.6 µm65.5 µm117.5 µm0.87 %3.66 %66.6 %1.91.13.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5Site - F50



==========

32.2 µm30.2 µm35.6 µm248.9 µm1.34 %4.92 %65.0 %2.30.32.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - F60



==========

37.2 µm34.1 µm301.7 µm321.9 µm1.53 %3.94 %56.3 %2.70.31.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - F70



==========

16.5 µm18.9 µm222.3 µm202.0 µm0.46 %3.18 %71.7 %2.4-0.02.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12Site - F80



==========

177.5 µm110.2 µm222.3 µm348.1 µm1.49 %2.24 %19.6 %2.01.75.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12Site - F90



==========

228.4 µm146.8 µm301.7 µm428.7 µmNaN %1.97 %16.0 %2.02.06.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 7 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect F.


42

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Site - F100



==========

253.1 µm196.0 µm301.7 µm448.2 µm1.98 %1.79 %7.8 %1.62.811.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 8 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect F cont.


43

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - G10



==========

161.2 µm146.0 µm190.8 µm241.8 µm0.45 %1.80 %4.4 %0.94.328.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - G20



==========

116.8 µm96.3 µm140.6 µm176.2 µm1.79 %1.94 %12.4 %1.33.314.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - G30



==========

43.1 µm33.3 µm190.8 µm270.8 µm0.58 %3.57 %57.9 %2.50.42.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - G40



==========

23.3 µm19.7 µm35.6 µm88.6 µm0.72 %4.59 %83.5 %1.90.53.0

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - G50



==========

25.5 µm23.0 µm41.4 µm155.1 µm1.22 %3.78 %74.4 %2.10.32.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - G60



==========

15.2 µm14.3 µm22.5 µm85.8 µm0.44 %4.32 %85.9 %2.00.12.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - G70



==========

16.4 µm17.4 µm19.3 µm190.9 µm2.25 %4.30 %78.7 %2.3-0.12.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - G80



==========

15.4 µm14.1 µm22.5 µm68.6 µm2.02 %4.86 %88.9 %1.90.22.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - G90



==========

133.2 µm69.2 µm301.7 µm405.6 µm0.99 %3.41 %38.5 %2.50.92.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 9 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect G.


44

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9Site - G100



==========

196.6 µm105.8 µm301.7 µm417.8 µm0.21 %2.36 %26.1 %2.31.33.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 10 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect G cont.


45

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - H10



==========

125.9 µm113.8 µm140.6 µm201.9 µm0.73 %1.54 %9.7 %1.03.318.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - H20



==========

119.6 µm97.3 µm140.6 µm184.1 µm0.79 %1.79 %12.9 %1.33.113.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - H30



==========

22.2 µm17.9 µm56.2 µm81.2 µm0.38 %3.65 %83.3 %1.90.62.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - H40



==========

17.3 µm14.5 µm41.4 µm69.8 µm2.16 %3.72 %88.2 %1.90.52.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - H50



==========

16.2 µm13.8 µm30.5 µm59.4 µm0.75 %1.87 %91.7 %1.80.52.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - H60



==========

12.9 µm11.4 µm19.3 µm50.0 µm0.28 %4.48 %94.5 %1.70.42.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - H70



==========

12.7 µm11.6 µm26.2 µm57.3 µm0.10 %4.21 %91.7 %1.90.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - H80



==========

13.8 µm12.3 µm22.5 µm50.9 µm1.57 %4.68 %93.5 %1.70.32.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - H90



==========

19.4 µm19.8 µm22.5 µm199.7 µm2.50 %4.57 %77.7 %2.3-0.02.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 11 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect H.


46

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - H100



==========

16.9 µm15.3 µm41.4 µm87.2 µm1.49 %3.91 %85.0 %2.00.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 12 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect H cont.


47

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - I10



==========

135.5 µm122.2 µm163.8 µm198.3 µm0.33 %1.43 %5.8 %1.04.427.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Site - I20



==========

135.9 µm121.1 µm163.8 µm199.1 µm1.82 %1.68 %6.0 %1.04.326.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - I30



==========

30.7 µm22.0 µm65.5 µm98.1 µm0.00 %3.40 %75.8 %2.00.72.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - I40



==========

22.7 µm19.0 µm56.2 µm99.2 µm0.56 %3.81 %79.2 %2.00.52.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - I50



==========

16.2 µm13.8 µm35.6 µm63.0 µm0.86 %3.81 %90.3 %1.90.42.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - I60



==========

12.6 µm11.2 µm16.6 µm56.9 µm1.74 %4.37 %91.8 %1.90.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - I70



==========

11.4 µm10.0 µm16.6 µm44.5 µm2.24 %4.42 %96.0 %1.70.42.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - I80



==========

13.5 µm12.2 µm22.5 µm57.0 µm2.48 %4.89 %91.8 %1.80.22.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - I90



==========

14.5 µm12.3 µm30.5 µm53.7 µm1.34 %4.07 %93.3 %1.80.52.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 13 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect I.


48

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - I100



==========

12.8 µm12.4 µm12.2 µm76.1 µm0.86 %4.30 %87.2 %2.00.12.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 14 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect I cont.


49

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Site - J10



==========

138.7 µm116.3 µm163.8 µm247.3 µm0.69 %1.43 %14.1 %1.32.813.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - J20



==========

21.2 µm17.7 µm76.3 µm107.6 µm1.82 %3.02 %75.5 %2.20.42.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - J30



==========

24.2 µm16.8 µm48.3 µm72.3 µm0.43 %2.85 %86.2 %1.90.72.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - J40



==========

13.6 µm11.1 µm26.2 µm45.2 µm0.76 %4.02 %96.9 %1.70.62.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - J50



==========

13.3 µm11.2 µm26.2 µm48.0 µm1.93 %4.13 %95.1 %1.80.52.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - J60



==========

10.1 µm9.0 µm16.6 µm36.5 µm2.58 %4.92 %96.8 %1.70.22.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - J70



==========

11.0 µm9.7 µm19.3 µm40.4 µm0.28 %4.70 %95.9 %1.70.22.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - J80



==========

8.9 µm8.5 µm10.5 µm39.1 µm3.67 %5.07 %95.7 %1.70.02.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - J90



==========

15.4 µm14.3 µm22.5 µm72.7 µm2.59 %4.14 %88.0 %1.90.22.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 15 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect J.


50

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - J100



==========

24.4 µm21.1 µm56.2 µm115.9 µm2.49 %3.61 %78.0 %2.00.42.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 16 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect J cont.


51

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - K20



==========

143.0 µm129.6 µm163.8 µm228.1 µm0.44 %1.28 %6.8 %1.03.924.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Site - K30



==========

132.1 µm116.9 µm163.8 µm199.2 µm0.89 %1.58 %8.1 %1.04.023.6

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - K40



==========

16.2 µm14.0 µm48.3 µm72.5 µm0.37 %3.98 %87.3 %1.90.42.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - K50



==========

15.2 µm13.6 µm35.6 µm75.2 µm0.62 %4.88 %87.1 %2.00.22.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - K60



==========

13.0 µm11.7 µm19.3 µm52.3 µm1.44 %3.37 %93.3 %1.80.32.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - K70



==========

10.3 µm9.6 µm14.2 µm43.1 µm3.79 %3.92 %95.9 %1.70.22.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - K80



==========

9.4 µm8.6 µm14.2 µm35.1 µm0.91 %4.67 %98.1 %1.60.32.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - K90



==========

9.6 µm9.2 µm10.5 µm47.9 µm1.24 %4.39 %94.8 %1.80.22.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - K100



==========

16.5 µm15.0 µm56.2 µm83.3 µm1.81 %4.26 %84.3 %2.00.32.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 17 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect K.


52

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5Site - L70



==========

11.6 µm10.9 µm14.2 µm55.5 µm0.46 %4.41 %92.5 %1.80.22.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - L80



==========

10.8 µm9.9 µm14.2 µm43.0 µm0.82 %4.36 %96.3 %1.70.32.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Site - L90



==========

13.6 µm13.0 µm12.2 µm74.1 µm1.52 %4.09 %87.5 %2.00.12.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - L100



==========

18.7 µm15.0 µm48.3 µm71.4 µm0.76 %2.77 %87.3 %1.90.52.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 18 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect L.


53

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12Site - M10



==========

112.0 µm100.2 µm140.6 µm206.4 µm1.05 %1.02 %19.7 %1.12.715.1

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

5

10

15

20

25Site - M20



==========

131.3 µm121.0 µm140.6 µm189.2 µm0.49 %1.02 %5.4 %0.94.733.3

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Site - M30



==========

97.0 µm87.3 µm120.7 µm157.3 µm0.24 %1.47 %21.3 %1.03.520.5

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Site - M40



==========

117.7 µm105.5 µm140.6 µm189.5 µm0.54 %1.06 %13.5 %1.03.217.9

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Site - M50



==========

49.5 µm32.8 µm76.3 µm122.4 µm2.32 %2.72 %63.3 %1.91.13.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10Site - M60



==========

40.2 µm28.1 µm56.2 µm83.8 µm0.08 %2.83 %77.6 %1.71.34.2

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - M70



==========

15.4 µm13.0 µm35.6 µm61.6 µm0.61 %3.88 %90.9 %1.90.42.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6Site - M80



==========

16.2 µm13.6 µm30.5 µm58.3 µm0.44 %3.04 %91.6 %1.80.42.7

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ) -4-202468101214160

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Site - M90



==========

11.1 µm9.5 µm16.6 µm30.0 µm0.20 %4.10 %99.7 %1.40.62.8

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 19 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect M.


54

-4-202468101214160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5Site - M100



==========

31.4 µm25.1 µm120.7 µm146.9 µm0.48 %4.37 %67.4 %2.10.52.4

SandSiltClay

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104


(φ)

Appendix 1, Figure 20 – Grain size distribution curves for Transect M cont.


55

APPENDIX 2 – GRAIN SIZE STATISTICS

SITE DepthMean

(Φ)D50 (Φ)

D90 (Φ) MODE SORTING SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

Calcium Carbonate

Total Organic Content Gravel Sand Silt Clay Method NZMG_X NZMG_Y

A10 10 2.32 2.30 1.16 2.75 1.01 -0.49 4.10 5.21% 2.25% 1.12% 96.17% 2.71% 0.00% sieve 2821344 6373869A40 40 4.24 3.58 2.06 2.83 2.12 1.01 3.19 6.89% 3.31% 0.00% 57.55% 38.96% 3.49% laser 2826140 6378616A50 50 -0.55 -0.29 -2.18 0.25 1.11 -0.18 2.20 2.49% 0.98% 34.14% 65.86% 0.00% 0.00% sieve 2827526 6379982A55 55 5.86 5.76 3.26 3.93 2.04 0.25 2.26 3.53% 4.30% 0.00% 20.44% 71.95% 7.60% laser 2828624 6381067A60 60 4.91 4.79 1.85 1.95 2.41 0.29 2.08 0.04% 4.45% 0.00% 39.59% 55.10% 5.31% laser 2829589 6382015A70 70 5.39 5.51 2.03 1.95 2.42 0.06 2.05 4.54% 5.73% 0.00% 31.27% 61.68% 7.06% laser 2830987 6383400A80 80 4.51 4.25 1.43 1.73 2.69 0.35 1.83 1.76% 4.57% 0.00% 48.37% 46.54% 5.09% laser 2832600 6384984A90 90 4.97 4.96 1.77 1.95 2.51 0.23 1.98 1.74% 3.89% 0.00% 39.51% 54.42% 6.07% laser 2833786 6386157A100 100 5.16 5.23 1.91 1.95 2.56 0.18 1.84 1.98% 3.46% 0.00% 38.64% 54.32% 7.05% laser 2835140 6387497B20 20 0.36 0.47 -1.55 0.75 1.25 -0.58 3.46 1.00% 0.69% 14.00% 86.00% 0.00% 0.00% sieve 2828530 6370060B30 30 2.43 2.25 1.56 2.17 1.09 3.70 21.15 3.36% 1.38% 0.00% 95.96% 3.57% 0.47% laser 2830402 6373069B40 40 3.52 2.97 1.86 2.61 1.87 1.66 5.34 0.99% 1.87% 0.00% 75.64% 22.27% 2.08% laser 2831584 6374962B50 50 0.49 0.61 -0.55 0.75 0.86 -0.73 4.71 2.12% 0.74% 7.14% 92.86% 0.00% 0.00% sieve 2832774 6376874B55 55 3.60 2.62 1.39 1.73 2.38 1.06 2.99 2.33% 2.79% 0.00% 68.09% 28.92% 3.00% laser 2833312 6377732B60 60 5.57 5.66 2.09 6.36 2.37 -0.07 2.32 1.56% 4.66% 0.00% 25.74% 66.76% 7.51% laser 2833845 6378581B70 70 5.87 6.06 2.27 6.58 2.37 -0.13 2.24 1.04% 5.46% 0.00% 22.42% 68.03% 9.55% laser 2834972 6380391B80 80 6.00 6.10 2.82 6.58 2.17 -0.05 2.34 1.15% 5.31% 0.00% 19.07% 72.15% 8.78% laser 2836281 6382494B90 90 5.86 6.08 2.46 6.80 2.26 -0.10 2.21 1.68% 3.71% 0.00% 22.65% 69.37% 7.97% laser 2837128 6383849B100 100 4.74 4.39 1.76 1.95 2.54 0.37 1.94 2.44% 3.71% 0.00% 46.43% 48.14% 5.44% laser 2838278 6385687C10 10 2.89 3.05 2.04 3.25 0.84 -2.17 9.68 4.40% 1.39% 0.52% 97.22% 2.26% 0.00% sieve 2834947 6365063C30 30 -0.90 -0.19 NaN -3.25 1.99 -0.10 1.28 1.64% 0.79% 45.12% 54.88% 0.00% 0.00% sieve 2837839 6369918C50 50 5.77 5.64 3.28 3.93 1.98 0.32 2.35 0.54% 4.35% 0.00% 20.89% 72.51% 6.60% laser 2839787 6373181C60 60 5.80 5.81 2.82 6.36 2.20 0.08 2.29 0.55% 5.28% 0.00% 22.54% 69.32% 8.15% laser 2841617 6376241C70 70 6.30 6.39 3.47 6.58 2.07 -0.13 2.56 3.72% 5.69% 0.00% 13.65% 76.32% 10.03% laser 2842908 6378409C80 80 4.98 5.20 1.56 1.73 2.71 0.13 1.78 1.04% 4.40% 0.00% 39.80% 53.12% 7.07% laser 2844162 6380497C90 90 5.87 6.11 2.54 6.80 2.26 -0.08 2.14 2.79% 4.87% 0.00% 23.94% 68.02% 8.04% laser 2844823 6381609C100 100 4.34 3.28 1.56 1.73 2.65 0.58 2.04 0.40% 3.03% 0.00% 54.05% 40.35% 5.60% laser 2845698 6383077D10 10 2.61 2.55 0.94 2.75 1.16 -0.41 2.85 2.67% 2.64% 0.15% 84.52% 15.33% 0.00% sieve 2847537 6360688D20a 20 4.70 4.13 2.55 3.27 2.01 0.85 2.97 0.57% 3.96% 0.00% 44.96% 51.27% 3.77% laser 2849000 6363426D40 40 4.09 3.49 1.77 2.83 2.19 0.95 3.18 2.44% 3.05% 0.00% 59.08% 37.36% 3.56% laser 2852760 6370618D50 50 5.23 5.14 2.21 2.17 2.30 0.25 2.15 1.48% 4.42% 0.00% 33.71% 60.35% 5.94% laser 2853559 6372162


56

SITE DepthMean

(Φ)D50 (Φ)


Calcium Carbonate


D60 60 5.86 5.84 3.04 6.36 2.11 0.12 2.35 3.88% 4.06% 0.00% 20.14% 71.90% 7.95% laser 2854344 6373640D70 70 6.50 6.53 3.97 6.58 1.92 -0.05 2.56 2.43% 4.96% 0.00% 9.93% 79.57% 10.50% laser 2855173 6375212D80 80 6.85 6.80 4.64 6.58 1.68 0.16 2.49 5.16% 6.25% 0.00% 3.62% 84.62% 11.76% laser 2855835 6376464D90 90 6.62 6.67 4.13 6.58 1.97 -0.21 2.79 0.73% 5.52% 0.00% 8.96% 79.06% 11.98% laser 2856625 6377958D100 100 5.79 6.11 2.06 6.58 2.39 -0.23 2.22 0.94% 4.66% 0.00% 23.32% 68.55% 8.13% laser 2858104 6380782E10 10 2.70 3.03 1.28 3.25 1.08 -2.09 7.50 1.55% 1.48% 1.99% 96.88% 1.13% 0.00% sieve 2856080 6358097E20 20 4.15 3.55 2.07 2.83 2.05 1.07 3.57 1.63% 2.91% 0.00% 59.17% 37.53% 3.30% laser 2856669 6359378E30 30 5.53 5.10 3.34 3.93 1.94 0.65 2.57 1.13% 5.00% 0.00% 24.35% 69.38% 6.27% laser 2857771 6361788E50 50 6.22 6.05 4.04 4.81 1.77 0.41 2.54 0.00% 4.67% 0.00% 8.80% 83.12% 8.08% laser 2859860 6366331E60 60 6.42 6.34 4.19 6.36 1.78 0.20 2.63 2.03% 5.40% 0.00% 7.39% 83.61% 9.00% laser 2860217 6367142E70 70 6.48 6.45 4.00 6.36 1.92 0.08 2.48 0.00% 4.92% 0.00% 9.53% 79.45% 11.03% laser 2860875 6368590E80 80 6.97 6.83 5.00 6.36 1.57 0.33 2.59 3.84% 6.30% 0.00% 1.28% 86.57% 12.15% laser 2861363 6369643E90 90 6.96 6.89 4.81 6.80 1.65 0.19 2.46 2.00% 6.17% 0.00% 2.27% 85.04% 12.69% laser 2862294 6371690E100 100 6.61 6.52 4.41 6.14 1.79 0.15 2.63 1.02% 5.29% 0.00% 5.69% 83.26% 11.05% laser 2863266 6373984F10 10 3.13 2.91 2.23 2.61 1.15 3.25 16.44 0.31% 1.65% 0.00% 89.60% 9.66% 0.74% laser 2862981 6355319F20 20 4.11 3.30 2.26 2.61 2.02 1.23 3.70 1.18% 4.98% 0.00% 63.17% 33.55% 3.28% laser 2863604 6356112F30 30 4.33 3.87 2.80 3.49 1.67 1.60 5.40 0.90% 3.03% 0.00% 51.53% 45.57% 2.90% laser 2865340 6359487F40 40 4.98 4.46 3.09 3.93 1.86 1.08 3.54 0.87% 3.66% 0.00% 33.45% 61.73% 4.83% laser 2866544 6361564F50 50 5.05 4.96 2.01 4.81 2.31 0.26 2.32 1.34% 4.92% 0.00% 35.01% 59.55% 5.44% laser 2867777 6363723F60 60 4.87 4.75 1.64 1.73 2.68 0.29 1.87 1.53% 3.94% 0.00% 43.67% 48.94% 7.38% laser 2869659 6367033F70 70 5.72 5.93 2.31 2.17 2.42 0.00 1.97 0.46% 3.18% 0.00% 28.30% 62.48% 9.22% laser 2872174 6371437F80 80 3.18 2.49 1.52 2.17 2.03 1.71 5.15 1.49% 2.24% 0.00% 80.38% 17.36% 2.25% laser 2873548 6373852F90 90 2.77 2.13 1.22 1.73 1.97 1.97 6.36 NaN 1.97% 0.00% 84.00% 14.07% 1.93% laser 2874314 6375197F100 100 2.35 1.98 1.16 1.73 1.57 2.79 11.57 1.98% 1.79% 0.00% 92.23% 6.68% 1.09% laser 2875140 6376649G10 10 2.78 2.63 2.05 2.39 0.94 4.32 28.52 0.45% 1.80% 0.00% 95.63% 3.86% 0.50% laser 2875237 6350384G20 20 3.38 3.10 2.50 2.83 1.26 3.25 14.71 1.79% 1.94% 0.00% 87.58% 11.21% 1.21% laser 2875776 6352356G30 30 4.91 4.54 1.88 2.39 2.48 0.40 2.15 0.58% 3.57% 0.00% 42.09% 51.07% 6.85% laser 2876424 6354757G40 40 5.67 5.43 3.50 4.81 1.87 0.48 2.96 0.72% 4.59% 0.00% 16.54% 77.14% 6.32% laser 2877379 6358242G50 50 5.44 5.29 2.69 4.59 2.10 0.30 2.53 1.22% 3.78% 0.00% 25.55% 68.27% 6.18% laser 2878393 6361988G60 60 6.13 6.04 3.54 5.47 2.05 0.08 2.53 0.44% 4.32% 0.00% 14.12% 76.20% 9.68% laser 2879378 6365612G70 70 5.84 5.93 2.39 5.69 2.32 -0.09 2.36 2.25% 4.30% 0.00% 21.27% 69.40% 9.33% laser 2880143 6368410G80 80 6.14 6.02 3.87 5.47 1.86 0.22 2.72 2.02% 4.86% 0.00% 11.10% 80.83% 8.07% laser 2880855 6371042G90 90 3.85 2.91 1.30 1.73 2.54 0.87 2.68 0.99% 3.41% 0.00% 61.50% 33.76% 4.74% laser 2881796 6374500G100 100 3.24 2.35 1.26 1.73 2.27 1.34 3.84 0.21% 2.36% 0.00% 73.94% 23.34% 2.72% laser 2882501 6377082


57

SITE DepthMean

(Φ)D50 (Φ)


Calcium Carbonate


H10 10 3.14 2.99 2.31 2.83 0.97 3.32 18.83 0.73% 1.54% 0.00% 90.30% 9.31% 0.39% laser 2884479 6349415H20 20 3.36 3.06 2.44 2.83 1.31 3.11 13.64 0.79% 1.79% 0.00% 87.15% 11.56% 1.29% laser 2884636 6350990H30 30 5.81 5.49 3.62 4.15 1.87 0.60 2.61 0.38% 3.65% 0.00% 16.73% 76.06% 7.21% laser 2885041 6354231H40 40 6.11 5.85 3.84 4.59 1.90 0.46 2.54 2.16% 3.72% 0.00% 11.76% 78.87% 9.37% laser 2885566 6358296H50 50 6.18 5.94 4.07 5.03 1.76 0.52 2.65 0.75% 1.87% 0.00% 8.31% 83.55% 8.13% laser 2886021 6361859H60 60 6.46 6.27 4.32 5.69 1.73 0.41 2.53 0.28% 4.48% 0.00% 5.53% 84.85% 9.63% laser 2886477 6365347H70 70 6.43 6.30 4.13 5.25 1.90 0.16 2.54 0.10% 4.21% 0.00% 8.31% 80.76% 10.93% laser 2886856 6368352H80 80 6.35 6.18 4.30 5.47 1.73 0.30 2.77 1.57% 4.68% 0.00% 6.47% 85.12% 8.40% laser 2887167 6370797H90 90 5.66 5.69 2.32 5.47 2.25 -0.02 2.42 2.50% 4.57% 0.00% 22.31% 70.13% 7.57% laser 2887447 6373051H100 100 6.03 5.89 3.52 4.59 2.01 0.20 2.46 1.49% 3.91% 0.00% 14.99% 76.06% 8.95% laser 2887710 6375147I10 10 3.03 2.88 2.33 2.61 0.96 4.41 27.95 0.33% 1.43% 0.00% 94.17% 5.21% 0.62% laser 2895724 6349596I20 20 3.05 2.88 2.33 2.61 1.02 4.35 26.07 1.82% 1.68% 0.00% 94.02% 5.19% 0.79% laser 2895923 6353279I30 30 5.51 5.03 3.35 3.93 1.95 0.74 2.72 0.00% 3.40% 0.00% 24.20% 68.84% 6.96% laser 2896189 6358225I40 40 5.72 5.46 3.33 4.15 1.99 0.45 2.48 0.56% 3.81% 0.00% 20.84% 71.87% 7.29% laser 2896381 6361735I50 50 6.18 5.95 3.99 4.81 1.87 0.38 2.61 0.86% 3.81% 0.00% 9.69% 81.00% 9.32% laser 2896548 6364763I60 60 6.48 6.32 4.14 5.92 1.92 0.21 2.54 1.74% 4.37% 0.00% 8.21% 79.71% 12.07% laser 2896681 6367328I70 70 6.64 6.45 4.49 5.92 1.73 0.38 2.45 2.24% 4.42% 0.00% 3.95% 84.73% 11.32% laser 2896828 6370012I80 80 6.36 6.21 4.13 5.47 1.85 0.21 2.60 2.48% 4.89% 0.00% 8.24% 82.12% 9.64% laser 2896961 6372478I90 90 6.35 6.11 4.22 5.03 1.78 0.46 2.53 1.34% 4.07% 0.00% 6.67% 83.56% 9.77% laser 2897073 6374569I100 100 6.33 6.28 3.72 6.36 2.04 0.10 2.32 0.86% 4.30% 0.00% 12.78% 75.62% 11.60% laser 2897231 6377489J10 10 3.10 2.85 2.02 2.61 1.26 2.75 13.30 0.69% 1.43% 0.00% 85.94% 13.11% 0.95% laser 2907995 6355719J20 20 5.82 5.56 3.22 3.71 2.17 0.39 2.12 1.82% 3.02% 0.00% 24.50% 65.61% 9.88% laser 2907816 6359498J30 30 5.89 5.37 3.79 4.37 1.92 0.71 2.55 0.43% 2.85% 0.00% 13.82% 77.18% 8.99% laser 2907554 6364584J40 40 6.49 6.20 4.47 5.25 1.71 0.58 2.58 0.76% 4.02% 0.00% 3.14% 86.31% 10.56% laser 2907392 6368182J50 50 6.48 6.23 4.38 5.25 1.76 0.47 2.54 1.93% 4.13% 0.00% 4.89% 84.25% 10.86% laser 2907290 6370304J60 60 6.79 6.63 4.77 5.92 1.69 0.23 2.66 2.58% 4.92% 0.00% 3.16% 84.93% 11.91% laser 2907204 6372050J70 70 6.68 6.50 4.63 5.69 1.74 0.24 2.70 0.28% 4.70% 0.00% 4.08% 84.21% 11.72% laser 2907118 6373716J80 80 6.87 6.81 4.68 6.58 1.74 0.03 2.67 3.67% 5.07% 0.00% 4.30% 82.94% 12.76% laser 2907032 6375478J90 90 6.13 6.02 3.78 5.47 1.93 0.17 2.65 2.59% 4.14% 0.00% 12.03% 79.31% 8.66% laser 2906946 6377171J100 100 5.57 5.36 3.11 4.15 2.00 0.36 2.61 2.49% 3.61% 0.00% 21.99% 71.77% 6.24% laser 2906863 6378959K20 20 2.95 2.81 2.13 2.61 0.98 3.89 24.87 0.44% 1.28% 0.00% 93.15% 6.21% 0.64% laser 2917128 6367709K30 30 3.10 2.92 2.33 2.61 1.03 4.00 23.64 0.89% 1.58% 0.00% 91.89% 7.34% 0.77% laser 2916793 6369535K40 40 6.16 5.95 3.79 4.37 1.92 0.40 2.35 0.37% 3.98% 0.00% 12.68% 77.68% 9.65% laser 2916520 6371018


58

SITE DepthMean

(Φ)D50 (Φ)


Calcium Carbonate


K50 50 6.20 6.04 3.73 4.81 1.99 0.24 2.37 0.62% 4.88% 0.00% 12.94% 76.83% 10.24% laser 2916091 6373347K60 60 6.42 6.27 4.26 5.69 1.79 0.26 2.66 1.44% 3.37% 0.00% 6.74% 83.46% 9.80% laser 2915748 6375223K70 70 6.71 6.60 4.54 6.14 1.71 0.25 2.46 3.79% 3.92% 0.00% 4.07% 84.73% 11.19% laser 2915454 6376825K80 80 6.86 6.73 4.83 6.14 1.62 0.30 2.48 0.91% 4.67% 0.00% 1.94% 86.34% 11.71% laser 2915206 6378170K90 90 6.77 6.70 4.38 6.58 1.81 0.17 2.26 1.24% 4.39% 0.00% 5.17% 81.51% 13.31% laser 2914973 6379440K100 100 6.06 5.92 3.58 4.15 2.02 0.26 2.32 1.81% 4.26% 0.00% 15.67% 75.03% 9.30% laser 2914716 6380838L70 70 6.52 6.42 4.17 6.14 1.83 0.23 2.37 0.46% 4.41% 0.00% 7.49% 81.42% 11.09% laser 2926469 6381960L80 80 6.67 6.53 4.54 6.14 1.67 0.31 2.50 0.82% 4.36% 0.00% 3.73% 85.82% 10.44% laser 2926305 6382287L90 90 6.27 6.21 3.76 6.36 2.03 0.08 2.45 1.52% 4.09% 0.00% 12.52% 76.87% 10.62% laser 2926024 6382844L100 100 6.05 5.74 3.81 4.37 1.90 0.53 2.43 0.76% 2.77% 0.00% 12.74% 78.00% 9.26% laser 2925568 6383747M10 10 3.32 3.16 2.28 2.83 1.09 2.68 15.11 1.05% 1.02% 0.00% 80.32% 18.97% 0.71% laser 2939423 6383886M20 20 3.05 2.93 2.40 2.83 0.87 4.74 33.29 0.49% 1.02% 0.00% 94.62% 4.85% 0.53% laser 2938353 6385683M30 30 3.52 3.37 2.67 3.05 1.00 3.50 20.53 0.24% 1.47% 0.00% 78.69% 20.47% 0.84% laser 2937828 6386566M40 40 3.24 3.09 2.40 2.83 0.97 3.17 17.92 0.54% 1.06% 0.00% 86.51% 13.04% 0.45% laser 2937483 6387144M50 50 4.93 4.34 3.03 3.71 1.90 1.06 3.40 2.32% 2.72% 0.00% 36.69% 58.39% 4.92% laser 2937242 6387536M60 60 5.15 4.64 3.58 4.15 1.66 1.31 4.17 0.08% 2.83% 0.00% 22.40% 73.23% 4.37% laser 2936999 6387957M70 70 6.27 6.02 4.02 4.81 1.86 0.42 2.39 0.61% 3.88% 0.00% 9.12% 80.76% 10.12% laser 2936702 6388456M80 80 6.20 5.95 4.10 5.03 1.81 0.41 2.65 0.44% 3.04% 0.00% 8.38% 82.72% 8.91% laser 2936380 6388998M90 90 6.73 6.50 5.06 5.92 1.43 0.61 2.82 0.20% 4.10% 0.00% 0.27% 91.23% 8.50% laser 2936020 6389601M100 100 5.32 4.99 2.77 3.05 2.15 0.52 2.39 0.48% 4.37% 0.00% 32.64% 60.52% 6.84% laser 2935617 6390280

bay of plenty sediment characteristics: aquaculture management … · 2011-01-13 · asr marine...

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