basketball development and its challeng in addis …
TRANSCRIPT
1
BASKETBALL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CHALLENG
IN ADDIS ABABA cIty cluBS
BY: - TEWODROS ABIR ENDALE
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
Faculty oF liFe science
Department of sport science
ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA
April, 2012
2
BASKETBALL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CHALLENG
IN ADDIS ABABA cIty cluBS
BY: - TEWODROS ABIR ENDALE
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN
SPORT SCIENCE.
April, 2012
ETHIOPIA
3
BASKETBALL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CHALLENG
IN ADDIS ABABA cIty cluBS
BY: - Tewodros Abir Endale
APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS
1.____________________ __________________ ______________
Chairman of Department Signature Date
of Graduate Committee
2.________________________ ______________________ _________________
Advisor Signature Date
3._______________________ ______________________ _________________
Examiner Signature Date
[
4
Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty God for being there in all my endeavours and I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Dr. Solomon Teka who helps this idea to become a reality. This project couldn’t have been completed without the tremendous contributions of Addis Ababa university faculty of sport science department, Ato Seifu Gossaye, the owner of Cruise school, my friends: Kenya Mamech, Syintayehu Bekele, Molla Yenesaw, Tofick Adem, Eba Abera, Abay Deribew, Ayele Gossaye, Blen Gashaw and Mulugeta Beyene. I am also thankful to the research participants who showed their unreserved collaboration in giving me the necessary information.
5
Contents at a Glance
List of contents Page
Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... i
Table of Content ...................................................................................... ii
List of Table ............................................................................................ iv
Acronyms and Abbreviation .................................................................... vi
Abstract .................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I - Introduction ...................................................................... 1-7
CHAPTER II - Review Literature .............................................................8-28
CHAPTER III - Research Design and Methodology………………………….29-34
CHAPTER IV - Analysis and Interpretation of Data………………………….35-65
CHAPTER V - Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations……………66-70
Bibliography
Appendices
6
Table of Contents [
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Content…………………………………………………………………………………….ii
List of Table…………………………………………………………………………………………..v
Acronyms and Abbreviation…………………………………………………………………….vii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………….viii
CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………………………1
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1. Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………1
1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………......4[.
[[[1.3 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………………5
1.4. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………5
1.5. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………5
1.6. Delimitation of the Study…………………………………………………………………6
1.7. Limitation of the Study……………………………………………………………………6
1.8. Operational Definition of terms and Concept………………………………………..6
1.9. Organization of the Study………………………………………………………………..7
CHAPTER II ………………………………………………………………………………..8
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………………….8
2.1. History of Basketball…………………………………………………………………………8
2.2. Basketball History at 1-0……………………………………………………………………9
2.3. Five is enough and Other Early Changes……………………………………………...10
2.4. Other Changes in the Game………………………………………………………………11
2.5. Women’s Basketball………………………………………………………………………..11
2.6. FIBA History………………………………………………………………………………….12
2.7. Basketball Goes to the Olympics………………………………………………………..12
2.8. The Original 13 Rules of Basketball…………………………………………………….13
7
2.9. Basketball in Africa…………………………………………………………………………14
2.10. Basketball in Ethiopia……………………………………………………………………15
2.11. What is Basketball………………………………………………………………………...17
2.12. Mini-Basketball…………………………………………………………………………….17
2.13. Basketball Skills…………………………………………………………………………...18
2.14. Sport and Games …………………………………………………………………………19
2.15. The Benefits of Youth Sport Participation……………………………………………19
2.16. Sport Clubs………………………………………………………………………………….20
2.17. Affecting Factors…………………………………………………………………………...21
2.17.1. The role of "Media………………………………………………………………….21
2.17.2. Media Place in Sport ……………………………………………………………..21
2.17.3. Talent identification ………………………………………………………………22 2.17.4. Advantages of scientific methods of Talent Identification………………...23
2.17.5. Youth Sports: Involvement, Participation, and Dropout …………………23
2.17.6. Diet and exercise…………………………………………………………………..24
2.17.7. Facilities and Equipments……………………………………………………….25
2.17.8. Age and performance……………………………………………………………..25
2.17.9. Parental Support…………………………………………………………………. 25 2.17.10. Physical fitness……………………………………………………………………26
2.17.11. Fan Loyalty………………………………………………………………………...27
2.18. 1. Worldwide Development Systems…………………………………………………..27
2.18.2. One European Basketball Academy…………………………………………28
2.18. 3. Youth Basketball Players Development Program………………………..28
CHAPTER III……………………………………………………………………….29
3. Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………………29
3.1. Research Design …………………………………………………………………………29
3.2. Study Area description………………………………………………………………….29
3.2.1. Climate…………………………………………………………………………………29
3.3. Sampling Procedures…………………………………………………………………….30
3.4. Subjects of the Study…………………………………………………………………….30
3.5. Tools of Data Collection………………………………………………………………...31
3.3.1. Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………32
3.3.2. Interview……………………………………………………………………………….33
3.3.3. Document Analysis………………………………………………………………….33
8
3.6. Procedure of data collection……………………………………………………………33
3.7. Method Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………34
CHAPTER IV……………………………………………………………………….35
Analysis and Interpretation of Data………………………………………….35
4.1. Background Characteristics of the Study Group………………………………….35
4.2 Findings and Discussions……………………………………………………………….38
4.2.1. Practical Execution………………………………………………………………….38
4.2.2. Affecting Factors……………………………………………………………………..41
4.2.3. Analysis of interview……………………………………………………………….60
4.2.3.1. Structure of clubs………………………………………………………………..60
4.2.3.2. Trainings ………………………………………………………………………….62
4.2.3.3. Competition and International Relation……………………………………62
4.2.3.4. Budgeting and sources of Income……………………………………………64
4.2.4. Problems of Addis Ababa basketball clubs………………………………………..65
CHAPTER V………………………………………………………………………..66
5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation…………………………………………66
5.1 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………...66
5.2 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………..68
5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………..69
Bibliography
Appendixes
Questioners for players
Questioners for coaches
Questioners for administrative
9
List of tables
Table 1: Sample selected from Addis Ababa city basketball club players,
coaches, administrators and ETV sport journalists………………….31
Table 2- Addis Ababa city basketball club players’, coaches’, administrative
stuff and journalist involved in the study are tabulated based on
their sex, age, marital status, qualification and experiences in the
sport……………………………………………………………………………36
Table 3: The where about for the respondents began playing basketball….38
Table 4: The where about for the respondents started coaching
basketball…………………………………………………………………….38
Table 5: Concerning training place….........................................................39
Table 6: Data regarding frequency of training are analysed below………… 39
Table 7: Data regarding how long the training session takes place…………40
Table 8: Regarding the where about of recruitment of youth……..……..…..40
Table 9: Concerning basic conditional exercise…………………………….….. 41
Table 10: Regarding the appropriate place of training: ……………….…….. 42
Table 11: Regarding Materials and equipment…………………..………………42
Table: 11.1. Regarding food after training and competition……………44
Table 12: Regarding skills development courses given to coaches by the
federation……………………………………………………………………45
Table 13: Concerning regularity of salary…………………………………….……46
Table 14: Regarding annual budgeting…………………………………………….46
Table 15: Regarding acceptability of the average height of most players
among different clubs in the town……………………………………..47
Table 16: Regarding the average age of players in a specific basketball
team…………………………………………………………………………..47
10
Table 17: Concerning the training whether the coach follows scientific
method or not……………………………………………………………….48
Table 18: Regarding the presence or absence of basketball court in the
vicinity of their village …………………………………..………………49
Table 19: Concerning the presence or absence of female or male basketball
team at the national level ……………………………………………….49
Table 20: Regarding help made to clubs by the federation …………………...50
Table 21: Concerning project ………………………………………………………..51
Table 22: Concerning recruitment of youth………………………………………52
Table 23: Concerning effort for youth basketball project players made to
have a chance to get involved in different basketball clubs after
completing their trainings ………………………………………..……53
Table 24: Concerning club supporters …………………………………………….54
Table 25: Concerning knowledge of referee……………………………………….55
Table 26: Regarding media coverage ………………………………………………55
Table 27: Relationship of coaches and players with people
working at different post in the basketball federation…………...57
Table 28: Relationship of coaches and players with referees………………….58
Table 29: Relationship among players in a team………………………………..58
Table 30: Relationship among coaches of different club coaches……………59
Table 31: Relationship of one club players with other club
Players………………………………………………………………………59
11
Acronyms and Abbreviation
A.A:- Addis Ababa
AAU : - Amateur Athletic Union
BARM: - Basketball Academy Rhein Main
ETV: - Ethiopia Radio and Television
FIBA: - Federation of International Basketball Amateur
IOC: - International Olympic committee
NBA: - National Basketball Association
NCAA: - Intercollegiate Athletic Association
NSPE: - National Sport Policy of Ethiopia
P.E:- Physical Education
TI: - Talent identification
U.S:- United States America
YMCA: - International Young Men’s Christian Association
12
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the development and challenges of
Addis Ababa basketball clubs. The study comprises 49 basketball players in
Addis Ababa city club champions, 3 current and former administrative staffs
of Addis Ababa basketball federation and 2 Ethiopian Radio and Television
Sport Journalists. A descriptive survey study is used to carry out this
research. Three instruments such as questionnaire, interview and document
analysis were used to gather the data. The descriptive analysis of the data
was analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative methods, such as
frequency counts, percentage and descriptive statements. The result of the
study clearly showed that Addis Ababa basketball club players practice 3
days per week and 1:20 hrs per session. Schools have been the main sources
of potential players for clubs; coaches also started their carrier in the school. The major constraints associated with Addis Ababa basketball clubs are
found to have very low media coverage, absence of supporters’ association, a
few number of spectators, a few number of clubs, lack of facilities and
equipment, no regular salary for coaches and players, no permanent
national team, lack or absence of play ground in the villages, not following
scientific method of training by coaches and very low level of communication
among stakeholders. To overcome these problems, the following
recommendations have been forwarded: every stakeholder should work hand
to hand in order to solve the problems, the government should give equal
emphasis to basketball sport like other sports and the federal sport
commission should construct basketball courts in different corners of the
city so as to increase its popularity.
Key words: - basketball, development, training, attitude and budget.
13
CHAPTER I
Introduction
1.1. Background
Basketball is one of team sport or ball game that is played by two (2) teams
of five (5) players each. The aim of each team is to score in the opponents'
basket and to prevent the other team from scoring. The game is controlled by
officials, table officials and a commissioner, if present. The basket that is
attacked by a team is the opponents' basket and the basket which is
defended by a team is the team's own basket. The team that has scored the
greater number of points at the end of playing time shall be the winner (FIBA
2010).
Basketball can contribute to the development of personal and social values
that are very important in the educational process of the child and
youngsters. These include commitment, perseverance, and personal
responsibilities within the group, team work, respecting the rules, respecting
others, and learning to compete (Maurizia, 2001, as cited in
http://en.wikipedia.org).
For this reason, modern age is characterized by the progress, which is being
made in all fields. Every individual is engaged in a race to excel others. As in
other fields, it is equally true in the field of games and sports. (Journal of
Advances in Developmental Research, 2010)
Likewise, most sports develop over time out of which, the game peoples begin
to play informally. Not so with basketball. Basketball history shows that it
has the distinction of being an intentionally invented game. In 1891, James
Naismith was assigned to create an indoor activity for students at the Young
Men's Christian Association (YMCA) Training School in Springfield,
14
Massachusetts. The students, who were training to be physical education
(P.E.) teachers, were understandably bored doing nothing but callisthenics
and gymnastics during those long New England winters. They longed for
action and competition (Griffiths, Sian, 2010).
This can lead us to say that basketball is truly an international game. In the
early years, the game spread to all corners of the world through Young Men's
Christian Association (YMCA) and service men (Soldiers, teachers, pioneers,
Ambassadors).
The Federation international Basketball Amateur (FIBA) was formed by eight
nations in 1932. Today, FIBA oversees international competition involving
212 national basketball federations. FIBA estimates that 450 million people
play basketball at some level (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki).
In reference to the above from New York to London, to Paris, to Beijing from
Sarajevo to Dakar to Buenos Aires to Los Angeles and everywhere in between
the game of Basketball is played. It’s played in the city parks of New York
and the dusty plains of Africa, and the expensive designed courts of the
NBA. The game is played wherever someone can get a ball, and a mounted
ring-like object. Unlike other sports that require multiple people and a lot of
equipment, Basketball only requires a Ball and the willingness to play
(http://www.nbahoopsonline.com).
In Ethiopia, for more than half of a century, men and women of all ages have
been playing basketball. The game has become a favourite of fans who
enthusiastically follow their favourite college, schools and national teams.
The game grew in popularity within a few years among most of the Addis
Ababa schools and Embassy workers. Canadian physical education (P.E.)
teachers had facilitated its expansion to the city.
15
Although basketball gets its popularity within a short period of time,
according to the situation, one can safely say that basketball lucks its
popularity through time. May be it is dishonour to say basketball is at the
infancy level in relation to the time it started in our Country but it is true
that its development is too slow. The causes for these are organizational and
that of the outlook of the people. As the leadership in sports lacked a
popular base in this country, it has been undergoing a series of continuous
reorganization. Youngsters in Addis Ababa play basketball according to their
environmental, social and economical status with out the help of
governmentally organized body.
The limited role of the community in sports, the decline of sports in schools,
the shortage of sports facilities ,sport wear and equipment as well as the lack
of trained personnel in the sphere have also made the problem more complex
(National sport policy, 1998)
Based on the above policy the researcher has observed the following factors
as the main hindrances for the development of basketball in Addis Ababa.
First, basketball clubs have no public interest, second less media coverage,
third poor practice of talent identification, forth less coaching competence,
fifth shortage of basketball equipments and facilities, sixth a few numbers of
sponsors and the absence of national team.
These days the public expectation is very high in visualizing the future
success. So, we cannot stay exclusively upon the past which has
disappeared, however, we can only depend on what is being done nowadays
for the future by working together in harmony with all stakeholders.
Therefore, this study attempts to suggest some attainable alternatives and
computable recommendations. It is also expected to provide valuable
support for improving the development of basketball in Addis Ababa city
clubs.
16
1.2. Statement of the problem
In this ever-changing world, there is an increase public expectation from the
sector forces to create changes in the sport policy by avoiding the old
fashioned Philosophy and accommodating the new scientific method of
working system to answer the need of the citizens and to be the part of this
fast changing world.
However, the increasing demands of achieving success by the entire
stakeholder is larger as compared to successes resulted from other
discipline. To this end, the call for investigating the problem focusing on
basketball development and challenges to move towards the strong point and
limitation as well as to identify the area which require progress is
compulsory.
The researcher has had four years experience as first & second division men
basketball team as a coach in Addis Ababa basketball federation. In addition
to that the researcher has also four years experience as boys & girls
basketball team coach in sub-city. That is why; the researcher gets the
chance to observe closely the development and challenges of basketball in
Addis Ababa. Through the idea mentioned above the researcher intended to
investigate the factors that hinder the development of basketball in Addis
Ababa such as; basketball clubs have no public interest (role of clubs
managers, supporters, trainees parent involvement), less media coverage,
poor practice of talent identification, less coaching competence, shortage of
basketball equipments and facilities, less competence in referee and the
absence of national team.
Moreover, the purpose of this study is to deal with those problems that have
affected the growth of basketball and to indicate possible solutions.
17
1.3 Research Questions
To this end, the study tries to investigate the following basic research questions.
1. Do media affect the development of basketball in Addis Ababa?
2. What are the major factors that affect the development of basketball in
Addis Ababa?
3. To what extent facilities and equipment are available
4. What are the current developments of basketball in the city?
5. What possible solutions should be carried out to solve the problem?
1.4. Objectives of the Study
This section states the aims and goals of the research and what will be
achieved generally and specifically at the end of the study.
General Objective
The main purpose of the study is to identify the development of basketball and its
challenges as generally in Addis Ababa City clubs.
Specific Objectives are to:
1. Identify the historical development of Basketball clubs in Addis Ababa;
2. Find out the hampering factors that the federation has faced to run the
program; and
3. Provide possible suggestion to improve the number and capacity of clubs
4. To encourage the interests of other researcher to conduct research on the
same issues as to find out solution for clubs of Basketball in AA.
18
1.5. Significance of the Study
This study would be designed in the direction to identify the development
and challenges of Addis Ababa city Basketball clubs. The researcher of this
study hopes that the findings of the study would contribute to:
give insight for Addis Ababa city basketball federation; media; clubs’
and administrators to enhance their practice;
give suggests officials, coaches and other stakeholders to have better
knowledge of the core problems; and
initiate other researchers to conduct further and detailed study on the
development and challenges of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
1.6. Limitation of the Study
Through in taking this study there was shortage of reference materials that
deal on the challenge and development of Addis Ababa city basketball clubs.
That's why; the researcher believes that this problem contributed to the
inadequacy of the study. In fact, attempts were made to overcome this
inadequacy by making use of some unpublished but relevant materials and
documents. To one side from this, Constraints of time and money
contributed to the inadequacy of the research. However; the researcher tried
all his best to maintain the excellence of this research by putting utmost
effort.
1.7. Delimitation of the Study
In order to make the study more specific and manageable, this study mainly
focuses on identifying the development of basketball and its challenge in
Addis Ababa city clubs.
19
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms
Basketball: - A game which played between two teams with five players each
Coach: - A person who instructs other in the side of sport competition
Game: - A physical or mental competition conducted according to rules with
participant in a direct opposition toe each other
Maxi Basketball: - A game played by more elderly individuals.
Mini Basketball: - A game for boys and girls who are twelve or less in the
year of competition begin
Skill: - The ability of using the correct time, energy efficiently and effectively.
Talent: - Configuration of group of qualities, abilities and potential
possibilities of an athletes
Training: - Pedagogical process upgrading or improving the performance of
athletes
1.9. Organization of the paper
This study was organized in such a way that the first chapter presents and
discusses the introduction (background), statement of the problem,
objective, limitation, delimitation and significance of the study and also,
definition of terms. The second chapter attempted to forward various
literature works of scholars that has relation to the topic under discussion.
The concern of chapter three is on presenting the methodology of the study.
Chapter four reports the presentation, analysis and discussion of the study
and finally chapter five presents the summary, conclusion and
recommendation of the study.
20
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. History of Basketball
Dr. James Naismith came up with the idea of basketball in Springfield,
Massachusetts, 1891. Dr. Luther Gulick, head of Physical Education at the
International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training School,
ordered Naismith to create an indoor game that would provide a distraction
for students throughout the winter. He developed the original 13 rules and
thus the game of basketball emerged (Griffiths, Sian, 2010).
[
The first official game of basketball was believed to be played on December
21, 1891. Naismith’s gym class in Springfield, Massachusetts, played it. The
equipment used to play the first game was a soccer ball, peach baskets, and
nine players to each team. Since then, there have been major changes to the
game (James Naismith Biography", 2007).
[
The First competitive basketball leagues where all local leagues, usually
within the larger east coast cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Boston.
On some occasions’ teams from other regions would travel to play another
team. Once such occasion took place on November 7, 1896. This was the
first known professional basketball game was played in Trenton New Jersey
between the Trenton YMCA and the Brooklyn YMCA. The game was played at
the Trenton Masonic temple, and an admission fee was charged for
admittance into the game. Each player got $15 dollars except Fred Cooper
who got $16 dollars, and became the first highest paid player. Trenton
defeated Brooklyn 15-1 to win the first ever professional basketball game
(Halsey, William D. (1975).
21
[
Shortly after basketball was invented, colleges were quick to form teams and
challenge nearby schools to games. Ivy League schools like Yale, Harvard,
Cornell and Princeton formed some of the earliest college leagues. In 1937, a
group of basketball writers in New York decided to stage a tournament and
name a national collegiate basketball champion. The first National Invitation
Tournament was held in Madison Square Garden in 1938. Temple became
the first national champion. A group of coaches felt the national tournament
should be more centralized. They started their own tournament in 1939. The
Intercollegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) took over this tournament started
by the coaches and it eventually grew into what we know today as March
Madness—one of the major sporting events of the year in the United States
(Bahr, Lauren S. (1995).
[
College basketball Basketball's early adherents were dispatched to YMCAs
throughout the United States, and it quickly spread through the USA and
Canada. By 1895, it was well established at several women's high schools.
While the YMCA was responsible for initially developing and spreading the
game, within a decade it discouraged the new sport, as rough play and
rowdy crowds began to detract from the YMCA's primary mission. However,
other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filled
the void. In the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)
and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (forerunner
of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules for the game. The first pro league,
the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from
exploitation and to promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five
years (http://www. College sports scholar ships.com).
22
2.2. Basketball History at 1-0
Naismith’s class played the first game of basketball (two words) using a
soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed to a balcony railing ten feet above
the floor. The class of 18 was divided into two teams of nine players. The
gym they played in was just 50 feet by 35 feet (modern courts are 94 feet x
54 feet). The final score of that first ever basketball game was 1-0. William
Chase scored the lone goal from 25 feet—a half-court shot in that small gym.
Now that’s the kind of fact that will someday help you win a basketball
history sports trivia contest (James Naismith Biography" 2007).
[ 2.3. Five is enough and Other Early Changes
Initially, there was no limit on the number of people who could play in a
basketball game. Some historians report that more than 50 people at a time
played in some early games. This made for some very rough basketball that
looked a lot like a Rugby scrum. By 1900, it was agreed that five members
per side was enough on the court at one time.
Jump balls were the most common play in the early years of basketball. The
jump was used after every basket and often after the ball went out of
bounds. Between all of the centre jumps and having to retrieve the ball from
the basket, the game was much slower than the modern version. In the
1930s, rule changes eliminated the jump ball after each basket. Fans
everywhere cheered.
Early baskets had no backboards so forget about rebounding. Wooden
backboards were added in 1896 to prevent fans in the balcony from
interfering with the ball. And about the basket—it soon become clear that
23
climbing a ladder after every goal was a huge hassle. Open rims eventually
replaced baskets. Nets were added to slow the ball down and help officials
determine if the ball had actually gone through the rim. Thus, the swish was
born.
Because basketball was often played on dance floors and in social halls, wire
cages were placed around the court to protect spectators who sat in chairs
surrounding the court. (Think of how hockey boards surround a rink.) These
wire cages caused numerous cuts and scrapes. Players rejoiced with the wire
was replaced with rope netting. To this day, basketball players are still
referred to as “cagers” (Bahr, Lauren S. (1995)).
2.4. Other Changes in the Game
1906Rims with open nets become 1908 Player ejected after five fouls 1915
Dribbler is allowed to shoot 1923 nominated free throw shooter eliminated
1944 Three-second lane rule introduced1950 Nat Clifton, Earl Llyod and
Charles Cooper become first Black players to play in the NBA1954 NBA
adopts 24-second shot clock1966 Unlimited dribbling allowed in women's
game1971 Five-on-five full court game becomes standard for women1979
NBA adds three-point shot1986 College adopts three-point shot1988 NBA
adds third referee 2001 Reduce time to advance the ball past mid court from
10 seconds to 8 seconds 2001 National Basketball Development League (D-
League) created.2002 The Hornets moved from Charlotte, North Carolina to
New Orleans2004 The Bobcats formed in Charlotte, North Carolina2006 NBA
introduces new game ball representing the first change to game ball in 35
years. 2007 In response to player complaints the old style game ball was re-
implemented (Shashi, Tom. (1998)).
2.5. Women’s Basketball
Between the late 1940s and early 1960s, U.S women’s basketball becomes a
bone fide varsity sport. Teams had six players and the court was divided so
that three forwards did the scoring and the three guards covered the back
court. In 1971 the U.S congress passed title IX legislation, which prohibited
24
sex discrimination at federally fended academic institutions. There after,
teams were reduced to five and women’s were treed from the limits imposed
by the half court game. Increased funds to women’s athletics attracted first
rate coaches such as former collegian and Olympic star pat head summit
(1952) of Tenesses, who recruited players from a growing pool of quality high
school talents.
The Olympic embraced women’s basketball in the 1976 Montreal Games.
The soviets won the gold medal in the 1976 and 1980 games against an
impressive field that included strong Chinese and Korean teams.
2.6. FIBA History
The International Basketball Federation (French: Fédération Internationale
de Basketball), more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA, is an
association of national organizations which governs international
competition in basketball.
[
The association was founded in Geneva in 1932, two years after the sport
was officially recognized by the IOC. Its original name was Fédération
Internationale de Basketball Amateur. Eight nations were founding
members: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal,
Romania, and Switzerland. During the 1936 Summer Olympics held in
Berlin, the Federation named James Naismith (1861-1939), the founder of
basketball, as its Honorary President.
FIBA has organized a FIBA World Championship for men since 1950 and a
World Championship for Women since 1953. Both events are now held every
four years, alternating with the Olympics.
In 1989 FIBA opened the door to Olympic participation by professionals
such as players from the NBA in the United States. At this point, the
Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur became the Fédération
Internationale de Basketball, but retained FIBA as an abbreviation.
25
The Federation headquarters moved to Munich in 1956, then returned to
Geneva in 2002 (FIBA Assist Magazine Vol. 02, 2003).
[
2.7. Basketball Goes to the Olympics
In 1904, Basketball was a demonstration sport at the Olympics in St. Louis.
It would be another eight Olympics before basketball would become medal
sport. In the 1936 Berlin Olympics, 21 teams competed for the gold medal.
The United States defeated Canada 19-8 in a championship game played
outside on a muddy clay field. This was the beginning of US dominance in
Olympic basketball (Halsey, William D. (1975)).
2.8. The Original 13 Rules of Basketball
As written by Dr. James Naismith (1941)
1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never
with a fist).
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot
on which he catches it, allowance to make for a man who catches the ball
when running if he tries to stop.
4. The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used
for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tipping, or striking in any way the
person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule
26
any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the
next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for
the whole of the game, no substitute allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3, 4 and such
as described in Rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the
opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time
making a foul).
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds
into the base key and stays there, providing those defending the goal do
not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the
opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play
by the person first touching it. He has a right to hold it unmolested for
five seconds. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into
the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it
shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the
umpire shall call a foul on the side.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and
notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall
have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.
27
11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in
play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the account of
the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by the
referee.
12. The time shall be two fifteen minute halves, with five minutes’ rest
between.
13. The side making the most goals in the in that time shall be declared the
winner. In the case of a draw, the game my, by agreement of the
captains, be continued until another goal is made.
2.9. Basketball in Africa
Since June 11, 1961, FIBA Africa has been promoting basketball and
implementing capability building programs throughout Africa. FIBA Africa’s
capability programs include training for coaches, referees, and
administrative people. Currently, there are 53 national federations affiliated
to FIBA Africa. Among these federations, Egypt; Morocco; Ethiopia; Sudan;
Togo; Northern Rhodesia; Sierra Leone; Ghana; Guinea; Libya; Mali and
Upper Volta served as the founding member
(http://www.sportsknowhow.com).
It is believed that, basketball was introduced in Africa by missionaries,
possibly Americans. It was an interesting game for African’s that the game
was popular in a short period of time.
28
In 1936 an Egyptian team took part in the Olympic Games in Berlin. In
1949 the first international basketball competition in Africa was held in
Egypt (Cairo) and an Egyptian team was champion until recently, however,
basketball was largely played in Ethiopia, Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and
Algeria.
The African Association of basketball Federation was organized at a meeting
in Cairo which took place from June 11-14, 1961. During this historical
meeting, representatives were presented from the National Basketball
Federation of Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Libya, and Egypt
(http://www.fiba.com).
2.10. Basketball in Ethiopia [[
Basketball was first introduced in Ethiopia in the year 1946-47 (1939 E.C).
it was first played in the Teferi Mekonnen (Entoto Comprehensive) and
Hailesilasse (Kokebe Tsebah) secondary schools. It was introduced by
physical education teachers who came from Canada.
Beginning from 1950-51, basketball became popular in most primary and
secondary school of Addis Ababa. To this effect, Addis Ababa Inter-school
Association included basketball in the inter-school competition which was
held every year during that time. Later on physical education instructors of
Addis Ababa University College and other colleges, coupled with members of
Juventus club organized the competition programs of basketball in Addis
Ababa.
These programs were conducted in ancient cinema hall which was found in
the present day Science Faculty of Addis Ababa University. This greatly
contributed for an increased popularity of the game as well as number of
participant teams. As a result, the Arat killo Y.M.C.A (now Arat killo sport
training center) Organized a team and registered as an additional team
members.
29
While the competition programs were expanded, the above motioned cinema
hall was destroyed for some other purpose. Hence, the competition place was
transferred to Etege Hotel compound (Now Awraris Hotel) where the present
day National Lottery building exists. The basketball court which was made in
this hotel was made of red ash and it had light even to serve at night.
The Addis Ababa Basketball Federation was established in the year 1950-51
(1943 E.C). Beginning from this year, the federation has been organizing the
annual basketball competition in Addis Ababa. Following the then Arat Killo
Y.M.C.A. and Olympics club (which was found at Bole road), prepared a
basketball court for each of them. As a result of this, the competition place
was transferred from Etege Hotel to these two places. And all the competition
programs were conducted in these two courts inter changeably.
The Ethiopian Basketball Federation was established in the year 1953-54
(1946 E.C), since having five Federations is compulsory for a country to be a
member of International Olympic committee (IOC) as participant member of
the modern Olympic games. Consequently, Ethiopia became a member of
International Olympic committee and participated in the modern Olympic
games for the first time at Melbourne Olympiad in the year 1956 (1948 E.C).
Being established as a Federation, the Ethiopian Basketball Federation
becomes a member of the Federation of International Basketball Association
(FIBA). To this effect, Ethiopian participated in the first African Basketball
competition in the year 1962 (1954 E.C). This was the first time for Ethiopia
to participate in International Basketball Competition. Being a participant
in the first African basketball competition, Ethiopia became one of the
founding members of African Basketball confederation.
The Ethiopian basketball team who participated in the first African
basketball competition brought unsatisfactory result. Following this, it is
believed that the attitude of Ethiopians towards basketball declines.
30
In the year 1975-76(1968 E.C.) the Ethiopian sports commission was newly
reorganized. Along with this, the Ethiopian basketball federation has been
exerting persistent effort to make basketball more popular and favourite
game for Ethiopians. (Sahile Michael Bizuneh & Abebaw Kelkay, 2001).
2.11. WHAT IS BASKETBALL
Basketball (commonly nicknamed "B-ball" or "hoops") is a team sport in
which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting"
a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
Basketball is one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.
Basketball is a multifaceted and complex team game that combines cyclic
and acyclic movement structures. The movement structures consist of
movements with the ball and without it (FIBA, 2003)
According to (Al Ameen J Med, 2009) Basketball is one of the most popular
team sport extensively played and viewed all over the world. Through time,
basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing,
dribbling, including player’s positioning as well as offensive and defensive
structures. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "centre", "small
forward", or "power forward" positions, while shorter players or those who
possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or
"shooting guard".
While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of
basketball have developed for casual play. While competitive basketball is
primarily an indoor sport, played on a basketball court, less regulated
variations have become exceedingly popular as an outdoor sport among both
inner city and rural groups. What does a basketball player needs?
Apparently, it is the ability to rapidly switch between forward, backward,
lateral and vertical movement. , In view of this, we can say a basketball
player needs good fitness, flexibility, power, strength, agility, endurance and
vertical jumping ability to achieve sporting targets.
31
2.12. Mini-Basketball
Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individuals. Mini basketball played
by underage children. Mini-basketball was introduced internationally in
1964 and is now played extensively in every FIBA zone.
Anselmo Lopez, the founder president of FIBA mini-basketball, formerly the
International committee for mini-basketball, stated “It is essential to promote
with children the pleasure of effort, respecting the moral value indispensable
in the human being.” He saw the potential of mini-basketball as the ideal
game, not only to introduce children to, basketball, but also to provide, them
with an excellent introduction to sport.
The recent rationalization of the FIBA organization has resulted in the
disbanding of FIBA mini-basketball, as a separate entity, and intergrading
the development of mini-basketball in to the FIBA commission for youth
basketball the positive out come of integration will be to provide the
opportunity to:
A. Encourage the transition of mini-basketball player in to older age-
group basketball activities.
B. Highlight the excellent coaching processes developed in mini-
basketball.
C. Emphasis the sporting and educational benefits of an approach
designed specifically for children.
The exceptional work by FIBA mini-basketball over 39 years has been the
development of mini-basketball to all areas of the world, from the smallest
Island states to the largest countries. With out doubt the title “Mini-
basketball” is recognized by every federation, although it’s meaning is still
interpreted differently. For some it is adult basketball in miniature, while for
32
others they recognize a philosophy emphasizing the specific needs of
children. (Malilin 2006)
2.13. Basketball Skills
Some coaches believe playing games is the best conditioning and spend all
weekend at fall leagues playing multiple games, while some favour
basketball-skill specific workouts.
Basketball is a game of movement; it also requires a high proficiency of
technical skill. However, technical skill and athleticism fail if the player does
not understand game concepts, play with intensity, embrace competition
and react quickly to constantly changing situations. Therefore, basketball
requires tactical skill and a fourth skill, a set of intangibles that combines
leadership, coach ability, competitiveness, intelligence, awareness, and
more. When these four skills blend together in one player, the player has all
the elements of a successful player.
Since basketball combines four different sets of skills, sports preparation
and training must be varied to build sufficient levels of skill in all areas. A
player who constantly shoots by himself may be the best shooter in the
country, but if he lacks a certain level of the other three skills, he may never
get the opportunity to use his shooting skills in a game
(http://www.associatedcontent.com)
2.14. Sport and Games
According to (sachdeva, 2001) Games and sports are played for recreation,
to develop strength, stamina, vigour or to compete. Games and Sport are of
two types- indoor and outdoor. Games that are played in a room are called
indoor games and those that are played outside, sometimes on special
grounds, are called outdoor games.
[
33
2.15. The Benefits of Youth Sport Participation
With so many youth participating in sports, either in school or agency-
sponsored programs, it is important to examine the possible benefits of this
involvement. The benefits and detriments of youth sport participation have
been a topic of debate within the research and policy literature; however,
numerous benefits have been identified. For instance, Seefeldt, Ewing, and
Walk (1992) have identified the following possible benefits associated with
competition:
• Learning physical skills. Young athletes learn both fundamental motor
skills (e.g., running, jumping and hopping) and sport-specific skills
(e.g., how to putt a golf ball or shoot a jump shot in basketball) that
allow them to stay active.
• Appreciation of fitness. Two of the motives for participation identified by
children are “to get exercise” and “stay in shape” (Ewing & Seefeldt;
1989); participating in sports offers this benefit.
• Sense of belonging. Another strong motive of participation is social
interaction. Sports can provide peer interaction through both team-
mates and healthy competition (Weiss & Stuntz, 2004).
• Acquiring sport skills for leisure. Learning the fundamental motor skills
through sport (e.g., proprioception, coordination) can aid in skill
development, but can also be transferred to other sports and leisure
activities, promoting increased participation and involvement.
In a review of current trends and literature in youth sport, Malina and
Cumming (2003) outlined other possible benefits of participation:
• Growth and maturation effects
• Regular physical activity leading to increased fitness
• Self-concept or self-worth effects
• Social competence
• Moral development
34
2.16. Sport Clubs
According to, Morrow, (2003) the main sponsors of sport are clubs. All sport
clubs are non-profit organizations, but they are very different with regard to
their size, their philosophies, and their values and cultures. Small clubs that
have only one sport exist beside huge sport associations with several who
have not only numerous sports in their clubs, but also fitness rooms, pools,
and restaurants. Around 35 percent of the 90,000 sport clubs have fewer
members, 34 percent have 101 to 300 members, and 31 percent have over
2,300 members. Up to 70 percent of the cost of clubs is financed by
membership fees and events or activities; the rest comes from sponsors and
from the states or communities. [
2.17. Affecting Factors
2.17.1. The role of "Media
Recent research proves that there has been a major increase -at least
quantitatively- of sport in the media in countries all over the world, in the
number of specialist newspapers, the number of pages given over sport in
conventional newspapers, television sport channels, in the number of
programming hours and the radio and television sport programmes’
audiences, etc.
According to Raymond BOYLE and Richard HEYNES (2000), the stars of
sport, the athletes, have become never-ending sources of inspiration for the
construction of stories to be told. Today, sport is a never-ending source of
characters and plots for the mass media.
Modern stories about good and bad, success and failure, luck and
misfortune, victory and defeat, things native and foreign, group identity and
emotion are all recounted in their most popular of expressions -sports
narration. The media select, priorities, augment and silence the values (and
counter-values) of sport and Olympism. And they do so ... for billions of
35
people, for the new "tele athletes" or, in other words, the "viewers" who have
never done -and may never do- any sport in their lives.
The cultural importance of sport is unquestionable when we realize that
"media-sport", besides satisfying the symbolic needs of the identification of
groups and nations, also satisfies the needs of the "tele-athletes" fantasies
and the identification. It is generally recognized that modern sport can no
longer do without the media and vice-verso.
2.17.2. Media Place in Sport
Nicholson, M (2007) studied that the media are henceforth considerate as a
tool to product, reproduce and amplify many of the discourses associated
with sport in the modern world. And to talk in term of product, the coverage
of sport has created a product to be consumed by audiences, sold by clubs
and leagues, bought and sold by media organization and manipulated by
advertisers. The link between sport and media is so strong and indelible,
that it is now call, the Nexus. As illustrate Nicholson “Sport and Media are
not two separate industries that have been juxtaposed coincidently. Rather,
their evolution, particularly throughout the twentieth century, has resulted
in them being inextricably bound together”. This nexus drive by the
technology, the commercialization, the convergence (the global media
landscape is dominated by massive media organizations that continue to
acquire smaller organizations, means of distribution, cross-media
ownership, technological changes/means of delivery) and the globalization,
could be the headline in the mutation of sport. This mutation manage by
the media organizations, is very interesting because it is relevant that the
involvement of them
Eileen Kennedy and Laura Hills, (2009) stated that “Sport, which will not
follow the media’s wishes, will die gradually.”
36
2.17.3. Talent identification
According to Bompa, (1994) talent identification (TI) is big business. From
sports, through art, to education, researchers in all domains are attempting
to find a way to identify the best in their field. However, finding the most
effective, and most efficient TI method is a complex task, which despite its
apparently recent 'rise' to prominence, has been a concern for quite a while.
Bompa, (1999) stated that in the late 1960s and early 1970s many East
European countries realised the weakness of the traditional TI programmes,
and attempted to develop methods of identification which could be
underpinned with scientific theory and evidence. The results were
(apparently) astounding; for example, eighty percent of Bulgarian medallists
in the 1976 Olympic Games were the result of a thorough TI process. Similar
results were demonstrated by Romanian and East German athletes in the
1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics; successes again believed to be due to their
scientific selection processes adopted in the late 1960s.
2.17.4. Advantages of scientific methods of Talent
Identification
1. It substantially reduces the time required to reach high! performance by
selecting, individuals' who are gifted’ in sport’
2. It eliminates a high volume of work, energy, and talent on the part of the
coach.
The coach's' training effectiveness is' enhanced by training primarily those
athletes with superior abilities
3. It increases competitiveness and the number, of athletes aiming at and
reaching high -performance Levels'. As a result, there is a stronger and
more homogenous national team capable of better international-
37
performance
4. It increases an athlete's self confidence, because his or her performance
‘dynamics are known to be more 'dramatic than 'other athletes of the
same age who did not go through the selection processes
5. It indirectly facilitates applying scientific training, because sport scientists
who assisting talent identification can be motivated to 'continue to
monitor athletes, training (Bompa, 1999). [[[
2.17.5. Youth Sports: Involvement, Participation, and Dropout According to Gould & Petlichkoff, (1988) millions of children participating in
youth sports each year, it is vital to understand the motives for, predictors
of, and detractors to involvement. Children participate in youth sports for a
variety of reasons and have multiple reasons for involvement. For example,
the largest study of its type conducted to date (surveying 8000 youth)
identified the reasons children report for participating in sport. These reasons included:
• To have fun
• To do something I am good at
• To stay in shape
• To learn new or improve my skills
• To play as part of a team
These motives for participation are interesting for several reasons. First,
regardless of gender, the most important reason for participating is to have
fun. Second, most young athletes have multiple motives for involvement;
there is interplay of skill development, physical development, and social
interaction. Finally, “to win” is rated 8th
in participation motives for school-
38
sponsored sports and was not even listed by non-school sport participants
(Seefeldt, Ewing, & Walk, 1992).
2.17.6. Diet and exercise
Diet is a major importance to the sport person. Different performers require
different types of food, reflecting the different types of physical activity that
are undertaken. In addition, a person’s diet may change prior to competition.
The aims of the re-competition diet may be to:
Build up stores of carbohydrates-so that energy can be produced for
longer period of time.
Enter the competition with as little in the stomach as possible this
helps the breathing process
Prevent gastric disturbances-the competitor should avoid gas -making
foods onion, baked beans and cabbage.
Provide positive psychological attitude- if a good diet is followed it
helps to develop sense wellbeing, both before and during completion.
During physical activity food stuffs must be avoided but sports people
should drink liquid especially water to replace losses brought about by
sweetening and energy production, and to help maintain body
temperature.
After hard physical activity it is important to continue replacing lost fluid
and eating food replaces depleted energy stores. However eating should be
delayed from between one to two hours after competition (Retrieve on Fe.11
2011 from www.ocr.org.uk)
2.17.7. Facilities and Equipments
39
According to David Levinson and Karen Christensen (2005) availability of
sport facilities and equipments has a tremendous effect on the development
and popularity of a given sport
If the facilities and equipments are available in sufficient manner it is too
easy to produce a number of out standing athletes who can show highest
performance at national of international level
2.17.8. Age and performance
Age does affect performance in a number of ways.
Strength- full strength is not attained until a person is in their early
20s and muscular strength can be improved right though a person’s
30s.
Injury:-order people are more prone to injury than young people. They
often take longer
Flexibility:- the very young are very flexible and his continues with
women in to their teens. By their 30s men in particular tend to have
lost much of their flexibility
Reaction time:-this shows down with age.
Experience: - older people tend to make up for their reduced physical
capabilities by using their skill levels to better effect. This is known as
a experience (Sharkey, B. (2002)).
2.17.9. Parental Support
According to David Levinson and Karen Christensen (2005) Parents
appear to be important as financial supporters, as organizers of
transportation, in providing moral support, as supportive in times of
problems such as injuries, and in their presence at practice and
games.
40
However, parental roles differ, and research concerning elite
performers has revealed different stages in the development of talent,
including shifting demands on the parents. Research suggests that in
the early years, the sampling years (ages 6–12), optimum parental
support is given to encouraging their child’s participation, having fun,
and enjoying the learning. In programs for the development of talent, it
is recommended that parents provide the child with access to varied
programs of physical education and sport from an early age. Rather
than additional advice, the children require understanding and
emotional support from their parents.
The middle years, the specializing years (ages 13–15), are
characterized by a greater commitment of the child as well as the
parents to a particular sport. More accomplished coaches are sought,
and the parents often devote more resources to the activity. They are
providing the child with financial support and transportation needed
for training and competition. Often, the family’s routine can be
dominated by the child’s talent development. During the later years,
the investment years, parental involvement might decrease. Parents
provide support in a background role and can be essential in providing
financial as well as emotional support. During the investment years,
athletes often need help in overcoming setbacks, such as major
sporting defeats, injuries, pressure, and fatigue. Also, the departure of
a trainer or the breaking up of a training team can be a stressful event
implicated in competition sport. Of great importance is that parents
provide an understanding environment to which their children can
retreat, if necessary.
2.17.10. Physical fitness
According to Sharkey, B. (2002).Physical fitness is not only one of the most
important keys to a healthy body; it is the basis of dynamic and creative
intellectual activity. The relationship between the soundness of the body and
the activities of the mind is subtle and complex. Much is not yet understood.
41
But we do know what the Greeks knew: that intelligence and skill can only
function at the peak of their capacity when the body is healthy and strong;
that hardy spirits and tough minds usually inhabit sound gods.
2.17.11. Fan Loyalty
The Importance According to David Levinson and Karen Christensen (2005) The
psychological satisfaction that people gain from [sporting] victories, related
media coverage, social events, wearing the respective team colours and
identifying with the emblems and symbols, which represent hundreds of
years of history as well as everyday realities, is immense.
[
2.18. 1. Worldwide Development Systems
While the United States maintains a helter-skelter development system with
no unifying organization, other countries develop players through
academies, clubs and national team programs. Players start in a youth
academy and move to a junior team affiliated with a professional club. The
youth division’s primary purpose is to develop professional and international
players, not win at the youth level. The club guides development to ensure a
constant talent influx to the professional team. Players develop within one
club from youth to the adult level, whether as a professional or a second
division player. The club’s development process builds to a peak in the
player’s early 20’s. National programs use the youth academies and club
programs to identify talented players. They organize camps and training for
the best players.
In the United States, no long term development plan exists and players jump
from team to team and coach to coach. Throughout this system, each coach
uses his own philosophy and each team trains to win its championship.
42
Winning, not development is valued, often sacrificing an athlete’s
development to win.
The United States needs to change to a system which emphasizes
fundamental basketball skills and prepares players for the next level. The
Elite Development League and High Performance Centres would re-structure
the current club system, while changing the emphasis and creating a
financially viable system for elite player development which incorporates a
more balanced schedule, greater emphasis on training and more time for
studies (http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com).
2.18.2. One European Basketball Academy
According to the Basketball Academy Rhein Main (BARM) web site:
“Our mission is very simple: we would like to develop young talents into
great basketball players and at the same time focus on coordinating an
appropriate school and professional education for young talented and
aspiring athletes.
Our comprehensive approach to the complete education and development of
basketball players will enable them to reach their full potential preparing
them for a successful future in basketball and business after a professional
playing career.” (http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com)
2.18. 3. Youth Basketball Players Development Program
Youth basketball players develop in the same game as NBA players with only
minor adjustments. The Playmakers Basketball Development League is an
effort to break player development into different steps and encourage more
small-sided competition for youth players. Small-sided games provide many
advantages for youth players, especially more equitable competition and
more touches on the ball. When players play in an atmosphere where the
best player dominates the ball or the coach restricts certain players (tall
43
players don’t dribble), players develop slowly. Young players need the ball
and opportunities to improve their game awareness and confidence
(http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com).
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Here, the researcher used questioner, interview and document analysis as a
means of data collecting tools.
3.1. Research Design
The research is designed in qualitative and quantitative ways based on the
datum conducted through questioner, interview and document analysis.
Survey method is used to scan a wide field of issues, populations,
programs… etc in order to measure or describe any generalized features.
So a descriptive survey method which is strongly believed to be the most
appropriate for addressing the intended purpose of this study, “The
development and challenges of Addis Ababa City Basketball Clubs” was
employed.
3.2. Study Area description
Addis Ababa lies at an altitude of 7,546 feet (2,300 metres) and is a
grassland biome, located at 9º1'48"N 38º 44' 24"E. The city lies at the foot of
Mount Entoto. From its lower point, around Bole International Airport, at
2,326 metres (7,631 ft) above sea level in the southern periphery, the city
rises to over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the Entoto Mountains to the north.
3.2.1. Climate
44
Addis Ababa has a Subtropical highland climate (Koppen Cwb). The city
possesses a complex mix of highland climate zone, with temperature
differences of up to 10º C, depending on elevation and prevailing wind
patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the
city’s position near the equator means that temperatures are very constant
from month to month.
3.3. Sampling Procedures
In Addis Ababa city basketball federation, under 18 registered clubs, there
are 6 male and 3 female basketball clubs which are participating in the first
division while 9 male basketball clubs are participating in the second
division. As a result, a total of 216 players and 18 coaches are involved
under these registered clubs. Accordingly, 49 (22.69%) out of 216 players, 8
(44.44%), out of 18 coaches were selected for this study. Moreover, 3
(42.86%) out of 7 Administrators and 2 (10%) out of 20 Ethiopian radio and
television sport journalists were considered in this study too.
In order to select sample from the target population, the researcher adapted
simple random and purposive sampling strategies. Simple random sampling
method was employed as of selecting basketball players while purposive
sampling method was employed for selecting coaches, basketball federation
administrators and sport journalists.
To get representative samples of all the respondents, the total of 261(100%)
population was stratified into four groups (players, coaches, administrators
and journalists). 180 male and 36 female. Out of the male stratum 21.67%
of players, that is, 39, from female stratum 27.78% that is 10 players were
selected by using simple random sampling lottery method. In other side
8(44.44%), coaches 3 (42.86%), Administrator and 2 sport journalists were
selected by using purposive sampling methods.
3.4. Subjects of the Study
45
The participants of this study are Addis Ababa City Basketball Federation
Clubs. Since the study was expected to investigate the aforementioned topic,
it assumes that it would be quite appropriate to get the relevant data directly
from the target population that is, from Addis Ababa City Basketball
Federation Clubs. Accordingly, 49 players, 8 coaches, are participated in
filling the questionnaires. 2 current administrative, 1 Former administrative,
and 2 sport Journalists have taken part in the interview.
[[
Table 1. Sample selected from Addis Ababa city basketball club players, coaches, administrators and ETV sport journalists
No Types Population Sample selected
Play
ers
Coa
ches
,
Adm
inis
trat
ive
and
jour
nalis
ts
Play
ers
Coa
ches
,
Adm
inis
trat
ive
and
jour
nalis
ts
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Tota
l
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Tota
l
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Tota
l
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Tota
l
1 Basketball
players
180 36 216 __ _ __ 39 10 49 __ _ __
2 Coaches __ __ __ 18 _ 18 __ __ __ 8 _ 8
3 Federation
administrativ
e
__ __ __ 6 1 7 __ __ __ 3 _ 3
4 ETV sport
journalists
__ __ __ 18 2 20 __ __ __ 2 - 2
Grand total 180 36 216 42 3 45 39 10 49 13 _ 13
46
Source: Addis Ababa city basketball federation and ETV (2011)
Remark: *Of the total population of Addis Ababa city basketball federation club
players’ 49 (22.69%), 8(44.44%) respective basketball coaches’ were considered in filling
out the questionnaires. * 2 Administrative heads, 1 Former Administrative heads and 2
sport journalists participated in the interview.
3.5. Tools of Data Collection
The data for the study were collected using questionnaires, interview and
documents from different sources.
[
3.5.1. Questionnaire
Two sets of questionnaires were developed in English and one was translated
into Amharic language so as to obtain information from basketball players
and coaches. In order to elicit the necessary data, both questionnaires were
constructed based on the review of related literatures; consisting of two main
sub-topics: I, personal profiles, II, Factors affecting the development of
basketball. This was constructed in keeping with the main themes of
research guiding questions as well.
There are two sets of questions, some of them comprise close-ended while
most of them consist of open ended questions which, the researcher believes,
would help the respondent to write their real feeling about the phenomena
they are asked.
Even though it is very difficult to analyse the second set of questions, the
researcher believes that it gives the respondents much freedom to suggest
their subjective thought more appropriately than the first types of questions.
To satisfy the need for confidentiality, respondents were not asked to put
their names on the questionnaires. Instead, they were kindly requested to
47
indicate their sex, age, qualification and experience as far as the back-
ground characteristics are concerned.
The questionnaires were examined by English teachers to avoid errors
related to accuracy, fluency, and contents and to validate the frame items.
Besides, the items were also examined by a friend of mine who is graduated
from Addis Ababa University in the department of philosophy to see if any
modification is needed and to determine whether they lead to certain
conclusion for the significant purpose of the study. More over, the
instruments which were initially prepared, was given to my advisor in order
to comment the extent to which the items were appropriate in securing the
relevant information for the research. Based on the feedback obtained from
my advisor, amendments were made.
3.5.2. Interview
Interviews are a type of survey where questions are delivered in a face-to-
face means encountered by and interviewer. The interview is like a
conversation and has the purpose of obtaining information relevant to a
particular research topic (Kumar, 1999).
In this research the researcher has chosen semi structured interview for he
presumes that this method of interview would help the interviewee to
address issues which would be far reaching by the interviewer.
Accordingly, two current and one former Administrators working in Addis
Ababa city basketball federation and two sport journalists working in
Ethiopian television are participated in the interview. Every effort was made
to create a friendly atmosphere of trust and confidence in order that the
respondents would feel at ease while talking to and discussing every single
issue with the interviewer. Hence, the interview was followed by probing a
set of predetermined questions and issues abruptly raised by interviewee are
recorded on the tape. Beside this, the interview was held in Amharic
language to avoid communication gap, and clarity of ideas. Finally,
responses of the over all interview were summarized and analyzed.
48
3.5.3. Document Analysis
Documents are valuable sources of information such as texts, newspapers,
minutes of meetings, articles, letters, diaries, memos or scripts, etc.
3.6. Procedure of data collection
For those respondents who have been selected to fill the questionnaires, the
final copies were handed over in person if there was a need for additional
explanation on how to respond and to get as many questionnaires as
possible. In addition to this, a face-to-face interview using a tape recorder
was conducted in order not misses every single idea of interviewees.
3.7. Method of Data Analysis
In this study, both qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures were
employed. Hence, Frequency Counts, Percentage and descriptive statements
were used to analyse items of the questionnaires.
The data collected through structured questionnaires were presented in
tables and analyzed by one of statically acceptable tools (percentages) and
descriptive statements.
In addition, qualitative data were analyzed by summarizing responses of the
open-ended items in the questionnaire and the interview. Finally, the data
were analysed and discussed to reach certain finding which in turn was
used to give conclusion and possible recommendations.
49
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In this section, the results obtained from the questionnaire, interview, and
documents are analyzed and interpreted in such a way that Percentage is
employed to analyse responses of close-ended items in the questionnaires
while descriptive statements are employed to interpret open-ended items in
the questionnaires and the interview. In addition to this documents were
used to triangulate the responses.
4.1. BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY GROUP
Based on the responses obtained from players, Coaches, administrative
stuffs and sport journalists the characteristics of the study groups were
examined in terms of their sex, age, marital status, education, and work
experience.
50
Table 2- Addis Ababa city basketball club players’, coaches’, administrative
stuff and journalist involved in the study are tabulated based on their sex,
age, marital status, qualification and experiences in the sport in the
following table.
N
o
Vari
able
s
Basketball first and second division clubs players
Administrative
coac
hes
jour
nalis
t
Characteristics categories
Responses Characteristics categories
Responses
Res. Res.
No % No % No % No %
1 Sex Male 39 79.59 Male 3 100 8 100 2 100
Female 10 20.41 Female __ __ __ __ __ __
Total 49 100 Total 3 100 8 100 2 100
2 Age < 20 12 24.49 25-30 __ __ 3 37.5 2 100
21-25 21 42.86 31-35 1 33.3 4 50 __ __
26-30 10 20.41 36-40 __ __ 1 12.5 __ __
Above 31 6 12.24 Above 41 2 66.7 _ __ __ __
Total 49 100 Total 3 100 8 100 2 100
3 mari Single 42 85.71 Single __ __ 5 62.5 2 100
51
tal
stat
us
Married 7 14.29 Married 3 100 3 37.5 __ __
Divorce __ __ Divorce __ __ __ __ __ __
Total 49 100 Total 3 100 8 100 2 100
4
Educational qualification
Below
grade 10
1 2.04 Below certificate
__ __ __ __ __ __
Preparato
ry
14 28.57 Certificate __ __ 2 25 __ __
Certificate 9 18.37 Diploma 1 33.3 4 50 __ __
Diploma 20 40.82 Degree 1 33.3 2 25 2 100
Degree 5 10.20 Masters 1 33.3 __ __ __ __
Total 49 100 Total 3 100 8 100 2 100
5 Year
s of
expe
rien
ce
1-2 4 8.16 1-2 __ __ __ __ __ __
3-5 14 28.57 3-5 1 33.3 __ __ 1 50
6-8 18 36.37 6-8 __ __ 2 25 __ __
≥9 13 26.53 ≥9 2 66.7 6 75 1 50
Total 49 100 Total 3 100 8 100 2 100
A breakdown of the study of population in terms of gender as indicated in
item 1 of table 2, out of the 62 individuals involved in the study, males
constitute an overwhelming majority; however, there are a sizeable number
of female respondents from the over all basketball players.
Regarding the age group of respondents in item 2 of the above table, the age
of 49 Addis Ababa city basketball club players lies between 18 and 35. The
age of 8 coaches lies between 28 and 40. 3 Addis Ababa city basketball
federation administrator lies between 29 and 68 and 2 journalists’ lies
between 29 and 30 were reported.
52
With respect to marital status in item 3 of table2, 42(85.71% of) players are
found single while 7 (14.29% of) players are found married. 7(53.85% of)
coaches, Addis Ababa city basketball federation administrator and
journalists are found single while 6(46.15%) are found married.
In addition, with regard to educational background in item 4, 1(2.04%)
player attends below grade 10, 14(28.57% of) players are attending in
preparatory (between grade 11 and 12), 20(40.82% of) players are diploma
holders, 5(10.20% of) players are degree holders. As of coaches, Addis
Ababa city basketball federation administrators and sport journalists in
general 2(15.38%) of them are certificate holders, 5(38.46%) of them are
diploma holders, 5(38.46%) of them are degree holders and the rest
1(7.69%) of them is found to have masters degree.
As of the years spent in the profession indicated as item 5 table 2, 4 (8.16%
of) players have less than or equal to 2 years of experiences, 14(28.57% of)
players are found to have between 3 and 5 years of experiences, 18(36.37%
of) players have experiences between 6 and 8 years and the last 13(26.53%
of) players have more than 9 years of experience as basketball players. On
the other hand, out of the over all coaches, administrators and journalists
1(7.69%) of them has 3 to 5 years of experience, 2(15.38%) of them have 6 to
8 years of experience and the majority 10(76.92%) of them have above 9
years of experience in the basketball sport.
4.2. Findings and Discussions
4.2.1. Practical Execution
Table 3: The where about for the respondents begin playing basketball:
Subject Responses and No of respondents with percentage
School Project Village Higher If any Total
53
education other
Players 26(53.06%) 14(28.57%) 7(14.28%) 1(2.04%) 1(2.04%) 49
As shown in the above table, the majority, 53.06% of players, started playing
basketball in the school; only 28.57 % of players started in project, the other
14.28 % of players started in village, the other 2.04% of players started
playing in higher education, and the rest 2.04% of players responded
“other”.
Thus, this indicates that most of the players started their carrier in schools.
Table 4: The where about of coaching basketball
Subject Responses and No of respondents with percentage
school project Village club If any other
Total
Coaches 4(50%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 8
As shown in the above table, the majority, 50% of coaches, started coaching
in the school, only 12.5% started coaching in project, the other 12.5 %
started in village, and the other 12.5% of coaches started coaching in club
and the rest 12.5% of coaches responded “other”.
Thus, this indicates that most of the coaches started their carrier in schools.
54
Table 5: Concerning training place
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Gym
nas
ium
Sch
ool
Spo
rt c
entr
e
Vill
age
If a
ny
oth
er
Gym
nas
ium
Sch
ool
Spo
rt c
entr
e
Vill
age
If a
ny
oth
er
Where are you currently giving
(trained) basketball training?
17(3
4.69
%)
18(3
6.73
%)
10(2
0.41
%)
4(8.
16%
) 0(
0%)
3(37
.5%
) 4(
50%
)
0(0%
)
0(0%
)
1(12
.5%
)
Similar question as for where trainings took place asked to both players and
coaches 50% and 36.73% of coaches and players respectively answered in
school basketball courts, 37.5% and 34.69% of coaches and players
respectively answered in gymnasium courts, the rest 12.5% of coaches
answered “other” 20.41% of players in sport centre and 8.16% of players
answered that they are using courts in their village.
Table 6: Data regarding frequency of training are analysed below:
55
Subject Responses and No of respondents with percentage
Once Twice Three times
Four times & above
Total
Players 0(0%) 11(22.45%) 37(75.51%) 1(2.04%) 49(100%)
Coaches 1(12.5%) 2(25%) 4(50%) 1(12.5%) 8(100%)
According to the data in the above table, the majority 75.51% and 50% of
players and coaches respectively replied that they take training three times a
week, 22.45% and 25% of players and coaches respectively replied that they
take training two times a week, 2.04% and 12.5% of players and coaches
respectively replied that they take training four and above four times a week
and the rest 12.5% of coaches replied that they take training once in a week.
Table 7: Data regarding how long the training session takes place:
Subject Responses and No. of respondents with percentage
90 min 120 min 180 min 240 min Total
Players 4(8.16%) 43(87.76%) 2(4.08%) 0(0%) 49(100%)
Coaches 2(25%) 6(75%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
Similar question, as for how long the training session takes place, both
players and coaches. Accordingly, the vast majority, 87.76% and 75% of
players and coaches respectively replied that the length of the session is 120
minutes, 8.16% and 25% of players and coaches respectively replied that the
length of the session is 90 minutes and the rest 4.08% of players replied that
the length of the session is 180 minutes. Excellent performance in sport has
56
a strong positive relationship with the accumulated number of hours of
practice (http://www.jssm.org).
Table 8: Regarding where recruitment of youth takes place:
Subject Responses and No of respondents with percentage
School Project Club If any other Total
Coaches 6(75%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(25%) 8(100%)
According to data analysed above, the majority, 75% of respondents,
answered that they recruit youth from the school, while 25% of the
respondents answered that they recruit youth from other places.
Thus, this indicates that school is the main sources of youth basketball
players for the clubs.
[
4.2. 2. Affecting factors Table 9: Concerning basic conditional exercises
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Player Coach
Yes No Total Yes No
57
Do you have any opportunity to get training in gymnasium (Basic conditional exercise) in addition to ball-training?
15(30.
61%)
34(69.
39%)
49(10
0%)
4(50%
)
4(50%
)
8(100%
)
[
According to the response given by players in the above table, the majority,
69.39% of the respondents, do not have the opportunity to get training in
gymnasium (i.e. no basic conditional exercise in addition to ball training).
Where as 30.61% number of them replied as they get a chance to do so.
On the other hand, as for the responses of coaches for the same question
revealed that 50% of them have the opportunity to give training in
gymnasium (i.e. there is basic conditional exercise in addition to ball
training), while half of the respondents (50%) reported that they do not have
the opportunity to get training in gymnasium (i.e. no basic conditional
exercise in addition to ball training.
Thus, this would indicate that lack of basic conditional exercise is one of the
factors that could affect the development of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
Table 10: Regarding the appropriate place of training:
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Gymnas
ium
Out
door
Total Gymn
asium
Out
door
Total
Where do you think you have to be trained
58
(give) in order to bring about changes in your skill development?
40(81.6
3%)
9(18.3
7%)
49(100
%)
8(100
%)
0(0%) 8(100%)
According to the response given in the above table, the majority, 81.63% of
players, and the whole 100% of coaches believe that basketball training
should be held in gymnasium, where as insignificant number of players, (i.e.
18.37%) answered that it is better to get out door training.
[
Even though most of the respondents would believe to have training in
gymnasium basketball court to bring about changes, but the reality is that
there is only one gymnasium that hosts the training and competitions in
Addis, because of that most clubs had no chance to get training in the place
they need. Thus, this would indicate that shortage of courts is one of the
problems for the development of basketball clubs.
[
Table 11: Regarding Materials and equipment:
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Yes No
Do you get enough equipments and facilities for training?
25(51.02%)
24(48.98%)
1(12.5%)
7(87.5%)
Does your club provide you with the appropriate sportswear for training and for competition separately?
30(61.22%)
19(38.78%)
4(50%)
4(50%)
59
The above table exhibits that 51.02% of the respondents of players replied
that they have enough equipments and facilities for training. Where as
48.98% of the respondents replied that they do not have enough equipments
and facilities for training.
For the same question 87.5% of the respondents of coaches replied that they
do not have enough equipments and facilities for training. Where as 12.5%
of the respondents replied that they have enough equipment and facilities for
training.
Based on the responses of coaches, as opposed to players, there is a
shortage of equipments and facilities for training among basketball clubs in
Addis Ababa.
According to the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about
the impact of the availability of facilities and equipment, most of the
respondents responded “not sufficient” and it leads to wastage of time to
address every single players in the club as much training as every players is
needed and also affecting individual interest for the sport so that it may
decrease the number of potential players.
Regarding sports wear for training and competition, 61.22% of respondents
of players answered that they have the appropriate sports wear for training
and for competition separately. Where as 38.78% of the respondents replied
that they do not have the appropriate sportswear for training and
competition separately. For the same question, 50% of respondents of
coaches replied that they have the appropriate sports wear for training and
competition separately. Where as half of the respondents of coaches replied
that they do not have the appropriate sports wear for training and
competition separately.
60
Table: 11.1. Regarding food after training and competition
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Player Coach
Yes No Total Yes No Total
Does your club provide sufficient food after training and competition?
24(48.98
%)
25(51.
02%)
49(10
0%)
1(12.5
%)
7(87.5
%)
8(100%)
Regarding food after training and competition, 51.01% of respondents of
players answered that the clubs do not provide sufficient food after training
and competition. Where as 48.99% of the respondents replied that the clubs
provide sufficient food after training and competition. For the same question,
87.5% of respondents of coaches answered that the clubs do not provide
sufficient food after training and competition. Where as 12.5% of the
respondents replied that the club provide sufficient food after training and
competition. Thus, this indicates that the majority of Addis Ababa city
basketball clubs does not provide food after training and competition. This
could hinder the performance of players and coaches.
As for the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about
impact of having insufficient food after training and competition, most of
respondents responded as having insufficient food and it totally decreases
physical fitness and interests for the sport.
61
According to Jackson (1986) underscored that energy intakes peaked
between age 16 and 29 years and then decline for succeeding age groups .A
similar pattern occurred for males and females, although males reported
higher daily energy in takes than female at all ages between age 20 and 29
years, the women consumed on average 35% fewer kcal than men on a daily
basis, … Individuals who engage regularly in moderate-to- intense physical
activity eventually increase daily energy intake to match their higher energy
expenditure level .
[
Table 12: Regarding skills development courses given to coaches by the
federation, data are analysed as follows:
Subject Response
A
year
Two
year
Three
year
Four
year
Not at
all
If any
other
Total
Coaches 0(0%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 1(12.5%) 1(12.5%) 4(50%) 8(100%)
The majority, 50% of the respondents of coaches answered that the skill
development courses given has no fixed interval of time, 25% of the
respondents answered that it is given in two years time, 12.5% of the
respondents replied that it is given in four years time and the rest 12.5% of
the respondents replied that there is no skill development courses provided
by the federation.
As for the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about the
appropriateness of time to get up-dating courses, even though, most of the
respondents believe that they should have got up-dated in a yearly or at
62
most in two years of time, the federation has not provided them with the
necessary up-dating courses regularly.
As for the responses gathered from the interview of administrators for the
same questions, all of the respondents replied that regular training for
coaches are not carried out for the delay in the preparation of training
manuals.
Thus, this would indicate that lack of regular training for coaches are one of
the biggest problems for the development of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
Table 13: Concerning regularity of salary:
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Total Yes No Total
Are you regularly paid for playing (coaching) basketball in your club?
24(48.9
8%)
25(51.
01%)
49(10
0%)
3(37.
5%)
5(62.5
%)
8(100%)
Regarding the salary, 51.01% of players and 62.5% of coaches have stated
that they are not regularly paid by their clubs, where as 48.98% of players
and 37.5% of coaches answered that they are regularly paid by their clubs.
According to the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about
the impact of not having a regular salary, most of the respondents responded
that it leads to looking for other means of generating income better than this
which may result losing potential players, moral and interest for training.
63
Thus, this indicates that more than half of players and coaches have no
regular salary for their work. This could be one of the problems for the
development of basketball in Addis Ababa city clubs.
Table 14: Regarding annual budgeting:
Subject
Response
Yes No Total
Coaches 2(25%) 6(75%) 8(100%)
[
The results of the above table clearly show that 75% of coaches respond that
their club have no sufficient annual budget, where as 25% of coaches
respond that their club have sufficient annual budget.
According to the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about
the same question, the vast majority of the respondents responded that their
clubs have no sufficient annul budget. This insufficiency affects the club not
to have adequate materials and facilities which in turn discourages coaches
and players to be enthusiastic and helpful.
Thus, this indicates that the club runs with out sufficient budget. This may
result in the problem for not releasing one’s potential.
Table 15: Regarding acceptability of the average height of most players
among different clubs in the town:
Subject Response
64
Yes No Total
Coaches 0(0%) 8(100%) 8(100%)
[[[
According to the response given in the above table the total 100% of the
coaches answered that the height of players in Addis Ababa city clubs does
not qualify the standard of basketball sport. As for the responses gathered
from the interview of administrators for the same questions, they replied “No,
they do not”.
Thus, this indicates that the less standard height of players is one of the
potential problems in the development of basketball in the city clubs.
[[
Table 16: Regarding the average age of players in a specific basketball
team:
Subject
Response
<20
years
20-25
years
26-30
years
31-36
years
37-40
years
Total
Coaches 4(50%) 2(25%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 8(100%)
As for the finding, 50% of the total respondents of coaches have answered
that their players are less than 20 years of age, 25% of the coaches answered
that their players are between 20-25 years of age and 25% of the coaches
answered that their players are in between 26-30 years of age.
As for the responses gathered from the interview for the question asked
about the appropriateness of ages of players in Addis Ababa 1st division
65
basketball clubs, they replied that, in reality, most of the players in these
clubs are elder than the acceptable age of a player to play.
Table 17: Concerning the training whether the coach follows scientific
method or not.
Subject
Response
Yes No Total
Players 13(26.53%) 36(73.47%) 49(100%)
As the above Table shows, the vast majority, 73.47% of respondents of
players replied that the training given by the coaches are not following
scientific methods while 26.53% of the respondents of players replied that
the training given by the coaches follow scientific method.
As for the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about the
impact of not-following scientific training by the coaches, most of the
respondents responded that because they do not have sufficient training
experience and lack of basic knowledge in the sport, the players are not able
to bring quick changes in there physical and skill development.
Table 18: Regarding the presence or absence of basketball court in the
vicinity of their village:
Subject Response
66
Yes No Total
Players 12(24.49%) 37(75.51%) 49(100%)
According to the response given in the above table, the majority, 75.51% of
respondents replied that there is no basketball play ground or court in their
village, while, 24.49% of the respondents of players replied that there is
basketball play ground or court in their village.
As for the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about the
impact of the absence basketball court in the vicinity of one’s village some of
the respondents suggested that there is a lack of it which has resulted in low
level of interest by young players; moreover; there would be inadequate
know-how about the sport among people. The some total of these effects,
according to the respondent, can absolutely decrease the number of players
within the discipline.
[
Thus, this indicates that shortage or absence of basketball play ground or
court in the village is one of the potential barriers for the development of
basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
Table 19: Concerning the presence or absence of female or male
basketball team at the national level.
Subject
Response
Yes No Total
67
Coaches 1(12.5%) 7(87.5%) 8(100%)
[[[[
According to the above table, the majority 87.5% of the respondents of
coaches acknowledged that there is no male or female basketball team at the
national level, while 12.5% of the respondents of coaches acknowledged that
there is male or female basketball team at the national level.
According to the responses gathered from the interview for the same
question, they replied that they do not think that there exist basketball team
at national level.
Thus, this indicates that how the sport loses its popularity through time.
[
Table 20: Regarding help made to clubs by the federation.
Subject
Response
Yes No Total
Coaches 0(0%) 8(100%) 8(100%)
The coaches were asked about whether the federation renders help for their
clubs or not, all 100% of the respondents acknowledge that the federation
does not render help for their club.
As for the responses gathered from the interview of administrator of the
federation about what the federation has so far done to help the clubs, they
replied that yes the clubs are in problem also the federation is in problem
and supported by governmental budget we would love if we can support
them all but I do not think we can. Thus, this indicates that the federation
has no enough budgets to support the clubs.
68
Table 21: Concerning youth project
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Total Yes No Total
Is there a project working on youth basketball skills development program in the vicinity of your village?
12(24.
49%)
37(7
5.51
%)
49(1
00%)
3(37.5
%)
5(62.5
%)
8(100%
)
Regarding youth project 62.5% and 75.51% of respondents of coaches and
players acknowledge that there is no youth basketball project in their town
and villages respectively while 37.5% and 24.49% of the respondents
acknowledge that there is youth basketball project in their town and villages
respectively.
As to the responses gathered from open-ended questions asked about the
impact of not-having basketball project around one’s village, some of the
players responded in such a way that there is a lack of project in there
surroundings. This can affect acceptability of training. This makes it difficult
for replacement of youth.
69
[[[
According to Helsen, W.F., Hodges, N.J. et al. It seems reasonable that if
the young athletes are better selected, have better training conditions and
practice and compete more time with better team-mates and opponents, the
chance of becoming competent adult athletes is greater.
Table 22: Concerning selecting youth players
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Total Yes No Total
2.34. Does recruitment of youth basketball player follow scientific procedures?
14(28.
57%)
35(71.4
3%)
49(1
00%)
0(0%)
8(100%)
8(100%)
As shown in the above table, all 100% and 71.43% of the respondents of
coaches and players respectively answered that the recruitment of youth
basketball players are not following scientific procedures, while 28.57% of
players responded that the recruitment of youth basketball players are
following scientific procedures.
According to the responses I have got form open-ended questions asked
about the impact of not-following scientific procedures for youth recruitment
at project level, according to them, the recruitment has been made
unacceptable for inappropriate physical development and age level.
70
According to Helsen et al. (2000) or Elferink- Gemser et al. (2007) argued
that the selection and orientation of talent has been strongly dependent on
biological and motor variables, although these variables are not able to fully
differentiate athletes by competitive levels.
According to Elaine Wolstencroft (ed.) (2002) Advantages of scientific methods of Talent Identification
1. It substantially reduces the time required to reach high! performance by
selecting, individuals' who are gifted’ in sport’
2. It eliminates a high volume of work, energy, and talent on the part of the
coach.
The coach's' training effectiveness is' enhanced by training primarily
those athletes with superior abilities
3. It increases competitiveness and the number, of athletes aiming at and
reaching high -performance Levels'. As a result, there is a stronger and
more homogenous national team capable of better international-
performance.
Table 23: Concerning efforts made for youth basketball project players
to have a chance to get involved in different basketball clubs
after completing their trainings
Subject
Response
Yes No Total
71
Coaches 0(0%) 8(100%) 8(100%)
According to the above table, 100% of the respondents acknowledge that
there is no effort made for youth basketball project players to have a chance
to get involved in different basketball clubs after completing their trainings.
According to the responses gathered from open-ended questions, asked
about the same question, most of the respondents responded that, there is
no adequate number of clubs to accommodate youth players coming from
project. Youths are limit not to release much more potential they have had.
Trainings given in some project level do not make most players the fittest as
required there for this does not allow them to get involved in clubs.
Thus, this indicates that this is also one of the potential barriers for the
developments of basketball in Addis Ababa city clubs.
Table 24: Concerning club supporters
[[
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Total Yes No Total
Does your club have supporter (sympathizer) association?
10(20.4
1%)
39(79.
59%)
49(100
%)
1(12
.5%)
7(87.5
%)
8(100
%)
Do basketball matches in your town have spectators?
22(44.9
9%)
27(55.
10%)
49(100
%)
2(25
%)
6(75%) 8(100
%)
72
Regarding club supporter the majority 87.5% and 79.59% of the respondents
of coaches and players respectively replied that their club have no
supporters while, 20.41% and 12.5% of the respondents of coaches and
players respectively replied that they have club supporters.
According to the responses gathered from open-ended questions, asked for
the same question, the vast majority of the respondents responded that their
clubs have no supporter association. The absence of club supporters affects
the number or magnitude of people who are expected to be funs of the sport.
Having no access for sponsorship may affect in such a way that the sport
may not be considered entertaining among the community.
Regarding spectators 75% and 55.10% of the respondents of coaches and
players respectively replied that there is no spectator in Addis Ababa city
basketball clubs matches, while, 25% and 44.99% of respondents of coaches
and players respectively replied that there are spectators in Addis Ababa city
basketball clubs matches.
As for the responses gathered from the interview for the question asked
about acceptable number of spectators they replied “ certainly, no”.
Thus, this indicates that basketball clubs that are found in Addis Ababa
have no public interest or supports. So this is also one of the biggest
problems on the development of basketball in Addis Ababa city clubs.
Table 25: Concerning knowledge of referees
Item Frequency of response in percentage (%) (N=___)
Players Coaches
Yes No Total Yes No Total
Do you believe that basketball match
20(40. 29(59.1 49(10 1(12.5 7(87.5 8(100%)
73
referees have sufficient competence and skills?
82%) 8%) 0%) %) %)
Regarding competence and skill of the referees 59.18% and 87.5% of the
respondents of players and coaches respectively responded that Addis Ababa
city basketball match referees have no sufficient competence and skill, while,
40.82% and 12.5% of the respondents of players and coaches respectively
responds that Addis Ababa city basketball match referees have sufficient
competence and skill.
Thus, this indicates that insufficient competence and skill of match referees
is also one of the problems that contribute to the decline of basketball sport
in Addis Ababa city.
[
Table 26: Regarding media coverage
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
Players Coaches
Yes % No %
Very high 1 2.04% 1 12.5%
High 0 0% 0 0%
Medium 2 4.08 0 0%
Low 7 14.29 1 12.5%
Very low 35 71.43 6 75.%
Total 49 100% 8 100%
[[
Asking basketball players and their respective coaches about the media
coverage for basketball sport in Addis Ababa the following results were
74
obtained: the majority 75% and 71.43% coaches and players respectively
said that it is very low 14.29% and 12.5% of players and coaches
respectively said that it is low, 4.08% of the respondents of players said that
it is medium, the rest 12.5% and 2.04% of coaches and players respectively
respond it is very high.
As for the responses gathered from the interview with journalists for the
question asked about sufficiency of portion of media coverage, they replied
that “not that much”. This is because the federation does not keep informing
the media about the schedules of matches and the number of competition
taking place is very few.
As for the responses gathered from the interview with administrator of the
same question they replied that it is not that satisfactory for the popularity
of the sport. According to the administrator, currently they are having a
great deal of air time with ‘Zami FM’ in terms of fixture announcements and
match reports. They are also doing their level best to be given air time with
other TV and radio channels.
Thus, this response clearly implies that the basketball sport in Addis Ababa
city does not have sufficient media coverage. So this is also one of the biggest
problems that contribute for the decline of the development of basketball
clubs in Addis Ababa.
According to Eileen Kennedy and Laura Hills, (2009) stated that “Sport,
which will not follow the media’s wishes, will die gradually.” According to
Nicholson, M (2007) it is generally recognized that modern sport can no
longer do without the media and vice-verso.
Table 27: Relationship of coaches and players with people working at
different posts in the basketball federation
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
75
Players Coaches
Yes % No %
Very high 4 8.16% 0 0%
High 3 6.12% 1 12.5%
Medium 13 26.53% 5 62.5%
Low 10 20.41% 1 12.5%
Very low 19 38.76% 1 12.5%
Total 49 100% 8 100%
Asking basketball players and their respective coaches about their
relationship with people working at different posts in Addis Ababa basketball
federation the following results were obtained: the majority 62% of the
respondents of coaches and 26.53% of players replied “medium” where as
38.76% of the respondents of players and 12.5% of coaches replied “very
low” The other 20.41% and 12.5% of players and coaches respectively
replied “low”, the other 12.5% and 6.12% of coaches and players respectively
replied “high” the rest 8.16% of the respondents of players replied “very
high”.
As for the responses gathered from the interview made with administrator
about the relationship between the federation and the stakeholders, they
replied that there is a weak relation and communication so that the
problems are not still being solved.
Table 28: Relationship of coaches and players with referees
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
76
Players Coaches
Yes % No %
Very high 23 48.98% 0 0%
High 8 16.32% 1 12.5%
Medium 9 18.37% 5 62.5%
Low 4 8.16% 1 12.5%
Very low 5 10.20% 1 12.5%
Total 49 100% 8 100%
Asking basketball players and their respective coaches about their
relationship with referees that are working in Addis Ababa basketball
federation the following results were obtained: 48.98% of the respondents of
players replied “very high”, where as 62.5% and 18.37% of the respondents
of coaches and players respectively replied “medium”, 16.32% and 12.5% of
respondents of players and coaches respectively replied “high” the other
12.5% and 8.16% of respondents of coaches and players respectively replied
“low”, the rest 12.5% and 10.20% of coaches and players respectively replied
“very low”.
[[
Table 29: Relationship among players in a team
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
Players Coaches
Yes % No %
Very high 23 48.98% 2 25%
77
High 8 16.32% 5 50%
Medium 9 18.32% 1 12.5%
Low 4 8.16 0 0%
Very low 5 10.20% 0 0%
Total 49 100% 8 100%
[
Asking basketball players and their respective coaches about their
relationship with players in their team the following results were obtained:
50% of the respondents of coaches and 16.32% of the respondents of
players replied that “high”, where as 48.98% of the respondents of players
and 25% of the respondents of coaches replied that “very high”, the other
18.32% and 12.5% of respondents of players and coaches respectively
replied that “medium”, others 8.16% of respondents of players replied that
“low” the rest 10.20% of the respondents of players replied that “very low”.[
Table 30: Relationship among coaches of different clubs: [
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
Coaches
Yes No
Very high 1 12.5%
High 3 37.5%
Medium 3 37.5%
Low 1 12.5%
Very low 0 0%
Total 8 100%
Asking basketball coaches about their relationship with coaches of the other
clubs the following results were obtained: 37% of the respondents of coaches
replied that “high”, where as the same 37.5% of the respondents of coaches
78
replied that “medium”, others 12.5% of respondents of coaches replied that
“very high”, the rest 12.5% of respondents of coaches replied that “low”.
Table 31: Concerning relationship of players of one club with players in
the other clubs [
Responses No. of respondents with percentage
Players
Yes No
Very high 21 42.86%
High 16 33.65%
Medium 10 20.41%
Low 1 2.04%
Very low 1 2.04%
Total 49 100% [
Asking basketball players to describe their relationship with player in other
clubs the following results were obtained: 42.86% of the respondents of
players replied that “very high”, where as 33.65% of the respondents of
players replied that “high”, others 20.41% of respondents of players replied
that “medium”, other 2.04% of respondents of players replied that “low”, the
rest 2.04% of respondents of players replied that “very low”.
4.2.3. Analysis of Interview Responses gathered from the interview made with current and former
workers of Addis Ababa city basketball federation and journalists categorize
the development of the sport in our country at four eras. Moreover, it
assesses the problems at structural, training, competition and international
relation levels of the sport.
4.2.3.1. Structure of clubs
For the question asked about the structures and names of clubs formed in
different eras of training from the 1940s, the responses gathered are
presented as follows:
79
Structures of clubs, from end of 1940s to end of 1960, can be assessed in
two levels. The first one was civil clubs which incorporated Ethiopian civil
society, and people coming from abroad. Wokma, Rail way, A.A.U, Air lines,
and Alemaya University could be cited out of the indigenous clubs while
olympiacos (Greeks), Juventus (Italy), Ararat (Armenia), and Mage (America)
could be exemplified. The second one is military clubs: Harar Meda (Air
Force), Mekuria (Kibur Zebegna), Bahir Hail, Mechal (Soldiers), Chereka Ber
(Arategn Kifele Tor), Tiyit Nada (Amistegn Kifele Tor), Omedla (Police) and
Ogaden Anibesa (Harar Soldiers Academy). These clubs had more or less
fulfilled the requirements.
To be certain, these clubs had comprised people who regularly kept making
membership payments. In addition to this, they had their own office and
recreational centre. Most of them were formed clubs at B and C levels. Most
of their courts (gyms) were constructed fulfilling the standards.
From end of 1960s to mid of 1970, these eras were characterised by a great
structural changes on the sport resulted from changes in regimes. The
structural changes during that time avoided civil clubs and established
different clubs at different levels of urban society, workers’ unions and
higher institutions and at military clubs.
Taking the structures of clubs at Addis Ababa as an example, in 1970, there
established 25 clubs at kebeles, higher kebeles and workers’ unions levels
and 9 clubs at industrial union levels. A year later those 25 clubs were
folded into 4 clubs because of lack of budget. These were ‘Karamara’, ‘Abiyot
Fire’, Dil birhan’, and ‘Tikur Anbessa’ on the other hand, those 9 clubs at
industrial union levels were folded into three clubs, named: ‘Tigile Fire’,
‘Ermijachen’, and ‘Wodefit’. A yearly budget given to clubs at urban society
level was allocated from government administrative office while budget to
workers union was generated from shares collected from industrial unions.
It was believed that it had been a suitable situation for military clubs
strengthened while other clubs ceased to resume as the structures of clubs
were assessed.
80
From the mid 1970s to the mid 1980, it was an eras in which the structures
of clubs took new forms. The military clubs kept going as they had been
before while civil clubs were structured as new under different organizations.
It was a time governmental house organization (Kiray Betoch), Trail (Babur),
Commercial ship (Nigde Merkeb), Asmara Beer and Dahilack clubs were
established.
From the mid 1980s to the present time, it has been observed that many
military clubs have ceased to exist while many other different civil clubs
have come to existence. It is also characterized mainly by the formation of
more female clubs than male clubs. As an example, Ethiopia wiha sira
(Ethiopia water workers), Testis, Addis Afros, Olompiacos, VIVID and Friends
for males clubs. Kiray Betoch, ICS (International Community School) and
BGI for females clubs. As the matter of fact any of these clubs do not fulfil
many of the criteria’s needed.
When we form a club, there should be criteria’s to be fulfilled. Do you believe
that the current clubs in Addis Ababa fulfil those standard criteria’s?
It’s a bit difficult to say the clubs fulfil the criteria’s. First, to be a club it
needs to have an office, court of its own, registered supporters who regularly
contribute to the club, legal registration given by the federation etc. As the
matter of fact any of these clubs do not fulfil many of the criteria’s needed.
4.2.3.2. Trainings
For the question asked about qualification of coaches the responses
gathered presented as follows:
From end of 1940s to end of 1960, even-though there had been a large
number of clubs, most of the coaches were not qualified. Trainings at
national and club levels were given by Ethiopian coaches qualified in general
health and physical education and some foreigners who were qualified in
other fields. Here Peace Corps and all American teachers at that time could
be cited as examples.
81
From end of 1960s to mid of 1970, it was the eras where by a number of
coaches and referees were produced for formal skill trainings were provided
by Ethiopian Basketball Federation.
Nowadays formal skill trainings for coaches and referees have been given,
but the problem is not continuous or it has no regular bases.
4.2.3.3. Competition and International Relation
For the question asked about levels of competition and international
relationship during those eras, the responses gathered presented as follows:
From end of 1940s to end of 1960, Competition at that time could be
categorized at two levels. These are at national level and at international
levels. Competition at national level mainly took place among clubs
Champion of champions at national level was determined according to
competition made between best clubs representing two different regions.
During that time the national team was participating in a regular protocol
and friendly games. The team was attending qualifying games at continental
as well as international levels. Moreover, based on the agreement made
between Ethiopian and Kenya protocol, games took place between the two
countries in turn. Regarding friendly games, there were regular games
between the so called American Sport Ambassador Club and best selected
clubs.
Ethiopian Basketball Federation did not have its own play ground then,
therefore; matches took place at different playgrounds belonging to different
clubs. Matches of the second and third divisions were taking place day in
while matches of higher divisions took place day out with the help of light.
For the question asked about availability of basketball courts for training
and competition the responses gathered presented as follows:
There are two courts that host inter club competitions in Addis Ababa these
are arat kilo gymnasium and mini stadium basketball courts.
82
From end of 1960s to mid of 1970 there were taking a large number of
matches at regional levels within the country. Moreover, there were
international matches among countries signed on protocols. Matches among
Ethio-Sudan, Ethio-Djibouti and Ethio- Yemen can be cited as an example.
From the mid 1970s to the mid 1980, Matches at national levels took place
among clubs and regional clubs. Champion of these clubs had the
opportunity to have friendly matches at international levels. Here matches
between ‘Asmara Beer’ and ‘Djibouti’, and ‘Kiray Betoch’ and ‘Somalia’ can
be cited as examples.
From the mid 1980s to the present time, Matches at national level have
taken place among clubs and regional best teams; moreover, both female
and male clubs have participated in the international competition; however,
participation at national team level is very few.
4.2.3.4. Budgeting and sources of Income
Had the government allocated budget to the federation to support clubs? If
not what was the means of generating income for those clubs to run the
sport?
From end of 1940s to end of 1960, except having a small proportion of
money allocated yearly by the central government, the Ethiopian Basketball
Federation didn’t have sufficient amount of budget to accomplish acceptable
training and to participate in the international games. As a result, sponsors
had been the main sources of income. Moreover Fees collected from selling
tickets had been the other main source of income.
Nowadays the federation has only a small portion of money allocated yearly
by a central government, a small amount of money from a few number of
sponsors and no Fees collected from selling tickets.
83
As you mentioned above the structures of forming clubs have been ever
changing since the 1940s. What impact do these changes have on the
development of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa?
Taking the structures of forming clubs into consideration, there have been
structural changes for not less than 3 or 4 times in half a century life of
Ethiopian Basketball Federation. Throughout these structural changes many
clubs have come to existence while many others disappeared. What is so
amazing is that clubs founded at the time the federation was established as
a body do not exist these days.
From the overall condition of the sport one can easily understand that the
number of participating clubs has decreased.
Do you think that basketball sport has been given that much attention by
the government?
I do not think that the government has given attention for a variety of
reasons. For instance, the national team has failed to join competitions at
continental and international levels because of lack of budget.
4.2.4. Problems of Addis Ababa basketball clubs
How can you generally mention factors affecting the development of sports
among basketball clubs in Addis Ababa?
There are lots of problems. Some of these are lack of courts, lack of
sponsors, problems of outlook in the society and a fewer number of clubs;
moreover, the sport has been left only to students from a well to do families
to play. Furthermore, almost all members of the committee in Addis Ababa
basketball federation are part timers. As the result they can not give up
considerable time working for the development of the sport.
84
CHAPTER V
5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations [[
5.1. Summary The innermost intention of this study was to identify the development and
challenges of Addis Ababa basketball clubs.
The study was mainly designed to answer the following basic questions.
1. Does media affect the development of basketball in Addis Ababa?
2. What are the major factors that affect the development of basketball in
Addis Ababa?
3. To what extent facilities and equipment are available
4. What are the current developments of basketball in the city?
5. What possible solutions should be carried out to solve the problem?
In order to answer these questions, descriptive survey research method was
employed. The data pertinent to the study were gathered through two sets of
questionnaires, interview and document analysis from 49 basketball
player’s, 8 coaches play and coach in different clubs found in Addis Ababa, 3
85
administrative staff of Addis Ababa basketball federation, and 2 Ethiopia
Radio and television (ETV) sport journalist.
The data obtained were analyzed by using one of statically acceptable tools
(percentages) and descriptive statements.
At last, on the bases of review of related literatures and the analyzed data,
the following main findings were obtained from the study.
The study revealed that:-
School is the main sources of youth basketball players for the clubs:
moreover, School is the place where most coaches and players start
their carrier.
Most players in the 1st division are elder than the acceptable age of a
player to play.
failure of the coaches to abide by scientific method of training
the federation dose not render the necessary support and follow up to
the clubs.
most basketball clubs do not have organized supporters.
most clubs take training three times a week, for 120 minutes per-
session
Addis Ababa basketball clubs have shortage of equipments and
facilities
the clubs have not been able to budget to support the sport as needed.
most players do not fulfill the standard measure of height required to
play.
The study cleared that there is:-
86
a few number of spectator in Addis Ababa city basketball clubs
matches.
a very lower level of Media coverage.
no effort was made by the federation for project players to have a
chance to get involved in different basketball clubs after completing
their trainings
shortage or absence of basketball play ground or court in villages.
the absence of permanent national team in both sexes
repeated structural changes made and this changes have not followed
systematic ways.
The study showed that:-
a shortage of courts for training and competition
a lesser number of youth basketball project in the town.
a problem of competence and skills of Addis Ababa city basketball
match referees.
a weak relation and communication of the federation with
stakeholders.
a few number of clubs.
stakeholders are not doing their level best for changing the attitude of
the community to the sport.
management at federation level lacks professionalism.
the government tends to give less attention to basketball as
compared to the other sports.
87
economic status of families has an adverse effect on the developments
of basketball.
In addition the study disclosed failure of the:-
clubs to provide basic conditional exercise in addition to ball training
federation to give the coaches regular skill development courses
clubs to pay regular salary for their players and coaches
federation to follow scientific ways of recruiting youngsters to the
project
5.2. CONCLUSION
Based on the data collected and the discussions made, Addis Ababa
basketball club players are engaged in training on average 3days per week
2:00 hrs per sessions.
88
The major challenges associate with the development are lack of adequate
facilities and balanced diet, very low media coverage, less number of youth
project, very few number of sponsors, very few number of spectators,
absence of organized club supporters, absence of inter-school competition,
the absence of regular skill development courses for coaches, insufficient
remuneration for coaches and players, shortage of courts for training and
competition, losing popularity, a few number of clubs, incapacity of
competence and skills of match referees and amateurism in the federation.
In this respect, participants indicated that the federation should work hand
to hand with all stakeholders is completely necessary.
5.3. Recommendation The researcher suggested the following recommendations in light of the
summary and the conclusions made:
The federation should work in collaboration with all stakeholders
89
Hence, School is one of the main sources of youth players for the clubs so
the federation should work in collaboration with schools so as to produce
youth: moreover, it should organize regular inter-school competition to give
chance for young talented players
To have acquaintance with the ever growing scientific training coaches
should get training on regular bases or providing appropriate and sufficient
training for coaches
For the number of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa city is fewer, the
concerned government body should force sport clubs, highly developing in
the other field of sport, to get involved in basketball sport.
The federation should give special emphasis for the basis of employment in
such a way that amateurs presently working in the federation should be
replaced by full timers.
The concerned government body should set standard and help clubs to fulfil
the criteria’s.
The federation should work to have sufficient media coverage and sponsor
for competition and every aspects of basketball sport
The federation should work hard for the establishment of youth projects in
all sub-cities of the region. Apart from this, the federation should assist and
make regular follow-up for the growth and development of these projects.
The concerned government body should construct basketball courts in
different corners of the city (all sub-cities) to cultivate talented youngsters
and to make the sport popular among the societies
The concerned government body should set standard for the recruitment of
youth and make regular control over the fulfilment of the standard.
The concerned body of government should form permanent national team in
both sexes to encourage youth basketball players.
90
Basketball clubs should work to their level best for the formation of
supporters’ association
Federal sport commission should work in collaboration with non-
governmental organization for the expansion of many indoor and outdoor
courts that used for training and competition
The clubs should give emphasis for basic conditional exercise in addition to
ball training.
Sufficient wages and incentives for coaches and players should be given the
utmost attention by basketball clubs.
Bibliography
Books
Bompa, T.O (1994). Theory and methodology of training: the key to athletic
91
training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Bompa, T.O (1999). Periodization: theory and methodology of training.
Champaign: Human Kinetics.
David Levinson and Karen Christensen 2005 BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF World Sport VOLUME2 Berkshire Publishing Group LLC U.S.A
Eileen Kennedy and Laura Hills (2009), Sport, media and society Ed Berg
Elaine Wolstencroft (ed.) August 2002Talent Identification and Development:
A report for sportscotland by The University of Edinburgh
Ewing, M.E., & Seefeldt, V. (1989). Participation and attrition patterns in
American agency-sponsored and interscholastic sports: An executive
summary. Final Report.
Gould, D. & Petlichkoff, L. (1988) Participation motivation and attrition in
young athletes, In F.L. Smoll, R.A. Magill, & M.J. Ash (Eds.),
Children in sport (3rd ed.). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
Jackson,R.(1986).Sport Administration Manual: International Olympic
Committee .Rome: Harford Enterprise Ltd.
Kumar, R. (1999). Research Methodology .London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Malina, R.M., & Cumming, S.P. (2003). Current status and issues in youth
sports. In R.M. Malina & M.A. Clark (Eds.), Youth sports: Perspectives
for a new century. (pp. 7-25). Monterey, CA: Coaches Choice.
Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture (1998) National Sport Policy of
Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Bole Printing Int.
Morrow, S. (2003) The People’s Game? Football Finance and Society
Basingstoke; Palgrave- Macmillan
92
Naismith, J (1941) Basketball. It’s Origin and Developments Association
Press, New York
[ [
Nicholson, M (2007), Sport and the media: managing the nexus. Sport
Management Series
Official Basketball Rules 2010 (Page 12 of 81) April 2010
Raymond BOYLE and Richard HEYNES (2000), Power Play: Sport, the Media
& Popular Culture, Ed Longmann
sachdeva (December 2001) World reference Encyclopedia for children
Published for book paradise first published in New Delhi -2
Sahile Michael Bizuneh and Abebaw Kelkay, (2001) Physical Education
Students Text Grade 11th (3rd edition) Mega Publishing
Enterprise Ad
Seefeldt, V., Ewing, M., & Walk, S. (1992) Overview of youth sports programs
In the United States Washington, DC: Carnegie Council o
Adolescent Development
Sharkey, B. (2002). Fitness & health (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Weiss, M.R., & Stuntz, C.P. (2004). A little friendly competition: Peer
relationships and psychosocial development in youth sports and
physical activity contexts. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport
and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 165-196).
Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, Inc.
VRL-Documents
Bahr, Lauren S. (1995). Collier’s Encyclopaedia: Basketball. Connecticut,
P.F. Collier, Inc. Internet source www.hoophallhistory.com. Retrieved
93
October, 10, 2011
Griffiths, Sian (September 20, 2010). "The Canadian who invented
basketball." BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-
canada-11348053. Retrieved September 14, 2011
Halsey, William D. (1975). Merit Student Encyclopaedia: Basketball. New
Jersey, Macmillian Company Inc. Internet source
www.hoophallhistory.com. Retrieved October, 17, 2011
[ James Naismith, the inventor of basketball". College sports scholar ships. co
http://www. College sports scholar ships.com/basketball-
inventor-james-naismith.htm. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
"James Naismith Biography" February 14, 2007.
http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjam
esnaismith.htm. Retrieved September, 16, 2011
International Basketball Federation (17th April 2010) Official Basketball
Rules, as approved by FIBA Central Board San Juan, Puerto Rico,
http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=327. (P 7)
Retrieved in October, 2011
http://www.nba.com/analysis/rules_index.html. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
Shashi, Tom. (1998) Basketball History Internet source
www.geocities.com/fruitfax/basketballhistory.htm. Retrieved
September 10, 2011
http://www.nbahoopsonline.com/Articles/History1.html Retrieved in
October, 2011
94
http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/one-european-
basketball-academy/ Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com/the-manifesto/player-
development-worldwide/ Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com/the-manifesto/usa-
basketball-development/ Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com/the-manifesto/elite-
development-league/ Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://thecrossovermovement.wordpress.com/the-manifesto/talent-
identification/ Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/10570/yearround_player_develo
pment_for_basketball.html?cat=14 Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/fibaZone/fibaAfri.asp
Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://www.sportsknowhow.com/basketball/rules/fiba-africa.html
Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http:// www.ocr.org.uk. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
[
http://www.jssm.org Retrieved Feb. 1, 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Basketball_Writers_Association Retrieved
in October 5, 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Basketball_Writers_Association Retrieved
September 17, 10, 2011.
95
Journals
Al Ameen J Med. Sci, Volume 2, No.1, 2009 Shaji J &Saluja
Bradley, J. (1995) Football in Scotland: A history of political and ethnic
identity. International Journal for the History of Sport, 12(1), 96.
FIBA Assist Magazine Vol. 02, 2003
Elferink-Gemser, M.T., Visscher, C., Lemmink, K. and Mulder, T. (2007)
Multidimensional performance characteristics and standard of
performance in talented youth field hockey players: a longitudinal
study. Journal of Sport Sciences 25, 481-489.
Helsen, W.F., Hodges, N.J., Van Winckel, J. and Starkes, J.L. (2000)
The roles of talent, physical precocity and practice in the
[
development of soccer expertise. Journal of Sport Sciences 18, 727-
736. Journal of Advances in Developmental Research 1 (2) 2010: 191-194)
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2011) 10, 458-464
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Questionnaires to be filled by Club Coaches
96
The aim of this questionnaire is to conduct a research on the impact of
basketball development and its challenge on some selected Addis Ababa
basketball clubs and to recommend possible solution for the development of
basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
So I kindly request you to fill this questionnaire and give your genuine
response because it gives a great benefit for the success of the research
N.B No need of writing your name
Part I General information
Instruction: Answer the question by putting check mark (√) on your choice
1.1. Gender A. Female B. Male
1.2. Age A. 25-30 B. 31-36 C. 37-40
D. 41 and above
1.3. Marital status A. Married B. Single C. Divorce
1.4. Educational level A. below Certificate B. Certificate
C. Diploma D. Degree
E. MA/MSc degree
1.5. Profession/Occupation ___________________________________
Part II: Questions associates with research questions
Instruction: Put check mark (√) according to your choice and write your answer on the blank space provided.
97
2.1. Where did you start coaching basketball?
A. In school B. At project level
C. At sub-city level D. In clubs
E. Elsewhere if any___________________
2.2. For how long have you trained basketball?
A. 1-2 years
B. 3-5 years
C. 6-8 years
D. 9 years and above
98
2.3. When did you first take basketball coaching course? ________________
2.4. For how long have you taken basketball coaching course right after the
first one? ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [[[ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.5. In how many time intervals are skill development courses in basketball coaching given in your town?
A. a year B. two years
C. three years D. four years E. not at all
F. If any other__________________________
2.6. Where do you think you have to give training in order to bring about
changes in the skill developments of your players?
A. In gymnasium (indoor) B. outdoor
C. What is your justification for your answer to the above question? _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2.7. Where are you being currently give basketball training? A. Gymnasium B. school
C. sport centre D. village
E. If any other__________________________________
2.8. Is there any possibility that other training (physical conditioning
exercise) can be given other than ball training?
A. Yes B. No
2.9. How frequently do you take training?
A. Once a week B. Twice a week
C. Three times a week D. Four times and more
2.10. How long does the training session take?
A. 1 ½ hours B. 2 hours
99
C. 3 hours D. 4 hours
2.11. Do you get sufficient materials, facilities and play ground for the
training?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball clubs in your town?_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2.12. Does your club provide you with the appropriate sportswear for [[training and for competition separately?
A. yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.13. Does your club provide sufficient food after training and competition? A. yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.14. What is the average age of players in your basketball team? A. below 20 years B. 20-25 years C.26-30 years
D. 31-36 years E. 37-40 years
2.15. Do you think that the average height of most players among different
clubs in your town, as per your observation, qualifies the standard of
basketball sport?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? [[[[ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.16. Is there any female or male basketball team at the national level? A. Yes, there is B. No, there isn’t
100
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? [[ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
2.17. Are you paid for coaching basketball? A. yes B. No
C. If yes, for how much?________________
D. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
2.18. Does your club have a sufficient annual budget? A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your club? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2.19. Where does your club recruit youth from?
A. School B. project C. club
D. if any____________________
2.20. What requirements are used to recruit youth?________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.21. Is there a project working on youth basketball skills development program in your town?
A. Yes B. No
C. If your answer is yes, do you believe that it fits?
i. Yes ii. No
iii. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball clubs in your town?__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2.22. Does recruitment of youth basketball player follow scientific [procedures?
A. Yes B. No
101
2.23. Has there been any effort made for youth basketball players to have a
chance to get involved in different basketball clubs after completing
their trainings?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in Addis Ababa?___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2.24. Does your club have supporter (sympathizer) association? A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in Addis Ababa?_____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2.25. Do basketball matches in your town have spectators?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of in your town?____________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.26. How do you describe media coverage for basketball sport in your town?_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2.27. How do you explain the media coverage of basketball as compared to other sport? ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2.28. Do you believe that basketball match referees have sufficient competence and skills?
Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of in your town?__________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
2.29. How do you describe your relation ship with people working at post in the basketball federation?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good
D. poor E. very poor
102
2.30. How do you describe your relation ship with players in your team?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.31. How do you describe your relation ship with parents?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.32. How do you describe your relation ship with referees?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.33. How do you describe your relation ship with other club coaches?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.34. Does the federation help your club?
A. Yes B. No
C. If yes, what kinds of support the federation render to your club?_________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ D. If no, what is its impact on the development of your club?_______________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.35.How do you describe the development of basketball sport in your town? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
2.36. What do you suggest that stake holders should contribute to develop basketball sport in your town?_______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2.37. Finally if you have any thing to suggest? _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
103
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Questionnaires to be filled by Club Players
The aim of this questionnaire is to conduct a research on the impact of
basketball development and its challenge on some selected Addis Ababa
basketball clubs and to recommend possible solution for the development of
basketball clubs in Addis Ababa.
So I kindly request you to fill this questionnaire and give your genuine
response because it gives a great benefit for the success of the research
N.B No need of writing your name
Part I General information
Instruction Answer the question by putting check mark (√) on your choice
1.1. Gender A. Female B. Male
1.2. Age A. less than 20 B. 20-25 C. 26-30 D. above 30
1.3. Marital status A. Married B. Single
1.4. Educational level A. below 10 B. Preparatory C. Certificate
D. Diploma E. Degree F. MA/MSc degree
1.5. Occupation ___________________________________
[
104
Part II Questions associated with research questions Instruction: put check mark (√) according to your choice and write your answer on the blank space provided.
2.1. How long have you played basketball?
A.1-2 years B. 3-5 years C. 6-8 years D. Above 8 years
2.2. Where did you begin playing basketball?
A. In school B. In project C. On the village
D. In higher education E. If any other______________________
2.3. Is there any basketball playground in the vicinity of your village?
A. Yes B. No
C. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.4. Is there any basketball project in the vicinity of your village? A. Yes B. No
C. If your answer is yes, do you think that the training given there is sufficient? i. Yes ii. No iii. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2.5. Do you think that scientific procedures are applied for youth recruitment at project level?
A. Yes B. No
C. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.6. Does the training given by the coach follow scientific method? A. Yes B. No
2.7. Where do you think you have to be trained in order to bring about changes in your skill development? A. indoor (in the gymnasium) B. outdoor (out side the gymnasium)
105
2.8. What is your justification for your answer to the above question? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2.9. Where are you being currently trained basketball? A. Gymnasium B. School
C. Sport centre D. Village
E. If any other__________________________________
2.10. How frequently do you take training?
A. once a week B. twice a week
C. three times a week D. four times and more
2.11. How long does the training session take?
A. 1 ½ hours B. 2 hours
C. 3 hours D. 4 hours
2.12. Do you have any opportunity to get training in gymnasium (Basic conditional exercise) in addition to ball-training?
A. Yes B. No
C. If your answer is yes, how frequently do you get training within 15 days?
i. Once ii. twice
iii. three times iv. four times and above
v. If any other________________________
2.13. Do you get enough equipments and facilities for training?
A. Yes B. No
C. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.14. Does your club provide you with the appropriate sportswear for training and for competition separately?
A. yes B. No
106
C. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.15. Does your club provide sufficient food after training and competition? A. Yes B. No
C. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.16. Are you regularly paid for playing basketball in your club? A. Yes B. No
C. If yes, for how much?_______________________
D. If No, what is its impact on the development of basketball in your town? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.17. Does your club have supporter (sympathizer) association?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of basketball in Addis Ababa?______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2.18. Do basketball matches in your town have spectators? A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of in your town?_____________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
2.19. How do you describe media coverage for basketball sport in your town?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good
D. poor E. very poor
2.20. How do you explain the media coverage of basketball as compared other sport?________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
107
2.21. Do you believe that basketball match referees have sufficient competence and skills?
A. Yes B. No
C. If no, what is its impact on the development of in your town?__________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.22. How do you describe your relation ship with people working at post in the basketball federation?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.23. How do you describe your relation ship with players in your team?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.24. How do you describe your relation ship with referees?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.25. How do you describe your relation ship with other club players?
A. Excellent B. very good C. good [[[
D. poor E. very poor
2.26. How do you describe the development of basketball sport in your town?______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2.27. What do you suggest that stake holders should contribute to develop basketball sport in your town?______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2.28. Finally if you have any thing to suggest?___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
108
Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Study
Faculty of Life Science
Interview Guide
Dear interviewee. The purpose of this interview is to gather information on
the development and challenges of Addis Ababa city basketball clubs
1. Educational background
2. Occupation
3. Work experience
3. Place of work
4. How do you explain the media coverage given to basketball sport?
5. How do you; therefore, address the community regarding matches, results and dates of competitions? 6. Are you providing the referees, coaches and other employees working under the federation with the necessary training to improve their skill? 7. What do you think about the appropriateness of ages of players in Addis Ababa 1st division basketball clubs? 8. How do you explain the relation ship between the federation and the stakeholders? 9. Do you think basketball competitions in Addis Ababa get considerable number of spectators? 10. Do you think basketball sport in Addis Ababa has sufficient portion of media coverage?
11. Do you have any information that there exists a female or a male Permanent basketball team at a national level? 12. can you describe the structures and names of clubs formed in different eras starting from the 1940s?
109
13. When we form a club there should be criteria’s to be fulfilled do you
believe that the current clubs in Addis Ababa fulfil those standard
criteria’s?
14. what can you say about qualification of coaches during these eras?
15. how could you describe levels of competition and international relation-
ship during those eras?
16. How many basketball courts are currently available for training and competition?
17. Had the government allocated budget to the federation to support clubs?
17.1. If not what was the means of generating income for those clubs to run
the sport?
18. As you mentioned above the structures of forming clubs have been ever
changing since the 1940s. What impact do these changes have on the
development of basketball clubs in Addis Ababa?
19. Do you think that basketball sport has been given that much attention
by the government?
20. How can you generally mention factors affecting the development of
sports among basketball clubs in Addis Ababa?
110
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for
a degree in any another university and that all Sources of materials used for
the thesis have been duly acknowledged.
Name: - : - --------------------- ---
Signature: ------------------------
Date: - --------------------- ---
This has been submitted for examination with my approval, as a university advisor.
Name: - ------------------------
Signature: - -------------------------
Date: - ------------------------