basics of international marketing_must read

7/29/2019 Basics of International Marketing_Must Read

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International marketing is a broader concept and includes

export marketing export marketing is concerned with the production

of good in one country and marketing them in different countries of

the world while international marketing is a boarder concept and

includes globalisation, MNCs and TNCs, joint venture and foreign

collaborations.

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DEFINITION

International marketing can be defined as

marketing carried on across national boundaries.

According to Hess and Eateora, International marketing

is The performance of business activities that direct the flow of

goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation.

According to Subhash C. Jain, The term international

marketing refers to exchanges across national boundaries for

satisfaction of human needs and wants.

International marketing is a process of planning and

executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of

ideas goods and services to create exchanges between nations that

satisfy individual and organizational objectives.

American marketing association

International marketing is the performance of business

activities designed to plan price, promote and directs the flow of the

companys goods and services to consumer or user in more then

one nation for profit.

- Cateora &

Graham

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International Marketing is essential for all countries-small

& big; developed & developing and rich & poor. This is because no

country in the world is self sufficient as regard all the requirements

and no country can live in complete economic and political isolation.

Every country has to import something from other country and has

to export whatever surplus available.

The natural resources are not divided equally among the

countries of the world. There is disparity among countries as regards

geographical area, population, climate condition, availability of

natural resources, economic growth, technology development,

production activities and so on. Such disparity leads to inter

dependent of countries. It is this situation which serves as base for

the conduct of large scale international marketing activities. It is

through international trade that a country can obtain goods which it

can not produce or can produce as cheaply as other countries.

Hence a countrys well being is determining the great extent by the

nature of its foreign trade. Strictly speaking, there is international

interdependence which serves as a base for international marketing

activities.

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The term INTERNATIONAL TRADE and

GLOBALISATION TRADE are also known as WORLD TRADE. The

term GLOBALISATION OF TRADE is a recent one and is wider in

meaning and significant as compare to the term INTERNATIONAL

TRADE. The decades 1980-1990 witnessed number of events which

brought countries closer. Such events includes reunification of

Germany, decline of communism, integration of erstwhile Soviet

Union and East European countries, closer co-operation among

European countries and so on. This was followed by economic

reforms and liberalization in many other countries including India.

These far reaching changes brought the countries closer and the

world into a Global Village. Globalization means integration of

economics of different countries in Global economic order.

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To bring countries closer for trading purpose and to encouragelarge scale free trade among the countries of the world.

To bring integration of economies of different countries andthere by to facilitate the process of globalization of trade.

To establish trade relations among the nations and thereby tomaintain cordial relations among nations for maintaining world

peace.

To facilitates and encourage social and cultural exchangeamong different countries of the world.

To provide better life and welfare to people from differentcountries of the world. In addition, to provide assistance to

countries facing natural calamities and other emergencies

situations.

To provide assistance to developing countries in their economicand industrial growth and thereby to remove gap between the

developed and developing countries.

To ensure optimum utilization of resources (including surplusproduction) at global level.

To encourage world export trade and to provide benefits of thesame to all participating countries.

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To offer the benefits of comparative cost advantage to allcountries participating in international marketing.

To keep international trade free and fair to all countries byavoiding trade barriers.

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1. Large Scale operation International marketing transaction is always conducted in

large quantity. It is not conducted on a large scale. This is necessary

for securing the advantages of large scale operation as regards

transportation, handling and warehousing.

2. Domination of multinationals and developed countries

Multinational Corporation dominates the international

marketing scene. It has world wide contacts. They conduct business

operation more efficiently and economically. They are in a better

position to adopt global approach which is necessary in international

marketing. MNCs usually market their goods in large number of

countries and thereby dominate developing countries.

3. International restrictions

International marketing imposes various trade restriction

(tariff & non-tariff) because of productive policies followed by

differences countries. Tariff barriers are adopted practically by all

countries. Foreign exchange also imposes various restrictions on

imports & exports. Regional blocks/regional grouping of countries

like EU also impose restriction on international marketing. Such

restriction may be in the form of quotas and other indirect

restriction on free imports. Efforts of WTO and UNC0TAD are not

very effective in removing such trade barriers. The growth of

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international marketing is adversely affected due to such trade

restrictions.

4. Sensitive character

International marketing is highly sensitive flexible in the

character. A product may suddenly become unpopular or market

may come down quickly due to political and economic reasons. Even

the use of advanced technology by the competitors or the

introduction of new product by the competitor may affect the sale at

the global level.

5. Need of international marketing research

International marketing requires marketing research in

the form of marketing surveys, product surveys and product testing

as it is highly competitive. Government policies change, new

substitutes enter in to the market and new restriction is imposed

because of political, economic, social and cultural factors. Such

challenges are common in international marketing and for this

continues watch on international marketing environment is required.

Marketing research, sale forecasting, etc. are useful techniques for

this purpose. They bring adoptability in international marketing

activities.

6. Importance of Advance Technology

Countries like the USA, Japan & Germany have a

dominating position in international marketing because of the use of

advanced technology in production & marketing of goods. They are

able to promote export & capture world market due to their ability to

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sell superior quality goods at competitive prices. At present, world markets are

flooded with Japanese goods. this is the result of intensive use of automation &

advanced computer technology in Japan.

7. Keen & Acute Competition

International marketing is highly competitive. Moreover,

this competition is between developed & developing countries which

are unequal partners. Such competition is made sever due to special

facilities & incentives provided by the government to the exporter

for export promotion. World are dynamic & this makes it necessary

to the use competitive techniques for export promotion. Scanning of

the international marketing environment in a regular & continues

manner is essential in order to face global competition effectively.

8. Need for specialized Institutions

International marketing is risky & complicated. It requires

lengthy procedures & formalities. Professional exports are necessary

for dealing with various aspects of international marketing. Similarly,

financial institution like indent houses, exchange bank & export

houses are established world over for effective participation in

international marketing.

9. Need for long term planning

International marketing requires long term marketing

planning. The marketing situation in different countries changes

because of social, economic & political factors. This stresses the

need for long term planning in international marketing. A

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comprehensive & dynamic marketing programmed can be prepared

through such long term planning.

10. Lengthy & Time Consuming

International marketing activity is lengthy, time-

consuming & complicated. This is due to long distances, restrictions

imposed by different countries, payment difficulties due to the use

of different currencies & lengthy procedural formalities which need

to be completed in an orderly manner.

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1. International interdependence of countries

No countries in the world are self-sufficient in all respect.

No countries can produce all its requirements due to geographical &

other factors. There is international inter-dependence because of

which every country has to imports. This awareness of mutual

dependence creates favorable situation for the growth of

international marketing. International inter-dependence & growing

world population are two basic factors which suggest the need of

large scale international marketing.

2. Absence of uniform geographic & climate conditions

Geographic condition & climatic factors are not uniform in

all countries. No country is able to produce all goods required by it.

A country can import the goods which it is not n a position to

produce due to natural & other economic factors. This suggests the

need of international marketing in the case of all countries.

3. Availability of comparative cost benefits

International marketing is necessary as the cost of

production is not uniform in all countries. Every countries can

produce certain favorable factors. Exchange of commodities on the

basis of comparative cost is always beneficial to all countries.

4.Growing need of countriesInternational marketing is necessary in order to meet the

growing need of different countries & also for providing better

standard of living to people. This is the reason due to which

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countries following different political philosophies & system maintain

trade relation & make the life of their citizens richer & happier.

5. Need of closer economic & cultural cooperation

International marketing is also needed for developing

closer economic & cultural relations between countries. This is the

way by which the available global, natural & other resources will be

utilized fully at the international level. International marketing is

needed for economic integration among the nation of the world.

6. Problem of surplus/shortage of production in countries

International marketing is needed due to surplus

production in some countries supplemented by shortage of

production in some other countries. It is also needed as some

countries have huge unused production capacity while other have

no capacity to meet even their domestic need. This situation can be

corrected only through international marketing which facilities

exchange of goods as per the need of different countries.

7. Bridging gap between developed and developing

countries

International marketing is need in order to bridge the gap

between the advance countries & the developing countries. Such

marketing not only brings exchange of goods & services but also

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facilitates transfer of technical know-how & skills. Such transfers are

necessary for rapid growth of developing countries.

8. Economic growth of developing countries & world

peace:

International marketing is needed for rapid growth &

development in all countries-develop & developing. It bring transfer

of technologies & facilitates rapid industrialization in developing

countries. It provides a mechanism through which developed

countries provides assistance to developing countries in there

efforts towards economic growth. International marketing efforts

benefits to all participating countries & also develops co-operation

among countries. In short, international marketing is needed as it is

a key to world peace & prosperity. According to late Shri Dinesh

Singh, Ex-Minister for Commerce, There can be no greater

guarantee of world peace than a prosperous world in which nations

depend on each other for their prosperity.

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1.Payment difficulty:

Payment is an important difficulty in international

marketing because of different currency systems followed by

different countries of the world. The buyer will like to make payment

in one currency, while the seller desires to have payments in his

home currency. In addition, strict foreign exchange is necessary. All

these factors create complication in the payments for the goods sold

or the services rendered. Such difficulties are absence in the case of

domestic marketing due to the existence of uniform currency

system.

2.Risk and Uncertainties in transportation:

International marketing involves the transportation of

goods over long distance covering thousand of kilometer. There is arisk of loss or damage of goods as exposed to uncertainties in

transportation. High cost of transportation is one more problem in

international marketing as this cost raises the market price

considerably and affects sales.

3.Government restrictions:

International marketing is not free like domestic

marketing. Export & imports are restricted by the Govt in all

countries. The govt restriction compel the exporter to follow rules &

regulation in the form of licenses, quotes, foreign exchange

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regulation &custom formalities. For imports also various formalities

are required to de completed. Due to such restriction, various

problems are created before the exporters. Even the restriction in

foreign countries create problem before the exporting community.

Such trade restrictions are in the form of heavy tariffs, quotes,

exchange control & so on.

4.Difficulties in communication:

The operation of international marketing is between

people of different language groups, traditions, customs, nationality,

socio-system &national laws. More over, direct contact between the

parties is not possible. Hence, a special procedure in the form of

letter of credit, bank guarantee, insurance, etc., is necessary for

safety & security of payments.

5.Time difficulty:

There is a wide gap between the time when the group aredispatched & the time when the goods are received & paid for.

There is delay in receiving the delivery of goods due to complicated

procedures & long distance. Such delay is always troublesome to

exporter as well as importer.

6.Difficulty in the preparation of documents:

A large number of documents are required to be prepared

in international marketing transaction. The exporters, for example,

have to prepare various documents for the benefit of the importers.

This work is lengthy, complicated & time-consuming.

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7.Severe competition in global market:

International marketing is risky due to competition inglobal markets. This competition may be related to price, quality &

sales promotion techniques used. The competition is between

countries with varied economy, social & technological background.

Such competition is always troublesome to poor & developing

countries. Exporters from such countries have to face various

problems while dealing with severe market competition.

8.Miscellaneous difficulties:

These difficulties in international marketing include (a)

difference in weights & measures in different countries, (b) political

affiliations of countries, (c) trade barriers & trade blocs, (d)

differences in the marketing practices followed in different countries

and (e) war or international tensions.

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1. Regulation on marketing activities:

International marketing is not free like domestic

marketing. Various countries impose tariff & non-tariff restrictions on

trading activities. Such restriction affects the volume of international

trade. The study of such regulation & their effects on trading

activities is one aspect of study concerned with international

marketing. Every country has to study such regulation imposed by

other countries & take suitable remedial measures.

2. Formalities and procedures of marketing:

International marketing is a complicated & time-

consuming activity due to different commercial laws & practices

followed in different countries. Exporter & importer have to follow

various formalities & procedure relating to licensing, foreign

exchange, customs duties & clearing of goods. Such procedure &

formalities are not uniform in all countries & hence the study of

procedure & formalities comes within the scope of international

marketing. Exporter & importer have to study such formalities &

procedure for orderly conduct of international marketing activities.

3.Trade block and their impact:Trade block are established by different countries

participating in international marketing activities. Such block

includes EU, LAFTA, ASEAN, EFTA & CACM. Regional trade blocks are

the mutual benefits & concessions to member countries but deny

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similar to non-member countries. However, such trade blocks are

harmful to the growth of free world trade.

4.Commercial policies and their impact:

Every country prepares its own commercial policies to suit

its specific needs. The policies of different countries create

international commercial environment under which all countries

have to operate. Naturally, the study of commercial policies of

different & their impact on world trade needs special attention. Such

study comes within the scope of international marketing.

5.International marketing research:

Marketing research is essential for large scale marketing

in global markets. Information about marketing environment, needs

of consumers, buying behavior, extend of market competition, etc.

will be available through such research activities. Product planning

& development, introduction of scales promotion techniques, etc arepossible only through such research of foreign markets.

6.Miscellaneous aspects:

a)Export financing.

b) Exim policy and implication.

c)Export pricing and export risk management.

d) Product innovation, standardization and sales promotion.

e)Study of special facilities, concession and incentives.

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Advantages/benefits of International

Trade/Marketing to a Country/Nation

1.Provides higher standard of leaving:

International marketing provides better life & welfare to

people in different countries. It provides goods which cannot be

produced in the home country due to geographical limitations. This

raises the standard of living of the people & social welfare.

International marketing facilities large scale production & create

employment opportunities in different countries. This provides

purchasing power to the people & ensures higher living standard to

them.

2. Ensures rational & optimum utilization of resources:

Rational allocation of resource & the best use of the

resources available at the international level is one major

advantages of international marketing. It enables every country to

export whatever is available as surplus. This may be raw material,

oils, consumer goods & even machinery & services.

3. Rapid industrial growth:International marketing creates new demand for goods.

This facilitates industrial activities & brings industrial development.

International marketing leads to industrial development of the

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country, provides massive employment opportunities to the people

& full utilization of natural resources available.

4.Benefits of comparative cost

International marketing provides to participating

countries, the benefits of comparatives costs. The benefits of

division of labour & specialization at the international level are

available to participating countries through international marketing.

5. International cooperation and world peace:

International marketing bring countries closer due to trade

relation. This leads to cooperation among the countries. Developed

countries help developing countries in their development activities.

This remove economic & technological gap between the countries.

6. Facilitates cultural exchange:

Social & cultural exchanges between different countries of

the world are possible due to international marketing. This is

possible as fashions move along with goods. Trade also develops

social & cultural relation among nations. This lead to cultural

integration at global level.

7. Better utilization of surplus production:

Due to international marketing, surplus production of goods

can be exported to other countries. This provides foreign exchange

to exporting country & also meets the needs of other countries.

Effective use of surplus goods, service, raw material, etc. is possible

due to international marketing. Thus effective utilization of surplus

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domestic production, introduction of new varieties of goods,

improvement in the quality of production & promotion of mutual co-

operation among countries are the benefits of international

marketing.

8. Availability of foreign exchange:

Easy availability of foreign exchange for import of capital

goods, modern technology & other essential requirements is

possible due to international marketing. A country earn foreign

exchange due to export & can use it for essential imports.

9. Expansion of tertiary sector:

International marketing promotes exports. This lead to

industrial development. Along with this, expansion takes place in the

infrastructure facilities. International marketing indirectly promotes

transport, banking, insurance & shipping activities. This provides

additional benefits to the national economy.

10. Special benefits during emergency situation:

International marketing offers special benefits during

natural calamities such as floods & famines. Emergency supply of

goods is required to meet urgent needs. This is possible because of

large scale imports. Even other country offers cooperation to county

facing difficulties through supply of essential goods & services.

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Advantages / Benefits of International Marketing to a

company:

1. A company exporting abroad earns substantial profit out ofits export operation. This is because export marketing is

normally more profitable then domestic marketing. Even the

loss in domestic marketing can be compensated from the profit

earned out of export.

2. A company exporting abroad earn foreign exchange out of

its operation and the same can be used for the import of

essential goods, new machinery, technology, etc. this

facilitates large scale export in future.

3. A company exporting goods abroad is in position to utilise its

production capacity fully as it has capacity to use the entire

production for domestic and export marketing.

4. A company exporting goods abroad is normally a sound

company with financial stability and good earning capacity. It

can face problems of domestic marketing because of the support

marketing.

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1.Unequal sharing of benefits:The benefits of international marketing are not shared in a

fair manner among the participating countries. Rich and developed

countries get more benefits at the cost of poor and developing

countries.

2.Restrictions on International Marketing:

International marketing will offer all benefits only when

free trade is allowed by all countries. However, the actual position is

all together different. Trade restrictions (tariff and non-tariff) are

imposed by all countries (developed and developing) on free

movement of goods. This restricts the growth of international trade

and actual benefits available to participating countries are limited.

Efforts to remove various restrictions by WTO and other

international trade organizations are not effective.

3.Adverse effects of trade blocs on International

Marketing:

Along with trade barriers, trade blocs exist among the

countries of the world. EU, LAFTA, ASEAN are some active trade

blocs. They encourage trade among the members of the group but

put artificial restrictions on the trading activities with non-members.

As a result, the growth of international marketing is restricted.

Similarly, free trade among nations is not allowed. In addition,

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countries which have not joined such trade blocs suffer in regards to

their exports and imports.

4.Domination of MNCs and developed countries on

International Marketing:

MNCs from rich and developed countries dominate

international trade since long. Their operations are for profit

maximizations. Poor and developing countries suffer due to virtual

monopolistic position of MNCs in international marketing. These

corporations sell their products in many developing countries as per

the terms and condition which are profitable to them. This leads to

exploitation of poor and developing countries also dominate

international marketing.

5.Existence of severe competition in international

marketing:

One limitation of present day international marketing isthe existence of stiff competition among participating countries and

companies from such countries. Unfortunately, this competition is

between unequal competitors. It is between rich and poor or

developed and developing countries. Developing countries lack

advance technology, skilled labour, infrastructure facilities and so

on. As a result, they find it difficult to compete with the developed

countries which use updated technology in the production activities.

Many poor countries have to sell their raw materials and other

resources at a low price to rich countries.

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Coffee Board sees exports at 2 lakh tonnes this season

Coffee Board said India will be able to export around 2.10

lakh tonnes of the commodity this season (02-03) nearly the same

as last year, but a lot will depend on the quantum, which is

eventually produced in the country. Being an export-oriented

coffee nation, depending on how much is produced, more than 70%

will be exported at whatever international price is offered, the

boards chairperson said. She said post-blossom estimates are that

India will produce around 2.8 lakh tonne coffee this season and the

post-monsoon estimates will not be much different from this figure.Exports this year at 2.10 lakh tonne will only be marginally lower

than last seasons 2.13 lakh tonne.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, November 30 '02

(Website:

www.economictimes.com )

Grain offtake from central pool doubles in first half on higher

exports

Offtake of rice and wheat from the central pool during the

first half of the current fiscal has nearly doubled over the same

period last year on account of increased exports of the commodities.

The offtake of these foodgrains during April period stood at 223.43

lakh tonnes against 114.4 lakh tonnes during the corresponding

period of the last fiscal, an official release said. The 95.3% increase

in offtake has been achieved mainly on account of increased exports

of the two commodities.


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(Website:


Farm exports treble in 7 years to Rs 10,000 cr.

Indias agricultural exports have registered a three-fold

increase in seven years to a record Rs 10,000 crore in 01-02, even

though substantial headway will have to be made to correspondingly

augment income of the farmers. Furthermore, Indias share in the

world agro-trade remains minuscule and efforts should be made to

achieve at least 5% share in the sectors global exports. Stating thisin a function organized by APEDA minister of state for commerce RP

Rudy said while exports have increased from Rs 3,000 crore to Rs

10,169.4 crore in seven years farmers still have to be made the

ultimate commercial beneficiary of the sale, as it is his produce that

is traded. Agro exports will be sustainable and competitive in the

global scenario only if adequate return to the farmers is assured.


(Website:


Coir exports to set new record

Coir exports during the current fiscal ending March 03 are

expected to touch an all-time high, even surpassing the export

target of Rs 408 crore, Coir Board sources said. During April-

September this year, export of coir touched 40,848 tonnes, valued

at Rs 179.27 crore, recording an increase of 21% in terms of

quantity and 18% in value terms as compared to the exports in the

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previous fiscal. If the trend continued, export of coir during the

current year would exceed Rs 450 crore, sources said, adding that

would be about Rs 129 crore more than the previous year.


(Website:


Govt. hikes ex-FCI prices of grain for export by Rs 250-600

per tonne

The government on Friday hiked ex-FCI export prices of

food grains by Rs 250-600 per tonne. Official sources said except forthe price of new crop of rice harvested last month, which will be

effective from Saturday, the rest of the rates would be applicable

from January next year. This will make Indian wheat and rice costlier

by $5-12 a tonne in the international market, they said. Price of last

year's lustre loss wheat affected by rains has been left unchanged at

Rs 3,960 per tonne.


(Website: www.economictimes.com )

Sugar exports may touch 15 lakh tonnes t

The current slump in domestic sugar prices could prove to

be a blessing in disguise as they may spur exports of the commodity

which may touch 15 lakh tonne this season(October-September),

traders said here. If domestic prices continue to fall, local mills may

soon offer their produce for export at $195 per tonne free-on-board

(FOB) against $213 at present.


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Indonesia to buy Indian wheat

A local firm has got an order to export 30,000 tonne

wheat to Indonesia through a Japanese firm and the delivery is

scheduled for early next year.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, November 13,'02


High soyabean prices may hit meal exports

Soyameal exports have taken a beating owing to a smaller

crop this year and rise in domestic demand and prices. Exports are

pegged to decline by a significant 28% this fiscal to 18 lakh tonnes

from 25.09 lakh tonnes last year, traders said. Exports so far have

fallen to 3.2 lakh tonne in April-October this year from 5.3 lakh

tonne in the year earlier period.


(Website:


Tea exports up in Jan-Sept despite fall in production

Tea exports showed a positive trend during the nine-

month period ended September 02. While exports of tea from the

country stood at 134.5m kg between January and September 01, it

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was 137.1m kg in the same period this year, according to data

compiled by the Tea Board. However, production of tea on an all

India basis has declined by 1.8m kg during the period January to

September. While production at the northern gardens during

September was up by 0.8m kg, the southern tea estates registered a

fall of 2.6m kg in the same month. Sources in Indian Tea Association

said the fall in production was due to erratic climatic conditions,

adding that the target level of 822m kg during the year was still

attainable.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, November 2,'02(Website :


Coffee exports edge up in September

The International Coffee Organization said on Friday

producing members exports in September 02 rose to 7.7m 60-kg

bags, compared with 6.9m in September 01. Provisional cumulative

exports from October 01 to September 02 totalled 87.9m bags,

against 89.7m during the same period in 00-01, representing a drop

of 1.9%.


(Website:


Rice exporters to meet Yadav over access to local market

Much to the chagrin of rice exporter, the government has

failed to give the promised 45 day time before switching over to a

new policy under which traders will not be provided additional rice

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for processing and will be prohibited to sell brokens in the domestic

market. Ina last ditch effort, exporters are scheduled to meet food

minister Sharad Yadav tomorrow to convince him of the efficacy of

giving the earlier incentive at least to those contracts which had

been signed for export before the new policy was announced on

August 16 this year.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, October 29,'02

(Website :


Farmers in a bind as rice exporters join hands to beat down

prices

Countrys top basmati exporters have decided this year

to operate as a cartel and stagger procurement so that they can

beat down mandi prices. Exporters have also decided to officially

adopt Rs 10 a kg as a bench mark while buying Pusa basmati from

farmers.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, October 22,'02

(Website:


Centre clears N-E agri-export aid plan

The centre has cleared a scheme of inland transport

reimbursement for horticulture produce exports from the north-

eastern region, including Sikkim. The scheme would apply to

transportation by road, rail or for of export shipment of all fresh and

processed items and certified organic products from the north-east,

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official sources said. The scheme, meant for exports during the

current fiscal, may be extended depending on the exporters

response. The rate of assistance for road transport is Re 1 per kg

from NE states to Guwahati for export by air. It will be Rs 2 per kg if

transported by these states to Calcutta by rail. In case of products

transported byair, the assistance will be 75% of the airfreight froman airport in NE states and Bagdogra airport to Guwahati or

Calcutta. The processed items include ones prepared from guava,

lemon, citrus, oranges, pears, pineapple, jaggery and pepper.

Courtesy: The Economic Times, October 19,'02(Website:


1. Basmati rice

2. Cashew

3. Cashewnut shell liquid

4. Castor oil

5. Coffee

6. Cotton raw including waste

7. Floriculture products

8. Fresh fruits

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9. Fresh vegetables

10. Fruits and vegetable seeds

11. Groundnuts

12. Marine products

13. Meat & preparations

14. Miscellaneous processed items

15. Non-Basmati rice

16. Oil meals

17. Other cereals

18. Poultry and Dairy products

19. Processed fruits and juices

20. Processed vegetables

21. Pulses

22. Sesame & niger seeds

23. Shellac

24. Spices

25. Sugar and molasses

26. Tea

27. Tobacco manufactured

28. Tobacco unmanufactured

29. Wheat

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1. Wheat

2. Rice

3. Other cereals

4. Cereal preparations

5. Pulses

6. Milk & cream

7. Fruits and nuts

8. Spices

9. Sugar

10. Vegetable oils

Cashew nuts

1. Silk raw

2. Wool raw

3. Natural rubber

4. Raw hides &skin

5. Jute raw

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6. Cotton raw & waste

7. Oilseeds

8. Crude fertilisers

basics of international marketing_must read

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