basics of high tunnel production - 2017...basics of high tunnel production - 2017 terrance t....
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Basics of High Tunnel Production - 2017
Terrance T. Nennich Extension Professor Emeritus
Vegetable and Small Fruit Production University of Minnesota Extension
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High Tunnel Research Sites in Minnesota
Experiment Stations Grower Cooperators
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What are High Tunnels
• High tunnels are not a poor persons greenhouse
• High tunnels are a separate intense technology which allows crops to be grown up to three zones earlier and later and eliminate considerable risk.
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What are High Tunnels?
• Structures that resemble some greenhouses - in appearances only
• Use no artificial heat (except for emergencies)
• Use no artificial ventilation such as fans, tubes or forced air
• Plants are grown in the ground. • Many shapes and sizes
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"It's probably more appropriate to look at high tunnels as creating a system, rather
than being an individual technique, because of what they do. They're simple
structures but they create a different farming system. Fertilizer use, crop
protection use, water, equipment use -- they all change.”
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Tomatoes
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• Generation of Heat Early and Late in the season
• Cold and Weather Element Protection During Winter
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• 4-8 weeks earlier production in the spring • 2-5 weeks later possible production in the
fall • Grow crops not usually grown in the area • Very high yield per plant • Crop mix • Very cost effective • Usually no pesticides needed • Organic production
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• Natural disease control • Insect control • Control water • Guarantee a crop • Reduce cull fruit.
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Concerns of High Tunnels
• Cost involved • Education • Planning • Management • Time
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High Tunnel Suppliers
• Nolts • Poly-Tek • FarmTek • Ledgewood • Chamberland • Haygrove • Others
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NRCS - USDA
• Has cost share program • Serve every county in US • Check with local office for specific details
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Key Components of high Tunnels
• Good well drained raised soil • Roll Up sides • 6 mil UV treated plastic
• Can be built from many materials
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
High Tunnel Roof Vent
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Oxygen and plants
• Uptake of nutrients • Root growth • Overall plant growth • Resistance to insect and disease • Fruit yield
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Why High Tunnels Work
• Lets review the principles of plant growth Time Heat Light Stress
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Time
• All plants need time to advance in growth and mature
• How much growth that occurs in a given length of time depends on how ideal the environmental growth factors are.
• In northern climates heat is the one factor that we need to be concerned about.
• Seed catalogs use maximum conditions in deciding growing days.
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Heat
• Plants are classified by there ideal heat requirements.
• Tomatoes , peppers, 80-90 degrees • Cucumber , melons , 85-95 degrees • Heat is measured in growing degree days • Duration of Temperature is Critical
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Growing Degree Units
• Normal figure used for warm season crops is 50 low and 86 high
• Growing degree Units = (high for day+ low for the day) – 50 Divided
by 2 (86) (50)
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Growing Degree Days units for Tomatoes
• Early to mid-season tomatoes will require 1200 to 1600 GDD to the first ripe fruit.
• Late season varieties will require 2000 to 2200 GDD
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Growing degree day samples
Low of 40, high of 60 = 5 GDD Low of 40, high of 50 = 0 GDD Low of 50, high of 70 = 10 GDD Low of 60, high of 86 = 23 GDD
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Growing Degree Comparison Inside and Outside Tunnel
• Inside Tunnel • March 281 GDU • April 435 GDU • May 502 GDU • June 570 GDU • July 624 GDU • Aug 544 GDU • Sept 570 GDU • Oct 303 GDU
• Outside Tunnel • March 5 GDU • April 99 GDU • May 183 GDU • June 366 GDU • July 505 GDU • Aug 374 GDU • Sept 396 GDU • Oct 101 GDU
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Growing Degree Days units for Tomatoes
• Early to mid-season tomatoes will require 1400 to 1600 GDD to the first ripe fruit.
• Late season varieties will require 2000 to 2200 GDD
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High Tunnel Planting Dates
Northern Minnesota • Onions , radishes, lettuce Mar 25-Apr 7
• Cabbage, broccoli ect Apr 7-15
• Tomatoes, peppers April 25 - May
10
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Why High Tunnels Work in the Winter • It is not the cold that
causes many or our plants to succumb to winter injury, but the elements of wind, ice and other winter elements.
Overwintering Garlic in High Tunnels
Terrance T. Nennich Extension Professor
Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Production University of Minnesota Extension.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Cold Temperature Data
Days below 0 F Coldest Day 2005-06 17 days -37 F 2006-07 24 days -41 F 2007-08 33 days -38 F The 2006-2007 winter had 8 consecutive night -20F or colder.
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Snow Fall Data
• 2005-2006 Ample but below average
• 2006- 2007 Little snow cover
• 2007- 2008 Average snow cover
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Survival Rate Outside Tunnel
• 2005 – 06 69%
• 2006 – 07 2%
• 2007 – 08 79%
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Survival Rate (%) Inside Tunnel Gothic
• 2005 – 06 94%
• 2006-2007 92%
• 2007-2008 95%
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
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Common Mistakes Beginning Growers Make
• Tunnels get to hot >130+ • Don’t shut roll up sides early enough in the
evening-loose growing degree units 5 GDU a day for a month = 5-8 day • Weed Control inside and out • Monitor the water uptake • Punning and trellising
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Tunnel Direction
• Narrow end against prevailing high winds
• The outside air direction has little to do with the cooling of the tunnel
• Recommend tunnel construction for 100 MPH winds.
• Need to consider light needs in winter months
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
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Yield Potential & Nutrient Needs
• Yields in a high tunnel can be 3 to 4 times the yield obtained in the field
• Higher yields will required more nutrients, but knowing how much to apply is a challenge – Lack of nutrients – deficiencies – Excessive nutrients – salt build up – Both situations affect yield and quality
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
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Solar Heating of the Soil
• Cucumbers – May 15
• Tomatoes – June 5
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• Air leaves the solar panels at about 125-175
degrees depending on the amount of sun
• Air leaves the soil at 50 – 75 degrees to be recirculated through the solar panels (this is a closed system )
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
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Results to Date
• Soil temperatures have been kept at
minimum of 52 degrees even though outside temperature have been well below 10 degrees.
• At this temperature, cool season crops are doing very well
Using super oxygenated water in high
tunnel tomato and strawberry production
Terrance T. Nennich, Extension Professor Vegetable and Small Fruit Production
University of Minnesota Extension [email protected]
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Tomato research results
• Data was analyzed until mid September and the entire season
• Until Mid September the tomato yield increased 16 %
• No increase in individual tomato weight, large increase in number of tomatoes.
• Increase was less after mid September, cool temperatures.
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On line at: www.hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu Minnesota Farmers Market Association 320 250 5087
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Minnesota High Tunnel Web Site
• http://hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu/
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© 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Seminars on High Tunnels
• Getting Started with High Tunnels • Crops and Yields • Marketing • Soil Fertility/Nutrient Use • Irrigation • High Tunnel design • Organic Production • Fruit Production
QUESTIONS ???????????