basics of hematological analysis.ppt...20/04/1442 1 basics of hematological analysis by prof....

20/04/1442

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Basics of Hematological analysis

By

Prof. Mahmoud Rushdi Assiut University

Egypt

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Hematology may be defined as the scientificstudy of the structure and function of theblood in health and disease. Hematologytherefore is a laboratory science in which wequantitatively and qualitatively observe thedifferent components of blood in order todiagnose a great variety of diseases.

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Blood Components

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Types of blood sample

Whole blood SerumPlasma

Blood smear

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Complete blood count

Determination of total erythrocytic count (T/l)

Determination of Hemoglobin concentration (g/l)

Determination of Haematocrit value (PCV %)

Mean corpuscular values (MCV, MCH, MCHC)

Determination of erythrocytes morphology

I. Parameters of Erythrocytes picture

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Total erythrocytes counts

Manual

Hemocytometer

Automatic

Blood Cell Counter

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Hemoglobin concentrations

Acid Hematin Method

Cyanmethemoglobin Method

Blood Cell Counter

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Mean corpuscular values

1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

MCV (fl) =

PCV % x 10

RBC count /μl

2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

MCH (pg) =Hb. g/dl x 10

RBC count /μl

3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concenration (MCHc)

MCHC (g/dl) =Hb. g/dl x 100

PCV %

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II. The White blood cells (RBCs)

Leucocytes or white blood cells are divided into two

main categories:

1.Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes

(granulocytes): Neutrophils, Eosinophils and

Basophils (Produced in the bone marrow).

2.Mononuclear leucocytes (agranulocytes):

Lymphocytes and Monocytes.


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A. Neutrophils

PhagocytosisThe 1st line of cellular defense

Engulf pyogenic bacteria

Elaborate powerful proteolytic enzymes

Granulocytes

Band cell


PHAGOCYTOSIS

A. Chemotaxis ----Lymphokines

B. Opsonization

C. Ingestion

D. Digestion


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b. Eosinophils

Detoxification of protein breaks down products

Neutralize Histaminesubstances

Destroy larval stage of parasite in tissues

Granulocytes


C. Basophils

Release histamine

Release heparin – Stimulate lipoprotein lipase – clearance of Lipemia

Granulocytes


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AgranulocytesA. Lymphocytes

Large lymphocyte

Lymphocyte


AgranulocytesB. Monocytes


1- Phagocytosis

2- increase in chronic inflammation and tissue necrosis

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PARAMETERS OF LEUCOCYTES PICTURE

Total WBCs count

Hemocytometer

Blood Cell Counter

Differential LC

Blood film

Blood Cell Counter


III. Platelet count (Thrombocytes count)

Platelets in mammals are fragments that contain small pink-red granules. Shed into the blood from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

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Tests of hemostasis

Like all circulating blood cells, platelets are bone marrow derived. The first recognizable platelet precursor is the megakaryoblast, which undergo endomitosis (nuclear division without cytoplasmic division) to form megakaryocytes.


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On routine blood film, platelets are recognized as small anucleate discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing variable numbers of purple granules.


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Platelet Lifespan

As with all other circulating cells. the platelet has a finite circulating lifespan. Dog platelets circulate for approximately 5-7 days. While cat platelets survive only a little more than a day. Cells of the monocytes and macrophages are responsible for the removal of effete platelets. Nearly half are removed by splenic macrophages and a third by macrophages of the liver.


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Methods of counting

1. Direct methoda. Haemocytometer. b. Automatic blood cell counter.

2. Indirect method: blood film.

The platelets per oil immersion field on a stained blood smear are counted and compared with the number of red or white cells. For example, the number of platelets per 100 white blood cells multiplied by the total white count is an estimate of the platelet count. Another method is to simply count the number of platelets per oil immersion field where one /oil is equivalent to 15,000/ul.

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5. Platelet count (Thrombocytes)


Handouts of the Lecture is available on

www.scholaridea.com/handoutswebsiteThe Video of the Lecture

is Available on Scholar Idea

Channel on YouTube24

Prof. M. Rushdi

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