basic training rev01

7/25/2019 Basic Training Rev01

1/98

BASIC TRAINING

DRAFT FOR TEAM DISCUSSION

Draft, January 30th, 2010


2/98

ELECTRICIT !Fr"# Lat$n% &A#'(r )$*(+

Is a -(n(ra) t(r# that (n."#/a( a ar$(ty "f

/h(n"#(na r(u)t$n- fr"# th( /r((n.( an f)"

"f ()(.tr$. .har-(4 Th(( $n.)u( #any (a$)y

r(."-n$5a')( /h(n"#(na, u.h a )$-htn$n- an tat$.()(.tr$.$ty, 'ut $n a$t$"n, )( fa#$)$ar ."n.(/t, u.h

a th( ()(.tr"#a-n(t$. f$() an ()(.tr"#a-n(t$.

$nu.t$"n4


3/98

E)(.tr$.$ty 6 Tr$$a

E)(.tr$.$ty, fr"# E)(.tr$.u #(an$n- &"f a#'(r+ "r &)$*( a#'(r+ A#'(r ha ()(.tr"tat$. /r"/(rt$(4 7h(n r" "f a#'(r ar( ru''(

$th .at8 fur, th(y attra.t "'9(.t u.h a f(ath(r4

:u#an (r( aar( "f (ff(.t "f ()(.tr$.$ty a far 'a.* a 2;


4/98

ELECTRICIT

Electricity travels in loop

E)(.tr$.$ty tra() $n a .)"( )""/ "r .$r.u$t4 If a .$r.u$t "/(n, th( ()(.tr$.$ty .an8t f)"

Example: When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit.

the electricity flows through the light and back into the wire.

When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit, no

electricity flows to the light. It flows straight through the

switch.


5/98

STATIC ELECTRICIT

DEI!I"I#!

()(.tr$.$ty /r"u.( 'y fr$.t$"n $ .a))( tat$. ()(.tr$.$ty

E$%&'(E

It a $."(r( .(ntur$( a-" that .(rta$n ty/( "f #at(r$a) "u) #yt(r$"u)y

attra.t "n( an"th(r aft(r '($n- ru''( t"-(th(r4 F"r (a#/)(% aft(r ru''$n- a /$(.( "f

$)* a-a$nt a /$(.( "f -)a, th( $)* an -)a "u) t(n t" t$.* t"-(th(r4 In((,

th(r( a an attra.t$( f"r.( that ."u) '( (#"ntrat( ((n h(n th( t"

#at(r$a) (r( (/arat(4


6/98

ELECTRIC CURRENT

DEI!I"I#!

A f)" "f ()(.tr$.$ty thr"u-h a ."nu.t"r4 E)(.tr$.a) .urr(nt $ a #(aur( "f th( a#"unt "f ()(.tr$.a) .har-( tranf(rr( /(r un$t

t$#(4

)#!D*)"#+

A ."nu.t"r $ a #at(r$a) that .urr(nt

.an /a thr"u-h (a$)y4

E$%&'(E: &E"%(


7/98

ELECTRIC CURRENT

*!I"

E)(.tr$. .urr(nt $ #(aur( $n A#/(r( !A

)*++E!" '%"-

A .urr(nt $)) #"( a)"n- a $r( "r a /ath .a))( a .$r.u$t4

Curr(nt a)ay f)" $n a .)"( )""/ .$r.u$t4 If th( .$r.u$t $ "/(n th( .urr(nt .an n"t

/a thr"u-h4

In th( a'"( $a-ra# $f $t.h $ "/(n( th(n n" .urr(nt $)) f)" $n th( .$r.u$t 4 If $t.h $.)"( th(n .urr(nt f)" an L$-ht 'u)' $)) '( "n4

I!*(%"#+

An $nu)at"r $ a #at(r$a) that .urr(nt .ann"t /a thr"u-h (a$)y4

E$%&'(E % )at$.


8/98

TES OF CURRENT

Th(r( ar( t" ty/( "f .urr(nt4

14 D$r(.t Curr(nt

24 A)t(rnat$n- Curr(nt

Direct )urrent

E)(.tr$. .urr(nt that f)" $n "n( $r(.t$"n $ .a))( $r(.t .urr(nt4

Curr(nt #"$n-

$n "n( $r(.t$"n


9/98

DIRECT CURRENT

Euation

E@uat$"n r()at( t" th( $#/)( $r(.t .urr(nt $ #hm/s law.

Oh# )a tat( that th( .urr(nt thr"u-h a ."nu.t"r '(t((n t" /"$nt $ $r(.t)y

/r"/"rt$"na) t" th( /"t(nt$a) $ff(r(n.( "r ")ta-( a.r" th( t" /"$nt, an

$n(r()y /r"/"rt$"na) t" th( r($tan.( '(t((n th(#4

I012+

")ta-( a.r" th( .$r.u$t

Un$t% ")tI Direct )urrent thr"u-h th( .$r.u$t

*nit : %mperes

RR($tan.( "f th( .$r.u$t

*nit: Oh#!H


10/98

RESISTANCE

+esistance

A r($t"r $ a t"6t(r#$na) ()(.tr"n$. ."#/"n(nt that /r"u.( a ")ta-( a.r" $tt(r#$na) that $ /r"/"rt$"na) t" th( ()(.tr$. .urr(nt thr"u-h $t4

an ()(.tr$.a) ."#/"n(nt that r($t th( f)" "f ()(.tr$.a) .urr(nt


11/98

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Definition

A f)" "f ()(.tr$.$ty h$.h r(a.h( #a$#u# $n "n( $r(.t$"n, (.r(a( t" 5(r", th(nr((r( $t()f an r(a.h( #a$#u# $n th( "//"$t( $r(.t$"n4 Th( .y.)( $ r(/(at(

."nt$nu"u)y4

tarting from 3ero

+eaches to its maximum value

reuencyTh( nu#'(r "f .y.)( /(r (."n $ .a))( fr(@u(n.y4 Stanar Fr(@u(n.$( ar(

0 :54 !(4-4 $n a*$tan th( tanar fr(@u(n.y $ 0 :5

*nits

:(rt5 !:5


12/98

CIRCUIT

DEI!I"I#!

A .urr(nt #"( a)"n- a $r( "r a /ath .a))( a .$r.u$t4

Th(r( ar( t" ty/( "f .$r.u$t4

14 S(r$( C$r.u$t

24 ara))() C$r.u$t

E+IE )I+)*I"

4 A .$r.u$t that ha "n)y "n( /athf"r th( .urr(nt $ .a))( (r$( .$r.u$t4

Curr(nt #"$n- $n

"n( $r(.t$"n


13/98

CIRCUIT

'%+%((E( )I+)*I"

A /ara))() .$r.u$t ha #"r( than "n( /ath f"r .urr(nt t" tra()4

Curr(nt

Curr(nt #"$n- $n

"n( $r(.t$"n

Curr(nt #"$n- $n

"th(r $r(.t$"n


14/98

OEN CIRCUIT

Definition

O/(n .$r.u$t $ an $n."#/)(t( .$r.u$t $n h$.h n" .urr(nt f)", $n "th(r "r .urr(nt$)) '( 5(r"4

In "/(n .$r.u$t th( r($tan.( $ #a$#u# "r $nf$n$t(4

Th( C$r.u$t $ O/(n4

Th( Curr(nt 7$)) '(

5(r"


15/98

MEASURING CURRENT

-ow we should insert probes in D&& Improve44444

R( r"'( $n(rt$"n /"$nt B)a.* r"'( $n(rt$"n /"$nt

N"t( that th(r( ar( 3= ".*(t f"r th( /r"'(, (/(n$n- "n

th( #"()4 Th( r( /r"'( #ay n(( t" '( $n(rt( $n $ff(r(nt

".*(t t" #(aur( ")ta-( an .urr(nt4


16/98

MEASURING CURRENT4

7( .an #(aur( th( .urr(nt 'y u$n- th( D$-$ta) Mu)t$ M(t(r !DMM I#/r"(

14 S(t y"ur #(t(r t" KAMK

24 M"( y"ur /r"'( t" th( ."rr(.t h")( "n th( #(t(r4 Th$ $ th( #"t ."##"n

#$ta*( /("/)( #a*( '(.au( th(y "nt r(a)$5( that th( r( an ')a.* $r( /r"'(

#ut '( /)u--( $nt" th( ."rr(.t h")( "n th( DMM t" #(aur( .urr(nt4

34 D" n"t (.(( th( .urr(nt rat$n- "f y"ur DMM $-$ta) #u)t$ #(t(r4 It $)) ')" a fu(4

)a.( DMM $n (r$(

F"r .urr(nt #(aur(#(nt


17/98

S:ORT CIRCUIT

Definition A )" r($tan.( ."nn(.t$"n (ta')$h( '(t((n t" /"$nt $ .a))( h"rt .$r.u$t4

In h"rt .$r.u$t r($tan.( $ #$n$#u# "r 5(r" an .urr(nt $ #a$#u#4

Curr(nt $)) n"t f)" thr"u-h R1

It $)) f)" thr"u-h th( h"rt /ath


18/98

OLTAGE "r OTENTIAL

")ta-( $ a r(/r((ntat$"n "f th( ()(.tr$. /"t(nt$a) (n(r-y /(r un$t .har-(4 If a un$t "f()(.tr$.a) .har-( (r( /)a.( $n a )".at$"n, th( ")ta-( $n$.at( th( /"t(nt$a) (n(r-y

"f $t at that /"$nt4 In "th(r "r, $t $ a #(aur(#(nt "f th( (n(r-y ."nta$n( $th$n

an ()(.tr$. f$(), "r an ()(.tr$. .$r.u$t, at a -$(n /"$nt

*nit

Th( un$t "f th( ")ta-( $ OLT !


19/98

MEASURING OLTAGE

S(t th( DMM /r"'( "n ")ta-(4

elect a range$th a #a$#u# -r(at(r than y"u (/(.t th( r(a$n- t" '(4 )onnect the meter, #a*$n- ur( th( )(a ar( th( ."rr(.t ay r"un4

Digital meters can be safely connected in reverse, but an analogue meter may

be damaged.

If the reading goes off the scale:$##($at()y $."nn(.t an ()(.t a h$-h(r ran-(4

")ta-( $ a)ay #(aur( $n /ara))()4

S(tt$n- at

)a.$n- th( DMMara))() t" R', t"

F$n th( ")ta-(

A.r" R'


20/98

SINGLE :ASE

ingle 'hase

DE: S$n-)( /ha( /"(r yt(# ar( (f$n( 'y ha$n- an AC "ur.( $th "n)y "n(")ta-( a(f"r#4

In ()(.tr$.a) (n-$n((r$n-, $n-)( /ha( ()(.tr$. /"(r r(f(r t" th( $tr$'ut$"n "f

a)t(rnat$n- .urr(nt ()(.tr$. /"(r u$n- a yt(# $n h$.h a)) th( ")ta-( "f th(

u//)y ary $n un$"n4 S$n-)(6/ha( $tr$'ut$"n $ u( h(n )"a ar( #"t)y

)$-ht$n- an h(at$n-, $th f( )ar-( ()(.tr$. #"t"r4 A $n-)(6/ha( u//)y ."nn(.t(

t" an a)t(rnat$n- .urr(nt ()(.tr$. #"t"r "( n"t /r"u.( a r(")$n- #a-n(t$. f$()

$n-)(6/ha( #"t"r n(( a$t$"na) .$r.u$t f"r tart$n-, an u.h #"t"r ar(

un."##"n a'"( 10 "r 20 *7 $n rat$n-

S$n-)( ha(

C$r.u$t


21/98

T:REE :ASE

Definition

A .$r.u$t ."n$t$n- "f thr(( $ff(r(nt $n( a( .urr(nt f)", $ff(r(nt $n /ha( 'y

120 (-r(( fr"# (a.h "th(r4

"hree 'hase Diagram

5lock Diagram


22/98

T:REE :ASE

5alanced "hree 'hase

If th( ")ta-( "ur.( ha( th( a#( a#/)$tu( an fr(@u(n.y an ar( "ut "f /ha(

$th (a.h "th(r 'y 120", th( ")ta-( ar( a$ t" '( 'a)an.(4

5alanced phase voltagesar( (@ua) $n #a-n$tu( an "ut "f /ha( $th (a.h "th(r 'y

120"

"hree 'hase

an, 'n an .n ar(

")ta-( $th r(/(.t

T" -r"un

0=++cnbnan

VVV

cnbnan VVV ==


23/98

T:REE :ASE

Th(r( ar( t" /"$')( thr(( /ha( )"a ."nf$-urat$"n4

14 7y( !Star = C"nn(.t(

24 D()ta 6 C"nn(.t(

Wye 6 )onnected ource

1an, 1bn and 1cn are three loads connected in 789 shape. "hat/s why it is called

Wye 6 )onnected ource


24/98


25/98

T:REE :ASE

Wye 6 )onnected (oad

=>, =? and =@ are three loads connected in 789 shape. "hat/s why it is

called Wye 6 )onnected (oad

Impedance1, 2 an ar( $#/(an.(, $#/(an.( .an '( (f$n( a %

% materialAs opposition to the flow of electric currentB measured in ohms


26/98

T:REE :ASE

Delta 6 )onnected (oad

In the above diagram =c, =b and =b are connected in shape of delta ;


27/98

T:REE :ASE

Difference 5etween tar 2 delta

In ()ta ."nn(.t$"n th(r( ar( thr(( /ha( an n" n(utra) 'ut $n tar ."nn(.t$"n th(r(

ar( thr(( /ha( an "n( n(utra)4 In $tr$'ut$"n yt(#, ( n(( 220110

u//)y !a ( r(@u$r( 220110 f"r "#(t$. u//)y h$.h $ '(t((n /ha( an th(

n(utra) "n)y " u( tar4

D()ta ."nn(.t$"n .an /r"$( "n)y /ha( t" /ha( ")ta-( an Star ."nn(.t$"n .an

/r"$( ha( t" /ha( an /ha( t" n(utra) ")ta-( h$.h $ 14;32!un(rth(r""t3t$#( )( than th( /ha( t" /ha( ")ta-(4


28/98

7: S:OULD 7EREFER T:REE :ASE

A thr((6/ha( yt(# $ -(n(ra))y #"r( (."n"#$.a) than "th(r '(.au( $t u( )(

."nu.t"r #at(r$a) t" tran#$t ()(.tr$. /"(r than (@u$a)(nt $n-)(6/ha(

In a thr((6/ha( yt(#, thr(( .$r.u$t ."nu.t"r .arry thr(( a)t(rnat$n- .urr(nt !"f

th( a#( fr(@u(n.y h$.h r(a.h th($r $ntantan("u /(a* a)u( at $ff(r(nt t$#(4

Ta*$n- "n( ."nu.t"r a th( r(f(r(n.(, th( "th(r t" .urr(nt ar( ()ay( $n t$#( 'y

"n(6th$r an t"6th$r "f "n( .y.)( "f th( ()(.tr$.a) .urr(nt4 Th$ ()ay '(t((n

/ha( ha th( (ff(.t "f -$$n- ."ntant /"(r tranf(r "(r (a.h .y.)( "f th(

.urr(nt, an a)" #a*( $t /"$')( t" /r"u.( a r"tat$n- #a-n(t$. f$() $n an ()(.tr$.#"t"r

Thr((6/ha( yt(# #ay "r #ay n"t ha( a n(utra) $r(4 A n(utra) $r( a))" th(

thr((6/ha( yt(# t" u( a h$-h(r ")ta-( h$)( t$)) u//"rt$n- )"(r6")ta-( $n-)(6

/ha( a//)$an.(4 In h$-h6")ta-( $tr$'ut$"n $tuat$"n, $t $ ."##"n n"t t" ha( a

n(utra) $r( a th( )"a .an $#/)y '( ."nn(.t( '(t((n /ha( !/ha(6/ha(

."nn(.t$"n


29/98

ALICATIONS OF T:REE :ASE

Ma9"r a//)$.at$"n "f thr(( /ha( yt(# ar( -$(n a un(r%

14 M"t"r

24 G(n(rat"r

34 Tranf"r#(r

Example

Thr((6/ha( yt(# .an /r"u.( a #a-n(t$. f$() that r"tat( $n a /(.$f$(

$r(.t$"n, h$.h $#/)$f$( th( ($-n "f ()(.tr$. #"t"r4 M"t"r r"tat( $n /ha( t"

/ha( an $f ( (( at th( na#( /)at( "f #"t"r $t $)) h" th( ")ta-( a >04

Thr(( ha( M"t"r

Inn(r $( "f "r*$n-

Thr(( ha( M"t"r


30/98

O7ER

Definition

E)(.tr$.a) /"(r $ th( rat( at h$.h ()(.tr$.a) (n(r-y $ ."n(rt( t" an"th(r f"r#,u.h a #"t$"n an h(at4

*nit

Th( y#'") "f /"(r $ &+ an un$t "f /"(r $ &att+, y#'")$5( 'y &7+

ormulae

In a DC .$r.u$t, a "ur.( "f ")t, ()$(r$n- &I+ a#/(r(, /r"u.( Patt

a.."r$n- t" th( f"r#u)a%

= I#ther formulae of measuring 'ower

7h(n a .urr(nt "f &I+ a#/(r( /a( thr"u-h a r($tan.( "f &R "h#, th(n th(

/"(r $n att $$/at( "r ."n(rt( 'y that ."#/"n(nt $ -$(n 'y%

P I2R

7h(n a /"t(nt$a) $ff(r(n.( "f V")t a//(ar a.r" a ."#/"n(nt ha$n- a

r($tan.( "f &R"h#, th(n th( /"(r $n att $$/at( "r ."n(rt( 'y that

."#/"n(nt $ -$(n 'y% P 2R


31/98

GROUND

Definition

In ()(.tr$.a) (n-$n((r$n-, -r"un "r (arth $ th( r(f(r(n.( /"$nt $n an ()(.tr$.a) .$r.u$t

fr"# h$.h "th(r ")ta-( ar( #(aur(, "r a ."##"n r(turn /ath f"r ()(.tr$. .urr(nt,

"r a $r(.t /hy$.a) ."nn(.t$"n t" th( Earth4

Euipment Crounding

Th( (@u$/#(nt h$.h ha( #(ta) .a( ar( ty/$.a))y -r"un( 4 In th$ .a( th( #(ta)

(n.)"ur( $ -r"un( t" th( -r"un4Th(r( ar( "#( (@u$/#(nt $th #(ta) .a(, h$.h $ n"t -r"un(4 In th"( .a(

th( #(ta) .a( $ Kf)"at$n-K !n"t ."nn(.t( t" -r"un4 Th$ arran-(#(nt $ /"$')(

an af( $f ((ryth$n- $n$(th( (@u$/#(nt $ "u')( $nu)at(4


32/98

GROUND

hielded Cround

In "r(r t" (nur( r()$a')( "/(rat$"n $n a "r) h(r( ()(.tr$.a) ($.( ar(((ryh(r(, th( .$r.u$t "f (n$t$( ($.( #ut '( h$()( a-a$nt "ut$(

$nt(rf(r(n.(4 Ra$" Fr(@u(n.y !RF a( that tra() thr"u-h th( a$r ar( $nt(nt$"na))y

"r un$nt(nt$"na))y -(n(rat( 'y a $( ar$(ty "f ()(.tr$.a) ($.(4 Th(( $n.)u(

."#/ut(r, ()(.tr$. #"t"r, an #any "th(r4 RF Int(rf(r(n.( "..ur h(n RF

$-na) un$nt(nt$"na))y -(n(rat( 'y "n( ($.( ar( un$nt(nt$"na))y r(.($( 'y

an"th(r ($.( $n u.h a ay that th(y $nt(rf(r( $th th( ."rr(.t "/(rat$"n "f th(

r(.($$n- ($.(4 In h$()( -r"un$n- ( a)ay -r"un th( h$() "f th( .a')( t"

r(u.( th( un($r( $-na)4

Cround wire is connected on one end of the panel only.

Or$-$na) Ca')(

Gr"un$n- $r(


33/98

C"#/"n(nt I(nt$f$.at$"n Q D(ta$)4

In th( n(t f( )$(, ( $)) $n/(.t a ty/$.a)."ntr") /an() t" un(rtan hat (@u$/#(nt $

$nta))( $n$( th( /an()4

7( $)) a)" $.u th( 'a$. .hara.t(r$t$. "f

"#( "f th( $nta))( ."#/"n(nt4


34/98

ANEL BASIC COMONENTS

14C$r.u$t Br(a*(r

an() L$-ht

C"")$n- Fan

;4an() $(

C"ntr"))(r

>47$r$n- Du.t

24T(r#$na) B)".*


35/98

BASIC COMONENTS

)ircuit 5reakers

A .$r.u$t'r(a*(r $ an aut"#at$.a))y6"/(rat( ()(.tr$.a) $t.h ($-n( t" /r"t(.t an()(.tr$.a) .$r.u$t fr"# a#a-( .au( 'y "(r)"a "r h"rt .$r.u$t4 It 'a$. fun.t$"n $

t" (t(.t a fau)t ."n$t$"n an, 'y $nt(rru/t$n- ."nt$nu$ty, t" $##($at()y $."nt$nu(

()(.tr$.a) f)"4 Un)$*( a fu(, h$.h "/(rat( "n.( an th(n ha t" '( r(/)a.(, a

.$r.u$t 'r(a*(r .an '( r((t !($th(r #anua))y "r aut"#at$.a))y t" r(u#( n"r#a)

"/(rat$"n4

"ypes #f )ircuit 5reaker

14 L" ")ta-( C$r.u$t Br(a*(r

24 M$n$atur( C$r.u$t Br(a*(r


36/98

BASIC COMONENTS

"erminal 5locks

A ($.( that 9"$n $r( "r .a')(4 T(r#$na) ')".* ty/$.a))y na/ $nt" a #(ta) ra$) "r

ar( .r(6#"unt( "n th( /an() "f a ."ntr") (n.)"ur(4

T(r#$na) ')".* r(@u$r( n" $r( /r(/arat$"n (.(/t tr$//$n- an ar( (a$)y $nta))(

$th a .r(r$(r4 T(r#$na) ')".* a..(/t a $( ran-( "f A7G $r( $5(, /r"$(

r(ay h""*u/ "f $r( fr"# $ff(r(nt ."#/"n(nt, an (nur( fat

$."nn(.t$"nr(."nn(.t$"n ur$n- #a$nt(nan.( an tr"u')(h""t$n-4

T(r#$na) '"$( "ft(n ar( #a( fr"# a ."//(r a))"y that ha th( a#( (/an$"n."(ff$.$(nt a $r(4 Th$ /r((nt )""(n$n- '(t((n #(ta) $th $ff(r(nt th(r#a)

(/an$"n rat( an )"(r ."nta.t r($tan.(4 C"rr"$"n, n"r#a))y .au( 'y

()(.tr")yt$. a.t$"n '(t((n t" $ff(r(nt #(ta), $ a)" ()$#$nat(4


37/98

BASIC COMONENTS

"ypes of "erminal 5locks

>. usible "erminal 5locks

?. !ormal "erminal 5locks

usible "erminal 5lock

S/(.$a) t(r#$na) ')".* ."#'$n( $#/)( t(r#$nat$"n $th "th(r fun.t$"n f"un $n th(

."ntr") /an() u.h a fu$n- an $."nn(.t4 Fu$')( t(r#$na) ')".* ar( $()y u(

an -(n(ra))y ."nta$n f(rru)( fu( rat( at 3 t" < A, a)th"u-h "#( ($.( ."nta$n

u/ t" 306A fu(4 S/(.$a) t(r#$na) ')".* #ay a)" $n."r/"rat( .$r.u$t that /(rf"r#

$ua) annun.$at$"n, ur-( u//r($"n, an ")ta-( r(-u)at$"n4

!ormal "erminal 5locks

Th( "r*$n- "f n"r#a) t(r#$na) ')".* $ )$*( fu$')( t(r#$na) ')".*, $n fu$')( t(r#$na)

')".* ( .an $")at( th( $r$n- 'y ta*$n- "ut th( fu( "n)y4 But $n n"r#a) t(r#$na)

')".* ( ha( t" ta*( "ut th( $r( f"r $."nn(.t$n- that /art$.u)ar ."nn(.t$"n4


38/98

BASIC COMONENTS

'ower upply

"(r u//)y $ a r(f(r(n.( t" a "ur.( "f ()(.tr$.a) /"(r4 A ($.( "r yt(# thatu//)$( ()(.tr$.a) "r "th(r ty/( "f (n(r-y t" an "ut/ut )"a "r -r"u/ "f )"a $

.a))( a /"(r u//)y un$t "r SU4 Th( t(r# $ #"t ."##"n)y a//)$( t" ()(.tr$.a)

(n(r-y u//)$(4

We use 'ower upplies as under

>. %c2 Dc upply

?. Dc2dc supply


39/98

BASIC COMONENTS

uses

Fu( !fr"# th( Lat$n KfuuK #(an$n- t" #()t $ a ty/( "f Sa.r$f$.$a) ($.( O(r.urr(nt /r"t(.t$"n ($.(4 It ((nt$a) ."#/"n(nt $ a #(ta) $r( "r tr$/ that #()t

h(n t"" #u.h .urr(nt f)", h$.h $nt(rru/t th( E)(.tr$.a) n(t"r* $n h$.h $t $

."nn(.t(4 Sh"rt6.$r.u$t, "(r)"a "r ($.( fa$)ur( $ "ft(n th( r(a"n f"r (.($(

.urr(nt4

'urpose of uses

Th( /ur/"( "f a fu( $ t" "/(n an ()(.tr"n$. .$r.u$t h(n .urr(nt f)" (.(( a.(rta$n a#"unt, (t(r#$n( 'y th( rat$n- "f th( fu(4 O/(n$n- a .$r.u$t un(r h$-h

.urr(nt ."n$t$"n .an a( ()(.tr"n$. ."#/"n(nt fr"# a#a-( an /r((nt

"(rh(at$n-, h$.h ."u) .au( a f$r(4


40/98

FUSES TES

Th(r( ar( t" 'a$. ty/( "f fu(

14 Fat A.t$n-

24 S)" B)"

ast %cting use

Th( fat a.t$n- ty/( $)) "/(n (ry @u$.*)y h(n th($r /art$.u)ar .urr(nt rat$n- $

(.(((4 Th$ $ $#/"rtant f"r ana)"- #(t(r #"(#(nt, h$.h .an @u$.*)y '(

(tr"y( h(n t"" #u.h .urr(nt f)" thr"u-h th(#, f"r ((n a (ry #a)) a#"unt

"f t$#(4

ast %cting use


41/98

FUSES TES

low 5low

S)" ')" fu( ha( a ."$)( ."ntru.t$"n $n$(4 Th(y ar( ($-n( t" "/(n "n)y "na ."nt$nu( "(r)"a, u.h a a h"rt .$r.u$t4 Th( /ur/"( "f ."$)( ."ntru.t$"n $ t"

/r((nt th( fu( fr"# ')"$n- "n 9ut a t(#/"rary .urr(nt ur-(

low 5low use

Description

D" n"t u( a )" ')" fu( $n /)a.( "f a fat a.t$n- fu(4 It #ay n"t "/(n fat

(n"u-h t" /r((nt ."#/"n(nt a#a-( un(r a h$-h .urr(nt ."n$t$"n4 It8 n"t

har#fu) t" r(/)a.( a )" ')" fu( $th a fat6a.t$n- fu(, 'ut $t $)) /r"'a')y "/(n

u/ unn(.(ar$)y ((ry n" an th(n h(n th( (@u$/#(nt $ f$rt $t.h "n4 A ')"n

fu( .an t()) y"u "#(th$n- a'"ut y"ur (r$.( /r"')(#4 Oft(n th( -)a .a( "f th(

fu( a//(ar .)(ar, an y"u .an t$)) (( th( 'r"*(n /$(.( "f th( fu( ()(#(nt4 Th$#(an y"u ha( th( *$n "f /r"')(# that .au( a )", -raua) "(r)"a "n th(

/"(r u//)y4 S"#( fu( ((n $( "f ") a-(4 But $f th( $n$( "f th( -)a fu( $

$.")"r(, an th(r( $ n" tra.( "f th( fu( ()(#(nt !th( .(nt(r ."nn(.t"r, y"u

*n" that th( .(nt(r ."nn(.t"r a (tr"y( @u$.*)y an $")(nt)y, u$n- a )"t "f

h(at4 Th( fau)t a a h"rt .$r.u$t "r "th(r /r"')(# that .au( a )"t "f .urr(nt t" f)"

(ry @u$.*)y4


42/98

Ty/$.a) Fu( a)u( u( $n "ur /r"9(.t

%pplication 1alue m% $-$ta) $n/ut #"u)(4

Th( $nt(rna) .$r.u$try an (t(rna) $r$n- $ h"n4

O/t$.a) I")at$"n% U(f"r ()(.tr$. $")at$"n

'(t((n 'a.*/)an( an

$n/ut .ar

RC C$r.u$t% U( f"r

()ay

D$"(% U( t"

/r((nt 'a.*f)"

"f .urr(nt

In/ut M"u)( 1;6IB1> Attr$'ut(


74/98

In/ut M"u)( 1;6IB1> Attr$'ut(

In/ut%

")ta-( .at(-"ry%

O/(rat$n- ")ta-( ran-(%

In/ut ")ta-(, n"#%In/ut ()ay t$#(

Off t" On%

On t" Off%

Curr(nt ra Attr$'ut(


75/98

In/ut M"u)( 1; IB1> Attr$'ut(

R()at$( hu#$$ty%

$'rat$"n%

Sh".*, "/(rat$n-%

Sh".*, n"n6"/(rat$n-%E#$$"n%

ESD I##un$ty%

Ra$at( RF $##un$ty%

EFTB I##un$ty%

Sur-( tran$(nt $##un$ty%

C"nu.t( RF $##un$ty%

O.$))at"ry ur-( $thtan%

IO MODULE OERATION


76/98

IO MODULE OERATION

'ower upply +euirements

D$.r(t( #"u)( uua))y r(.($( /"(r thr"u-h a .ha$ 'a.*/)an( fr"# th(a".$at( .ha$ /"(r u//)y4 In$$ua) #"u)( /(.$f$.at$"n h"u) '( r(f(rr(

t" h$)( (ta')$h$n- th( .urr(nt r(@u$r(#(nt4

Input &odule

An $n/ut #"u)( r(/"n t" an $n/ut $-na) $n th( f"))"$n- #ann(r%

In/ut f$)t(r$n- )$#$t th( (ff(.t "f ")ta-( tran$(nt .au( 'y ."nta.t '"un.( an"r

()(.tr$.a) n"$(4 If n"t f$)t(r(, ")ta-( tran$(nt ."u) /r"u.( fa)( ata4 A)) $n/ut

#"u)( u( $n/ut f$)t(r$n-4 O/t$.a) $")at$"n h$() 'a.*/)an( .$r.u$t an #"u)( )"-$. .$r.u$t fr"# /"$')(

a#a-( u( t" ()(.tr$.a) tran$(nt4

L"-$. .$r.u$t /r".( th( $-na)4

An $n/ut LED turn "n "r "ff $n$.at$n- th( tatu "f th( ."rr(/"n$n- $n/ut ($.(4

IO MODULE OERATION


77/98

IO MODULE OERATION

#utput &odules

An "ut/ut #"u)( ."ntr") th( "ut/ut $-na) $n th( f"))"$n- #ann(r% L"-$. .$r.u$t (t(r#$n( th( "ut/ut tatu4

An "ut/ut LED $n$.at( th( tatu "f th( "ut/ut $-na)4

O/t$.a) $")at$"n (/arat( #"u)( )"-$. an 'a.*/)an( .$r.u$t fr"# th( f$() $-na)4

Th( "ut/ut r$(r turn th( ."rr(/"n$n- "ut/ut "n "r "ff4

D$-$ta) In/ut M"u)(


78/98

D$-$ta) In/ut M"u)(

D$-$ta) "r $.r(t( $-na) '(ha( a

'$nary $t.h(, y$()$n- $#/)y an On

"r Off $-na) !1 "r 0, Tru( "r Fa)(,

r(/(.t$()y4 uh 'utt"n, )$#$t$t.h(, an /h"t"()(.tr$. (n"r

ar( (a#/)( "f ($.( /r"$$n- a

$.r(t( $-na)4

DIGITAL INUT MODULE 7$r$n-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_sensor


79/98

DIGITAL INUT MODULE 7$r$n-

D$-$ta) Out/ut M"u)(


80/98

D$-$ta) Out/ut M"u)(

D$-$ta) Out/ut M"u)( 1;6OB?


81/98

D$-$ta) Out/ut M"u)( 1; OB?

Sh"n a'"( $ th( $#/)$f$( $a-ra# "f D$-$ta) Out/ut #"u)(

1;6OB?4 Th( $nt(rna) .$r.u$try an (t(rna) $r$n- $ h"n 4

D$"(% U( t" /r((nt

'a.*f)"

MOSFET% U( a a

$t.h$n- ($.(

O/t$.a) I")at$"n% U( f"r

()(.tr$. $")at$"n '(t((n'a.*/)an( an "ut/ut .ar

Out/ut M"u)( 1;6OB? Attr$'ut(


82/98

Out/ut M"u)( 1; OB? Attr$'ut(

Out/ut

")ta-( .at(-"ry%

O/(rat$n- ")ta-( ran-(%

In/ut ")ta-(, n"#%Out/ut ()ay t$#(

Off t" On%

On t" Off%

Curr(nt ra


83/98

R()at$( hu#$$ty%

$'rat$"n%

Sh".*, "/(rat$n-%

Sh".*, n"n6"/(rat$n-%E#$$"n%

ESD I##un$ty%

Ra$at( RF $##un$ty%

EFTB I##un$ty%

Sur-( tran$(nt $##un$ty%

C"nu.t( RF $##un$ty%

O.$))at"ry ur-( $thtan%

Out/ut M"u)( 1; OB? Attr$'ut(

D$-$ta) Out/ut M"u)( 7$r$n-


84/98

- a Ou /u "u ( -

SINING Q SOURCING


85/98

inking

A $n*$n- ($.( /r"$( a /ath f"r th( .urr(nt t" -r"un an $ n"t r(/"n$')( f"r

/"(r$n- th( ($.(4 T(r# u( t" (.r$'( $n*$n- ($.( $n.)u( NN, O/(n

C"))(.t"r, N"r#a))y :$-h, an IEC N(-at$( L"-$.4

S$n*$n- P /r"$( a /ath t" u//)y ."##"n !6

ourcing

A "ur.$n- ($.( /r"$( th( /"(r "r a /"$t$( /"t(nt$a)4 S"ur.$n- ($.( /uh

th( .urr(nt thr"u-h th( )"a4 T(r# u( t" (.r$'( "ur.$n- ($.( $n.)u( N,

O/(n E#$tt(r, N"r#a))y L", an IEC "$t$( L"-$.4

S"ur.$n- P /r"$( a /ath t" u//)y "ur.( !

SINING Q SOURCING


86/98

S$n*$n- an "ur.$n- r(f(r t" th( ty/( "f $-$ta) $n/ut an "ut/ut u(4 A $n*$n-

$-$ta) IO !$n/ut"ut/ut /r"$( a -r"un4 A "ur.$n- $-$ta) IO /r"$( a ")ta-("ur.(4

C"n$(r a $#/)( .$r.u$t that ."n$t "f "n( $-$ta) $n/ut ."nn(.t( t" a $-$ta)

"ut/ut4 Th( .$r.u$t n(( a ")ta-( "ur.(, a -r"un, an a )"a4 A "ur.$n- $-$ta)

IO /r"$( th( ")ta-( n((( f"r th( .$r.u$t4 A $n*$n- $-$ta) IO /r"$( th(

-r"un n((( $n th( .$r.u$t4 Th( $-$ta) $n/ut /r"$( th( )"a r(@u$r( f"r th( .$r.u$t

t" "r*4

F$-ur( h" a $n*$n- $-$ta) "ut/ut that $ ."nn(.t( t" a "ur.$n- $-$ta) $n/ut4 In

th$ .$r.u$t, th( "ur.$n- $-$ta) $n/ut /r"$( th( ")ta-( an th( )"a4 Th( $n*$n-

$-$ta) "ut/ut ."ntr") th( )$n( 'y u$n- a tran$t"r t" )(a( th( )$n( h$-h !at "r t"

-r"un th( )$n( t" 0 4

SINING Q SOURCING


87/98

F$-ur( h" a "ur.$n- $-$ta) "ut/ut that $ ."nn(.t( t" a $n*$n- $-$ta) $n/ut4 In

th$ .$r.u$t, th( "ur.$n- $-$ta) "ut/ut /r"$( th( ")ta-( an th( $n*$n- $-$ta) $n/ut

/r"$( th( )"a an th( -r"un4 Th( $-$ta) "ut/ut ."ntr") th( )$n( 'y u$n- a tran$t"rt" )(a( th( )$n( at 0 "r t" ra$( th( )$n( t" 4

B(.au( y"u n(( '"th a ")ta-( "ur.( an a -r"un $n "r(r t" .r(at( a ."#/)(t(

.$r.u$t, y"u n(( t" ha( a "ur.$n- $n/ut "r "ut/ut ."nn(.t( t" a $n*$n- "ut/ut "r $n/ut4

If y"u $h t" ."nn(.t a "ur.$n- $n/ut t" a "ur.$n- "ut/ut "r a $n*$n- $n/ut t" a $n*$n-

"ut/ut, y"u $)) n(( t" a an a$t$"na) r($t"r

SINGLE ENDED


88/98

S$n-)(6(n($-na)$n- $ th( $#/)(t ."##"n)y u( #(th" "f tran#$tt$n-

()(.tr$.a) $-na) "(r $r(4 On( $r( .arr$( a ary$n- ")ta-( that r(/r((nt th($-na), h$)( th( "th(r $r( $ ."nn(.t( t" a r(f(r(n.( ")ta-(, uua))y -r"un4

DIFFERENTIAL OR NONREFERENCED


89/98

A $ff(r(nt$a), "r n"n6r(f(r(n.(, #(aur(#(nt yt(# ha n($th(r "f $t $n/ut t$( t"

a f$( r(f(r(n.( u.h a (arth "r 'u$)$n- -r"un4 :an6h(), 'att(ry6/"(r($ntru#(nt an ata a.@u$$t$"n ($.( $th $ntru#(ntat$"n a#/)$f$(r ar(

(a#/)( "f $ff(r(nt$a) "r n"n6r(f(r(n.(

Ana)"- "ur.(

Ana)"- In/ut M"u)(


90/98

- /

Ana)"- $-na) ar( )$*( ")u#( ."ntr"),$th a ran-( "f a)u( '(t((n 5(r" an

fu))6.a)(4 Th(( ar( ty/$.a))y $nt(r/r(t(

a $nt(-(r a)u( !."unt 'y th( LC4

r(ur(, t(#/(ratur(, L((), f)", an

($-ht ar( "ft(n r(/r((nt( 'y ana)"-$-na)4 Ana)"- $-na) .an u( ")ta-(

"r .urr(nt$th a #a-n$tu( /r"/"rt$"na)

t" th( a)u( "f th( /r".( $-na)4 F"r

(a#/)(, an ana)"- $-na) #ay '(620 #A"r 0 6 10 $n/ut "r "ut/ut4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-20_mAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-20_mAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage


91/98

Ana)"- Out/ut M"u)(


92/98

- /

Ana)"-u( Out/ut M"u)( 7$r$n-


93/98

D$a-n"t$. Car Attr$'ut(


94/98

I!'*" )%+D:

Diagnostic change of state

If th( $a-n"t$. .han-( "f tat( f(atur( $ (na')(, a $a-n"t$. $n/ut #"u)( (n n( ata t" th( "n(r6."ntr"))(r h(n

"n( "f th( ((nt (.r$'( $n th( ta')( "..ur4

#pen wire detection

O/(n 7$r( $ u( t" (r$fy th( f$() $r$n- $ ."nn(.t( t" th( #"u)(4 Th( f$() ($.( #ut /r"$( a #$n$#u# )(a*a-(

.urr(nt t" fun.t$"n /r"/(r)y4 A )(a*a-( r($t"r #ut '( /)a.( a.r" th( ."nta.t "f an $n/ut ($.(4 Th( r(u)t$n- .urr(nt $

th(n (/(.t( t" ($t h(n th( $n/ut $ "/(n4 7h(n an O/(n 7$r( ."n$t$"n $ (t(.t(, a /"$nt6)(() fau)t $ (nt t" th(

."ntr"))(r t" $(nt$fy th( (a.t /"$nt fau)t4 Th$ f(atur( ha a ."rr(/"n$n- ta- that .an '( (a#$n( $n th( u(r /r"-ra# $n th(

((nt "f a fau)t4

"opic Description

R(@u(t( /a.*(t $nt(ra) A u(r6(f$n( rat( at h$.h th( #"u)( u/at( th( $nf"r#at$"n (nt t" $t "n(r6."ntr"))(r4 Th$ $ a)" *n"n a Cy.)$. Data Tranf(r4

Chan-( "f tat( C"nf$-ura')( f(atur( that, h(n (na')(, $ntru.t th( #"u)( t" u/at( $t "n(r6."ntr"))(r $th n( ata h(n((r a /(.$f$( $n/ut /"$nt tran$t$"n fr"# On t" Off anOff t" On4 Th( ata $)) '( (nt at th( RI rat( h(r( th(r( $ n" .han-( "f tat(4 By(fau)t, th$ (tt$n- $ a)ay (na')( f"r $n/ut #"u)(4

D$a-n"t$. Chan-( "f Stat( Inf"r#at$"n u/at( h(n any .han-( $n th( $a-n"t$. f"r an $n/ut #"u)( "..ur4



95/98

ield power loss detection

F"r th( $a-n"t$. $n/ut #"u)(, f$()6/"(r )" (t(.t$"n $ f"un "n th( 1;6IA?D #"u)( "n)y4 7h(n f$() /"(r t" th(#"u)( $ )"t, a /"$nt )(() fau)t $ (nt t" th( ."ntr"))(r t" $(nt$fy th( (a.t /"$nt fau)t(4

#*"'*" )%+D:

#utput data echo

Dur$n- n"r#a) "/(rat$"n, h(n a /r".("r (n "ut an "ut/ut ."##an t" th( C"ntr")L"-$ yt(#, th( $a-n"t$. "ut/ut

#"u)( that $ tar-(t( f"r that ."##an r(turn th( ."##an( tat( "f th( "ut/ut t" th( yt(#4 Th$ /r".( (r$f$( that

th( #"u)( ha r(.($( th( ."##an an $)) try t" ((.ut( $t4Oth(r ($.( .an u( th$ 'r"a.at $-na) !thr"u-h a )$t(n6"n)y ."nn(.t$"n t" (t(r#$n( th( ($r( tat( "f th( "ut/ut

$th"ut ha$n- t" $nt(rr"-at( th( "n(r6."ntr"))(r4

Th$ f(atur( .ann"t r()ay t" th( yt(# that th( f$()6$( ($.( ."nn(.t( t" th( "ut/ut #"u)( ha ((.ut( th( ."##an4

!o load detection

F"r (a.h "ut/ut /"$nt, n" )"a (t(.t th( a'(n.( "f f$() $r$n- "r a #$$n- )"a fr"# (a.h "ut/ut /"$nt $n th( Off6tat( "n)y4

Th( "ut/ut .$r.u$t "n a $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( ha a .urr(nt (n$n- "/t"$")at"r u( $n /ara))() $th th( "ut/ut tran$t"r4

Curr(nt f)" thr"u-h th$ (n$n- .$r.u$t "n)y h(n th( "ut/ut $ Off, a h"n $n th( $#/)$f$( $a-ra#4

D$a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( )$t a #$n$#u# )"a .urr(nt /(.$f$.at$"n

!1;6OA?D P 10 #A Q 1;6OB1>D P 3 #A4 In th( On6tat(, th( #"u)( #ut '(

."nn(.t( t" a )"a that $)) ra a #$n$#u# .urr(nt (@ua) t" th(( a)u(4 If

a ."nn(.t( )"a $ $5( $n a.."ran.( $th th( #$n$#u# )"a .urr(nt /(.$f$.at$"n,

$a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( ar( .a/a')( "f (n$n- .urr(nt thr"u-h

th( "/t"$")at"r an th( )"a h(n th( "ut/ut /"$nt $ Off4



96/98

ield side output verification

F$()6$( "ut/ut (r$f$.at$"n $nf"r# y"u that )"-$. $( $ntru.t$"n that th( #"u)( ."nu#( ar( a..urat()y r(/r((nt( "nth( /"(r $( "f a $t.h$n- ($.(4 In "th(r "r, f"r (a.h "ut/ut /"$nt, th$ f(atur( ."nf$r# that th( "ut/ut $ On h(n $t $

."##an( t" '( On4

Th( $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( .an t()) a ."ntr"))(r that $t r(.($( a ."##an an h(th(r th( f$()6$( ($.( ."nn(.t( t"

th( #"u)( ha ((.ut( th( ."##an4 F"r (a#/)(, $n a//)$.at$"n that n(( t" (r$fy that th( #"u)( ha a..urat()y

f"))"( th( /r".("r8 $ntru.t$"n, th( #"u)( a#/)( th( f$()6$( tat( an ."#/ar( $t t" th( yt(#6$( tat(4

Th$ f(atur( ha a ."rr(/"n$n- ta- that .an '( (a#$n( $n th( u(r /r"-ra# $n th( ((nt "f a fau)t4 F"r #"r( $nf"r#at$"n "n

th(( ta-4 If an "ut/ut .ann"t '( (r$f$(, a /"$nt6)(() fau)t $ (nt t" th( ."ntr"))(r4

Diagnostic change of state for output modules

If th( D$a-n"t$. Chan-( "f Stat( f(atur( $ (na')(, a $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( (n n( ata t" th( "n(r6."ntr"))(r h(n

"n( "f th( ((nt (.r$'( $n th( ta')( "..ur

Un)$*( $a-n"t$. $n/ut #"u)(, th$ f(atur( .ann"t '( $a')( f"r $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)(4 Th(r( $ n" VEna')( Chan-( "f

Stat( f"r D$a-n"t$. Tran$t$"n8 '" at th( '"tt"# "f th( C"nf$-urat$"n ta' t" .h(.* "r un.h(.* f"r $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)(4

"opic Description

R(.($/t "f "ut/ut ata Out/ut #"u)( (n ata h(n $t (.h"( 'a.* t" th( "n(r6."ntr"))(r4

D$a-n"t$. .han-( "f tat( Out/ut #"u)( (n ata h(n any .han-( $n th( $a-n"t$."ut/ut /"$nt "..ur4



97/98

'ulse test

u)( t(t $ a f(atur( f"un "n $a-n"t$. "ut/ut #"u)( that .an (r$fy "ut/ut6.$r.u$t fun.t$"na)$ty $th"ut a.tua))y .han-$n-th( tat( "f th( "ut/ut )"a ($.(4 A h"rt /u)( $ (nt t" th( tar-(t( "ut/ut .$r.u$t4 Th( .$r.u$t h"u) r(/"n a $t "u) $f a

r(a) .han-(6"f6tat( ."##an a $u(, 'ut th( )"a ($.( "( n"t tran$t$"n4

Th( ta')( (/)a$n h" a /u)( t(t .an '( u( t" /(rf"r# a /r((#/t$( $a-n"$ "f /"$')( futur( #"u)( ."n$t$"n4

"opic Description

D(t(.t a ')"nfu(

'(f"r( $tha//(n4

Th( B)"n Fu( $a-n"t$. .an '( u( "n)y h(n an "ut/ut #"u)( $ $n th(On tat(4 But $t "u) '( u(fu) t" '( #a( aar( h(n "/(rat$n- ."n$t$"n f"r a #"u)( #ay

.au( a ')"n fu(4If y"u /(rf"r# a /u)( t(t "n th( #"u)( h$)( th( "ut/ut $ $n th( Off tat(, th( "ut/ut /"$nt $."##an( t" '( On 'r$(f)y4 A)th"u-h n" $a-n"t$. '$t ar( (t $n th( "ut/ut ata (.h", th( /u)(t(t r(/"rt a fa$)ur( '(.au( ."n$t$"n h(n th( /"$nt $ On $n$.at( a ')"n fu( ."n$t$"n #ay"..ur

D(t(.t a N" L"a."n$t$"n $th an"ut/ut On4

Th( N" L"a $a-n"t$. .an "n)y (t(.t a fau)t !that $, (t th( N" L"a '$t h(n an "ut/ut /"$nt $$n th( Offtat(4 But y"u #ay f$n $t u(fu) t" '( #a( aar( h(n "/(rat$n- ."n$t$"n f"r that /"$nt #ay

r((a) a /"t(nt$a) N" L"a ."n$t$"n4If y"u /(rf"r# a /u)( t(t "n an "ut/ut /"$nt h$)( $t $ $n th( On tat(, th( "ut/ut /"$nt $."##an( t" '( Off 'r$(f)y4 Th( /u)( t(t r(/"rt a fa$)ur( '(.au( ."n$t$"n h(n th( /"$nt $Off $n$.at( th( /"$')( a'(n.( "f a f$() ($.( $n th$ .a(, th"u-h, th( N" L"a '$t $)) n"t '((t


98/98

basic training rev01

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