basic soil properties - purdue agriculture 105/soil texture...agronomy 105 soil & water: basic...
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Basic Soil Properties
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 2 Agronomy 105
Three Categories of Soil Properties
• Physical: texture (proportions of sand, silt and clay), structure, bulk density, moisture, infiltration, porosity
• Chemical: nutrient content, salinity, pH, organic matter, mineral content (parent material)
• Biological: activity of microbes (bacteria, fungi), biomass, biodiversity, biological activity
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 3 Agronomy 105
Major Soil Components
Organic Matter5%
Minerals45%
Water25%
Air25%
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 4 Agronomy 105
Soil Descriptors • Texture: Relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay in
the soil
• Structure: Forms the soil takes as particles clump together
• Peds: Structural units of soil
• Bulk Density: A soil’s weight per volume
• Horizon: Layer of soil with somewhat uniform color, texture, and structure
• Profile: Vertical soil section showing layers of development
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 5 Agronomy 105
Soil Texture
• Relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil
• These proportions affect how soil feels to the touch, thus the term “texture”
• Sand are the largest particles
feel “gritty”
• Silt are medium sized
feel soft, silky or “floury”
• Clay are the smallest sized particles
feel “sticky”
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 6 Agronomy 105
Sand
• Gritty feel
• Particles can be seen with the naked eye
• Hand sampling: No residue left on hand
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 7 Agronomy 105
Silt
• Dry: Powdery smooth feel, flour-like
• Wet: Creamy slick, slippery feel
• No sticky or plastic feel
• Particles can be seen with a hand lens or microscope
• Hand sampling: Coats hand, able to brush off
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 8 Agronomy 105
Clay
• Wet: Sticky, plastic feel
• Dry: Hard feel
• Particles can be seen with an electron microscope
• Hand Sampling:
– Sticks to fingers
About.com & http://thedirtdude.blogspot.com/
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 9 Agronomy 105
Soil Texture Classification
• The proportions of different sized mineral particles in the soil or the relative amount of sand, silt, and clay present in the soil expressed as percentages
• There are 12 textural class categories
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 10 Agronomy 105
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 11 Agronomy 105
NRCS
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 12 Agronomy 105
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 13 Agronomy 105
Determining Soil Texture in a Lab Hydrometer measures Relative Density of Liquids
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 14 Agronomy 105
Particle Size Analysis • Which soil particle
would you expect to settle first:
– Clay?
– Silt?
– Sand?
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 15 Agronomy 105
Soil Texture and Surface Area
• As particle size decreases, surface area increases
– For the same volume, clay has about 10,000 times as much surface area as sand
• Surface area has a big effect on:
– Water holding capacity
– Chemical reactions
– Soil cohesion
– Ability to support microorganisms
• A loam is a mixture of sand, silt and clay
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 16 Agronomy 105
Soil texture and Plant Available Water
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 17 Agronomy 105
Well-Drained Soils
• Change temperature more quickly—warm up quicker in spring
• Colors tend more brown, red, or orange
• Good plant growth (unless drought)
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 18 Agronomy 105
Poorly-Drained Soils
• Change temperature more slowly—warm up slower in spring, thus cooler
• Colors tend to be more gray
• Slow decomposition of organic matter
• Poor plant growth (unless drought)
• Visible surface soil water
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 19 Agronomy 105
Property/Behavior Sand Silt Clay
Water holding Low Med-High High
Aeration Good Med Poor
Nutrient supplying Poor Med-High High
OM decomposition Fast Med Slow
Water erosion potential Low High Low
Compact-ability Low Med High
Pollutant leaching High Med Low
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 20 Agronomy 105
• If you could choose the soil texture on your perfect farm, what would that be?
• Why did you choose that?
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 21 Agronomy 105
Soil Structure Defined
• The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles (sands, silts, clays) into secondary units, called peds. Soil structures are distinguished according to size and shape
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 22 Agronomy 105
Soil Aggregates
• Secondary units or granules held together by organic substances, iron oxides, clays, carbonates, etc.
• Aggregate Stability - Ability of soil aggregates to resist disintegration when forces associated with tillage and water or wind erosion are applied. (NRCS, 2008)
– Wet – resistance to raindrop impact and water erosion.
– Dry – uses size distribution of dry aggregates as an indicator of resistance to abrasion and wind.
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 23 Agronomy 105
Soil Aggregates
• Aggregate Stability is an indicator of:
– OM content
– Biological activity
– Nutrient cycling
“soil quality”
• Important for many physical properties:
– Infiltration and water movement
– Root penetration and growth
– Resistance to erosive forces of wind and water
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 24 Agronomy 105
Common Types of Soil Structure
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 25 Agronomy 105
Without Structure
Single Grained Massive
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 26 Agronomy 105
Simple Soil Structure Test
Simple clod test: Healthy soil, at left, holds together in water, while poor soil falls apart.
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 27 Agronomy 105
Bulk Density
• Bulk Density = weight/volume
• Calculated dry
• Indicator of soil compaction
• Most soils have bulk densities between 1 and 2
• By comparison, water has a bulk density of 1 g/cm3 (at about 40 degrees F)
For example, 2 cm3 of a soil weighs 3 grams
Bulk density = 1.5 grams/cm3
1 cm
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 28 Agronomy 105
Measuring Bulk Density
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 29 Agronomy 105
Compacted Soils Can Restrict Root Growth
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/images/g01630art01.jpg
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 30 Agronomy 105
Wet Soils More Prone to Compaction
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/images/g01630art01.jpg
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 31 Agronomy 105
Sometimes Field Work Can’t Wait for Soils to Dry
http://www.agriculture.com
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 32 Agronomy 105
How to Evaluate Soil Moisture (to help determine suitability for field operations)
1. Determine texture of soil.
2. Squeeze small handful of soil firmly.
3. Observe the condition of the ball and your hand.
4. Attempt to form a ribbon of the soil between your thumb and forefinger.
5. Observe what happens.
6. Compare your observations with what is expected of various soil types.
Source: http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/soilmoisture/soilmoisture.html
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 33 Agronomy 105
Appearance at Various Moisture Conditions Sandy clay loam, loam, and silt loam:
Available Water Capacity 1.5-2.1 inches/foot:
25-50 percent available: Slightly moist, forms a weak ball with rough surfaces, no water staining on fingers, few aggregated soil grains break away.
50-75 percent available: Moist, forms a ball, very light staining on fingers, darkened color, pliable, forms a weak ribbon between the thumb and forefinger.
75-100 percent available: Wet, forms a ball with well-defined finger marks, light to heavy soil/water coating on fingers, ribbons between thumb and forefinger.
100 percent available (no picture): Wet, forms a soft ball, free water appears briefly on soil surface after squeezing or shaking, medium to heavy soil/water coating on fingers
Source: http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/soilmoisture/soilmoisture.html
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 34 Agronomy 105
Soil Horizons
A Horizon “Topsoil” Greatest biological activity, high
amounts of organic matter
B Horizon “Subsoil” Concentration of silicate clays,
humus, etc, and/or the development of structure
C Horizon
parent material
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A Horizon
• Maximum biological activity
• Leaching
• Greatest amount of organic matter
• Generally highest in N and P
• Often granular or crumb structure
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 36 Agronomy 105
B Horizon
• Accumulation of clays and iron or aluminum oxides
• Less organic matter and less biological activity than A Horizon
• Common soil structure in B horizons includes subangular blocky, columnar, platy
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 37 Agronomy 105
Sources of Color • Organic matter (humus)-decomposed plant matter
– % organic matter can be determined by using the Munsell chart
• Iron oxides
– Oxidized iron (Fe+++) reds, browns, tans, and yellows
– Reduced iron(Fe++) grays
10 YR
< 3% OM 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4
4/1 4/2 4/3 4/4
3-5% OM 3/1 3/2 3/3 3/4
>5 % OM 2/1 2/2
>5 % OM 3-5% OM < 3% OM
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 38 Agronomy 105
Clarion-Nicollet-Webster Series
• http://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/12505.html
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 39 Agronomy 105
Soil Color/Organic Matter
Google Maps; near Nappanee, IN
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 40 Agronomy 105
Near Plains, GA
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Soil & Water: Basic Soil Properties 41 Agronomy 105
Mato Grosso, Brazil