basic refinery
DESCRIPTION
API 571 exam reference and to explore further the refinery process flow for non-process engineer..TRANSCRIPT
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Big West of California, LLC Bakersfield Refinery REFINING 101
July 2008
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OutlineWhere Does The Crude Oil Come From?Crude Oil BasicsRefining ConceptsFlowcharts of Petroleum RefineriesBasic Refinery Operations and OptimizationConversionRefinery Overview
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Where does the Crude Oil Come From?Kern County produces about 550,000 barrels of crude oil per day, 68% of the states total production; enough to fuel about 5 million automobiles.Three of the six largest oil fields in the U.S. are located in Kern CountyKern County represents approximately 10% of the Nations total oil production.Source: Greater Bakersfield Chamber of Commerce
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What is Crude Oil?Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from organic matter.Crude varies significantly in color and compositionComposition variesSulfur contentDensity variesContains sediment and water
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Crude Oil CharacteristicsCrude density is commonly measured by API gravityAPI gravity provides a relative measure of crude oil density. The higher the API number, the lighter the crudeSulfur content measures if a crude is sweet (low sulfur) or sour (high sulfur)Typically less than 0.5% sulfur content = sweetTypically greater than 1.5% sulfur content = sourHigh sulfur crudes require additional processing to meet regulatory specs
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Crude Types Versus Demand
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Supply and DemandCalifornia
CA now consumes 44 to 45 million gallons of gasoline and 10 million gallons of diesel fuel per day.Demand for transportation fuels increased nearly 50% in last 20 yearsNumber of refineries producing gasoline in California dropped from 32 in mid-1980s to 14 todayCalifornia now imports 3.5 million gallons of gasoline per day.
Source: California Energy Commission
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Basic Refining ConceptsCrude Separation
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Basic Refining Concepts
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Basic Flowchart of Petroleum Refinery (1915)
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Simplified Flowchart of a Complex Refinery
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Basic Refinery OperationsSeparation DistillationConversion Changing the size or shape of moleculesRe-shape molecules to improve product quality Catalytic Reforming Unit Upgrading breaking large molecules into smallerCokingHydrocrakingTreatment / Blending Making on specification productsRemoval of impurities desalting, desulfurization, denitroficationMixtures of components to meet specifications
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Refinery OptimizationTwo areas can not be compromisedSafetyReliabilityEcomonic optimization is a series of trade-offsFeedstocksAvailability (crude, Intermediate products), Yields, CostRefinery Complexity, Flexibility + ConstraintsCrude rateMaximize to spread fixed costsProductsMeet market demandsValue added and marginsOperationsMaximize yields, minimize giveaway / inventoriesOptimize energy use
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Conversion
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REFINERY OVERVIEW
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Utilities
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For More Information
www.bigwestca.comwww.energy.govwww.energy.ca.govwww.pipeline101.comwww.wspa.org
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Thank you