basic radiation safety awareness training radiation safety program 713-500-5840 environmental health...
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Basic Radiation Safety Basic Radiation Safety Awareness TrainingAwareness Training
Radiation Safety ProgramRadiation Safety Program
713-500-5840713-500-5840
Environmental Health and SafetyEnvironmental Health and Safety
OutlineOutline History of RadiationHistory of Radiation Natural & Man-Made Background Sources Natural & Man-Made Background Sources
of Radiation of Radiation FundamentalsFundamentals Exposure Limits & RegulationsExposure Limits & Regulations Detection of RadiationDetection of Radiation Safe Practices with RadiationSafe Practices with Radiation Biological Effects of RadiationBiological Effects of Radiation Where to Find Further InformationWhere to Find Further Information
First Known Human Use of First Known Human Use of UraniumUranium
79 A D79 A D Roman artisans Roman artisans
produce yellow produce yellow colored glass in colored glass in mosaic mural near mosaic mural near Naples, ItalyNaples, Italy
Radium Effects ConfirmedRadium Effects Confirmed
19251925 Suspicions develop Suspicions develop
around watch dial around watch dial painters’ jaw lesionspainters’ jaw lesions
Dentists diagnose Dentists diagnose lesions as jaw necrosis lesions as jaw necrosis due to radium due to radium deposits in jaw bonedeposits in jaw bone
Doctor notes bone Doctor notes bone changes and anemia changes and anemia in dial paintersin dial painters
What is Radiation?What is Radiation?
Radiation: energy in motion
Radioactivity: spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable atom
Isotope: atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
Radioisotope: unstable isotope of an element that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation. Approximately 5,000 natural and artificial radioisotopes have been identified
Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that does not have sufficient energy to dislodge orbital electrons.
Examples of non-ionizing radiation: microwaves, ultraviolet light, lasers, radio waves, infrared light, and radar.
Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that has sufficient energy to dislodge orbital electrons.
Examples of ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays.
Radiation SpectrumRadiation Spectrum
RadioactiveWaste
Radon
X-Rays
ConsumerProducts
NuclearPower
Nuclear Medicine
Solar RadiationCosmic Rays
TerrestrialRadiation
Food &Drink
Each Other
RADIOACTIVE SOURCESRADIOACTIVE SOURCES
Terrestrial RadiationTerrestrial Radiation
Common radionuclides created during formation of earth:
–Radioactive Potassium (K-40) found in bananas, throughout the human body, in plant fertilizer and anywhere else stable potassium exists.
–Radioactive Rubidium (Rb-87) is found in brazil nuts among other things.
Terrestrial radiation comes from radioactivity emitting from Primordial radio nuclides - these are radio nuclides left over from when the earth was created.
Terrestrial RadiationTerrestrial Radiation
Greatest contributor is Greatest contributor is 226226Ra (Radium) with Ra (Radium) with significant levels also from significant levels also from 238238U, U, 232232Th, and Th, and 4040K.K. Igneous rock contains the highest Igneous rock contains the highest
concentration followed by sedimentary, concentration followed by sedimentary, sandstone and limestone.sandstone and limestone.
Fly ash from coal burning plants contains more Fly ash from coal burning plants contains more radiation than that of nuclear or oil-fired plants.radiation than that of nuclear or oil-fired plants.
Let’s Compare BackgroundsLet’s Compare Backgrounds
Sea level - 30 mrem/year Sea level - 30 mrem/year from cosmic radiationfrom cosmic radiation
10,000 ft. altitude - 140 10,000 ft. altitude - 140 mrem/yearmrem/year
from cosmic radiationfrom cosmic radiation
Consumer Products and Consumer Products and Radioactive MaterialRadioactive Material
There are more sources of radiation in There are more sources of radiation in the consumer product category than in the consumer product category than in any other.any other.
Television sets - low energy x-rays.Television sets - low energy x-rays. Smoke detectors Smoke detectors Some more products or services: Some more products or services:
treatment of agricultural products; treatment of agricultural products; long lasting light bulbs; building long lasting light bulbs; building materials; static eliminators in materials; static eliminators in manufacturing; and luminous dials manufacturing; and luminous dials of watches, clocks and compassesof watches, clocks and compasses
Annual Dose from Background Radiation
Total US average dose equivalent = 360 mrem/year
Total exposure Man-made sources
Radon
Internal 11%
Cosmic 8% Terrestrial 6%
Man-Made 18%
55.0%
Medical X-Rays
NuclearMedicine 4%
ConsumerProducts 3%
Other 1%
11%
The Anatomy of the AtomThe Anatomy of the Atom
Ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation
Occurs from the addition or removal Occurs from the addition or removal ofof electrons from neutral atoms electrons from neutral atoms
Four main types of ionizing radiation Four main types of ionizing radiation alpha, beta, gamma and neutronsalpha, beta, gamma and neutrons AlphaAlpha
BetaBeta Gamma (X-ray) Gamma (X-ray) nn Neutron Neutron
Linear Energy Transfer Linear Energy Transfer
ALARAALARA AAs s LLow ow AAs s RReasonably easonably AAchievablechievable
How?How? TimeTime DistanceDistance Shielding Shielding
Why?Why? Minimize DoseMinimize Dose
TimeTime
Less time = Less radiation exposureLess time = Less radiation exposure Use RAM only when necessaryUse RAM only when necessary Dry runs Dry runs (without radioactive material) (without radioactive material)
Identify portions of the experiment that can be altered in Identify portions of the experiment that can be altered in order to decrease exposure timesorder to decrease exposure times
Shorten time when near RAMShorten time when near RAM Obtaining higher doses in order to get an Obtaining higher doses in order to get an
experiment done quicker is NOT experiment done quicker is NOT “reasonable”! “reasonable”!
DistanceDistance
Effective & EasyEffective & Easy Inverse Square LawInverse Square Law
Doubling distance from source, Doubling distance from source, decreases dose by factor of four decreases dose by factor of four
Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold More Distance = Less Radiation More Distance = Less Radiation
Exposure Exposure Tongs, Tweezers, Pipettes, PliersTongs, Tweezers, Pipettes, Pliers
ShieldingShielding
Materials “absorb” Materials “absorb” radiationradiation
Proper shielding = Less Proper shielding = Less Radiation ExposureRadiation Exposure
Plexiglass vs. LeadPlexiglass vs. Lead
Shielding ExamplesShielding Examples
•
Shielding used where Shielding used where appropriateappropriate
Significantly reduces Significantly reduces radiation effectsradiation effects
LeadLead
PlexiglasPlexiglas
Radiation Radiation ShieldingShielding
Radiation use will be labeledlabeled on door, work area & storage area
Research laboratories work with very low levels of radioactive materials
Safety can check for potential contamination prior to work in a lab that uses radioactive materials
As a precaution: wear gloves, safety glasses and wash wear gloves, safety glasses and wash handshands
Radiation PostingsRadiation Postings
Inappropriate Lab AttireInappropriate Lab Attire
Appropriate Lab AttireAppropriate Lab Attire
Lab coatLab coat Eye protectionEye protection Closed toe shoesClosed toe shoes Personnel Personnel
monitoringmonitoring GlovesGloves
Route of Entry for ExposureRoute of Entry for Exposure
Laboratory Wipe TestsLaboratory Wipe Tests
Fill out form RS-8Fill out form RS-8 Draw map of laboratoryDraw map of laboratory Take wipes of surfaces (10 cmTake wipes of surfaces (10 cm22) throughout ) throughout
lablab Run wipes Run wipes monthlymonthly for possible for possible
contaminationcontamination Document all information on form and place Document all information on form and place
in Radiation Safety Binderin Radiation Safety Binder
Common UnitsCommon Units
RadioactivityRadioactivity ExposureExposure Absorbed DoseAbsorbed Dose Dose EquivalentDose Equivalent
Units are Cool
RadioactivityRadioactivity
Rate of Decay / Potential to Decay Rate of Decay / Potential to Decay ““Strength”Strength” Curie (Ci) - 1 gram of radium Curie (Ci) - 1 gram of radium
disintegrates disintegrates 3.7 X 103.7 X 1010 10 disintegration/ disintegration/
second (dps)second (dps) Becquerel (Bq) Becquerel (Bq)
= 1 disintegration/second (dps)= 1 disintegration/second (dps) 1 mCi = 37 MBq1 mCi = 37 MBq
ExposureExposure
Radioactivity is measured in Radioactivity is measured in Roentgens (R) Roentgens (R)
Charge produced in air from ionization Charge produced in air from ionization by by gamma and x-rays gamma and x-rays ONLY for photons in airONLY for photons in air Rather infrequently used unitRather infrequently used unit
A measure of what is emitted A measure of what is emitted
Absorbed DoseAbsorbed Dose
Energy deposited by any form of Energy deposited by any form of ionizing ionizing radiation in a unit mass of radiation in a unit mass of materialmaterial
Roentgen Absorbed Dose (rad)Roentgen Absorbed Dose (rad) Gray (Gy)Gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 100 rad1 Gy = 100 rad
Dose EquivalentDose Equivalent Scale for equating relative hazards of Scale for equating relative hazards of
various types of ionization in terms of various types of ionization in terms of equivalent riskequivalent risk
Damage in tissue measured in Damage in tissue measured in remrem (Roentgen Equivalent Man)(Roentgen Equivalent Man)
Q:risk of biological injury Q:risk of biological injury rem = Q * radrem = Q * rad Sievert (Sv)Sievert (Sv) 1 Sv = 100 rem1 Sv = 100 rem
What do we really need to What do we really need to know?know?
1 R 1 R 1 rad = 1 rem 1 rad = 1 rem For gammas & betas*For gammas & betas*
1 rad 1 rad 1 rem 1 rem For alphas, neutrons & protonsFor alphas, neutrons & protons 1 rem = 1 rad * Q1 rem = 1 rad * Q
And why do we want to And why do we want to know it?know it?
Dosage and dosimetry are Dosage and dosimetry are measured and measured and reported in rems.reported in rems.
All the Federal and State regulations All the Federal and State regulations are are written in rems.written in rems.
The regulators must be placated The regulators must be placated with with reports in rems. reports in rems.
Annual Radiation Exposure Annual Radiation Exposure LimitsLimits
Occupationally Exposed Worker:Occupationally Exposed Worker:
remrem mrem mrem
Whole body Whole body 55 50005000
EyeEye 1515 15,00015,000
ShallowShallow 5050 50,00050,000
MinorMinor 0.50.5 500500
Pregnant WorkerPregnant Worker 0.5*0.5* 500*500* _____________*9 months______________*9 months_
General Public:General Public: 100 mrem/year or 2mrem/hour 100 mrem/year or 2mrem/hour
Why Establish Occupational Why Establish Occupational Exposure Limits?Exposure Limits?
We want to eliminate ability of We want to eliminate ability of non-stochastic effectsnon-stochastic effects (Acute) (Acute) to occur to occur Example: Skin ReddeningExample: Skin Reddening
We want to reduce the We want to reduce the probability of the occurrence probability of the occurrence ofof
stochastic effectsstochastic effects (Chronic) (Chronic) to same level as other to same level as other occupationsoccupations Example: LeukemiaExample: Leukemia
Established Established from Accident from Accident DataData
Whole BodyWhole Body
Total Effective Dose Equivalent Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)(TEDE)
TEDE = Internal + ExternalTEDE = Internal + External Assume Internal Contribution ZeroAssume Internal Contribution Zero
Unless Ingestion, Absorption or Inhalation Unless Ingestion, Absorption or Inhalation SuspectedSuspected
Limit = 5 rem / yrLimit = 5 rem / yr
Ensuring Compliance to Ensuring Compliance to Radiation Exposure LimitsRadiation Exposure Limits
Use the established activity limit for each Use the established activity limit for each isotopeisotope
Compare with similar situations Compare with similar situations Estimate with meterEstimate with meter CalculateCalculate
Time, Distance, Shielding, Type, Energy, Time, Distance, Shielding, Type, Energy, GeometryGeometry
MeasureMeasure TLD Chip, LuxelTLD Chip, Luxel Bioassay Bioassay
Who should wear radiation Who should wear radiation dosimeters or badges?dosimeters or badges?
Those “likely” to exceed 10% of their Those “likely” to exceed 10% of their annual limit are requiredannual limit are required
Those who would like a badgeThose who would like a badge Minors & Declared Pregnant Minors & Declared Pregnant
Workers*Workers*
Types of Badges Types of Badges AvailableAvailable
Rules, Rights & Responsibilities Rules, Rights & Responsibilities as a Radiation Workeras a Radiation Worker
Department of State Health ServicesDepartment of State Health Services Radiation ControlRadiation Control
Texas Regulations for Control of Texas Regulations for Control of RadiationRadiation
In Accordance with Texas Radiation In Accordance with Texas Radiation Control Act, Health & Safety Code, Control Act, Health & Safety Code, Ch 401Ch 401
25 TAC (Texas Administrative Code) 25 TAC (Texas Administrative Code) 289 289
Detection of RadiationDetection of Radiation
Radiation DetectorsRadiation Detectors
General Classes of General Classes of DetectorsDetectors Gas-Filled DetectorsGas-Filled Detectors Solid DetectorsSolid Detectors Liquid DetectorsLiquid Detectors
Gas-Filled DetectorsGas-Filled Detectors
Proportional Proportional CounterCounter
Ion ChambersIon Chambers Geiger-Mueller Geiger-Mueller
CountersCounters
Main Difference - Main Difference - Charge Charge MultiplicationMultiplication
Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC)Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC)
More Radiation More Radiation MisconceptionsMisconceptions
Radiation does not give you super human powers
Radiation will not make you
glow in the dark
Summary of Biological Summary of Biological Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation
Radiation may…Radiation may… Deposit Energy in BodyDeposit Energy in Body Cause DNA DamageCause DNA Damage Create Ionizations in BodyCreate Ionizations in Body
Leading to Free RadicalsLeading to Free Radicals
Which may lead to biological damageWhich may lead to biological damage
Radiation Effects on CellsRadiation Effects on Cells
Radio sensitivity Theory of Bergonie Radio sensitivity Theory of Bergonie & Tribondeau.& Tribondeau. Cell are radiosensitive if they :Cell are radiosensitive if they :
Have a high division rateHave a high division rate Have a long dividing futureHave a long dividing future Are of an unspecialized typeAre of an unspecialized type
These are the underlying premise for ALARAThese are the underlying premise for ALARA
Response to radiation depends Response to radiation depends on:on:
Total doseTotal dose Dose rateDose rate Radiation qualityRadiation quality Stage of development at the time of Stage of development at the time of
exposureexposure
Whole Body EffectsWhole Body Effects
Acute or NonstochasticAcute or Nonstochastic Occur when the radiation dose is large enough to Occur when the radiation dose is large enough to
cause extensive biological damage to cells so that cause extensive biological damage to cells so that large numbers of cells die off.large numbers of cells die off.
Evident hours to a few months after exposure Evident hours to a few months after exposure (Early).(Early).
Late or Stochastic (Delayed)Late or Stochastic (Delayed) Exhibit themselves over years after acute Exhibit themselves over years after acute
exposure.exposure. GeneticGenetic SomaticSomatic TeratogenicTeratogenic
Most and Least Radiosensitive Most and Least Radiosensitive CellsCells
Low SensitivityLow Sensitivity Mature red blood cellsMature red blood cells
Muscle cellsMuscle cells
Ganglion cellsGanglion cells
Mature connective tissuesMature connective tissues
High SensitivityHigh Sensitivity Gastric mucosaGastric mucosa
Mucous membranesMucous membranes
Esophageal epitheliumEsophageal epithelium
Urinary bladder epitheliumUrinary bladder epithelium
Very High Very High SensitivitySensitivity
Primitive blood cellsPrimitive blood cells
Intestinal epitheliumIntestinal epithelium
SpermatogoniaSpermatogonia
Ovarian follicular cellsOvarian follicular cells
LymphocytesLymphocytes
Comparison of Administrative, Regulatory and Comparison of Administrative, Regulatory and Biological Effect DosesBiological Effect Doses
100% of People Die, 100% of People Die, CNS SyndromeCNS Syndrome
Permanent InfertilityPermanent Infertility
Whole Body Regulatory Limit (5 rem/yr)Whole Body Regulatory Limit (5 rem/yr)Eye Regulatory Limit (15 rem/yr)Eye Regulatory Limit (15 rem/yr)
50% of People Die (450 – 500 rad)50% of People Die (450 – 500 rad)
Nausea & Vomiting (10% of People)Nausea & Vomiting (10% of People)
Whole Body UTHSCH Administrative Whole Body UTHSCH Administrative Limit (0.125 rem/month)Limit (0.125 rem/month)
Whole Body ExposureWhole Body ExposurePartial Body ExposurePartial Body Exposure
Extremities Regulatory Limit (50 rem/yr)Extremities Regulatory Limit (50 rem/yr)
Eye UTHSCH Administrative Eye UTHSCH Administrative Limit (0.375 rem/month)Limit (0.375 rem/month)
Rad or RemRad or Rem
Extremities UTHSCH Administrative Extremities UTHSCH Administrative Limit (1.275 rem/month)Limit (1.275 rem/month)
General Public Whole Body Regulatory General Public Whole Body Regulatory Limit (0.100 rem/yr)Limit (0.100 rem/yr)
No Clinical Symptoms Seen Below 10 remNo Clinical Symptoms Seen Below 10 rem
Cataract FormationCataract Formation
Loss of HairLoss of Hair
Skin ReddeningSkin Reddening
Decreased White Blood Cell CountDecreased White Blood Cell Count
Ulcers on the SkinUlcers on the Skin
Molecular Death (> 100,000 rad)Molecular Death (> 100,000 rad)
Gastrointestinal SyndromeGastrointestinal Syndrome
Medical TreatmentMedical Treatment External DecontaminationExternal Decontamination
Mild cleaning solution applied to Mild cleaning solution applied to intact skinintact skin
Betadine, Soap, Rad-Con for handsBetadine, Soap, Rad-Con for hands Never use harsh abrasive or Never use harsh abrasive or
steel woolsteel wool
Internal DecontaminationInternal Decontamination Treatment which enhances Treatment which enhances
excretion of radionuclidesexcretion of radionuclides
How Often Does This How Often Does This Happen?Happen?
Results of reported exposure-related incidents in Results of reported exposure-related incidents in TexasTexas
1956 – 20001956 – 2000
Source: Emery, et. al.Source: Emery, et. al. Only 2% at the Only 2% at the
Level that Clinical Level that Clinical Effects From Effects From
Radiation Can be Radiation Can be SeenSeen
(n=3,148)
Where to Find More Radiation Where to Find More Radiation Safety Information….Safety Information….
Basic Radiation Safety Training (6-hr) Basic Radiation Safety Training (6-hr) Required for All Individuals Working with Required for All Individuals Working with RadiationRadiation July 11 & 12July 11 & 12thth – 9 a.m. to Noon (both days) – 9 a.m. to Noon (both days)
Call at 713-500-5840Call at 713-500-5840
Website Website www.uth.tmc.edu/safetywww.uth.tmc.edu/safety Radiation Safety ManualRadiation Safety Manual Important Safety Information Posted in Important Safety Information Posted in
Every Laboratory (Yellow)Every Laboratory (Yellow)