basic principles of power distribution system and basics ... · • electric network with advanced...
TRANSCRIPT
1Aalto University © 2014 J. Paatero
Basics on Power Systemsand Power Distribution
&Selected Issues on
Smart Grids andElectric Vehicles
2Aalto University © 2014 J. Paatero
Focus of the Lecture Today
MethodsFore-
castingLife Cycle
AssesmentUrban
Community
Consumption
Trans-portation
Heating&
Cooling
Elec-tricity
Planning
Wind Energy
Micro Co-Generation
Solar Energy
Heat Pumps
Biomass Utilization
District Heating
Storage Systems
EnergyTechnology &Infrastructure
Power Distribution
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Topics Covered Today
PART I:
• Power Grid Basics
• About Smart Grids
• Vehicle to Grid Power
PART II:
• Energy System Models
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Basic Principles in AC Power Systems
• Power system can be visualized as a large system ofconnected syncronous pendelums- Generation speeds them up, load drags them down
Generation- Balancing large
unit(s) withgenerators
- Syncronous- Maintains
system stability
Transmission- Through cables- Primary and
secondary(voltage &power flow)
- Substations- Radial or
network
Load- Typically
passive- Dependent on
poweravailability
- Generates allend userservices
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Reading Materials
• This lecture iscomplemented withreading material onthese topics:- Smart Grids
- Vehicle-to-Grid concept
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Power Grid Basics
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Grid Structure
Transmission grid• High and extra high
voltage part of the grid(HV)
• Finland: 110, 220, 400 kV
• Looped topology
• Automated safety systems
• Remotely controlledsystem adjustments
• Redundant structure
Distribution grid• Medium voltage (MV) and
low voltage (LV) parts ofthe grid
• Finland: 20, 1, 0.4 kV
• Radial topology
• Mostly automated safetysystems
• Mostly manual systemadjustments
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Nordic HV Grid
Urban LV Grid
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Electrical Substations and Transformers
• Mediator between differentvoltage levels- Substation: HV-MV
- Transformer: MV-LV
• Has automated safetyswitches
• Has tap changer mechanism- Transformer: manual
• Substation has a significantinvestment cost
“kiosk” distributionsubstation
Pole transformer
Primary substation
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Transmission Grid
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Distribution Grid
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Additional Content for Inspiration
• TED talk by Justin Hall-Tipping: ” Freeing energyfrom the grid” (17 min)- http://www.ted.com/talks/justin_hall_tipping_freeing_energy_
from_the_grid.html
• TED talk by Eric Giler: ”Wireless electricity” (10 min)- http://www.ted.com/talks/eric_giler_demos_wireless_electrici
ty.html
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About Smart Grids
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What is Smart Grid?
• Electric network with advanced communication andinformation gathering infrastructure- Active monitoring of loads and all sources of generation
- Improved coordination of all actors and stakeholders
• Improvements that Smart Grid brings:- Improved efficiency, system reliability, and system stability
- Lesser environmental impacts from the system.
- Better capacity to deal with small scale distributed powergeneration (small renewables, micro-CHP, etc.)
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Grid Getting Smarter
• Smartening process is an ongoing process- Smart technologies are improving all the time
- Increasing degree of smart technology implementation
• Includes a wide range of technology improvements
- Communication equipment
- Sensor equipment
- Power conditioning equipment
- Improved methods for transmission
- Grid management equipment
- Metering equipment
- Customer-side equipment
- Charging of electric vehicles
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Grid Getting Smarter
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The Transition in Hierarchy
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Japanese Smart Grid Concept
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Vehicle to Grid Power
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What is ”Vehicle to Grid” (V2G) Power?
• Electric Drive Vehicles (EDV) provide power to gridwhen parked
• EDV can be many things:- battery–electric vehicle, fuel cell vehicle, or plug-in hybrid
• EDV:s can have several functions:- Battery in EVD is charged at times of low demand
- Battery is discharged when needed
- Fuel Cells can generate power when needed
- Plug-in Hybrid can act in all modes
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The Traditional Roles of EDV:s
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EDV:s in V2G Power Concept
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What is Required for V2G?
• Connection to the grid for electrical energy flow
• Control or logical connection necessary forcommunication with the grid operator
• Controls andmeteringon-boardthe vehicle
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Functions of V2G Power
• Providing power at peak consumption times
• Acting as ”Spinning Reserves”
• Providing other services for system regulation
• RESULT: EDV:s act as system-wide storage units
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How V2G Use of EDV:s BalancesElectric Loads
PHEV = Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles