basic principles of animal form & function chapter 40 jay swan cincinnati, ohio
TRANSCRIPT
Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function
Chapter 40
Jay Swan
Cincinnati, Ohio
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy– Biological form
• Physiology– Biological function
• Why do animals have such various appearances when they have such similar demands placed on them?
Physical constraints
• Water– Shapes of animals that are swimmers– Why streamlined?
• Size– Size of skeleton– Size of muscles– Relation to speed of organism
Exchange with the environment
Rate of exchange proportional to surface area
Amount of materials that must be exchanged is proportional to volume
Differences in unicellular vs. multicellular organisms
Interstitial fluid
Fig. 40-4
0.5 cmNutrients
Digestivesystem
Lining of small intestine
MouthFood
External environment
Animalbody
CO2 O2
Circulatorysystem
Heart
Respiratorysystem
Cells
Interstitialfluid
Excretorysystem
Anus
Unabsorbedmatter (feces)
Metabolic waste products(nitrogenous waste)
Kidney tubules
10 µm
50 µ
m
Lung tissue
Hierarchical Organization
Cells
Hierarchical Organization
Cells Tissues
Hierarchical Organization
Cells Tissues Organs
Hierarchical Organization
Cells Tissues Organs Organ System
Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Skeletal Muscular Integumentary
Hierarchical Organization
Cells Tissues Organs Organ System
Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Skeletal Muscular Integumentary
Organism
Epithelial Tissue
Sheets of tightly packed cells Cells joined tightly together with little material
between them Functions
Protection Absorption or secretion of chemicals Lining of organs
Free surface Exposed to air or fluid
Basement membrane Extracellular matrix that cells at base of barrier are
attached
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidalepithelium
Simplecolumnarepithelium
Pseudostratifiedciliated
columnarepithelium
Stratifiedsquamousepithelium
Simplesquamousepithelium
Connective Tissue• Cells spread out scattered through extracellular matrix
– Substances secreted by connective tissue cells– Web of fibers embedded in foundation
• Structure– Protein
• Function– Bind and support other cells
• Fibroblasts– Secrete protein of extracellular fibers
• Macrophages– Engulf bacteria & dead cells– Defense
Connective Tissue
Fig. 40-5c
Connective Tissue
Collagenous fiber
Looseconnective
tissue
Elastic fiber12
0 µ
m
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
10
0 µ
m
Chondroitinsulfate
Adiposetissue
Fat droplets
15
0 µ
m
White blood cells
55
µm
Plasma Red bloodcells
Blood
Nuclei
Fibrousconnective
tissue
30
µm
Osteon
Bone
Central canal
70
0 µ
m
Muscle Tissue Contract when stimulated Contractile proteins
Actin & myosin Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle Striated
Cardiac muscle Heart Striated, intercalated discs Involuntary
Smooth muscle No striations Lines walls of organs Involuntary
Fig. 40-5j
Muscle Tissue
50 µmSkeletalmuscle
Multiplenuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
100 µm
Smoothmuscle
Cardiac muscle
Nucleus
Musclefibers
25 µm
Nucleus Intercalateddisk
Nervous Tissue
Receives stimulus and transmits signals Glial cells
Nourish, insulate, replenish neurons Neuron
Nerve cell Cell body with 2 or more extensions
Axons Transmit signals
Dendrites Receive signals
Fig. 40-5n
Glial cells
Nervous Tissue
15 µm
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Neuron
Axons
Blood vessel
40 µm
Coordination and Control in Animals
• Endocrine System– Signaling molecules in bloodstream– Coordinates gradual changes
• Growth, development, reproduction, digestion– Hormones
• Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors• Slow acting but long lasting
Coordination and Control in Animals
• Endocrine System– Signaling molecules in bloodstream– Coordinates gradual changes
• Growth, development, reproduction, digestion– Hormones
• Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors• Slow acting but long lasting
• Nervous System– Impulse travels along target cell only– Transmission is very fast and short lasting– Immediate response
• Locomotion, behavior
Homeostasis• Negative feedback
– Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus
– Prevent small changes to become big problems– Most body processes
• Sweating
Homeostasis• Negative feedback
– Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus
– Prevent small changes to become big problems– Most body processes
• Sweating
• Positive feedback– Change in environment triggers control
mechanism to increase stimulus– Childbirth
Fig. 40-UN1
Homeostasis
Stimulus:Perturbation/stress
Response/effector
Control center
Sensor/receptor
Thermoregulation
• Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate:– Insulation– Circulatory adaptations– Cooling by evaporative heat loss– Behavioral responses– Adjusting metabolic heat production
Fig. 40-12
Canada goose Bottlenosedolphin
Artery
Artery
Vein Vein
Blood flow
33º35ºC
27º30º
18º20º
10º 9º
Metabolic Rate
Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2
produced, food consumption
Metabolic Rate
Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2
produced, food consumption Endothermic
Warm-blooded Heat generated by metabolism Requires lots of energy
Metabolic Rate Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time Measured in calories or Joules Calculated – heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2
produced, food consumption Endothermic
Warm-blooded Heat generated by metabolism Requires lots of energy
Exothermic Cold-blooded Requires less energy Incapable of intense activity for long period of time
Fig. 40-17
Organic moleculesin foodExternal
environment
Animalbody Digestion and
absorption
Nutrient moleculesin body cells
Carbonskeletons
Cellularrespiration
ATP
Heat
Energy lostin feces
Energy lost innitrogenous
waste
Heat
Biosynthesis
Heat
Heat
Cellularwork
Fig. 40-20
An
nu
al e
ner
gy
exp
end
itu
re (
kcal
/hr)
60-kg female humanfrom temperate climate
800,000Basal
(standard)metabolism
ReproductionThermoregulation
Growth
Activity
340,000
4-kg male Adélie penguinfrom Antarctica (brooding)
4,000
0.025-kg female deer mousefrom temperateNorth America
8,000
4-kg female easternindigo snake
EndothermsEctotherm
Metabolic rate (cont)
Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to body size
Basal metabolic rate Metabolic rate of nongrowing endotherm at rest,
empty stomach, no stress Human average = 1600 – 1800 kCal per day for
males; 1300-1500 kCal per day for females Standard metabolic rate
Metabolic rate of resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm
Alligator = 60 kCal per day
Metabolic Rate (cont)
• Maximum metabolic rate = peak activity times
• Maximum rate = inversely proportional to duration of activity
• Sustained activity depends on ATP supply and respiration rate
• Age, sex, size, temperature, quality & quantity of food, activity level, oxygen availability, hormonal balance, time of day all affect metabolic rate
Fig. 40-19
Elephant
Horse
HumanSheep
DogCat
RatGround squirrel
MouseHarvest mouse
Shrew
Body mass (kg) (log scale)B
MR
(L
O2/h
r) (
Iog
sca
le)
10–3 10–210–2
10–1
10–1
10
10
1
1 102
102
103
103
(a) Relationship of BMR to body size
Shrew
Mouse
Harvest mouse
Sheep
Rat CatDog
Human
Horse
Elephant
BM
R (
L O
2/h
r) (
per
kg
)
Ground squirrel
Body mass (kg) (log scale)10–3 10–2 10–1 1 10 102 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
(b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size