basic introduction to solar pv system

INTRODUCTION

Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy?

OR

Why Renewable Energy?

Why only Solar? Sun…the never ending source

of energy. Primary source – Fossil

Fuels Limited. Clean Energy. Easily Scalable. Modular character

technology.

Why only Solar?

• The Solar energy radiate by the sun is 3.8 x 1026 joules /sec (NASA).

• India is one of the sun’s most favored nations, blessed with about 5,000 Terawh of solar Energy radiation very year with most parts receiving 4 – 7 Kwh / Sq. Meter / Per day.

• Daily average solar energy incident over India varies 4 to 7 Kwh/m2 / Day

• With about 300 clear , sunny days in a year, India have abundant solar potential.

Photovoltaic Cell Solar Cell

Working

Material

Type

Fundamental of solar cell.

• The μp is the heart of the processing within a computer..• Similarly a solar cell is the key component in chain of the photovoltaic solar

system.• Photovoltaic = photo + voltaic.• Photo associated with light and voltaic means voltage or voltage that developed

within the solar cell.

n-type semiconductor

p-type semiconductor

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

Depletion Zone

Light And Photo Electric Effect

• Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after absorption of energy from visible light.

• Electrons gain energy from incoming photons and are emitted when this absorbed energy exceeds the work function of the material.

• Electric field associated with a semiconductor P--‐N junction can form an electric current and deliver power to an external load.

• Thus a specially built semiconductor junction can function as a SOLAR CELL converting natural sunlight into electricity.

Photovoltaic Cell Material

• Thin wafers of silicon Similar to computer chips Much bigger Much cheaper

• Silicon is abundant (sand) Non-toxic Safe

PV Technology Classification

Silicon Crystalline Technology

Mono crystalline PV cell

Multi/Poly crystalline PV cell.

PV Technology Classification

• Silicon Crystalline Technology Currently makes up 86% of PV market Very stable with module efficiencies 10-16%


• Mono crystalline PV cell Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si Most efficient commercially available module (11% - 18%) Most expensive to produce Circular (square-round) cell creates wasted space on

module


• Multi/Poly crystalline PV cell. Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon. Cells slightly less efficient than a mono crystalline (10% - 16%). Less expensive to make than mono-crystalline modules. Square shape cells fit into module efficiently using the entire space. Accounts for 90% of crystalline Si market .

Thin Film Technology

Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers

Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells

PROS• Low cost substrate and fabrication process CONS• Not very stable

Thin Film Technology

• AMORPHOUS SILICON PV CELLS.Most inexpensive technology to produceMetal grid replaced with transparent oxidesCan be deposited on flexible substrates, less susceptible to shading problemsBetter performance in low light conditions that with crystalline modules.Operating efficiency ~ 6-8%• PROS Mature manufacturing technologies available • CONS Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency

Poly Crystalline PV Cells

• Non – silicon based technology• CADMIUM TELLURIDE ( CDTE) Unlike most other II/IV material cdte exhibits direct band gap of 1.4ev and high

absorption coefficient PROS• 16% laboratory efficiency• 6-9% module efficiency CONS• Immature manufacturing process

PV Module Technology

• PV module mainly available in Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-Crystalline Silicon and Thin film..

• PV module Power (Wp) ranges from ~ (1 – 310) Wp• Characteristics:- Voc ~ Open Circuit Voltage Isc ~ Short Circuit Current Vm ~ Voltage at maximum power Im ~ Current at maximum power Pm ~ Maximum power

• Note ~ While you purchase PV Module must check :-

Measured at Standard Test Conditions(STC): 1KW/m2/day, 25˚C & AM1.5

Current-Voltage & Power-Voltage Characteristics

PV Module Current-Voltage(I-V) Curve

PV Module Technology

• Effects of Temperature :-• As the PV cell temperature increases above 25º C, the module Vmp decreases by

approximately 0.5% /° C .

Specification & Performance Of Typical Module.

Module size 119.1 cm x 53.3 cmModule weight 7.5 kg

Cell size 12.5cm x 12.5 cm

Number of cell 36

Nominal output 80 W

Nominal voltage 12V

Maximum voltage 17V

Open circuit voltage 21.2V

Short circuit curent 4.9A

Conversion efficiancy 12.5%

Global solar radiation 1000w/cm²

Air mass Am 1.5 spectrum

Cell temperature 25°c

Solar Energy Ecosystem

Solar PV Application

• Distributed off grid product. Solar Lanterns ~


• Solar Street Lights

Solar PV Application• Solar Water Pumping System.


Solar Fencing around The farm orIrrigation land To protect against animals.

Solar fencing For marking theboundary


• Solar Plant On Stadiums.


• Solar On Petrol Pump


• Solar On Parking Area


• World First Solar Air Flight


• JAPAN CRUISE SHIP


• Delhi Metro Station Dwarka .

Thank You…