basic grammar and conversation

7/30/2019 basic grammar and conversation

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Basic Grammar and conversationAat Eska Fahmadi


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Parts of speech

Kinds of part of speecho Noun

o Pronoun

o Verb

oAdjective

oAdverb

o Preposition

o Conjunction

o

interjection


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1.Noun

Noun : is a word used as the name ofanything-a person,an animal, an object,

a situation , a quality or an idea.

Example:o Take your book, please!

o Rizky is listening to the radio.

o They saw tiger in the zooo I met a man yesterday

o Jakarta is the capital city of indonesia.


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2. verb

Verb is a word that tells of an action orstate of being and the time of when it si

Example

oAlfian studies grammaro We are walking to school

o The rain drenched us

o Starts appear at night

o They look tired


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Transitive and intransitive verb

Transitive verb intransitive verb

I read news paper

He drinks water

You take my book

I kicked the ball

I write the letter

I travel to bali

Ali goes to school

You will sleep

She runs

I cried last night

Aktif transitif : Kalimat aktif yang

predikatnya (P) membutuhkan obyek (O)

Aktif intransitif : Kalimat aktif intransitif

adalah kalimat yang predikatnya (P) tidak

membutuhkan obyek (O)


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Reguler and irregular verb

Reguler irregular verb

Study studied studied

Play played played

Work worked worked

Walk walked walked

Sleep slept slept

See saw seen

Think thought thought

Teachtought - tought


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Action and lingking verb

Action verb lingking verb

Betty looked at the melon

Budy felt the melonPeter grows tomatoes

Ari smells the dirt

The melon looked ripe

The night grew coldThe boy seems/feels/looks happy

The man appears/becomes the

leader

The food looks/tastes/smells good

another lingking verb are: get, sound


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How to read past participle in

regular verb

1. Past morpheme will be pronounced T whenits last word ended with voicelessconsonants.

Ex. Walked, passed,stopped,called, locked,

killed, helped,discussed, talked, jumped,kicked,dropped,shoped,advised, wiped,

smoked,reached,pulled,worked,washed,

lighted, fixed, settled.knocked,fainted,glowed

2. Past morpheme will be pronounced D

when its last word ended with voicedconsonants.

Ex. Played, combed, robbed, claimbed,


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3. Past morpheme will be pronouncedID when its last wore are T and D inconsonants.

Ex: waited, avoided, pointed, visited,limited, wanted, painted,added,updated

admitted, edited, formated, dissapointed

started, imported,

complicated,accepted,broadcasted,blen

ded,

folded,snaped,aquainted,affronted,lifted,

directed tc.


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3. Adjective

An adjective is a word used to qualify a nounor pronoun

Comparisson degree

Positive comparative superlative

HighShort

Small

Great

Weak

Clever

Narrow

Bitter

Happy

Heavy

Expensive

Important

valuable

HigherShorter

Smaller

greater

Weaker

Cleverer/more clever

Narrower/more narrow

Bitterer/more bitter

Happier

Havier

More expensive

More important

More valuable

HighestShortest

smallest

Greatest

Weakest

Cleverest/most clever

Narrowest/most clever

Bitterest/most bitter

Happiest

Heaviest

Most expensive

Most important

Most valuable


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4. Pronoun

A Pronoun is a word used as asubtitute for a noun. It is divided into

some kinds:

a. Personal pronounb. Possessive pronoun

c. Possessive adjective

d. Reflexive pronoune. Relative pronoun

f. Indefinite pronoun


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Personalpronoun Possessivepronoun Possessive adjective Reflexifepronoun Relativepronoun

subject object

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

Me

You

us

them

him

her

It

Mine

Yours

ours

theirs

his

hers

its

My

Your

Our

Their

His

Her

its

Myself

Yourself

Ourselves

Themselves

Himself

Herself

itself

Who

Which

That

Whom

whose


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The example of relative pronoun ina sentence

I like the person who is diligent We saw film which was very amusing

Something that i dont like is to lie

This is the person whom i talked to youabout him

We comforted the women whose

savings was lost in fire


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Indifinite

Indefinite pronouns are pronounswhich refer very generally to persons or

thingsIndifinite pronoun of persons

and things

Indifinite pronoun of quantitiy

Someone

Somebody

Something

Anyone

AnythingNo one

Nobody

Nothing

Everyone

Everybody

etc

A lot of

All

Another

Any

BothEach

Either

More

Most

Much

etc


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Forming adverb

Many adverb are formed from adjectives, withthe addition of the suffixly

adjective adverb

Busy

GreatHappy

Quiet

Slow

Soft

Brave

AccureteGradual

Expert

Attentive

Generous

Impatient

quick

Busily

GreatlyHappily

Quietly

Slowly

Softly

Bravely

AccuretelyGradually

Expertly

Attentively

Generously

Impatiently

quickly


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6. Prepositions

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or

pronoun to show its reletionship to some other words

in a sentence

Examples:

o The children played behind the house

o We are leaving on Sunday

o We shall meet at three oclock

Here is a list of some of the more common

prepositions: of ,in, on, up, at, to, into, for, with, by,from, till, after, before, near, against, across, behind,

below, beneath, above, over, about, between,

through, under, inside, around, outside, upon.


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7. Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words used toconnect one word to another word or

one sentence to another sentence

Three kinds of conjuntionsa. Coordinating conjunctions

b. Subordinating conjunctions

c. Correlatives conjunctions


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Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions is conjunctionswhich join words or groups of words of equalimportance

Example

o He teaches physics and math in this school

o He is tired and wants to rest

o He is intelligent but lazy

o You must hurry up or you will left behind


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Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions is conjunctions that join

one important element to another of lesser

importance

Example

o He is tired because he has been working hard

o You will succeed if you are diligent

The most comon Subordinating conjunctions are :

becouse, if, since, when ,where,although, as, as if,

unless, that, before, after


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Correlatives conjunctions

Correlatives conjunctions are ussually used on pairs,

they include: both....and, either ....or, neither...nor,not only...but also

Example

o Both marry and john are students in this school.

o Neither he nor his brother is trustworthy

o You must either contribute some useful idea or keep

quieto He is not only stubborn but also lazy


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8. Interjection

An Interjection is an exclamatory word orphrase to express a sudden feeling of mindor emotion

Example :

o Oh my god, protect me!

o Bah, he isnt actor

o Well you must go now!

o Uh, dont think over this problem too seriously

o Oh look at the time!

o Hurrah! We have won!

oAlas! He realized his folly too late

Verb tense overview with examples


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Verb tense overview with examplesTense Simple Continuoes Perfect Perfect

Continuous

Present I study Englisheverday

I am studying

English now

I have studied

english in

some

countries

I have been

studying

English for five

years

Past Two years ago, istudied English in

England

I was studying

english When

you calledyesterday

I had studied

English before

i moved to theU.S

I had been

studying

English for fiveyears before i

moved to U.S

Future I will help youstudy English.

I am going to

study english

next year.

I will be

studying

English when

you arrive

tonight

I will have

studied

english by the

time i finish

this course

I will have

been studying

english for two

hours by the

time u arrive

Past

future

Marry said that

she would study

at unissula the

next day

He would be

studying at 10

this morning

I should have

studied this

lesson

yesterday

I should have

been studying

English for 6

months, lastmonth


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The simple present tense

Usage : it is used to describe habitual actionsor those, which take place fairly regularly, it isoften used with adverbs such as: always,

never, occasionally, often, sometimes,

usually, everyday, etcAfirmative:Subject + verb 1 form

-( i- you-we- they) work everday

-(he- she it) works everday

Negative :Subject +do/does not + verb 1 form

-( i-you-we- they)do not work everyday

-(he- she it) does not work everyday

Interrogative :Do/Does +Subject +Verb 1 form

Do ( i-you-we- they) work everyday ?

Does (he- she it) work everyday ?

Negative introgative:do/does +subject+ verb 1 form

- Do+not( i-you-we- they) work ?

-does+not (he- she it) work ?


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The present continuous tense

Usage : it is used to express an actionor event ,which is taking place at the

present moment.Afirmative:

Subject + is am are + verb-ing they are working

Negative :Subject + is am are + not+ verb-ing They are not working

Interrogative :Is am are +Subject +Verb-ing Are they working ?

Negative introgative:Is am are+not +subject+ verb-ing Are not they working ?


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The present perfect tense

Usage: it is used to refer to an action or eventthat began some time in the past and the

result or the impact can still be felt until nowAfirmative:Subject + has/have+ verb3

We have known him since 1990(meaning : we got to know him in

1990 and we still know him)

Negative :Subject +has/have+ not+ verb 3 We have not known him

He has not eaten all apples

Interrogative :Has/have +Subject +Verb 3 Have we known him?

Negative introgative:Has/have +not+subject+ verb3 Have not we know him?


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The present perfect continuous tense

Usage: it is describes an action that began inthe past and has continued up to the present

Afirmative:Subject +has/have+ been+verb-ing I have been waiting

Negative :Subject +has/have+ not+been+verb-

ing

I have not been waiting

Interrogative :Has/have +Subject +been+verb-ing Have you been waiting

Negative introgative:Has/have +not+subject+ been+verb-

ing

Have not you been waiting


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The simple past tense

Usage : it is used to describe an action thattook place in the past and already finish.

Afirmative:Subject + verb 2 form

Nominal sentence: she was a teacher in1957.Verbal sentence :i ate rice last night

Negative :Subject +did + not+verb 1

Nominal sentence: she wasnt a teacher in

1957.

Verbal sentence :i did not eat rice last night

Interrogative :Did +Subject +Verb 1

Nominal sentence: was she a teacher in

1957?

Verbal sentence: Did you eat last night

Negative introgative:did/ +not+subject+ verb 1 form Did not you eat last night?


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The past continuous tense

Usage : it is used to describe that somebodywas in the middle of doing something at the

certain time in the past

Afirmative:Subject + was/were + verb-ing

last year, i was living in australia

Negative :Subject + was/were + not+ verb-ing

last year, i was not living in australia

Interrogative :Was/were +Subject +Verb-ing

Were you living in australia last year?

Negative introgative:Was/were+not +subject+ verb-ing

Were not you living in australia last

year?


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The past simple and the past continuous areoften used togather to say that samething

happened in the middle of something else

Example:

A. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking

the dinner

B. I saw you in the park yesterday, you weresitting on the grass and reading the book.

C. While i was in the garden, i hurt my back.


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The past perfect tense

The past perfect tense is used to describe anaction that took place in the past before

another past actionAffirmative:Subject + had + verb3 i had carried a bag of gold

Negative :Subject +had+ not+ verb 3 i had not carried a bag of gold

Interrogative :Had +Subject +Verb 3 Had you carried a bag of gold?

Negative introgative:Had+not+subject+ verb3

Had not you carried a bag of gold?

U i th t f t d th t


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Using the past perfect and the present

perfectPresent perfect Past perfect

Who is the woman?

I have never seen her before

I didnt know who she was,

I had never seen her before

We are not hungry.

We have just had lunch

We were not hungry,

We had just had lunch

The house is dirty,

They have not cleaned it for weeks

The house was dirty,

They had not cleaned it fo weeks

Had doneHave done

Past Now past now future

The past perfect continuous


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The past perfect continuous

tense

Usage: it is used to express an action whichbegan at a certain time in the past and was

still continuing or had just finished at another

point of time in the past.Afirmative:Subject + had+been+ verb-ing

I had been living in this little cityfor ten years before i moved tomalang,east java

Negative :Subject +had+ not+been+verb-ing

I had not been living in this littlecity for ten years before i moved tomalang,east java

Interrogative :had +Subject +been+Verb-ing

Had you been living .......?

Negative introgative:Had+not+subject+been+ verb+ing

Had not you been living.....?


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Another Example

James had been working at the pluit hospitalfor fifteen years(james telah sedang bekerja

dirumah sakit pluit selama 15 tahun) before

he died(sebelum dia mninggal)

Thomas had been traveling to westkalimantan for a week before she went back

to jakarta( thomas telah sedang bepergian ke

kalimantan barat selama seminggu sebelum

dia kembali kejakarta)


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The future tense

Usage: it is used to describe an actionsthat will happen in the future

Afirmative:Subject + will+ verb 1 form

i will sing a song

Negative :Subject +will+ not + verb 1 form i will not sing a song

Introgative :will +Subject +Verb 1 form Will you sing a song ?

Negative introgative:will +subject+ verb 1 form Will not you sing a song?


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The future continuous tense

Usage : it is used to describe that somebodyis in the middle of doing something at the

certain time in the future

Afirmative:Subject + will+be + verb-ing He will be studying tomorrow

Negative :Subject + will + not+ verb-ing He will not be studying tomorrow

Interrogative :Will+Subject+ be +Verb-ing will he be studying tomorrow?

Negative introgative:Will +not+be +subject+ verb-ing will not he be studying tomorrow?


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The future perfect tense

Usage : it refers to an action, which will havebeen completed at a particular point of time in

the future. It is always used with a time

expression.

Afirmative:Subject + will/shall+have+ verb3

He will have graduated fromUnissula by the end of this year

Negative :Subject +will/shall+not+have+ verb3

He will not have graduated from

Unissula by the end of this year

Interrogative :Will/shall+have +Subject +Verb 3

will he have graduated from

Unissula by the end of this year

Negative introgative:will/shall+not+have +subject+ verb3 Will not he have graduated ,,,,,?


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Another Example

I will have passed my examination bythe end of this month.

Lucia will have got merried to robbin by

june. A mechanic will have checked the

enggine before the pilot flies the plane.


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The future perfect continuous tense

Usage: it is used to describe an actionthat is happening before another action

in the futureAfirmative:Subject + will+have+been+ verb-ing

I will have been sleeping for twohours at that time before my wifegets home

Negative :Subject +will+not+have+been+verb-

ing

I will not have been sleeping for two

hours at that time before my wife

gets home

Interrogative :Will+ Subject +have+been +Verb-ing

Will you have been sleeping.........?

Negative introgative:Will +not+have+been+subject+

verb+ing

Will not you have been sleeping.....?


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Another example

The firefighters will have been fightingagainst the fire for five hours by seven

oclock

My child will have been playing for threehours by the time i get home.

Mr. Black will have been teaching here

for fifteen years at that time


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Passive voice overview with exampleTense Subject To be (Auxiliary) Past particle

Singuler Plural

Present The car/cars Is Are designed

Present

perfect

The car/cars Has been Have been designed

past The car/cars was were designed

Past perfect The car/cars Had been Had been designed

future The car/cars Will be Will be designed

Future

perfect

The car/cars Will have

been

Will have

been

designed

Present

continuous

The car/cars Is being Are being designed

Past

continuous

The car/cars Was being Were being designed


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Passive voice

Usage: it shows that the subject isreceiving the action of the verb(a) Active : Ali mails the package.(b) passive : the package is

mailed by Ali

(a) And (b) have the same meaning

(c) Ali mails the package.s v o

The package is mailed by Ali

s v by-phrase

In (c) the object of an active

sentence becomes the subject of a

passive sentence

(d) Ali mails the package.s v o

The package is mailed by Alis v by-phrase

(d) The subject of an active

sentence is the subject of by in

theby-phrase in passive sentence

Tense forms of passive voice


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Tense forms of passive voice(Simple present,Past,Present perfect and Future)

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple

present

The news surprises me

The news surprises sam

The news surprises us

I am surprised by the newsSam is surprised by the newsWe are surprised by the news

Simpe past The news surprised me

The news surprised us

I was surprised by the newsWe ware surprised by thenews

Present

perfect

Ali has mailed the letter

i have mailed the letter

The letterhas been mailed by

aliThe letters have been mailedby me

Future Ali will mail the letter

Ali is going to mail the

letter

The letterwill be mailed by aliThe letteris going to be

mailed by ali

Be + past pasrticiple


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Passive Modal Auxiliaries

Modal auxiliaries are often used in thepassive.

Form: Modal +Be+Past participle

Active Modal Auxiliaries Passive Modal Auxiliaries(Modal +Be+Past participle)

Budi will mail it

Budi can mail it

Budi could mail it

Budi should mail itBudi ought to mail it

Budi must mail it

Budi has to mail it

Budi may mail it

Budi might mail it

It will be mailed by budi

It can be mailed by budi

It could bemailed by budi

It should be mailed by budiIt ought to be mailed by budi

It must be mailed by budi

It has to be mailed by budi

It may be mailed by budi

It might be mailed by budi

Wh how questions


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Wh+how questionsQuestion

wordsMeaning Examples

Who Person Whos that?Where Place Where do you live?

Why Reason Why do you sleep early?

When Time When do you go to work?

How Manner How do you go?

What Object, action What do yo do

Which Choice Which one do you prefer?

Whose Possession Whose is this book?

Whom Object of verb Whom did you meet?

What kind Description What kind of music do you like?

What time Time What time did you come home?

How many Quantity(coun

table)

How many students are there?

How much Amount,price

(uncountable)

How much did you buy the sugar?


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Wh+how questionsQuestion word Meaning Examples

How long Duration,length How long did you stay in the hotel?

How often Frequency How often do you go to the gym

How far Distance How far is your school ?

How old Age How old are you?

How come Reason How come i didnt see you at the

party


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The rules of some and any

Some : Espeacially used in affirmativesentence, some is used for both

countable and uncountable noun.

Examples: I have some friends

I would like some water

Would you like some bread?(offer) Can i have some

water,please?(request)


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Any : Espeacially used in negativesentence, any is used for both

countable and uncountable noun

Example I dont have any friends

He has not any cheese

Have you got any idea? Do you have any keys?


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The rules of much,many, a lot

Much :it is used for uncountable noun. Example:

I have much money

We need much water Many : it is used for countable noun.

Example:

There are many students

She has many friends


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A lot of : it might be used both countableor uncaountable noun.

Example:

There are a lot of books There are lots of books

Ive gotten a lot of money

Ive gotten lots of money


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W i i E i


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Writing Exercise

Make your own recount text related withyour past experiance about holidays

Consider these following instrutions:

1. Attend to the generic structure(orientation, event, re-orientation).

2. Use the passive voice,at least 3.

3. include the kinds of part of speech.4. The text no exceed than 150 words

d


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gerund

Gerund is a form of verb that functionsas noun and ends in ing.1. As the Subject : Whwn an action is

being considered in a general sense.

Example :

a. ReadingFrench is easier thanspeaking it.

b. Swimmingis good sport.2. as the object of verbs

Example:


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2. As the object of verbsExample:

a. He admitted stealing the money.

b. She advised waiting until tommorow.c. He avoided answering my question.

d. He quits smoking


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3. in short prohibitionExample:

A. No smoking

B. No parkinng 4. after preposition

a. We use this pot for brewing herb tae

b. What can you do beside typing?

c. After swimming, i felt cold

d. He coached them in swimming


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e. What about leaving it her and collectingit letar?

f. Touch you toes without bending your

knees.

basic grammar and conversation

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