Basic First Basic First AidAid

Securing the sceneSecuring the scene

1. Electrical hazards 2. Chemical hazards 3. Noxious & Toxic gases 4. Ground hazards 5. Fire 6. Unstable equipment

Before performing any First Aid,

Check for:

Chain of Survival

Early Access”911”

Early CPR or First Aid

You

Early Defibrillation

EMS on scene

Early Advanced Care

Hospital

In order for a person to survive:

Pay attention to:Pay attention to:

HISTORY; HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanderswhat happened; from the casualty or bystanders

SYMPTOMS; SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell youwhat only the casualty can tell you

SIGNS; SIGNS; what you can see for yourselfwhat you can see for yourself

Universal Precautions for Airborne Universal Precautions for Airborne & Bloodborn Pathogens& Bloodborn Pathogens

HIV & Hepatitis

Tuberculosis

Gloves & Respiratory Gloves & Respiratory Barrier devise are a Barrier devise are a must to prevent must to prevent transmission of transmission of diseasesdiseases

DURING TREATMENTDURING TREATMENT

avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the wound wound

avoid contact with body fluids avoid contact with body fluids

use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve when doing active resuscitation when doing active resuscitation

use only clean bandages and dressings use only clean bandages and dressings

avoid treating more than one casualty without avoid treating more than one casualty without washing hands and changing gloveswashing hands and changing gloves

AFTER TREATMENTAFTER TREATMENT

clean up both casualty and yourself clean up both casualty and yourself

clean up the immediate vicinity clean up the immediate vicinity

dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and soiled clothing correctly soiled clothing correctly

wash hands with soap and waterwash hands with soap and water

Fundamentals of First AidFundamentals of First Aid

Activate EMS SystemActivate EMS System

1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation) 2. Control bleeding 3. Treat for Shock (medical emergencies) 4. Open wounds & Burns 5. Fractures & Dislocations 6. Transportation

ABC’sABC’s Causes of Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest

Electrical

Drowning

Toxic - Noxious gases

Suffocation

Heart Attack Trauma

Drugs Allergic reactions

Reaction TimeReaction Time

If CPR/Artificial respiration is administered Chance of brain damage

0 to 4 minutes - minimal4 to 6 minutes – possible6 to 10 minutes- probable10 minutes + - likely

Oxygenated blood flow must get to brain

A-B-C’sA-B-C’s

Use chin lift/head tilt

Look.-listen-feel for breathing

Attempt to VentilateVentilate Every 5 seconds

Establish responsiveness

Check pulse Recovery position

Cardio Pulmonary Cardio Pulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation Should be certified to perform this procedure

If done improperly, could harm victim

Airway ObstructionsAirway Obstructions

openopen

closedclosed

obstructedobstructed

Tongue

Heimlich ManeuverHeimlich Maneuverfor for Conscious Airway ObstructionConscious Airway Obstruction

Types of BleedingTypes of Bleeding

•Veins

•Capillary

SpurtinSpurtingg

Steady Steady flowflow

OozingOozing

Artery

Internal Injuries

Types of WoundsTypes of Wounds

Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding

Direct PressureElevation

Cold ApplicationsPressure bandage

Pressure PointsPressure Points

Where the artery passes over a bone close to the skin

Temporal

Facial

Carotid

Sub-clavian

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

Femoral

Popliteal

Pedal

TourniquetTourniquet

AbsoluteAbsolute last resort in last resort in controlling controlling bleeding,Rememberbleeding,Remember Life or Life or the limbthe limb

Once a tourniquet is Once a tourniquet is applied, it is not to be applied, it is not to be removed , only by a removed , only by a doctordoctor

ShockShock

Shock affects are major Shock affects are major functions of the bodyfunctions of the body

loss of blood flow to the loss of blood flow to the tissues and organstissues and organs

Shock must be treated Shock must be treated for in all accident casesfor in all accident cases

Treatment for ShockTreatment for Shock

•Lie victim down if possibleLie victim down if possible

•Face is pale-raise the tailFace is pale-raise the tail

•Face is red-raise the headFace is red-raise the head

•Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing

•Keep victim warm and dryKeep victim warm and dry

•Do not give anything by mouthDo not give anything by mouth

•No stimulantsNo stimulants

HEAT EXHAUSTIONHEAT EXHAUSTION

HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by exertion accompanied by heat and HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by exertion accompanied by heat and high humidity. It particularly affects the very young and the elderly.high humidity. It particularly affects the very young and the elderly.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

pale, clammy skin pale, clammy skin

profuse and prolonged sweating profuse and prolonged sweating

cramps in the limbs and/or abdomen cramps in the limbs and/or abdomen

nausea and/or vomiting nausea and/or vomiting

headache headache

lethargy lethargy

CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT

complete rest in the shade, no further exertion complete rest in the shade, no further exertion

cool casualty by sponging with tepid water cool casualty by sponging with tepid water

when nausea passes, give cool water to drink when nausea passes, give cool water to drink (cautiously) (cautiously)

ensure casualty has assistance when recoveredensure casualty has assistance when recovered

HEAT STROKEHEAT STROKE

Heat stroke is potentially fatal. In this condition, the body's temperature regulation Heat stroke is potentially fatal. In this condition, the body's temperature regulation center in the brain has been rendered inoperable, and the temperature continually center in the brain has been rendered inoperable, and the temperature continually rises, causing eventual brain damage. Immediate active intervention is necessary to rises, causing eventual brain damage. Immediate active intervention is necessary to avoid coma and death.avoid coma and death.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

flushed, hot, dry skin the casualty has ceased sweating flushed, hot, dry skin the casualty has ceased sweating

rapid, strong pulse (sometimes irregular) rapid, strong pulse (sometimes irregular)

irrational or aggressive behavior staggering gait irrational or aggressive behavior staggering gait

visual disturbances vomiting visual disturbances vomiting

collapse and seizures coma - death collapse and seizures coma - death

CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT

urgent ambulance transport complete rest in shade urgent ambulance transport complete rest in shade

remove casualty's clothing remove casualty's clothing

cool casualty with any means possible cool casualty with any means possible

be prepared to resuscitate as required be prepared to resuscitate as required

nothing by mouth - rehydration is by intravenous fluidnothing by mouth - rehydration is by intravenous fluid

HYPOTHERMIAHYPOTHERMIA

HYPOTHERMIA is a potentially fatal condition that especially affects the elderly. The HYPOTHERMIA is a potentially fatal condition that especially affects the elderly. The body's core temperature has been lowered to the extent that the brain function is impaired body's core temperature has been lowered to the extent that the brain function is impaired and the heart's activity is about to be compromised. Urgent first aid intervention is and the heart's activity is about to be compromised. Urgent first aid intervention is required.required.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

pale, cold skin - no capillary return when fingernails are pressed pale, cold skin - no capillary return when fingernails are pressed

slow pulse, sometimes skipping a beat slow pulse, sometimes skipping a beat

slow, shallow respirations blurred, or double, vision slow, shallow respirations blurred, or double, vision

casualty is silent, appears asleep, difficult to rouse; may be unconscious casualty is silent, appears asleep, difficult to rouse; may be unconscious

casualty experiences a sense of 'wellbeing' absence of shivering casualty experiences a sense of 'wellbeing' absence of shivering

If very cold, may have non-reacting pupils and appear 'death-like' If very cold, may have non-reacting pupils and appear 'death-like'

CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT

urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport

warm casualty slowly, wrap in 'space blanket' or similar warm casualty slowly, wrap in 'space blanket' or similar

if wet, leave less bulky clothing on and warm slowly if wet, leave less bulky clothing on and warm slowly

once casualty commences shivering, reassess heating once casualty commences shivering, reassess heating

nothing by mouth until fully recovered nothing by mouth until fully recovered

be prepared for sudden collapse and resuscitationbe prepared for sudden collapse and resuscitation

Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic emergencies

Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)

Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onsetResult of insufficient sugar- Fast onset

•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse, incoherent

•Treat by giving sugar bases products

Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)

Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onsetToo much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset

•Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten fruit on breath

•True medical emergency, activate EMS system immediately

Find out if victim has past diabetic historyFind out if victim has past diabetic history

Snake & Spider bitesSnake & Spider bitesRattlesnake Copperhead Black Widow Brown Recluse

Limit activity

Constricting bandage above

Cold application

Advanced medical attention

BurnsBurnsThermal burnsThermal burns

Cool applicationCool application

Don’t break blistersDry sterile dressing, treat for shock

Severe Burns and ScaldsSevere Burns and Scalds Treatment:

Cool the burn area with water for 10 to 20 minutes. Or use Burn Jel.

Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible, protecting burn area from ground contact.

Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing from the injured area before it begins to swell.

Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmediated dressing or similar non fluffy material and bandage.

Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.

Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury.

Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area.

Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.

If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin resuscitation immediately,

If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the recovery position.

Treat for shock.

Send for medical attention.

Minor Burns and ScaldsMinor Burns and Scalds Treatment: Treatment:

Place the injured part under slowly running water, Place the injured part under slowly running water, or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as pain persists. pain persists.

Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and shoes from the injured area before it starts to shoes from the injured area before it starts to swell. swell.

Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material. Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material.

Don't Don't use adhesive dressings. use adhesive dressings.

Don'tDon't apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ scald. scald.

Don'tDon't break blisters or otherwise interfere. break blisters or otherwise interfere.

If in doubt, seek medical aid. If in doubt, seek medical aid.

Chemical BurnsChemical Burns

Treatment:

Flood the area with slowly running Flood the area with slowly running water for at least ten minutes. water for at least ten minutes.

Gently remove contaminated clothing Gently remove contaminated clothing while flooding injured area, taking care while flooding injured area, taking care not to contaminate yourself. not to contaminate yourself.

Continue treatment for SEVERE Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS BURNS

Remove to hospital. Remove to hospital.

Fractures & DislocationsFractures & Dislocations

Must treat for bleeding first

Do not push bones back into place

Don’t straighten break Treat the way you found it

IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back 3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back into its socket.into its socket.

The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, finger, or thumb.finger, or thumb.

DislocationsDislocations

LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:1. swelling1. swelling2. deformed look2. deformed look3. pain and tenderness3. pain and tenderness4. possible discoloration of the affected area4. possible discoloration of the affected area

SplintsSplints

Must be a straight line break Can be formed to shape of deformity

Be careful of temperature change

PROPER CARE:1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery position2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.

HeadHead InjuriesInjuriesA sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury

may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.

OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE A BRAIN INJURY:1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth2. difficulty in speaking3. headache4. unequal size of pupils5. pale skin6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side of the injury)

Neck & Spinal InjuriesNeck & Spinal Injuries

CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT

ABC ABC

extreme care in initial extreme care in initial examination — minimal examination — minimal movement movement

urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport

apply cervical collar apply cervical collar

treat for shock treat for shock

treat any other injuries treat any other injuries

maintain body heat maintain body heat

if movement required, 'log if movement required, 'log roll' and use assistants roll' and use assistants

always maintain casualty's always maintain casualty's

head in line with the shouldershead in line with the shoulders

Lifting Lifting techniquestechniques

Two person carryTwo person carry

Lift & rollLift & roll

4 person straddle4 person straddle

Thank You!!

Questions ?