basic first aid

25-Mar-14

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MALAYSIAN RED CRESCENT TRAINING INSTITUTE

BASIC FIRST AID

MIRI CHAPTER

(A syllabus from American Red Cross)

COURSE OUTLINE

MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE

MIRI CHAPTER BASIC FIRST AID

Module 1: Responding to an Emergency

Module 2: Human Body System

Module 3: Adult Resuscitation

Module 4: First Aid

Module 5: Sudden Illnesses

Responding to an Emergency

MODULE 1



Module 1:


After completing this section, participants will be able to:

✚ Recognize an emergency

✚ List the three general steps in the emergency plan

✚ Call EMS and to provide necessary information

✚ Demonstrate how to check a conscious or an unconscious

victim and the general management

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DEFINITION OF FIRST AID

FIRST AID

IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE



Module 1:


AIMS

rotect Yourself & Casualty

revent Further Injury

romote Recovery

reserve Life P

P

P

P



Module 1:


✚ Observant to the surrounding

✚ Be calm in your approach

✚ Build & maintain trust (from casualty & bystanders)

✚ Be gentle with your approach

✚ Able to prioritize the severity of the condition & to

provide immediate assistance

✚ Call for appropriate help

✚ Equipped with knowledge & skills

CHARACTERISTICS FOR BEING AN

EFFECTIVE FIRST AIDER



Module 1:


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DECIDING TO ACT



Module 1:


✚ Presence of other people

✚ Uncertainty about the victim

✚ Type of injury or illness

✚ Fear of catching a disease

✚ Fear of doing something wrong

COMMON FACTORS INFLUECING

A PERSON’S RESPONSE



Module 1:


Unusual Noises

IDENTIFY AN EMERGENCY

Unusual Appearance or Behavior

Unusual Sights

Unusual Odors



Module 1:


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TAKING ACTION

CHECK CALL CARE

Scene

Victim

Authority Victim

Unconscious Conscious



Module 1:


✚ Name & Contact Number

✚ Types / Causes of the Incident

✚ Location

✚ Number of Casualty

✚ Conditions of the Casualty

✚ Assistance Provided.

MAKING AN EMERGENCY CALL



Module 1:


ASSESSMENT OF A VICTIM

VICTIM’S

ASSESSMENT

PRIMARY

ASSESSMENT

SECONDARY

ASSESSMENT



Module 1:


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✚ It is a quick, systematic assessment of a person to

establish using methodical sequence if any

conditions or injuries sustained are life threatening

✚ With this approach, the condition can be identified in

a priority order and to be dealt with it on a “find and

treat” basis

PRIMARY ASSESSMENT



Module 1:


CONT.

DANGER

RESPOND

D

R

C

B

D

A

At the same time,

perform quick initial

scanning to observe for

any:

a) Abnormal breathing

pattern / no

breathing

b) Obvious life

threatening injury

Look, listen, & feel for breathing

has been removed under AHA

2010 CPR Guidelines



Module 1:


✚ To proceed only when the life-threatening

conditions have been stabilized, or if there are

none present

✚ It is detail examination of a casualty to look for other

injuries or conditions that may not be apparent based

on methodical sequence

SECONDARY ASSESSMENT



Module 1:


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Module 1:


✚ Assess for any Danger

✚ Putting on your gloves (if

any)

✚ Tap & shout to check for

the Responsiveness

(Remember to observe for any

respiratory problem & any life

threatening injury)

CHECKING AN

UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM



Module 1:


✚ Activate Emergency

Medical Services (E.M.S)

✚ Proceed with the

Secondary Assessment



Module 1:


IF NORMAL BREATHING PRESENT

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IF NO INJURY FOUND

✚ Place the casualty into a

recovery position in order

to achieve the following

aims:

✚ To maintain an open

airway

✚ To promotes drainage of

fluids



Module 1:


HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT

CLOSED AIRWAY OPENED AIRWAY



Module 1:


✚ Recommended to rest on her left side

✚ As laying on the right side may cause uterus to

compress the inferior vena cava (IVC), possibly

resulting in death

✚ IVC is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood

from lower half of the body into the heart

RECOVERY POSITION FOR A

PREGNANT LADY



Module 1:


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CHECKING A

CONSCIOUS VICTIM



Module 1:


CHECKING A

CONSCIOUS VICTIM

Assess for any Danger

Putting on your gloves

Check for Responsiveness

Reassure the Victim

Head-to-Toes Assessment

Prevent Further Movement

Management

Hospital

Primary Assessment

Secondary Assessment



Module 1:


HISTORY TAKING

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

MEDICATION

PAST MEDICAL HX

LAST ORAL INTAKE

EVENTS

ALLERGIES

S

A

M

L

E

P



Module 1:


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Human Body System

MODULE 2



Module 2:

Adult Resuscitation


✚ Understand the basic functions of the main 5 human body

system

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEM

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

Muscular

Endocrine

M

E

Digestive

Integumentary

D

I

Urinary

Nervous

U

N

Skeletal

Lymphatic

S

L

Reproductive R Cardiovascular

Respiratory

C

R

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✚ Produces body movements

✚ Posture through stabilization

✚ Generate heats

✚ Components:

✚ Skeletal muscle tissue

1.0 MUSCULAR SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

✚ Protects the body

✚ Helps to regulate body

temperature

✚ Eliminates some wastes

✚ Helps make Vitamin D

✚ Detects sensations

✚ Components:

✚ Skin and associated glands

(sweat and oil)

✚ Hair

✚ Nails

2.0 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

✚ Heart pumps blood through blood

vessels

✚ Blood carries oxygen and nutrients

to cells and carbon dioxide and

wastes away from cells

✚ Blood helps in regulating acid-base

balance, temperature, and water

content of body fluids

✚ Blood components help defend

against disease and repair

damaged blood vessels

✚ Components:

✚ Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels

3.0 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

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✚ The heart rate for an normal adults is about 60-80

beats per minute. When felt externally, it is known as

pulse

3.1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

Pulse Rate 60-80 80-100 100-140

Rate/Min Adult Children Infant

✚ Transfer oxygen from inhaled

air to blood and carbon dioxide

from blood to exhaled air

✚ Helps regulate acid-base

balance of body fluids

✚ Air flowing out of lungs through

vocal cords produces sounds

✚ Components:

✚ Lungs

✚ Air passageways (pharnyx,

larynx, trachea, bronchial

tubes leading into and out of

the lungs)

4.0 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

✚ An average adult breathes about 10-20 times per

minute, inhaling of about 500ml of air per breath

4.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

Oxygen 16%

+

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxygen 21%

+

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogen

EXHALATION INHALATION

Respiratory Rate 10-20 20-30 26-36

Rate/Min Adult Children Infant

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✚ Generates action potentials

(nerve impulses) to regulate

body activities

✚ Detect changes in the body’s

internal and external

environments

✚ Interprets the changes and

responds by causing muscular

contractions or glandular

secretions

✚ Components:

✚ Brain, spinal cord, nerves,

and special sense organs

5.0 NERVOUS SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

✚ Supports and protects the

body

✚ Provide a surface area for

muscle attachments

✚ Aids body movements

✚ Houses cells that produce

blood cells

✚ Store minerals and lipids (fats)

✚ Components:

✚ Bones and joints of the body

and associated cartilages

6.0 SKELETAL SYSTEM



Module 2:

Human Body System

Adult Resuscitation

MODULE 3



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation


✚ List the signals of a breathing emergency

✚ List the signals of a heart emergency

✚ Demonstrate how to care for a person who is choking

✚ Demonstrate how to care for a person who is not

breathing / cardiac arrest

✚ List four risks factors associated with increased incidence

of cardiovascular disease

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THE GOLDEN HOUR

12

6

3 9

0 min:

Breathing Stop

Heart Beat will Stop Soon

4-6 mins:

Brain Damage Possible

6-10 mins:

Brain Damage Likely

>10 mins:

Irreversible Brain

Damage Certain



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Breathing producing wheezing sound

✚ Tachypnea / Gasping for Air

✚ Anxiety & Restlessness

✚ Difficulty Speaking

✚ Headache

✚ Cyanose

IDENTIFY BREATHING

EMERGENCY



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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✚ Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes that

causes swelling and constriction of the airways

resulting in breathing difficulty

ASTHMA



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

POSITIONING



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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✚ Commonly due to the foreign object which can

either blocked the airway partially or completely

✚ Partial blockage normally can be resolved by

performing effective coughing technique

CHOKING

✚ Complete blockage would require

external force to assist in the

removal of the object



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food

✚ Drinking alcohol before or during meals

✚ Wearing dentures

✚ Eating while talking excitedly / laughing / too fast

✚ Walking, playing, running with objects / food in mouth

CAUSES



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Clutching the throat with hands

✚ Breathing producing wheezing sound

✚ Unable to speak, weak cough

✚ Cyanose

✚ Loss of consciousness with any of the signs above

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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MANAGEMENT FOR CONSCIOUS

CHOKING ADULT



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

HEIMLICH MANEUVER



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

CONTINUE THE MANEUVER UNTIL

WHEN MEDICAL TEAM ARRIVES

WHEN OBSTRUCTION IS CLEARED

WHEN CASUALTY BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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MANAGEMENT FOR CONSCIOUS

CHOKING CHILDREN



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

ALTERNATIVE (CASE ALONE)



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

SPECIAL CASE



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Also called as myocardial infarction (death of a

segment of heart muscle because of an interrupted

blood supply)

HEART ATTACK



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Embolism

breaks away

Thrombus

Healthy

blood flow

Red

blood

cells

Cut sections through arteries



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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ATHEROSCLEROSIS



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

Unbalanced Diet Smokers High Blood Pressure

Sedentary Lifestyles

Overweight

PEOPLE WITH HIGHER RISK



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Persistent radiating chest pain

✚ Extreme gasping for air

✚ Sudden dizziness

✚ Profuse sweating

✚ Breathlessness

✚ Collapse (often without warning)

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

Activate EMS Early Defibrillator Post Cardiac Care

Early CPR Adv. Life Support



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

C.P.R

PULMONARY

CARDIO

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

CONT.

DANGER

COMPRESSION

AIRWAY

BREATHING

DEFIBRILLATOR

RESPOND

D

R

C

B

D

A

At the same time,

perform quick initial

scanning to observe for

any:

a) Abnormal breathing

pattern / no

breathing

b) Obvious life

threatening injury

Look, listen, & feel for breathing

has been removed under AHA

2010 CPR Guidelines



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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✚ Assess for any Danger

✚ Putting on your gloves (if

any)

✚ Tap & shout to check for

the Responsiveness

(Remember to observe for any

respiratory problem & any life

threatening injury)

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Activate Emergency

Medical Services (E.M.S)

✚ Request for an Automated

External Defibrillator

(A.E.D) *if available

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Position the heel of your

hand between the midline

of the sternum bone

✚ Place the heel of your other

hand on top of the first

hand, and interlock your

fingers

✚ Perform 30 chest

compression with at least

2 inches (5cm) compression

depth

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION

Superior View



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION

✚ Perform head tilt, chin lift

to open the airway



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

✚ Give 2 rescue breath

(each over 1 second) and

observe for visible chest

rise

(Head must be remain tilted

with chin lifted throughout the

2 rescue breath)

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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✚ Alternately perform 30

chest compression

followed by 2 rescue

breath continuously [for

layman]

CARDIO PULMONARY

RESUSCITATION



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

WHEN TO STOP CPR

TRAINED FIRST AIDER TO TAKE OVER

CASUALTY IS CONSCIOUS / BREATHING

MEDICAL TEAM ARRIVES

SCENE IS UNSAFE

UNABLE TO PROCEED ANY FURTHER

AS INSTRUCTED BY THE A.E.D



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

Alternately perform 30 chest compressions

followed by 2 rescue breaths continuously

2nd Rescue Breath

Re-Tilt The Head

Air Entry Obstructed

Tap & Shout

Activate EMS & Request for an AED

30 Chest Compressions

Head Tilt, Chin Lift

Air Goes In

1st Rescue Breath

2nd Rescue Breath

Check for any Foreign Object

Before 1st Rescue Breath

Of Each Cycle

If Foreign Object noted:

Perform Finger Sweep

And Proceed with CPR

• Unconscious

• Abnormal Breathing Pattern

D

Gloves

Assess for Danger

R

C

A

B

2

0

1

0

SIMPLIFIED CPR ALGORITHM



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

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✚ Adequate compressions rate/speed

✚ Adequate compressions depth

✚ Push hard & fast

✚ Allow full chest recoil between compression

✚ Minimize interruption in chest compression

✚ Avoid excessive ventilation

✚ Rotate compressor every 2 minutes [recommendation]

YOUR PRIORITY IN CPR



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

SUMMARY OF KEY BLS COMPONENTS

FOR ADULTS, CHILDREN, INFANTS

Component Recommendations

Adults Children Infants

Recognition Unresponsive (for all ages)

No Breathing / Abnormal Breathing

CPR Sequence C-A-B

Compression Two Hands One or Two Hands Two Fingers

Compression

Depth

At least 2 inches

(5cm)

About 2 inches

(5cm)

At least 1½ inches

(4cm)

Opening an Airway Head tilt, chin lift

Rescue Breath Mouth-to-mouth Mouth-to-mouth-

and-nose*

Compression-to-

Ventilation ratio

30:2

1 or 2 rescuers

30:2 [single rescuer]

15:2 [two rescuers]



Module 3:

Adult Resuscitation

First Aid

MODULE 4



Module 4:

First Aid


✚ Recognize an injury

✚ Demonstrate how to control bleeding

✚ List the general care steps for burns

✚ Demonstrate how to care for muscle, bone, and joint

injuries

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✚ Shock, in physiology, failure of the circulatory

system to:

✚ Supply sufficient blood to peripheral tissues to

meet basic metabolic requirements for oxygen

and nutrients

✚ And the incomplete removal of metabolic wastes

from the affected tissues

✚ As a result, vital organs such as heart and brain are

deprived of oxygen

SHOCK



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Myocardial Infarction

✚ Hemorrhage (Internal / External / Fracture)

✚ Severe Head & Spinal Cord Injury

✚ Severe Infections (Dilatation of the Blood Vessels)

✚ Drugs Overdose

CAUSES



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Cold and pale skin

✚ Rapid but weak pulse

✚ Sweating

✚ Nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion

✚ Thirsty

✚ Gasping for breath

✚ Cyanosis

✚ Lose of consciousness

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 4:

First Aid

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✚ Calm and reassure the victim

✚ Control for any external bleeding

✚ Place the casualty into a supine lying position

✚ Elevate* the legs higher than the heart level

✚ Loosen for any tight clothing

✚ Cover the casualty with a blanket*

✚ Monitor for vital signs

✚ Hospital

(Do not attempt to provide the victim with any food /

drink)

MANAGEMENT



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Caused by a sliding fall or

a friction burn

✚ Minor bleeding

✚ Can contain embedded

foreign particles that may

cause infection

COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:

ABRASION



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Commonly caused by clean

surface cut from a sharp-

edged object or blow from

a blunt object which splits

the skin

✚ Bleeding may be profuse

✚ Structures such as tendons

or nerves may be

damaged in severe cases


CUT [INCISION/LACERATION]



Module 4:

First Aid

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✚ Caused by a violent force

in which the portion of the

skin or other soft tissue is

partially or completely

torn away

✚ Severe bleeding

✚ Severe form of avulsion is

known as amputation


AVULSION



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Caused by a pointed

object such as nail, or knife

pierces the skin and may

remains embedded in the

wound

✚ Bleeding can be severe if

the penetrating object

damages major blood

vessels or internal organs

✚ Can be easily infected


PUNCTURE



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Caused by external force

which rupture the

capillaries beneath the skin

causing blood to leak into

the tissues

✚ This process results in

bruising

✚ Extensive contusion may

indicate deeper damage,

such as a fracture or an

internal injury


CONTUSION



Module 4:

First Aid

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✚ Referring to bleeding inside the body cavities

✚ The main risk from internal bleeding are:

✚ Shock

✚ Blood can build up around organs and exert

damaging pressure on them

✚ Suspect for internal bleeding if a casualty develops

signs of shock without obvious blood loss

INTERNAL BLEEDING



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Pain

✚ Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of the body

✚ Pale, cold, clammy skin

✚ Cyanosis

✚ Rapid, weak pulse

✚ Excessive thirst

✚ Rapid, shallow breathing

✚ Confusion, restlessness, and irritability

✚ Vomiting or coughing up blood

✚ Possible collapse and become unconscious

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Calm and reassure the victim

✚ Control for any external bleeding

✚ Place the casualty into a supine lying position

✚ Elevate* the legs higher than the heart level

✚ Loosen for any tight clothing

✚ Cover the casualty with a blanket*

✚ Monitor for vital signs

✚ Hospital

(Do not attempt to provide the victim with any food /

drink and avoid any manipulation)

MANAGEMENT



Module 4:

First Aid

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COMMON FIRST AID KIT CONTENT



Module 4:

First Aid

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

Tail Base

Apex

Tail



Module 4:

First Aid

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE



Module 4:

First Aid

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TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

Broad Bandage

Narrow Bandage



Module 4:

First Aid

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE



Module 4:

First Aid

REEF KNOT



Module 4:

First Aid

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REEF KNOT



Module 4:

First Aid

REEF KNOT



Module 4:

First Aid

REEF KNOT



Module 4:

First Aid

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REEF KNOT



Module 4:

First Aid



Module 4:

First Aid

MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING

Apply direct

pressure using

a clean dressing

for a min. of

10 minutes

Check for

feel, warmth,

and colour

Support and

elevate the arm

above the level

of heart

Secure the

dressing with a

bandage



Module 4:

First Aid

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MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING

Apply additional

dressing and

bandage ***

Apply indirect

pressure over

the brachial

artery (not more than 15 mins)

Check for

feel, warmth,

and colour

Application of

elevation sling



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Apply the indirect pressure over the femoral artery

using the heel of your hand for not more than 15

minutes*

✚ Allow interval of 10-15 minutes in between

MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING [LEG]



Module 4:

First Aid

NOSE BLEEDING

✚ Pinch the soft part of the

nose

✚ Position the victim in a

sitting position with the

body slightly lean

forward

✚ Advise the victim to

breath through the

mouth



Module 4:

First Aid

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APPLICATION OF TOURNIQUETS

✚ As the last resort when a

limb has been wholly

severed or when the

casualty has very little

chance of survival

✚ Under special

circumstances such as:

✚ Disaster / War

✚ Remote locations



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Any breach of the lung

surface or chest wall

that allows the air to

enter the pleural

cavity, causing the

lungs to collapse and

unable to work normally

PENETRATING CHEST WOUND



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Place the casualty into sit with

supported position with the trunk

lateral flexed towards the injured

site

✚ Cover the wound with a dressing

that does not allow air to pass

through it (e.g. plastic, latex glove,

aluminum foil)

✚ Tape the dressing in place, except

for one corner that should stay

loose which allows air to escape

when the person exhales

MANAGEMENT



Module 4:

First Aid

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✚ Skin which is part of the integumentary system is

the body’s largest organ, covering the entire surface

of the body

✚ It forms a barrier against infection and also helps

to protect against injury and maintain body

temperature

BURN INJURY



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ The severity of a burn depends on the:

BURN INJURY



Module 4:

First Aid

Temperature of the source

Duration of exposure

Injury site

Size of the injury

Age

Medical condition

Sunburn, ultraviolet rays, radioactive

TYPES OF BURN

AND POSSIBLE CAUSES

Type of Burn

Dry burn

Scald

Electrical burn

Cold injury

Chemical burn

Radiation burn

Causes

Flames, contact with hot objects, friction

Steam, hot liquids

Low / high voltage currents, lightning strikes

Frostbite, contact with freezing metals / vapours

Industrial / domestic chemicals



Module 4:

First Aid

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✚ Involves only the outermost

layer of skin - epidermis

✚ Underlying layers and the

structures, such as nerve

endings are unaffected

✚ C/F: Minor pain, redness,

dry skin, minor swelling

✚ Heal within a week without

a permanent scarring

DEGREES OF BURN:

SUPERFICIAL



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Involves top layers of the

skin

✚ Redness, pain, blisters (d/t

fluids been released from

damaged tissues)

✚ Heal in 3-4 weeks and may

have scarring

DEGREES OF BURN:

PARTIAL THICKNESS



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ All layers of skin is affected

✚ Underlying structures (fat,

muscle, bone, nerves, may

be destroyed)

✚ Scarring is likely

DEGREES OF BURN:

FULL THICKNESS



Module 4:

First Aid

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SUPERFICIAL BURN



Module 4:

First Aid

PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN



Module 4:

First Aid

FULL THICKNESS BURN



Module 4:

First Aid

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RULE OF NINE



Module 4:

First Aid

MANAGEMENT FOR 1ST

& 2ND

DEGREE

OF BURN INJURY

CHECK THE SCENE

RINSE WITH WATER (10mins)

REMOVE ACCESSORIES

COVER LOOSELY WITH

STERILE DRESSING

DO NOT POKE THE BLISTER

HOSPITAL



Module 4:

First Aid

MANAGEMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURN

TO THE EYE



Module 4:

First Aid

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MANAGEMENT FOR BURN TO THE

AIRWAY



Module 4:

First Aid

MANAGEMENT FOR ELETRICAL BURN

INJURY



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Applying any kind of lotion

✚ Applying any adhesive materials (e.g. band aid)

✚ Remove any sticking clothes

✚ Pressing the injured area / poke the blisters

✚ Applying any ice

AVOID



Module 4:

First Aid

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INJURIES TO THE

MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND BONES



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ A fracture is a complete or incomplete break in a

bone

✚ Resulting from the application of excessive force

FRACTURE



Module 4:

First Aid

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF

FRACTURE

CLOSED GREENSTICK

OPEN



Module 4:

First Aid

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41

✚ Pain

✚ Numbness

✚ Signs of Shock

✚ Heard of “pop” sounds

✚ Wound (Protruding bone)

✚ Deformity, Swelling, Discolouration

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 4:

First Aid

MANAGEMENT FOR FRACTURE OVER

LOWER ARM

SUPPORT CHECK FWC RIGID SPLINT

SECURE CHECK FWC



Module 4:

First Aid


LOWER ARM

CHECK FWC

ARM SLING REEF KNOT IMMOBILIZE



Module 4:

First Aid

25-Mar-14

42


LOWER LEG

SUPPORT CHECK FWC BANDAGES

POSITION IMMOBILIZE CHECK FWC



Module 4:

First Aid



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Injury to the ligament, caused by overstretching

SPRAIN



Module 4:

First Aid

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43

✚ Excessive stretching and tearing of muscles or

tendons

STRAIN



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Pain

✚ Swelling

✚ Discolouration

✚ Loss of Function

✚ Limited Range of Motion

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 4:

First Aid

GENERAL MANAGEMENT FOR SOFT

TISSUE INJURY

SUPPORT

REST

ICE

COMPRESSION

ELEVATION

PROTECT

S

P

R

C

E

I



Module 4:

First Aid

25-Mar-14

44

MANAGEMENT FOR ANKLE SPRAIN

USING SOFT SPLINT

SUPPORT CHECK FWC BANDAGES

PADDING IMMOBILIZE CHECK FWC



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Most serious risk associated with spinal injury is

damage to the spinal cord

✚ Such damage can cause loss of power and/or

sensation below the injured area

✚ The spinal cord or nerve roots can suffer temporary

damage if they are pinched by displaced or

dislocated discs, or by fragments of broken bone

✚ If the cord is partly or completely severed,

damaged may be permanent

HEAD & SPINAL CORD INJURY



Module 4:

First Aid

When the vertebrae are damaged, there may be:

✚ Pain in the neck or back

✚ Irregularity or twist in the normal curve of spine

✚ Tenderness / bruising in the skin over the spine

When the spinal cord is damaged, there may be:

✚ Loss of control over limbs (weak or paralyze)

✚ Loss of sensation / abnormal sensations

✚ Loss of bladder and/or bowel control

✚ Breathing difficulties

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 4:

First Aid

25-Mar-14

45

MANAGEMENT



Module 4:

First Aid

✚ Manual stabilization

✚ Check for life-

threatening injuries

✚ Monitor consciousness

and breathing

✚ Control external

bleeding (if any)

✚ Maintain normal body

temperature

Sudden Illnesses

MODULE 5



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses


✚ Recognize a sudden illness

✚ Describe how to care for sudden illnesses



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

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46

IDENTIFYING A STROKE



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

✚ Disorder of brain function characterized by recurrent

seizures / convulsion that have a sudden onset

EPILEPSY / FITS



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

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47

MANAGEMENT



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

DIABETES EMERGENCY



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

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48

MANAGEMENT



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

✚ A poison is any substance that causes injury, illness,

or death if it enters the body from either of the 4

methods:

✚ Swallowed (certain foods, drugs, pesticide)

✚ Inhaled (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide)

✚ Absorbed (fertilizer, pesticide)

✚ Injected (marine life, snakes, scorpion, spider)

POISONING



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

✚ Dizziness / headache

✚ Diarrhoea

✚ Nausea / vomiting

✚ Breathing difficulty

✚ Abnormal skin colour / sweating

✚ Chest of abdominal pain / burning sensation

✚ Changes in consciousness / irregular pupil size

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

25-Mar-14

49

MANAGEMENT FOR SWALLOWED

POISON



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses

MANAGEMENT FOR

INJECTED POISON



Module 5:

Sudden Illnesses



basic first aid

Documents

emergency module

aid module

aid miri chapter

emergency assessment

emergency plan

emergency list

emergency aims

emergency presence