basic firefighter training

7/17/2019 Basic Firefighter Training

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BasicFire

FighterTrainingProgram

(SkillsDevelopment&Maintenance)

FireServicesDept.

FireDepartmentTrainingPrograms


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SAFETY

ACCOUNTABILITY ...................................................................................................................................1-4PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT DONNING AND DOFFING.......................................................5-8

RESPONSE ON THE APPARATUS.........................................................................................................9-11

SCENE ILLUMINATION, ELECTRICAL AND GAS SAFETY.................................................................12-16

WORKSAFE BC PART 31.......................................................................................................................17-26

2. SCBA

SCBA DONNING AND DOFFING..........................................................................................................27-29

SCBA INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE...........................................................................................30-34

3. SCBA

BUILDING SEARCH TECHNIQUES.......................................................................................................35-40

BOTTLE CHANGE, EMERGENCY PROCEDURES, RESTRICTED PASSAGE DRILL........................41-45

4. ROPES AND KNOTS

ROPES AND KNOTS............................................................................................................................. 46-59ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE...........................................................................................60-62

HOISTING...............................................................................................................................................63-68


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5. LADDERS

SINGLE LADDER RAISE........................................................................................................................69-71

EXTENSION LADDER RAISE................................................................................................................72-74

LADDER SAFETY...................................................................................................................................75-77

LADDER INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE.......................................................................................78-82

6. VENTILATION

HYDRAULIC VENTILATION...................................................................................................................83-85

NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION.................................................................................................86-89

POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION...................................................................................................90-95

7. FIRE HOSE

FIRE HOSE ROLLS...............................................................................................................................96-100

FIRE HOSE LOADS.............................................................................................................................101-111

FIRE HOSE COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING....................................................................................112-115

FIRE HOSE ADVANCEMENT.............................................................................................................116-123

APPLIANCES AND HOSE MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................124

8. WATER SUPPLY

HYDRANT AND DRAFTING OPERATIONS.......................................................................................125-129


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SECTION 1Training Topic: ACCOUNTABILITY

1

Objective(s): TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF

ACCOUNTIBILITY REQUIREMENTS, PROCEDURES ANDGUIDELINES.

Details ResourcesJIBC Basic Fire Fighter CertificationProgram.

WorksafeBC, Section 31.

NFPA 1500.

Time Instructor Firefighter(s)

Explain what a passport or accountabilityboard is. Show a passport/accountabilityboard with passports and name tags affixed(or fire department accountability system).Explain and demonstrate the following;

Every fire department must use somesystem of accountability that identifies

and tracks all personnel working in thehazard zone of an incident.

The importance of fire groundaccountability and why the fire servicehas this system.

Accountability is vital in the event of asudden or unexpected change in firebehavior or a structural collapse. If theIncident Commander does not knowwho is in the hazard zone, it isimpossible to determine who and howmany may be trapped inside. Over theyears, many fire fighters have diedbecause they were not known to bemissing until it was too late.

Listen and ask questions.


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Training Topic: ACCOUNTABILITY


7/16/9702Accountability lesson plan.doc 2

Read and show the students Section

31 from WorksafeBC, highlightingmandated fire ground accountabilityrequirements. Explain that this ismandated law and comply or face thechance of a heavy penalty.

Demonstrate how Incident Commandertracks responding members on the

accountability board.

Have students demonstrate how the IncidentCommander tracks responding members onthe accountability board.

Review handout.

Provide accountability tags, view

demonstration.

Demonstrate how to track respondingmembers on the accountability board.


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3

ACCOUNTABILITY BOARD AND PASSPORT SYSTEM


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4

Incident Accountability

31.5 Procedures

(1) Written procedures must be established and followed by a fire department or industrial fire brigade to

(a) manage and track firefighters at an emergency incident,

(b) manage exposure to bloodborne pathogens,

(c) manage stress arising from an emergency incident that is likely to cause adverse health effect tofirefighters,

(d) provide for effective traffic control at emergency incidents, and

(e) operate firefighting vehicles during emergency and non-emergency travel.

(2) Written procedures must be established and followed by a fire department or industrial fire brigade forthe following situations, where applicable:

(a) fires in buildings 7 storeys or over;

(b) firefighting over water and underground;

(c) fires and other emergency incidents involving hazardous substances;

(d) rescue from high angles, confined spaces, trenches, excavations and water;

(e) disaster planning and response;

(f) electrical emergencies.


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SECTION 1Training Topic: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTDONNING AND DOFFING

5

Objective(s): Personal Protective Equipment Awareness,

Donning and Doffing Skills Development.

Details ResourcesEssentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.


Review all PPE equipment that isavailable to the fire fighter by theauthority having jurisdiction (AHJ).

Explain the purpose of each piece ofequipment and how each pieceimpacts fire fighter safety.

Demonstrate donning of all PPE including;

Boots on, bunker pants closedand secured with belt orsuspenders.

Jacket buckles done up, collarup and closed.

Gloves on and tucked undersleeves of jacket.

Helmet on, chin strap secured.

Have fire fighter(s) don the protective clothingpiece by piece.


Watch and ask questions.

Fire fighter dons all personal protectiveequipment.


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Training Topic: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTDONNING AND DOFFINGTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9705PPE donning and doffing lesson plan.doc 6

As the fire fighter is donning theequipment, explain each piece of theequipments safety level, theequipments limitations and theimportance of maintaining and cleaningthe equipment.

Demonstrate doffing of PPE and storein the ready position.

Have students doff PPE and store in

the ready position.

Review maintenance and care requiredfor all PPE. Equipment that isdamaged or in need of repair must beaddressed at this time.

Ask questions.

Watch, listen and ask questions.

Doff PPE and store in the ready position



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7

PPE DONNING

1 2 3

4 5 6


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8

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT DONNING


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SECTION 1Training Topic: RESPONSE ON THE APPARATUS

9

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE APPARATUSRESPONSE SAFETY AND THREE POINT CONTACT FOR

MOUNT AND DISMOUNT AND HAVE STUDENTS DEVELOPPRACTICAL SKILLS IN RESPONSE SAFETY AND 3 POINTCONTACT DISMOUNT.

Details ResourcesJIBC Basic Fire Fighter CertificationProgram.Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.


As a fire fighter, one of the most commondangers to which a fire fighter will be exposedis riding on the apparatus to and fromemergency calls. Statistically, this is one ofthe most hazardous activities of the job. In2005, 115 fire fighters died in the line of duty(North America), 23 of these deaths were aresult of responding to or from an incident.

Demonstrate to students how to correctly usethe three point contact method of getting onand off the apparatus including;

Locate and show hearing protectionand/or the headsets on the apparatus.Explain the importance of hearingprotection.

Demonstrate the correct use of theapparatus seat belt and emphasize themotor vehicle act and WorksafeBCresponsibilities.

Watch demonstration and ask questions


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Training Topic: RESPONSE ON THE APPARATUSTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9708response on apparatus lesson plan.doc 10

Have each student mount apparatus

using three point contact, secure seatbelt in a seated position, and put onhearing protection.

Have each student dismount apparatususing three point contact.

Demonstrate three point contactboth on and off the apparatus.


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11

THREE POINT CONTACT


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SECTION 1Training Topic: SCENE ILLUMINATION, ELECTRICAL ANDGAS SAFETY

12

Objective(s): EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE EMERGENCY

SCENE LIGHTING, ELECTRICAL AND GAS SAFETY ANDHAVE THE STUDENTS DEVELOP THESE PRACTICAL SKILLS


Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills, 2004.


Follow the manufacturesrecommendations for starting, fuelingand maintenance.

Explain the importance of generatorstorage with the fuel shut off valve in

the closed position. If the fuel shut offvalve is left in the open position, fuelcan leak into the crank case, and inturn mix with the oil. This mixing resultsin the oil breaking down and not beingable to provide the protection it isdesigned for.

Demonstrate the correct startupprocedures of the generator.

Have students demonstrate the startupprocedures of the generator.

Ask questions

Watch demonstration

Demonstrate generator startingprocedure.


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Training Topic: SCENE ILLUMINATION, ELECTRICAL ANDGAS SAFETYTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9710scene illumination, electrical and gas safety lesson plan.doc 13

Demonstrate scene illumination usingfire departments equipment;

Position portable lights on drylevel surfaces such that the lightwill be stable, not blind workers,provide light for operation andare out of main traffic areas.

Illumination of the ground nearthe apparatus will make it easierfor fire fighters to see trippinghazards such as hose or cords.

Whenever possible, place a lightnear ground level at theentry/exit door. Having this lightat this location makes it easierfor the fire fighter to find his/herway to the door.

Position junction boxes withinreach of extension cords andout of main traffic areas.

Connect and disconnect cordsusing cord ends (avoid pullingon cord).

Have each student start the generatorand demonstrate scene illumination.

Explain importance of fire groundelectrical safety, and how to locatemain breaker box inside a structure bylocating service entering the structure.


Demonstrate scene illumination.



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Training Topic: SCENE ILLUMINATION, ELECTRICAL ANDGAS SAFETYTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9710scene illumination, electrical and gas safety lesson plan.doc 14

Demonstrate or describe the correctway to shut off an electrical source in abuilding (main breaker on breaker box).Explain why this is important for firefighter safety including;

Exposed, charged wires inside astructure can represent a deadlyshock hazard to fire fightersoperating inside.

Exposed, charged wires inside astructure can ignite a fire.

Have students turn off main breaker on box.

Explain and demonstrate the correctway to shut off a gas supply to astructure. Discuss with students whythis is important for fire fighter safetyincluding;

Natural gas in its pure form ismethane, which is flammablebut nontoxic. Natural gas islighter than air so it tends to riseand diffuse in the open.

Natural gas can be explosive inconcentrations between 5 and15 percent with air.

Natural gas that leaksunderground in wet soil can loseits odorant and become verydifficult to detect without the aidof specialized instruments.

Have students demonstrate how to turn off anatural gas meter.

Watch demonstration and askquestions.

Demonstrate turning off mainbreaker on box.


Demonstrate how to turn off anatural gas meter.


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15

EMERGENCY SCENE LIGHTING PROCEDURE

21

3

4


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16

ELECTRICAL AND GAS SHUT OFF


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Part 31 Firefighting

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Part 31 Contents

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31.1 Definitions31.2 Application

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

31.3 Health and safety committee31.4 Instruction and direction31.5 Procedures31.6 Rest and rehabilitation

31.7 Impounding equipment31.8 Equipment defects31.9 Test records

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

31.10 General requirement31.11 Maintenance31.12 Firefighter responsibility31.13 Safety headgear31.14 Protective coats, pants and hoods31.15 Stationwear and personal garments31.16 Working gloves31.17 Fall protection31.18 Personal alert safety system

RESPIRATORS

31.19 General31.20 Fitness to use SCBA31.21 Operation of SCBA31.22 Sealing and fit testing31.23 Entry into buildings


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31.24 Air quality and sampling31.25 Spare equipment31.26 Maintenance and records

TRANSPORTATION

31.27 Seating

31.28 Communication31.29 Enclosed crew cabs31.30 Stowing equipment31.31 Safe movement of vehicles31.32 Vehicle exhaust in firehalls

AERIAL DEVICES AND GROUND LADDERS

31.33 General31.34 Nondestructive testing31.35 Controls31.36 Operator location31.37 Ground ladders

OTHER EQUIPMENT

31.38 Flashlights and hand lanterns31.39 Plaster hooks and pike poles

Firefighting Definitions and Application

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31.1 Definitions

In this Part

"emergency incident"means a specific emergency operation of a fire department or industrial firebrigade;

"fire chief"means the highest ranking person in charge of a fire department or industrial fire brigade;

"fire department"means a fire brigade operated as a public service by an employer specified in clause(c) of the definition of "worker" in section 1 of the Workers Compensation Act;

"firefighter"means any worker employed in firefighting, fire inspection, fire investigation, themaintenance of firefighting equipment, the training for and direction of those activities, or othersimilar duties;

"firefighting vehicle"means an emergency vehicle used for firefighting;

"incident commander"means the firefighter in overall command of an emergency incident;

"industrial fire brigade"means an organization established by an employer to protect the employer'spremises where the nature of the business creates specific hazards for which specialized training andequipment is required;

"structure"means a building, vehicle, vessel or similar enclosed location.

31.2 Application


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This Part applies to employers and to workers who are employed in firefighting activities on a full orpart time basis, including volunteer firefighting in municipal service and industrial fire brigades underPart 1 of the Workers Compensation Act,but does not apply to forest fire fighting.

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31.3 Health and safety committee

(1) If an employer is required under Part 3 of the Workers Compensation Actto establish a jointcommitee or worker health and safety representative, then a fire department or industrial fire brigadeoperated by the employer must have a separate joint committee or worker health and safetyrepresentative, as applicable.

(2) Subsection (1) does not affect any obligation to have a workplace health and safety program for thewhole of the employer's operations.

31.4 Instruction and direction

The employer must ensure the adequate instruction and direction of firefighters in the safeperformance of their duties.

31.5 Procedures

(1) Written procedures must be established and followed by a fire department or industrial fire brigadeto

(a) manage and track firefighters at an emergency incident,

(b) manage exposure to bloodborne pathogens,

(c) manage stress arising from an emergency incident that is likely to cause adverse health effect tofirefighters,

(d) provide for effective traffic control at emergency incidents, and

(e) operate firefighting vehicles during emergency and non-emergency travel.

(2) Written procedures must be established and followed by a fire department or industrial fire brigadefor the following situations, where applicable:

(a) fires in buildings 7 storeys or over;

(b) firefighting over water and underground;

(c) fires and other emergency incidents involving hazardous substances;(d) rescue from high angles, confined spaces, trenches, excavations and water;

(e) disaster planning and response;

(f) electrical emergencies.

31.6 Rest and rehabilitation


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The incident commander must make suitable provision for rest and rehabilitation for firefighters at anemergency incident.

31.7 Impounding equipment

If, in the course of an emergency incident, a firefighter suffers serious injury or death, or is involved inan accident involving a risk of serious injury or death, the senior firefighter present must immediately

impound the protective and other equipment used by the firefighter and keep the equipment out ofservice until released by the Board.

31.8 Equipment defects

The employer must, without delay, notify the Board of any structural failure or manufacturing defectsdetected in a firefighting vehicle, apparatus, or other emergency equipment referred to in this Part.

31.9 Test records

The employer must keep the test and inspection records required by this part available at theworkplace for inspection by an officer or the joint committee or worker health and safetyrepresentative, as applicable.

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Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

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31.10 General requirement

Firefighters must wear personal protective clothing and equipment appropriate to the hazards to whichthey may be exposed.

31.11 Maintenance(1) The employer must have written procedures for the inspection of protective clothing andequipment at regular intervals.

(2) Procedures for cleaning and drying protective clothing must be in accordance with themanufacturer's instructions.

(3) Defective items of protective clothing or equipment must be repaired or replaced.

31.12 Firefighter responsibility

Firefighters must ensure that the personal protective clothing and equipment used by them ismaintained in good condition.

31.13 Safety headgear(1) Safety headgear must be worn by firefighters required to approach the seat of a fire or enter astructure or other hazardous area during an incident.

(2) Safety headgear must meet the requirements of NFPA 1972, Helmets for Structural Firefighting:Structural Fire Fighters Helmets, 1992 Edition.

(3) Headgear meeting the requirements for safety headgear in Part 8 (Personal Protective Clothing andEquipment)may be used by firefighters


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(a) while determining the cause of fires, or carrying out duties associated with preventing fires, or

(b) at the discretion of the incident commander, while fighting a fire in vegetation that is not within astructure.

[Amended by B.C. Reg. 312/2003, effective October 29, 2003.]

* See also section 4.4of the OHS Regulation.

31.14 Protective coats, pants and hoods

Firefighters required to approach the seat of a fire or enter a structure or other hazardous area duringan incident must wear protective coats, pants and hoods meeting the requirements of

(a) NFPA 1971, Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting, 1991 Edition,or

(b) CGSB Standard CAN/CGSB-155.1-M88, Firefighters' Protective Clothing for Protection Against Heatand Flame.

(c) Repealed. [B.C. Reg. 312/2003, effective October 29, 2003.]


* See section 4.4of the OHS Regulation.

31.15 Stationwear and personal garments

Firefighters required to approach the seat of a fire or enter a structure or other hazardous area duringan emergency incident must not wear shirts, trousers, jackets or coveralls that have poor thermalstability or that ignite easily.

31.16 Working gloves

Firefighters required to approach the seat of a fire or enter a structure or other hazardous area duringan emergency incident must wear gloves meeting the requirements of NFPA 1973, Gloves for StructuralFire Fighting, 1988 Edition.



Note:See Part 19 (Electrical Safety)for personal protective equipment and other safety measuresrequired for work involving electrical hazards.

31.17 Fall protection

(1) A firefighter working on an aerial ladder must wear a safety belt and lanyard meeting therequirements of CSA Standard Z259.1-95, Safety Belts and Lanyards, and the securing lanyard mustlimit a fall to no more than 30 cm (12 in).

(2) A firefighter located on an aerial platform must wear a full body harness and lanyard meeting therequirements of Part 11 (Fall Protection).

(3) Rescue ropes, rappelling lines and safety belts and harnesses including safety hooks, rope grabs,lowering devices, and related equipment must meet the requirements of NFPA 1983, Fire Service LifeSafety Rope, Harness and Hardware, 1990 Edition.

(4) The incident commander may depart from the requirements of Part 11 (Fall Protection)to use a fallprotection system if, in the incident commander's opinion, such compliance is not practicable or maycreate a greater hazard, but subsections (1) to (3) of this section must be complied with.



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31.18 Personal alert safety system

(1) A firefighter must be provided with and use a Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) when involved induties which require a self- contained breathing apparatus to be worn.

(2) A PASS device must meet the requirements of NFPA 1982, Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS) forFire Fighters, 1993 Edition.

(3) A PASS device must be tested at least weekly and prior to use.


* See also sections 4.3and 4.4of the OHS Regulation.

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Respirators

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31.19 General

Firefighters who may be exposed to an oxygen deficient atmosphere or to harmful concentrations of aircontaminants must wear a self-contained breathing apparatus of a positive pressure type having arated minimum duration of 30 minutes.

31.20 Fitness to use SCBA

A physician's certificate of fitness to use self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided to theemployer by a firefighter who

(a) experiences breathing difficulty while using the apparatus, or

(b) is known to have heart disease, impaired pulmonary function, or any other condition that mightmake it dangerous for the firefighter to use self-contained breathing apparatus.

31.21 Operation of SCBA

Respirators must be used in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and Careof Respirators,Clause 9.1.

[Amended by B.C. Reg. 312/2003, effective October 29, 2003.][Amended by B.C. Reg. 20/2006, effective May 17, 2006.]

31.22 Sealing and fit testing

(1) Firefighters who use a self-contained breathing apparatus must be clean shaven to ensure that the

mask forms a positive seal against the face.

(2) Fit tests must be performed in accordance with procedures in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02,Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators.

(2.1) A fit test must be carried out

(a) before initial use of a respirator,

(b) at least once a year,


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(c) whenever there is a change in respirator facepiece, including the brand, model, and size, and

(d) whenever changes to the user's physical condition could affect the respirator fit.

(3) Personal protective equipment that is worn with self-contained breathing apparatus and mightinterfere with a proper fit must be worn during the fit test.

(4) Only corrective eyewear designed for use with self-contained breathing apparatus may be worn.


31.23 Entry into buildings

(1) When self-contained breathing apparatus must be used to enter a building, or similar enclosedlocation, the entry must be made by a team of at least 2 firefighters.

(2) Effective voice communication must be maintained between firefighters inside and outside theenclosed location.

(3) During the initial attack stages of an incident at least one firefighter must remain outside.

(4) A suitably equipped rescue team of at least 2 firefighters must be established on the scene before

sending in a second entry team and not more than 10 minutes after the initial attack.

(5) The rescue team required by subsection (4) must not engage in any duties that limit their ability tomake a prompt response to rescue an endangered firefighter while interior structural firefighting isbeing conducted.

31.24 Air quality and sampling

(1) The employer must ensure that air used for breathing purposes meets the requirements of CSAStandard CAN/CSA-Z180.1-00, Compressed Breathing Air and Systems.

(2) The air must be tested at least once annually in a manner acceptable to the Board.


31.25 Spare equipment

(1) When self-contained breathing apparatus are used, the employer must ensure there are at least 4apparatus available.

(2) At least one spare compressed air cylinder, having a rated minimum duration of 30 minutes, mustbe maintained at full rated capacity and available for each self-contained breathing apparatus.

31.26 Maintenance and records

(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus, including regulators, must be serviced and repaired byqualified persons.

(2) Inspection of compressed air cylinders must be done in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators.

(3) Compressed air cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-B339-96, Cylinders, Spheres, and Tubes for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods.

(4) Complete maintenance and repair records for each self-contained breathing apparatus and all aircylinders must be kept in accordance with the requirements of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02,Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators(section 10.3.3.2.2-b to f, inclusive).


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Transportation

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31.27 Seating

(1) Firefighters being transported by firefighting vehicles must ride in properly secured seats equippedwith seat belts and providing not less than 41 cm (16 in) seating width for each occupant.

(2) The seats of all new firefighting vehicles ordered after April 15, 1998 must be equipped withheadrests or other effective whiplash protection.

31.28 Communication

Crew cabs on firefighting vehicles must have an effective means of voice communication between thedriver and passengers.

31.29 Enclosed crew cabs

(1) Enclosed crew cabs on firefighting vehicles must be equipped with interior lights, and adequatelyventilated.

(2) New firefighting vehicles ordered after April 15, 1998 must have fully enclosed crew cabs meetingthe requirements of NFPA 1901, Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1991 Edition.



31.30 Stowing equipment

All equipment on a firefighting vehicle must be adequately secured.

31.31 Safe movement of vehicles

A firefighting vehicle must not be moved if the vision of the driver is obscured, except on a signal froma designated person, who must ensure that the vehicle can be moved safely.

31.32 Vehicle exhaust in firehalls

Unless air monitoring shows that levels of vehicle exhaust gas components are below the exposurelimits established under section 5.48, effective local venting for the exhaust gases must be provided invehicle areas in firehalls.


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Aerial Devices and Ground Ladders

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31.33 General

An aerial device used for firefighting must meet the requirements of NFPA 1904, Aerial Ladder andElevating Platform Fire Apparatus, 1991 Edition.

[Amended by B.C. Reg. 312/2003, effective October 29, 2003.]* See also section 4.4of the OHS Regulation.

31.34 Nondestructive testing

(1) A fire department aerial device must be inspected and tested in accordance with good engineeringpractice at intervals not exceeding 12 months, and certified as safe for use by a professional engineeror the equipment manufacturer.

(2) The inspection and testing of a fire department aerial device must be done in accordance with therequirements of NFPA 1914, Testing Fire Department Aerial Devices, 1991 Edition.



31.35 Controls

The turntable on an aerial device must be fitted with a positive locking device to hold it in any desiredposition.

31.36 Operator location

During the operation of an aerial device an operator must be present at the lower controls in sight ofand in voice contact with any firefighters upon the device.

31.37 Ground ladders

(1) A ground ladder used by firefighters must meet the requirements of NFPA 1931, Design of and

Design Verification Tests for Fire Department Ground Ladders, 1989 Edition.

(2) A ground ladder must be used, tested and maintained in accordance with the requirements of NFPA1932, Use, Maintenance, and Service Testing of Fire Department Ground Ladders, 1989 Edition.



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Other Equipment

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31.38 Flashlights and hand lanterns

Battery operated flashlights and hand lanterns that are CSA approved for hazardous locations classifiedunder the CSA Standard C22.1-94, Canadian Electrical Code Part 1,as Class 1, Division 2, Groups A, B,and C must be provided as follows:

(a) one flashlight for each firefighter;


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(b) at least 4 hand lanterns for each firefighting vehicle.

31.39 Plaster hooks and pike poles

Plaster hooks and pike poles must be fitted with electrically non-conductive shafts.

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You can return to the Topof this pageDisclaimer: The Workers' Compensation Board of B.C. ("WorkSafeBC") publishes the online version ofthe Occupational Health and Safety Regulation ("OHS Regulation") in accordance with its mandateunder the Workers Compensation Actto provide information and promote public awareness ofoccupational health and safety matters. The online OHS Regulation is not the official version of theOHS Regulation, which may be purchased from Crown Publications.

WorkSafeBC endeavours to update the online OHS Regulation as soon as possible following anylegislative amendments. However, WorkSafeBC does not warrant the accuracy or the completeness ofthe online OHS Regulation, and neither WorkSafeBC nor its board of directors, employees or agentsshall be liable to any person for any loss or damage of any nature, whether arising out of negligence or

otherwise, arising from the use of the online OHS Regulation.Employers are legally obligated to make a copy of the Workers' Compensation Actand the OHSRegulation readily available for review by workers. The circumstances under which WorkSafeBC mayconsider an employer's providing access to electronic versions of theActand OHS Regulation to havesatisfied this obligation are described in Guideline G-D3-115(2)(f).


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SECTION 2Training Topic: SCBA DONNING AND DOFFING

27

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE SCBADONNING OVERHEAD AND COAT METHOD, AND TO HAVE

STUDENT DEVELOP PRACTICAL SKILLS IN DONNING ANDDOFFING A SCBA.



Considering the smoky and toxicatmospheres in which fire fighters mustfunction, respiratory protection is critical.Failure to use a SCBA could lead to failedemergency operations, fire fighter injuries orfatalities. Well trained fire fighters must beaware of the procedures for donning anddoffing SCBA and its proper care andmaintenance.

Always conduct a pre-entry check whichincludes (explain and demonstrate);

Check the air cylinder gauge to ensurethat the cylinder is full.

Check the harness assemblies toensure the straps are fully extended.

Check the emergency bypass valveand ensure it is in the proper position.

Check cylinder for damage, hydrostatictest date, and ensure the cylinder is

full.

Explain and demonstrate how to don a SCBAincluding the following;

Don SCBA (overhead and coatmethod).




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Training Topic: SCBA DONNING AND DOFFINGTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701SCBA donning and doffing lesson plan.doc 28

Explain and demonstrate how to don a SCBAincluding the following;

Tighten shoulder straps, then claspwaist buckle.

Loosen shoulder straps to lower centreof gravity and weigh, ensure the weightof the SCBA is being carried on hips.

Don face mask, tightening strapsstraight back from the bottom up.

Left hand to low pressure regulator,right hand to tank valve.

With left hand, connect low pressureregulator to face piece and performnegative test and exhalation test. Withright hand, open tank valve fully; listenfor low air warning on start up.

Bring right hand up to SCBA air gauge,check for matching PSI between tank

and gauge. Check bypass valve forproper operations.

Perform positive pressure test bypulling mask away from face.

Don balaclava, helmet and gloves.

To doff SCBA, reverse the donningprocess.

Have students demonstrate donning of SCBA

Watch demonstration and askquestions

Don SCBA, attempt to completewithin 60 seconds.


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SECTION 2Training Topic: SCBA INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

30

Objective(s): STUDENT SKILL DEVELOPMENT OF THEINSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF A SCBA.

Details ResourcesEssentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.


SCBA requires proper care andinspection before and after each use toprovide complete protection for the firefighter. Explain and demonstrate theinspections and maintenance of aSCBA including the following;

Differences between close circuit andopen circuit SCBA.

Review components ofOpen Circuit SCBA including theharness, regulators, bypass valve, facepiece and cylinder.

Explain the limitations of a SCBAincluding: air supply, visibility, weight,fogging.

Explain when to wear SCBA including:toxic and oxygen deficientatmospheres, elevated temperatures,smoke.



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Training Topic: SCBA INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCETime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9703SCBA inspection and maintenance lesson plan.doc 31

Explain and demonstrate the inspectionsand maintenance of a SCBA including thefollowing;

Cleaning methods for the harness, facepiece and cylinder.

Demonstrate and explain how to inspecta harness including;

Straps: all straps fully extended, free ofabrasions, excessive wear, chemicalstains or damage.

Buckles: all buckles are clean, easy to

operate and free of any debris ordamage.

Hoses: all hoses are free of abrasions,wrinkles, excessive wear, chemicalstains or damage.

Regulators: high and low pressureregulators are free of any damage ordebris.

O ring: visual inspection ensuring Oring is in place and free of any damageor debris.

Bypass valve: bypass valve movesfreely and properly controls flow of airinto mask. Bypass valve left in closedposition.

Demonstrate and explain how to inspecta face piece including;

Straps: all straps fully extended, free ofabrasions, excessive wear, chemicalstains or damage.

Buckles: all buckles are clean, easy to

operate and free of any debris ordamage.

Lens: lens is not excessivelyscratched, no cracks in lens and lensfits properly into face piece.



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Demonstrate and explain how to inspect aface piece including;

Face piece: face piece is free ofdebris, cracks, excessive wear orabrasions. Face piece seals aroundlens with no breaches. Hold face pieceagainst face with one hand and inhalefor leak test.

Demonstrate and explain how to inspect acylinder including;

Any possible cylinder damage such asdents or gouges.

Hydrostatic test date, every 5 years forsteel and 3 years for carbon fiber.

Cylinder pressure gauge: must read90% of capacity and easy to read.

Secure cylinder to harness and attach highpressure fitting to cylinder. Explain anddemonstrate the following;

Momentarily crack cylinder to blow outany debris, then attach cylinder to high

pressure fitting. Open cylinder valve fully and listen for

low air alarm to sound.

Connect face piece to low pressureregulator, crack bypass valve, checkfor proper breathing operations, thenclose bypass valve.

Check that personal gauge is within10% of cylinder gauge.

Close cylinder valve and breathe downair supply slowly while listening for low

air alarm to sound while checking forproper warning pressure on personalgauge.

Have students demonstrate a SCBAinspection.


Demonstrate a SCBA inspection.


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Explain and demonstrate the cleaning of aSCBA and all parts;

Washes the face piece thoroughlyusing approved cleaner/sanitizer andrinses with water. Air dry.

Washes the harness using mild soapand water, scrub or wipe with a softbristle brush or sponge. Air dry.

Washes cylinder using mild soap andwater and a sponge. Air dry.



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34

SCBA INSPECTION

1

3

5

7

2

4

6


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SECTION 3Training Topic: BUILDING SEARCH TECHNIQUES

35

Objective(s): SKILLS DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY ANDSECONDARY SEARCH



Discuss and demonstrate the differencesbetween a primary search and a secondarysearch;

Primary Search;

Primary search is a rapid butthorough search that isperformed either before or

during fire suppressionoperations. It is performed assoon as possible if there is achance that the structure isoccupied.

During primary search, checkknown or likely locations ofvictims as rapidly as conditionsallow. Move quickly to searchall affected areas of thestructure as quickly as possible.

Always work in teams of two ormore. Always remain in visual,voice or physical contact withyour partner.

Search the structure using anestablished search pattern.(Right hand search).



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Training Topic: BUILDING SEARCH TECHNIQUESTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701Building search lesson plan 36

Primary search:

Identify rooms that have beensearched by door marking.

Panicked victims sometimeshide. Victims could be inbathtubs or closets. Searchquickly and indentify yourself asyou go.

Secondary Search;

Secondary search is conducted

after the fire is under control.Secondary search is a slowermore thorough search done toensure that no victims wereoverlooked during the primarysearch.

Secondary search should bedone by a team different fromthe team that conducted theprimary search.

During the secondary search,

speed is not as important asthoroughness. Look underbeds, under stairs, and behindfurniture.

Explain constant contact betweensearch team members including: voice, visualand physical;

Search is always conducted bytwo or more people. These

team members must stay inconstant contact eitherverbally, visually or withphysical touch. Building,smoke and fire conditionsdictate what kind of contact isrequired.



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Explain search priorities;

Areas immediately around firearea are the first to besearched, and then rest offloor. Areas above fire floorare searched next, and thenareas below fire floor.

Door marking during and after search:

One slash indicates that the

room is being searched. Theslash may be made with tape,chalk, or any other substancethat is visible in the dark.

A second slash is added to thefirst to make an X. Thisindicates that the room searchhas been completed. Ensurethe slashes are located on thebottom third of the door so thatthey are visible in heavy smoke

conditions.

Demonstrate a two person right/lefthand search utilizing a tool sweeping methodincluding the following;

Dons PPE and conducts a check priorto entry.

Dons SCBA.

Charges and purges hose line prior tobuilding entry.

Feels for thermal line on door surface

and door handle using the back ofungloved hand.

Enters building while staying low,crawls or duck walks.

Maintains physical contact with the wallin low visibility or maintains physicalcontact with lead fire fighter.




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Demonstrate a two person right/left handsearch utilizing a tool sweeping method

including the following;

Employs sweep action to check formantraps, obstructions or victims.

Speaks audibly and clearly whencommunicating with partner.

Upon exiting a room, follows the firstturn rule (continues either right hand orleft hand search).

Marks the doors of rooms that havebeen searched according to

departmental guidelines. Demonstrate primary or secondary

search procedures.

Perform a rescue of a victim using twofire fighters after contacting theIncident Commander and requestingassistance.

Have students demonstrate a two person

search. Demonstrate a two person search


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SECTION 3Training Topic: SCBA BOTTLE CHANGE, EMERGENCYPROCEDURES AND RESTRICTED PASSAGE DRILL

41

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE A SCBA

BOTTLE CHANGE, EMERGENCY SCBA PROCEDURES ANDTHE RESTRICTED PASSAGE DRILL AND HAVE STUDENTSDEVELOP PRACTICAL SKILLS IN BOTTLE CHANGE,EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND THE RESTRICTEDPASSAGE DRILL.



Explain and demonstrate a SCBAbottle change including;

Check to ensure the cylindervalve is closed and air in thesystem has been exhausted.

Disconnect high pressure hosecoupling from cylinder.

Release the cylinder clampingdevise and remove the spentcylinder.

Obtain full cylinder, check gaugeto ensure cylinder is 90 % full orbetter. Check cylinder threadsfor damage.

Slide full cylinder into backpack,align outlet with the highpressure fitting and lock cylinderin place.



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Training Topic: SCBA BOTTLE CHANGE, EMERGENCYPROCEDURES AND RESTRICTED PASSAGE DRILLTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9704scba bottle change, emergency procedures and restricted passage lesson plan 42

Explain and demonstrate a SCBAbottle change including;

Visually check the O ring insidethe high pressure coupling toensure it is clean, free of cuts ordepressions. Momentarily crackcylinder to blow out any debris.

Connect the high pressure hoseto the cylinder and tighten handtight only.

Open cylinder valve fully.Check personal gauge is within10% of cylinder gauge.

Have students demonstrate a SCBA bottlechange.

Explain and demonstrate how to passthrough a restricted passage while wearing aSCBA including;

Kneel in front of restricted passage;loosen shoulder straps and waist strap.Unbuckle waist strap.

Remove pack from back and place onfloor in front of fire fighter. Ensure theface piece is not removed from firefighter or that air supply iscompromised.

Maintain contact and control of SCBAwhile moving through the restrictedpassage while ensuring face piece isnot disturbed.

Re-don the SCBA when free ofobstructions and exiting of therestricted passage is complete.


Demonstrate a SCBA bottle change.



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Training Topic: SCBA BOTTLE CHANGE, EMERGENCYPROCEDURES AND RESTRICTED PASSAGE DRILLTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9704scba bottle change, emergency procedures and restricted passage lesson plan 43

Have students demonstrate how to passthrough a restricted passage whilemaintaining a constant, uninterrupted airsupply.

Explain and demonstrate emergency SCBAprocedures including;

Manual bypass valve breathing byalternately opening and closing thebypass valve to provide sufficient airfor breathing.

SCBA main cylinder valve breathing byalternately opening and closing themain cylinder valve to provide sufficientair for breathing.

If disoriented, remain calm, remain stilland breath normally, make radiocontact with Incident Commander thentry and exit the structure. Try toretrace steps by finding a hose line,identify by feel coupling (big couplingleads to the Engine), and exit buildingin that direction.

If trapped, remain calm, declare aMayday, describe location asaccurately as possible, then activatePASS alarm.

Have students demonstrate SCBA emergencyprocedures.

Demonstrate a pass through arestricted space.


Demonstrate SCBA emergencyprocedures.


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SECTION 4Training Topic: ROPES AND KNOTS

46

Objective(s): TO DEVELOP SKILLS IN KNOT TYING ANDDEVELOPING TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE OF ROPE

CONSTRUCTION USED IN THE FIRE SERVICE.

Details ResourcesNFPA 1001NFPA 1983Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEditionFundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills, 2004


Explain to students that NFPA 1001requires that fire fighters;

Hoist tools and equipment withrope using the proper knot.

Know how to select the properrope for the specific task.

Know how to properly maintainvarious types of rope used bythe fire service.

Explain to students that in accordancewith NFPA 1983;

Rope must not be visiblydamaged.

Rope must not show abrasionsor have been exposed to hightemperatures or direct flamecontact.

Rope has not been impactloaded (a force applied to a rope

when it suddenly stops a fallingload).

Rope must not have beenexposed to liquids, solids,gases, mists or vapors from anychemical or materials that candeteriorate rope.



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Training Topic: ROPES AND KNOTSTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701ROPES AND KNOTS LESSON PLAN 47

Rope must pass inspection by a

qualified person both before andafter each use.

Discuss the differences between LifeSafety rope and Utility rope;

Life Safety rope is used to supportrescuers and/or victims during anincident or during training.

Utility rope can be used in any otherinstant where rope is required, such as

hoisting equipment.

Discuss the uses of the following knotsand demonstrate how to tie them;

Safety knot; used to secure theleftover working end of the rope.

Clove hitch; used to attach arope firmly to a round object.

Figure 8 knot; simple to tie but

seldom used alone. Figure 8 on a bight; used to

attach the end of the rope to afixed object or a piece ofequipment, or to tie a life safetyrope around a person.

Figure 8 follow through; used toattach rope to a fixed ring or aneye.

Bowline; used to secure the endof a rope to an object or an

anchor point.




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Training Topic: ROPES AND KNOTSTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701ROPES AND KNOTS LESSON PLAN 48

Discuss the uses of the following knotsand demonstrate how to tie them;

Becket bend (also called a sheetbend); can be used to join tworopes of unequal size or to join arope and chain together.

Bowline on a bight; forms a loopthat can be attached to acarabineer.

Figure 8 on a bight; forms a loopthat can be attached to acarabineer.

Have students tie the nine knotsthat have been demonstratedand ask about possible uses foreach knot.


Tie the nine knots that have beendemonstrated, and explain possible usesfor each knot.


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50

BOWLINE

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51

BOWLINE ON A BIGHT

(PAGE 1)

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2

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52

BOWLINE ON A BIGHT

(PAGE 2)

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11

8

10


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53

CLOVE HITCH

1

3

5

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54

FIGURE EIGHT

21

3 4


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55

FIGURE EIGHT ON A BIGHT

1

3

2

4


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56

FIGURE EIGHT FOLLOW THROUGH

(PAGE 1)

1

3

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2

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6


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FIGURE EIGHT FOLLOW THROUGH

(PAGE 2)

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58

HALF HITCH

1

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59

OVERHAND SAFETY

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SECTION 4Training Topic: ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

60

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN HOW TO INSPECT AND MAINTAINROPE.

Details ResourcesFundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition


Explain the four parts to the ropemaintenance formula;

Care

Clean

Inspect

Store

Care;

Protect the rope from sharp andabrasive surfaces. Use edgeprotection when the rope has topass over a sharp or unpaddedsurface.

Protect the rope from heat,chemicals, and flames.

Protect the rope from rubbingagainst another rope orwebbing. Friction generatesheat, which can damage rope.

Protect the rope from prolongedexposure to sunlight. Ultravioletradiation can damage rope.



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Training Topic: ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCETime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9713ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE LESSON PLAN.doc 61

Clean;

Ropes made of synthetic fibers

can be washed with a mild soapand water.

Some manufacturesrecommend placing the rope ina mesh bag and washing it in afront loading washing machine.

Do not use beach as it candamage the rope.

Do not pack or store wet ordamp rope. Air drying isrecommended.

Do not dry rope in directsunlight.

The use of mechanical dryingdevices is not recommended.

Inspect;

Life Safety rope must beinspected after each use.

Visual inspection includeslooking for cuts, frays orabrasions. Also look for any

discoloration, or flat spots. Feel the rope for depressions

(flat spots or lumps on theinside of the rope).

If there is any doubt as towhether the rope has beendamaged, consult your FireChief.

Life safety rope can bedowngraded to utility rope,but it must be clearly marked

as utility rope and cannot beused for life safety again.



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Training Topic: ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCETime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9713ROPE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE LESSON PLAN.doc 62

Store;

Store rope away fromextreme temperatures andout of sunlight.

Avoid placing rope wherefumes from gasoline, oils, orhydraulic fluids can damagethe rope.

Do not place any heavyweight on top of the rope.

Rope bags help to protect

rope. Only store one ropeper bag.

Rope can be coiled forstorage if no rope bag isavailable.

Demonstrate how to inspect a rope andhave students inspect a rope.

Demonstrate how to place rope in a ropebag (if available) and then have studentsplace rope in a rope bag.


Demonstrate how to inspect a rope.

Demonstrate how to load a rope into arope bag.


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SECTION 4Training Topic: HOISTING

63

Objective(s): TO INSTRUCT STUDENTS ON HOW TO SAFELYHOIST EQUIPMENT WITH A ROPE.

Details ResourcesFundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.


Explain and demonstrate how to hoistthe following tools;

Axe

Pike pole

Hose line (uncharged)

Axe;

The axe should be hoisted in thevertical position with the axehead down.

Tie the end of the hoisting ropearound the handle near thehead using either a figure eighton a bight or a clove hitch.

Slip the knot down the handlefrom the end to the head.

Loop the standing part of therope under the axe head.

Place the standing part of therope parallel to the axe handle.

Use one or two half hitchesalong the axe handle.

Raise the axe, ensuring no oneis standing under the axe andthe hoisting area is clear.



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Training Topic: HOISTINGTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9714HOISTING LESSON PLAN.doc 64

Pike pole;

The pike pole should be hoisted

in a vertical position with thehead at the top.

Place a clove hitch over the endof the handle, slip it along thehandle, and secure it close tothe pike.

Depending on the length of thehandle, one or two half hitchescan be placed on the handlebelow the clove hitch to keepthe rope parallel to the handle.

Slip a second clove hitch overthe handle and secure it nearthe bottom of the pike pole.

Leave an additional length ofrope below the second clovehitch to be used as a tag linewhen hoisting the pike pole.

Raise the pike pole, ensuring noone is standing under the pikepole and the hoisting area isclear.

Hose line (uncharged);

Fold about three feet of hoseback on itself and place thenozzle on top of the hose.

Make a half hitch in the ropeand slip it over the nozzle.Move the half hitch along thehose and secure it about sixinches from the fold.

Tie a clove hitch near the end of

the rope, wrapping the ropesecurely around both the nozzleand the hose. The clove hitchshould hold both the nozzle andthe hose.



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Training Topic: HOISTINGTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9714HOISTING LESSON PLAN.doc 65

Hose line (continued)

Hoist the hose with the fold atthe top and the nozzle pointingdown.

Before releasing the rope, thefire fighter at the top must pullenough hose so that the weightof the hanging hose does notdrag down the hose.

Raise the hose line, ensuring noone is standing under the hoseline and the hoisting area is

clear.

Explain that several different tools andequipment, including an exhaust fan,chainsaw, or any other object with a closedhandle can be hoisted in the same fashion asdescribed above.

Have the students demonstrate thehoisting of an axe, pike pole and an

uncharged hose line.



Demonstrate the hoisting of anaxe, pike pole and an uncharged hose

line.


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HOISTING A HOSE LINE

(UNCHARGED)

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HOISTING A PIKE POLE

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68

HOISTING AN AXE

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SECTION 5Training Topic: SINGLE LADDER RAISE

69

Objective(s): TO INSTRUCT STUDENTS ON HOW TO RAISEAND LOWER A SINGLE LADDER

Details ResourcesEssentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition


Explain and demonstrate the carryingand raising of a single ladder using thefollowing technique;

Using the high shoulder carry,position ladder with the butt endagainst the building.

Lay the ladder flat on theground.

Check for overhead obstructionsand safety hazards.

Move to the tip of the ladder,and stop 2 rungs from the endfacing away from the building.

Grasping the rung, lift the ladderoverhead and turn towards thebuilding.

Raise the ladder hand overhand until the ladder is flatagainst the building.

Pull the base of the ladder away

from the building, leaving the tipof the ladder against thebuilding.

Check for 4 point contact andadjust ladder for proper climbingangle (75 degrees).

Listen, watch and ask questions.


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Training Topic: SINGLE LADDER RAISE

7/16/9703SINGLE LADDER RAISE AND LOWER 70


To lower the ladder, move thebase of the ladder back to flatagainst the building.

Back up and hand over hand onthe rungs slowly lower theladder.

Continue lowering until 2 rungsaway from the tip of the ladder.

Reach over top of the ladderand grab the second rung, pivotto the side of the ladder andlower the ladder completely tothe ground.

Lift the ladder to a low shouldercarry and carry the ladder tipfirst away from the building.

Have each student demonstrate theraising and lowering of a single ladder.


Demonstrate the raising andlowering of a single ladder.


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71

ONE MAN SINGLE LADDER RAISE

1

3

5

2

4


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SECTION 5Training Topic: EXTENSION LADDER RAISE

72

Objective(s): TO INSTRUCT STUDENTS ON HOW TO RAISEAND LOWER AN EXTENSION LADDER



Explain and demonstrate the carryingand raising of an extension ladderusing a two man raise;

Using the high shoulder carry,position ladder with the butt endnear the building, approximatingthe correct distance from thebuilding to give the properclimbing angle (75 degrees).

The butt end man will lower hisend to the ground with the flysection away from the building.

Both fire fighters check foroverhead obstructions andsafety hazards.

The butt end man puts one footon the bottom rung while the tipman begins to raise the ladderto vertical rung by rung.

Foot placement outside andagainst the beam by both firefighter is required to stabilizethe ladder.

The outside man places bothhands on the beam and thengives the order to raise.



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Training Topic: EXTENSION LADDER RAISE

7/16/9705TWO MAN EXTENSION LADDER RAISE AND LOWER 73


The inside man pulls the halyardand begins to raise the ladder,

locking the dogs at the desiredheight.

Both fire fighters lower theladder into the building andcheck for 4 point contact.

Adjust the ladder if required toattain a proper climbing angle.

Inside man ties off the halyardwith a clove hitch.

Explain and demonstrate thelowering of an extension ladder using two firefighters;

Inside man unties the halyard.

Both fire fighters stabilize the ladderand move the ladder away from thebuilding to a vertical position.

The inside man uses the halyard in ahand over hand movement to lower theladder.

Once the ladder is lowered, the insideman ties off the halyard with a clovehitch.

Inside man give the instruction to lowerand places his foot on the bottom rungof the ladder, the outside man lowersthe ladder rung by rung while backingup.

When the outside man gets to thesecond rung from the tip, he pivots outfrom under the ladder and reachesover the ladder and grabs the secondrung and lowers the ladder to theground.

Have each student demonstrate the raisingand lowering of an extension ladder.


Demonstrate the raising and lowering ofan extension ladder.


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EXTENSION LADDER RAISE

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3

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SECTION 5Training Topic: LADDER SAFETY

75

Objective(s): TO INSTRUCT STUDENTS ON HOW TO SAFELYCLIMB AND WORK OFF A LADDER



Explain and demonstrate how to safelyclimb and work off a ladder;

Always wear protective gearincluding gloves, helmet, safetyvisor or goggles.

Choose the proper ladder for thejob. Using a ladder not quietlong enough can be dangerous.

Use leg muscles, not arms orback when lifting and climbing aladder.

Use the adequate number of firefighters for the ladder chosen.

Do not raise a ladder to within10 feet (3m) of any electricalwires.

Always check for overheadhazards.

Check the placement of the

ladder to ensure proper climbingangle (75 degrees).

Ensure 4 point contact beforeclimbing

Do not overload the ladder.One fire fighter per laddersection.



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Training Topic: LADDER SAFETYTIME INSTRUCTOR STUDENT

7/16/9701LADDER SAFETY LESSON PLAN 76

Tie into the ladder with a leglock. To do a leg lock, first climb

to the desired height, and thenadvance one rung higher. Slideone leg through the ladder andbehind the rung to be locked into. Hook the foot on either therung or the beam, and stepdown with the opposite leg. Thefire fighter can now work off theladder to the side away from thelocked leg.

Have a fire fighter heel the

ladder before another fire fighterclimbs the ladder.

If possible, tie the ladder tip tosomething secure to prevent theladder from tipping.

Do not relocate a positionedladder unless instructed to doso.

Use ladders for their intendedpurpose only.

Inspect ladder for damage or

wear after each use.

Have a student heel the ladder whilewearing proper protective equipment,including eye protection. Have a secondstudent climb the ladder to mid point anddemonstrate a leg lock.


Demonstrate the heeling of aladder while another fire fighter climbs thladder and demonstrates a leg lock.


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77

LADDER LEG LOCK

1

3

5

2

4


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SECTION 5Training Topic: LADDER INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

78

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE LADDER INSPECTIONAND MAITENANCE. NFPA 1932 REQUIRES LADDERS TO BE INSPECTED

AFTER EACH USE AND ON A MONTHLY BASIS.


NFPA 1932


Discuss and inspect all parts of theladder including:

Beams are the main structuralmember of a ladder supportingrungs. Inspect for cracks, bendsor any visible damage.

Bed section is the widest sectionof an extension ladder. This

section always stays in contactwith ground or support surfaceduring raising or lowering.Inspect for cracks, bends or anyvisible damage.

Butt (also called heel or base)bottom end of ladder; the endthat is placed on the ground.Inspect for cracks, bends or anyvisible damage.

Butt spurs are metal plates,

spikes or spurs attached to thebutt end of the ladder to preventslippage. Inspect for cracks,bends or any visible damage.

Listen and ask questions


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7/16/9707LADDER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION LESSON PLAN 79


Dogs (also called pawls orlocks) are devices attached tothe inside of the beam on the flysections used to hold the flysection in place after it has beenextended. The hook and fingershould move in and out freely.

Fly section is the upper sectionof the ladder; the section thatmoves. Inspect for cracks,

bends or any visible damage Footpads are swivel plates

attached to butt of the ladder;usually have rubber or neoprenebottom surfaces. Ensurefootpads are in place and ingood condition.

Guides are metal strips,sometimes in the form of slots orchannels, on an extensionladder that guide the fly section

when being raised. Check theircondition and that the flysections move freely.

Halyard is rope or cable used forhoisting and lowering the flysection of an extension ladder.Ensure the halyard is in goodcondition and free of damage.

Heat-sensor labels are labelsaffixed to the inside of eachbeam of each ladder section; a

color change indicates that theladder has been exposed to asufficient degree of heat that itshould be tested before furtheruse. Ensure sensors have notturned dark in color.



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Time Instructor Firefighter(s) Hooks (on roof ladders) are

curved metal devices installednear the top end of a roof ladderto secure the ladder to thehighest point on a peaked roofof a building. Ensure hooksoperate properly and lock inplace.

Pulley is a small, grooved wheelthrough which the halyard is

drawn on an extension ladder.Make sure the pulley movesfreely.

Stops are metal pieces thatprevent the fly section frombeing extended too far. Inspectfor cracks, bends or any visibledamage

Rungs are cross members thatprovide the foothold for climbing.Check rungs for damage, wear

and tightness.

Have students explain the parts of a ladderand what they should be looking for wheninspecting a ladder.

Discuss cleaning of ladders including;

Ladders require cleaning after every

use and at least once a month. Accumulated dirt and debris may

collect and harden to the point wherethe ladder sections may not functionproperly.


Explain the different parts of a ladder anwhat to look for when inspecting a ladde


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Instructor Firefighter(s)

Discuss cleaning of ladders including;

A soft bristle brush and running waterare the most effective tools for cleaninga ladder.

Tar, oil, or greasy residues should beremoved with mild soap and water.

Wipe all wet ladders dry after cleaning. Where recommended by the

manufacturer, occasional lubricationwill maintain smooth operations of theladder.



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82

LADDER INSPECTION

1

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SECTION 6Training Topic: HYDRAULIC VENTILATION

83

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE HYDRAULICVENTILATION AND TO HAVE STUDENTS DEVELOP

PRACTICAL SKILLS USING HYDRAULIC VENTILATION.

Details ResourcesEssentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.Fundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.


Explain;

Hydraulic ventilation uses the waterstream for the hose line to exhaustsmoke and heated gases from astructure. The fire fighter working thehose line directs a narrow fog streamout of the building through a window or

door. The fog pattern must coverapproximately 80% of the exhaustopening. The contaminatedatmosphere is drawn into a lowpressure area behind the nozzle. Aninduced draft created by the highpressure stream of water pulls thesmoke and gases out through theopening.

Hydraulic ventilation advantages;

Hydraulic ventilation can movelarge volumes of smoke andgases.

No mechanical fans arerequired.



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Training Topic: HYDRAULIC VENTILATIONTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701HYDRAULIC VENTILATION LESSON PLAN 84

Hydraulic ventilation disadvantages;

There may be increased waterdamage inside the structure.

There will be a drain on thesupply of water.

Freezing temperatures willincrease the amount of ice onthe ground and create a slippinghazard for fire fighters outside

the structure. Fire fighters operating the

nozzle must remain inside thecontaminated atmosphere whileventing.

Venting operations may have tobe halted while vent teamsreplenish their air supply.

Demonstrate hydraulic ventilation to

students including;

Exhaust air from the hose.

Set the fog nozzle pattern.

Enter the structure or area whilewearing full PPE.

Start water flow.

Adjust the fog pattern to coverapproximately 80% of theexhaust opening.

Have students demonstrate hydraulicventilation.



Demonstrate hydraulic ventilation.


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SECTION 6Training Topic: NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION

86

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN NEGATIVE PRESSUREVENTILATION AND TO DEVELOP THE STUDENTS

PRACTICAL SKILLS IN USING NEGATIVE PRESSUREVENTILATION.

Details ResourcesFundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.


Explain negative pressure ventilation;

The basic principles of air floware used in negative pressureventilation. Fire Fighters locatethe seat of the fire and with afan or blower exhaust the

products of combustion out ofthe building through a window ordoor.

The fan draws the heat, smokeand fire gases out by creating aslightly negative pressure insidethe building. In turn, fresh air isdrawn into the structure,replacing the contaminated air.

Negative pressure ventilation has

several limitations including;

Positioning, power source,maintenance, and air flowcontrol.



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Training Topic: NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATIONTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9703NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION LESSON PLAN 87

Often fire fighters must enter theheated and smoke filled

environment to set up theejector.

Negative pressure ventilation has severallimitations including;

Fire fighters may need to set upbraces and hangers to set upthe ejector.

Because most ejectors areelectric, a power source and

cord are required. The ejector can get very dirty

during use and must be takenapart and cleaned after eachuse.

Air flow control is difficult tomanage. The fan must becompletely sealed so that theexhaust air is not immediatelydrawn back into the building.

Negative pressure ventilation has severalbenefits including;

Negative pressure fans can beused in smoke filledenvironments. Gas poweredfans do not function when air isdisplaced by smoke.

Negative pressure fans will notfeed large volumes of air to anyremaining hot spots or hidden

fires. Negative pressure fans do not

add carbon monoxide to theenvironment.



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Training Topic: NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATIONTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9703NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION LESSON PLAN 88

Demonstrate negative pressure ventilationincluding;

Assess conditions and thestructure to determine where toplace the fan.

Hang or place fan, block offopenings around exhaustingfan.

Open a second door or windowfor air intake.

Observe safety precautions. Connect fan to power source

and then turn fan on.

Have students demonstrate negativepressure ventilation.


Demonstrate negative pressureventilation.


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NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION


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SECTION 6Training Topic: POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION

90

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE POSITIVEPRESSURE VENTILATION AND TO ASSIST STUDENTS IN

DEVELOPING PRACTICAL SKILLS USING POSITIVEPRESSURE VENTILATION.

Details ResourcesEssentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.Fundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.


Explain Positive Pressure Ventilation;

PPV is a forced ventilationtechnique that uses a highpressure fan to create slightlyhigher pressure inside a buildingthan that outside the building.

As long as the pressure ishigher inside the building, the

smoke and heat within thebuilding is forced through theventilation exit opening to thelower pressure zone outside.

There must be an opening nearthe seat of the fire to allow theheat and products ofcombustion to exhaust.

PPV requires good fire grounddiscipline, coordination andtactics.

Explain effective PPV operations;

Take advantage of existing windconditions whenever possible.

Keep the size of the exitopening in proportion to theentry opening.



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Training Topic: POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATIONTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9705POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION LESSON PLAN 91

Explain effective PPV operations;

Avoid creating horizontalopenings by breaking glass orremoving doors.

Place fan 4 to 6 feet from doorand ensure fan is manned at alltimes.

Wait 30 to 40 seconds beforeteam makes entry into thestructure. Follow the fresh airin.

Explain the advantages of PPV including;

A single fire fighter can set upthe fan.

The fan does not interfere withinterior operations.

Increased visibility for fire fighterwhich aids in finding victims, theseat of the fire, and makeshazards inside the structuremore visible.

Reduces temperature inside thestructure by removing superheated smoke and fire gases.

Reduces back draft andflashover potential.

Positive pressure fans do notrequire the cleaning ormaintenance as negativepressure fans because theproducts of combustion do notgo through the fan.

The fire fighter does not have toenter the hazardous atmosphereto start PPV operations.



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Training Topic: POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATIONTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9705POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION LESSON PLAN 92

Explain the disadvantages of PPV including;

PPV operations can increasefire growth and spread.

PPV can push the fire intounaffected areas of thestructure.

Existing wind conditions canprevent effective PPVoperations.

PPV fans are very noisy andcan hamper fire ground

communications. PPV fan motors get hot and are

unsafe to use if combustiblevapors are present.

PPV fans can increase carbonmonoxide levels inside astructure.

Demonstrate PPV operations including;

Accessing conditions and the

structure to determine where toplace the fan.

Regulate the exhaust opening.

Place the fan.

Observe all safety precautions.

Establish the desired draft pathbetween the entry and exit point.

Have students demonstrate PPVoperations.


Watch demonstration and askquestions.

Demonstrate PPV operations.


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SECTION 7Training Topic: FIRE HOSE ROLLS

96

Objective(s): TO INSTRUCT STUDENTS ON DEVELOPINGPRACTICAL SKILLS WITH HOSE ROLLS.

Details ResourcesJIBC Basic Fire Fighter CertificationProgram.Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.Fundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.


Explain to the students that rolling hoseis an efficient way to transport a singlesection of hose. Rolled hose iscompact, easy to manage and easy todeploy.

Explain and demonstrate a straight roll,donut roll and a twin donut roll.

Straight roll; Lay the length of hose to be

rolled flat and straight.

Begin by rolling the malecoupling over on top of thehose.

Roll the hose to the femalecoupling.

Set the hose on its side and tapany protruding hose flat withyour foot.

Have student demonstrate a straightroll.


Watch demonstration, ask questions.

Demonstrate a straight roll.


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Training Topic: FIRE HOSE ROLLSTime Instructor Firefighter(s)

7/16/9701FIRE HOSE ROLL LESSON PLAN 97

Donut roll;

Place the hose flat and in astraight line.

Locate the mid-point of thehose.

From the mid-point, move 5 feettowards the male coupling end.Start rolling the hose towardsthe female coupling.

At the end of the roll, wrap theexcess hose of the female endover the male coupling to

protect the threads.

Have students demonstrate a donut roll.

Twin donut roll;

Lay the hose flat and in astraight line.

Bring the male couplingalongside the female coupling.

Fold the far end over and rolltowards the couplings, creatinga double roll.

The roll can be carried by hand,rope or strap.

Have students demonstrate a twin donutroll.


Demonstrate a donut roll.


Demonstrate a twin donut roll.


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SECTION 7Training Topic: FIRE HOSE LOADS

101

Objective(s): TO EXPLAIN AND DEMONSTRATE FIRE SERVICHOSE LOADS AND TO HAVE STUDENTS DEVELOP

PRACTICAL SKILLS IN HOSE LOADS.

Details ResourcesJIBC Basic Fire Fighter Certification PrograThe Essentials of Fire Fighting, 5thEdition.Fundamentals of Fire Fighting Skills, 2004.


Explain and demonstrate the followinghose loads;

Accordion load

Horseshoe load Flat load

Minute man load

Straight finish load

Triple layer load

The accordion load;

Derives its name from the manner inwhich the hose appears after loading. The hoseis laid on

basic firefighter training

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