Articles

- Use ‘a’ and ‘an’ with not a specific object.

- Use ‘the’ with a specific object.

- The first time you speak of something use ‘a’ or ‘an’, the next

time you repeat that object use ‘the’.

- DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or

provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a

collection of states such as "The United States".

- Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas.

- DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in

general.

- DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals,

places, and transport.

Past Tense Irregular Verbs

Present Past Present Past

Be Was/Were Become Became

Begin Began Break Broke

Bring Brought Build Built

Buy Bought Come Came

Cost Cost Cut Cut

Do Did Drink Drank

Eat Ate Find Found

Fly Flew Get Got

Give Gave Go Went

Have Had Keep Kept

Know Knew Leave Left

Make Made Meet Met

Pay Paid Put Put

Read Read Say Said

See Saw Sell Sold

Send Sent Speak Spoke

Spend Spent Take Took

Teach Taught Tell Told

Think Thought

Pronouns

Subject Object Possessive Possessive adjectives

I Me Mine My

You You Yours Your

He Him His His

She Her Hers Her

It It Its Its

We Us Ours Our

They Them Thiers Their

Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronoun Singular Plural

Near This These

Far That Those

Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive

Common Verbs + Gerund e.g. verb + verb + ing

Go Enjoy Quit Discuss

Mind Can't stand Suggest

Common Verbs + Infinitive e.g. verb + to + verb

Promise Plan Refuse Want

Need Decide hope

Present Simple

Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis. Positive: Subject + present conjugation of verb + objects.

Negative: Subject + do not + base form of verb + objects.

Question: WH? + do + subject + base form of verb ?

Expression time: everyday, on …, at the moment, now, always, usually,

sometimes. Days of the weeks followed by 's'.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency include: always, usually, often, sometimes,

occasionally, seldom, rarely and never.

* If the sentence has one verb put the adverb in the middle of the

sentence after the subject and before the verb.

* If the sentence has more than one verb (e.g. auxiliary verb), put the

adverb of frequency before the main verb.

* When using adverbs of frequency in the question or negative form, put

the adverb of frequency before the main verb.

Modal Form

Positive: Subject + Modal + Base Form of Verb + Objects.

Negative: Subject + Modal + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects.

Question: Modal + Subject + Base Form of Verb + Objects?

* The most common modals are: Can, Should and Must.

Future

Future with 'Will'

Positive: Subject + will + base form of verb + object(s).

Negative: Subject + will + not + base form of verb + object(s).

Question: Question Word + will + subject + base form of verb?

* `Will` used for quick decisions, predictions, scheduled public events and

promises.

Future with 'Going to'

Positive: Subject + to be + going to + base form of verb + object(s).

Negative: Subject + to be + not + going to + base form of verb +

object(s).

Question: Question Word + to be + subject + going to + base form of

verb?

Expression time: next …, tomorrow, by … and in … time.

* ‘Going to’ used for planned decisions, predicting an action that you see

is about to happen and future intentions.

Countable and Uncountable

* Uncountable name like water and countable name like minute. * Use “most, much, lots of, a lot of, some, a little and little” with uncountable nouns. * Use “many, lots of, a lot of, several, some, not many, only a few and few” with countable nouns. * Use a/an only with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s).

List of some of the most common confused uncountable

Accommodation Advice Baggage Bread Equipment Furniture Garbage Information Knowledge Luggage Money News

Pasta Progress Research Travel

work

Comparative Forms

* Use 'than' to compare between two objects. * Add '-er' to end of one or ending in '-y' syllable adjectives. * Place 'more' before two, three or more syllable adjectives. EXCEPTIONS:

Adjective Comparative Adjective Comparative

Good Better Bad Worse

Superlative Forms

* Place 'the' before one syllable adjective and add '-est' to end of it. * Place 'the most' before two, three or more syllable adjectives. * Place 'the' before two syllable adjectives ending in '-y' and remove the 'y' from it and add 'iest'. EXCEPTIONS:

Adjective Superlative Adjective Superlative

Good The best Bad The worst

Imperative Form

Positive: Base Form of Verb + Objects. Negative: Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects.

Adverb and Adjective

* Adjectives are placed directly before a noun. Also it used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be' to describe the subject. * Adverbs ends in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!). It are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb.

Present Perfect Tense

Positive: Subject + have + past participle + object(s). Negative: Subject + have + not + past participle + object(s). Question: WH? + have + subject + past participle? Expression time:

- Use 'for' to indicate a duration or period of time. - Use 'since' to indicate a specific point in time. - Use 'How long' to ask about duration.

- Others: yet, already and just.

Past Simple

The past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past. Positive: Subject + past form of verb + object(s) + time. Negative: Subject + did + not + base form of verb + object(s) + time. Question: WH? + did + subject + base form of verb + object(s) + time?

Expression time: when, last …, yesterday, ago.

Present Continuous

Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time, around the present moment, or for a future scheduled event. Positive: Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects. Negative: Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects. Question: WH? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are verbs which express a state. It can’t be used in the

continuous forms. Action verbs are verbs which express something a

person does.

Believe Understand Think Want

Hope Smell Taste Feel

Sound Look Seem Appear

Any or Some

- Use “any” or “some” in positive sentences.

- Use “any” in negative sentences.

- Use “any” or “some” in questions.

- Use “some” words - somebody, someone, somewhere

and something - in positive sentences.

- Use “any” words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and

anything - in negative sentences or questions.

In, On, To and At for Places

- Use ‘in’ with spaces, bodies of water and lines.

- Use ‘at’ with places.

- Use ‘on’ with surfaces, directions and small islands.

- Use ‘to’ with movement from one place to another.

- But don’t use 'to' with 'home'.

In, At and On for Time

- Use 'in' with months, years and periods of time.

- Use 'at' with precise time.

- Use 'on' with days of the week or specific calendar days.

- Use 'in' with “morning”, “afternoon” or” evening”.

- Use 'at' with “night”.

Like

- [Preposition] What's he like?

- [Verb] What does he like?

- [Preposition] What does she look like?

- [Verb] What would you like to drink?