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Basic Concept of ITComputer Hardware

M.Sc. Mariwan

Oct.2014

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Outline

• Introduction of Computer• Abbreviations• Introduction of ICT• Hardware• Computer Types• Tablets and Smartphones• The Main Parts of Computer• Computer Performance• Computer Memory and Data Storage• Memory Measurement Units• Input Units/Output Units

Hardware Software

Computer

Storage

System Unit

Input Device

Output Device

Mouse, Keyboard…

MonitorSpeaker….

Operating System

ProgrammingLanguage

ApplicationPrograms

Drivers

Linux, Windows,Mac OS

MS Office, Photoshop, Anti Virus

Java, C++,…Etc.

Printer, Sound, Graphic….etc

Computer CASE

Hard Disk, Flash, Ram..

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Abbreviations• RAM – Random Access Memory• ROM – Read Only Memory• CPU – Central Processing UNIT• PDA – Personal Digital Assist• HW – Hardware• SW – Software• OS – Operating System• IO – Input and Output• HD – Hard Disk • PC – Personal Computer• MS – Microsoft• CD – Compact Disk• DVD – Digital Video Disk

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Introduction

• Introduce ICT Information Communication and Technology (Hardware, Software and Network)

• Introduce use of ICT in daily life• Safe and Secure way to Store information• Laws of Copyright and Computer Ethics.

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Hardware

• Computer is an electronic device for Processing Data.• Steps : (Data) Input > Process + Memory> Output (Information)• 1988 , 1991

• Computer Hardware: is the physical part of the computer that can be touched such as mouse, keyboard and so on.

Input(Mouse,

Scanner,Mic,Webcam,Keyboard)

Data

ProcessCPU(Central

Processing Unit)

Memory

Output(Printer, Speaker,

Monitor)Information

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Computer Types

• Computers have been categorized based on their size, speed, uses and contents.

• Supercomputer• Mainframe Computer• Personal Computer• Laptop Computer• PDA personal digital assist• Embedded Computer• Server Computer• Game Computer

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Super Computer

• Largest, fastest and the most expensive one• Used by International Companies, Army, Universities

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Mainframe Computer

• Smaller and Slower than Super Computer• Used by large National and International companies such as:

banks, insurance companies and universities.• IBM is the first Company for Manufacturing this computer

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Personal Computer

• Smaller and Slower than Mainframe• The First PC was invented by IBM company in 1981• That PC was called “the original IBM PC”• Some other companies created IBM compatible PCs.• Some Parts of Compatible PCs from Different Brands(but

Same Architecture)• Compatible PCs support IBMs Software• Compatible PCs became popular and generally were used by

everyone

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Laptop Computer

• Became first Choice between Students, Teacher and Businessmen.

• Portable: Easy to Carry and Use in any places• Low price• It has some features and Support tons of Software

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PDA – Personal Digital Assist

• Smaller than Laptops• They have own versions of OS (Such as Windows Tablet)• Slower and Lack of functions than Laptop• Mostly used for Surfing Internet Such as, Emailing and

Googling

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Tablets and Smartphones

• Smaller than Laptops• Used for Googling, Emailing, Play Video Audio

Game…..However lack of functions. • Such as Apple IPAD + Samsung Galaxy + Google Nexus + HTC +

HP + Dell +MS Surface

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The Main Parts of The Computer• System Unit• Motherboard• CPU – Central Processing Unit• Memory

– Memory Cache– RAM – Random Access Memory– ROM – Read Only Memory

• Ports• USB – Universal Serial BUS• Hard Disk• Floppy Disk• Optical CD/DVD Drive

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System Unit

• Main case include all important parts• The parts like: ROM, CPU, RAM, Motherboard….• In the front of Case you see DVD Drive• In the Back of Case you see USB ports• It has two forms: Desktop and Tower

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Motherboard

• An electronic mainboard• It comes in all shapes and sizes• But, Recently is becoming smaller

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CPU

• It is the brain of the computer • It is the most important part• All processed information goes through CPU• It is responsible for calculations and processing

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CPU - 1

• It measured by Gigahertz GHz• Such as 1.5 GHz : 1.5 billion cycle/operation per second• It has two parts:

– ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit– CU Control Unit

• System Clock: It controls the timing for computer operations• CPU Contains Register.• The Register temporary holds data and instruction• Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to

read from memory and it is measured by nanoseconds

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CPU - Companies

• Recently:• Intel ( Integrated Electronics):

– is an American Company, founded in 1968– It makes computer hardware's such as Processors.

• AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)– is an American Company established in 1969– It makes computer hardware's such as Processors.

• VIA – is a Taiwanese manufacturer, founded in 1987

• Past: Transmeta , Rise Technology, NEC, IBM …… etc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_x86_manufacturers

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CPU – Intel and AMD• Intel Processors:

– Desktop Processors : Newest: Intel® Core™ i7-5960X Processor Extreme Edition – Mobile Processors: Intel® Core™ M-5Y71 Processor (4M Cache, up to 2.90 GHz)– Server Processors: Intel® Xeon® Processor E7 v2 Family– Embedded Processors: 4th Generation Intel® Core™ i7 Processors

• AMD Processors:– AMD Laptop Processors:

– AMD Desktop Processors

– AMD Server Processors: AMD Opteron 6000 Series Platform

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CPU – ALU and CU

• ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit : Process the logical and Arithmetic Operations such as: OR + Addition

• CU – Control Unit: Receive the instructions and send to its destination

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Memory

• Memory cache: speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

• RAM – Random Access Memory – It is a volatile memory – Loses its contents when power is turned off

• ROM – Read Only Memory– It is a none volatile memory– Does not lose contents when the power is turned off

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Memory Cache

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RAM

• It is also called main memory • Consist of electronic components that store instruction, data

and the result of processed data • Store three basic categories of items:

– The operating system and other system software – Application programs – Data being processed and the resulting information

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RAM - 1

• Each location in memory has an address: Group A - Group B• Memory Size is measured in Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte

….Etc.• Bit , Byte , Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte.• Computer Uses Binary System to store data which is 0 and 1• Measurement Categories:

– Bit = 2 number – 0 or 1– 1Byte = 8 bit– 1Kilobyte = 1024 bit– 1Megabyte = 1024 KB– 1GB= 1024 MB– 1TB = 1024 GB

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RAM -2

• It has three types of RAM:– DRAM - Dynamic RAM– SRAM - Static Ram– MRAM - Magneto Resistive RAM

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ROM

• Store data and instructions permanently • It is a none volatile memory• Does not lose contents when the power is turned off• There are five basic types of ROM :

– ROM - Read Only Memory– PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory– EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory– EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory– Flash EEPROM memory

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Ports

• Located on the back side of system unit• They are used to connect IO devices such as Printer, Projector• We have two classic types of ports: serial and parallel• Nowadays we have modern ports such as USB, Internet and

other ports

Parallel Port

Serial Port

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USB – Universal Serial Bus

• It is a new type of Port for connecting devices to computers• Used by new peripherals and devices such as: flash memory,

External Hard Disk, Digital Camera, Mouse and etc.• It is a preferable way for connecting new devices because the

devices are plug and play • We can connect over 127 devices with a single USB port by

using USB HUB

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Hard Disk

• It used to store data, programs and OS.• It has two types: HDD and SSD• HDD – Hard Disk Drive: contains magnetic cylinders to that

rotate in very high speed• SSD – Solid State Driver: it is a flash memory in the form of

hard disk which is very speed and needs less power than HDD

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Floppy Disk

• It is an external Disk for storing information • It is not in use anymore because of its less space• The Max Space of floppy is 200MB.

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Optical CD/DVD Drive

• Many Laptops and Desktops have a CD/DVD drive except Ultrabook laptops

• The drive can read and write data into CDs/DVDs• CD - Compact Disk: is a digital optical disc data storage to

store sounds, videos and other data.• DVD-Digital Video Disk: is a digital optical disc data storage to

store sounds, videos and other data. • DVD can hold over 20 times more data than CD.

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Computer Performance

• The following factors are affects Computer Performance – CPU Speed– RAM Size– Hard Disk Size and Speed– OS

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CPU Speed

• Computer speed measured by Giga Hertz (GHz)• GHz is the Speed of CPU • Means Operation per Second• Such as 2.8GHz 2.8 Billion Operation/ Instruction per second

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RAM Size

• Is another factor which affects Computer Performance• When you click on a program the OS loads that program into

memory to run• If the program is to large to fit into Memory the OS uses a

swap file located on the hard disk which is an extension of main memory

• That operation affects the speed of computer

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Hard Disk Size and Speed

• Hard disk Speed is another factor to affect Computer Performance

• Hard Disk Size does not affect Computer Performance• Read file form HDD is slower than Read file from SSD• The speed of SSD is better than HDDs Speed

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OS

• Operating System is another factor to affect computer performance

• The OS with bad/corrupt/buggy files definitely affects computer performance

• Think about computer with full viruses

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Computer Memory and Data Storage

• All Programs, Files, Reports, OS …etc. are stored in Hard Disk• Those files do not disappear when the computer turned of

because the are stored in permanent hard disk• The Hard disk uses magnetic properties• That properties does not need power to keep saved files• When you turned on the computer small program called BIOS

(basic input output system) start running on startup• BIOS resides on ROM and it checks important device

connected to the Computer such as Keyboard and Screen• If keyboard/screen are not connected you hear peeps

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Computer Memory and Data Storage - 1

• Then BIOS sets up the Computer like screen resolution, System Drive and any other devices connected to the computer

• When everything is ok so BIOS loads the OS Kernel • The kernel is the most important part of OS that controls

everything• The kernel is loaded into the first part of RAM• That part of RAM is reserved for OS Kernel only• When the kernel runs then it sets up the computer desktop.• The computer desktop includes important icons such as:

Computer, Recycle Bin…etc.• After that, the computer waits you to interact with the system

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Computer Memory and Data Storage-2

• When you click on Word Program• You ask OS to load it• Then OS loads a copy of Word into specific part of RAM • When the program runs it draws main window with bars such

title bar, menu bar, toolbar and main area to write on it• Then the word program asks OS to preserve a space for users

documents • When a user type in a document. The document is first

stored in RAM• Important HINT: when you want to write on word firstly save

you document into Hard Disk then try start writing on it.

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Turn ON Computer

BIOS Start Running On

Startup

ROM

Check Devices(Keyboard and Screen)

Not Connected PEEPS

ConnectedBIOS sets up the Computer

Screen Resolution, System Drive and other connected devices

BIOS loads Kernel into Specific space in RAM

Kernel loads Computer Desktop

Computer is Ready to interact with the

system

Click on Word Program >> OS loads a copy of word into RAM

Word is loaded with bars such as Title, Menu…etc.

When you type in word the document temporary save in RAM please Save it in Hard Disk to Permanent Save to avoid losing data

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Memory Measurement Units

• The smallest unit of data in computer called BIT• Each bit can be one(ON) or zero(OFF)• 8Bit grouped in a Byte• In modern systems we have integer which stores 4bytes =

32bits• Now a new computer generations with 64bit appear in the

market• 64Bit means CPU can process 64 billion bits of data per Second• The data is combination of zero and one which is a binary

system• Combination of zero and one = one character 01=A

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Memory Measurement Units - 1

• ASCII (American Standard Coding Information Interchange) used in computers to represent data – numbers, characters and symbols

• ASCII is OK for English Language • UNICODE for other languages• The binary system also used to measure the size of main

memory such as byte kilobyte….etc.

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IO Devices

• Input and Output devices are used to interact with the computer through send and receive data from the computer

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Input Devices

• Keyboard is a standard input device because is the main medium for typing in data

• Standard Keyboard has been divided into three parts main keys for character typing, numeric keys and function keys

• Function keys used for (Help, renaming, searching… etc.)

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Mouse

• This device is first shipped with computer operating system windows

• This is an essential device that users rely on for interacting with windows and other programs

• Mouse functions: click, double click, scroll and drag• Mouse functions makes easy to learn new programs• Tracker Ball like mouse is used in Graphical Programs

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The Microphone

• This is used for sound input such as in chatting, voice command and other programs

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Web Cam

• This is used for taking users photo, video and inputting them into computer such as in Chatting, Camera programs

• Some time it needs drivers to correctly work in computer

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Scanner

• It is used to copy documents on papers into digital form that are saved on the computer

• Touch Pad: every laptops have touchpad that works like mouse

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The Light Pen

• The light pen is used for hand writing and drawing on the screen

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Output Devices• Monitor is the most common device for outputting information • Monitor is called a standard output device• Today the most used monitor are based on liquid crystal display LCD• The oldest version of Monitor is CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes) much

heavier and take more space• The screen is made up from dots called PIXEL which are used for

drawing characters and images• More pixel on screen means higher resolution and clear picture• The resolution of the screen is measured by pixel such as 100X100• The monitor size is measured by inch like 10 inch, 17 inch and so on

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LCD and CRT Screen

LCD CRT

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Speaker

• The most used device for output in the speakers• It is used for hear video and audio• Most Laptops come with build-in speakers

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Printer• The printer is the most common output device which is used to print

documents and pictures on papers• It has two types Dot Matrix , Inkjet and Laser painters• Dot Matrix: was used during 70s and 80s, it used ink to draw letters line by line • Inkjet: this printer produced in 80s by HP company and Canon.• Inkjet: is became first choice to replace Dot Matrix because its price, easy use

and extra accuracy that makes 300 dots per inch• Laser: the first company to produce this type of printer is XEROX in the 1977• Laser: is the largest and the most expensive of all types• HP started producing small size of this printer in 80s• Laser: used laser to draw to draw exact texts and images on the paper• Laster: It is the fastest one and has the highest printing resolution • HINT: all Printer needs drivers to correctly work with computers

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Dot Matrix, Inkjet and Laser Printer

Dot Matrix

Inkjet

Laser

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Plotter

• Like printer is used for print data on paper• The paper which used in platter has big size • It is used to print maps and posters

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Thanks for Consideration

Any Questions????????????

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Conclusion

• The mostly parts of Computer Hardware have been explained in this lecture

• Many parts have been showed used images with texts too such as Speaker, Motherboard…etc.

• The software part of the computer will be here too soon

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References

• Discovering Computers 2012 (Shelly Cashman)• Computer Skills from University of ISRA-Jorde

n• Google images for hardware image• http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_x86_manufacturers

• http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/homepage.html

• http://www.amd.com/en-gb