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Chapter 14 Acids and Bases

14.1

Acids and Bases

Red ants inject formic acid under the skin, which causes burning and irritation.

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Acids

Arrhenius acids • produce H+ ions in water

H2OHCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl (aq)

• are electrolytes• have a sour taste • turn litmus red• neutralize bases

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Names of Acids• Acids that produce H+ and a simple nonmetal

ion in water are named with the prefix hydro and end with ic acid.

HCl hydrochloric acid

HBr hydrobromic acid• The acid HCN that produces H+ and the simple

polyatomic ion CN is also named with hydro.

HCN hydrocyanic acid

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Oxyacids of Nitrogen and Sulfur

Nitrogen and sulfur each form two oxyacids (acids with polyatomic atoms with oxygen) that are named by changing the end of the

• polyatomic ion ate to ic acid (common form)• polyatomic ion ite to ous acid

NO3− nitrate ion HNO3 nitric acid

NO2− nitrite ion HNO2 nitrous acid

SO42− sulfate ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid

SO32− sulfite ion H2SO3 sulfurous acid

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Acids of Halogens with Oxygen

Two oxyacids of the halogens in Group 7A(17) are named by changing the end of the common form

• of ate to ic acid (common form)

ClO3− chlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid

• of ite to ous acid

ClO2− chlorite ion HClO2 chlorous acid

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Prefixes of Oxyacids of HalogensTwo other oxyacids of halogen use prefixes.• An acid with one oxygen more than the ic acid

is named with the prefix per

HClO3 chloric acid

HClO4 perchloric acid

• An acid with one oxygen less than the ous acid is named with the prefix hypo

HClO2 chlorous acid

HClO hypochlorous acid

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Some Acids and Their Anions

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Select the correct name for each. A. HBr 1) bromic acid

2) bromous acid 3) hydrobromic acid

B. H2CO3 1) carbonic acid2) hydrocarbonic acid3) carbonous acid

C. HBrO 1) hypobromic acid2) hypobromous acid3) bromous acid

Learning Check

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A. HBr 3) hydrobromic acidThe name of an acid with H and one nonmetal uses the prefix hydro and ends with ic acid.

B. H2CO3 1) carbonic acidAn acid with H and a polyatomic ion is named by changing the end of the ion’s name from ate ion to ic acid.

C. HBrO 2) hypobromous acidA halogen oxyacid with one oxygen less than the ous acid is named by adding the prefix hypo.

Solution

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Carboxylic Acids

A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group: a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbonyl group (C=O).

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Red ants inject formic acid under the skin, which causes burning and irritation.

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Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids

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Naming Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are named

• in IUPAC by replacing the e in the alkane name with oic acid

• as common names by using prefixes: form, acet, propion, and butyr

H─COOH methanoic acid formic acid

CH3─COOH ethanoic acid acetic acid

CH3─CH2─COOH propanoic acid propionic acid

CH3─CH2─CH2─COOH butanoic acid butyric acid

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Example of Naming Carboxylic Acids

State the IUPAC and common names of thefollowing:

CH3—CH2—CH2—COOH

4 3 2 1

IUPAC name butanoic acid

Common name butryic acid

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Learning Check

Give IUPAC and common names for each of the following:

A. CH3─COOH

B. CH3─CH2─COOH

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Solution

A. CH3─COOH

IUPAC name ethanoic acid

Common name acetic acid

B. CH3─CH2─COOH

IUPAC name propanoic acid

Common name propionic acid

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Bases

Arrhenius bases • produce OH− ions in

water• taste bitter or chalky• are electrolytes• feel soapy and

slippery• neutralize acids

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Some Common Bases

• A base with OH ions is named as the hydroxide of the metal in the formula.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide

Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

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Match each of the following formulas with its correct name:

A. ___HNO2 1) periodic acid

B. ___Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid

C. ___H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide

D. ___HIO4 4) nitrous acid

E. ___NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide

Learning Check

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A. 4) HNO2 nitrous acid

B. 5) Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide

C. 2) H2SO4 sulfuric acid

D. 1) HIO4 periodic acid

E. 3) NaOH sodium hydroxide

Solution

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Identify each of the following as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base.

__ 1. has a sour taste

__ 2. produces OH in aqueous solutions

__ 3. has a chalky taste

__ 4. is an electrolyte

__ 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions

Learning Check

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Identify each as a characteristic of an

A) acid or B) base.

A) 1. has a sour taste

B) 2. produces OH in aqueous solutions

B) 3. has a chalky taste

A), B) 4. is an electrolyte

A) 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions

Solution