baseline study report · 2014-04-07 · akrsp (i) agakhan rural support programme, india apl above...

BASELINE STUDY REPORT

April 2010

Prepared By: Centre For Integrated Development ( C f I D )

Ahmedabad, India www.cfid.org.in

CONTENT

Chapter Page No.

1 Background 1

2 About the Project Area 3

3 About the Study 5

4 Major Findings of Study 7

5 Conclusion and Recommendations 18

6 Annexures 20-45

Annexure 1 Details of Study Villages 20

Annexure 2 Sample Details for Questionnaire Study 41

Annexure 3 Household Level Questionnaire Format 42

ABBREVIATIONS

AKRSP (I) Agakhan Rural Support Programme, india APL Above Poverty Line BPL Below Poverty Line

CSPC Coastal Salinity Prevention Cell ENV-DAS ENV Development Assistance System (India) Pvt. Ltd.

HH Household IEC Information Education Communication KVY kharash Vistrotthan Yojana LPCD Litres Per Capita Per Day OBC Ordinary Backward Class GE General Electronics RO Reverse Osmosis

SAVA Saurashtra Voluntary Actions SC Scheduled Caste

SHG Self Help Group SRTT Sir Ratan Tata Trust ST Schedules Tribe

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

LIST OF CHARTS & TABLES

Chart 1 Average Annual Household Income 7

Chart 2 Housing Condition 8

Chart 3 Household Drinking Water Source 9

Chart 4 Daily Time Spend by Household on Drinking Water 10

Chart 5 Household Yearly Expense on Drinking Water 11

Chart 6 Reason for non-usage of Household Toilet 12

Chart 7 Major Disease Pattern 14

Chart 8 Health Expenses 14

Chart 9 Community Awareness on functioning of Pani Samiti 16

Table 1 List of Project Villages 4

Table 2 Major Study Parameters for Baseline Study 6

Table 3 Village wise Annual Household Income Status 8

Table 4 Village wise Housing Status 8

Table 5 Village wise Drinking Water Source 9

Table 6 Village wise Daily time spent for fetching water 10

Table 7 Village wise Yearly Expense for Fetching Drinking Water 11

Table 8 Village wise Toilet Availability 12

Table 9 Village Wise Personal Hygiene Condition 13

Table 10 Village wise Yearly Expense on Health 15

Table 11 Village wise Willingness to Pay for Potable Water 17

Prepared By: Centre For Integrate development, Ahmedabad 1

1. BACKGROUND

About the Project Coastal Salinity is a complex issue and a creeping phenomenon affecting life and livelihood of local communities near coastal areas of Gujarat. In recognition of the complexity and the multi-faceted nature of the problem, it was felt that an effective solution is required through joint efforts of both, government and civil society organizations, which would be possible through an umbrella organization. Consequently, in February 2005, the Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) operationalized a three year project to set up the Coastal Salinity Prevention Cell (CSPC), Ahmedabad to develop knowledge bank related to salinity issues in Gujarat, network and develop linkages with the government and other agencies; pilot area specific innovations and community approaches for addressing salinity related issues; and function as the nodal agency for kharash Vistrotthan Yojana (KVY). CSPC has put in efforts to network and collaborate with different institutions in salinity affected villages and providing inputs for programme enhancement. CSPC has also put in efforts for idea incubation, by implementing small pilot programmes to assess viability of various technological options, viz. Farm Pond Model, Aquaculture in Saline Areas, Salinity Tolerant Horticulture Crops, Dew Harvesting Systems, etc. State level linkages have also been established by synergizing efforts for providing drinking water in the coastal villages.

As a part of salinity prevention initiative, TATA – GE (General Electronics) collaborative project initiated a special drinking water and sanitation project for addressing drinking water and sanitation issues in coastal blocks of in Porbandar and Junagadh district. The project currently covers 8 villages of Ghed region which has extensive water quality problem due to high levels of ground water salinity as well as low hygiene and sanitation conditions. The drinking water issues will be addressed through the adoption of appropriate technological solutions, namely Reverse Osmosis (RO) processes. The sanitation issues would be addressed through sensitization of community for safe sanitation and hygiene practices and construction of household level toilets and demonstration of other facilities like smokeless chullahs, biogas plant etc.

The project will promote a public-private partnership for management of drinking water services in rural areas.

The Collaboration The project is a collaborative of SRTT with General Electric (GE). GE will provide the technical backbone for the establishment of water supply systems in the identified problem villages. Socio engineering and implementation of the programme activities are carried out through locally based support organizations – namely AKRSP(I) in Junagadh District and Saurashtra Voluntary Actions (SAVA) in Porbandar district. The overall project management, facilitation and monitoring of the programme activities will be carried out by CSPC, with the technical backstopping support from ENV-DAS, Lucknow.


Major scope of the Project: The project will currently cover 8 villages across Mangrol block of Junagadh district and Porbandar block of Porbandar district. A total of about 5000 households (app. 25,000 beneficiaries) would be covered across 8 villages. The major activities planned in each village are: • Community level capacity building initiatives for construction, operation and

maintenance of the RO based drinking water supply units; • Training and capacity building inputs for enhancing the Knowledge, Attitude and

Practices related to safe sanitation and making all the villages Open Defecation Free villages;

• Comprehensive village level drinking water storage and supply network; • Construction of individual HH level sanitation units, compost pits, soak pits, biogas

/ NADEP units / smokeless chullahs Major expected outcome of the project are: • Improved access to drinking and domestic water needs through provision of treated

potable water. Currently it is planned to provide the village with atleast 20 lpcd to about 60 lpcd, and extended as per demand and success of the model.

• Substantial reduction in drudgery and time of women for fetching domestic water. • 100% individual household toilet coverage as against merely average 15% coverage • Promotion of improved hygiene and sanitation practices like appropriate hand

washing practices, daily bathing practices, appropriate domestic waste disposal system and improvement in health and environmental conditions


Porbandar District

Junagadh District

Study Area in

Ghed Region

2. ABOUT THE PROJECT AREA Ghed region is a coastal area bordering the districts of Porbandar and Junagadh in Gujarat. The region is a natural depression with extensive salinity ingress and prone to floods. The 8 project villages (as listed in table 1) fall under Mangrol block of Junagadh District and Porbandar block of Porbandar districts.

The study villages in Porbandar block comprise of loamy and sandy soil with good percolation capacity and inherent salinity in ground water. The ground water table is the region is high, about 30 feet average. Issues of high fluoride and nitrates are seen in some pockets of the region. The

soil in the study villages in Mangrol block comprise of limestone and clay with high water table at about 30 feet average. These villages have extensive ground water

Porbandar Block

Mangrol Block

MiyaniSrinagar

Mander

Mul Madhavpur Divarana

SHilLohej

MaktupurPorbandar DistrictJunagadh DistrictStudy Blocks

Study Villages

Arabian Sea


salinity along with issues of high nitrates and fluoride in the ground water. Most of the drinking water in Ghed region is currently managed through external piped supply or tankered supply from far away distances. Availability of fresh and potable drinking and domestic water is a major concern in the Ghed region, which is in turn affecting the socio-economic conditions for the community.

Table 1. List of Project Villages1 Mangrol Block, Junagadh 1 Divrana 2 Maktupur 3 Shil 4 Lohej Porbandar Block, Porbandar 1 Miyani 2 Shreenagar 3 Mul Madhavpur 4 Mander

1 Details of study villages as per annexure 1


3. ABOUT THE STUDY

In order to evaluate the process and impact of the programme it in envisaged to undertake three separate studies during the project duration. This includes: • Baseline study at commencement of project to evaluate the current condition

related to water and sanitation in the village and small socio-economic willingness of community for adoption of the programme

• Interim study to evaluate the process of the programme , technological and social acceptance of the RO (Reverse Osmosis) plant and sanitation activities, operation and maintenance of the established system

• Final evaluation report at the end of programme to study in depth the impact of the programme on socio-economic conditions and behavioural changes of the community and over all impact on environment.

Baseline Study Coverage and Methodology The following methodology is adopted for the baseline study

1. Desk Study 2. Evolving framework , parameters and indicators for study 3. Understanding of existing program and collection of primary data- Consultation

with CSPC and local support organization 4. Field Study/ Primary Data Collection 5. Field study comprises of questionnaire studies, structured interviews, PRA and

focus group discussions specifically with Paani Samiti and SHGs. 6. 502 households across 8 villages were taken up for questionnaire studies (10% of

total households in each village). Stratified Random Sampling covering various income groups, gender, occupation, social structure etc was used for sampling of households for study. Sampling is done so as to cover each lane (Sheri) of the village. Sampling is done in accordance with local support organizations, Panchayat and Pani Samiti. 2

7. Secondary Data Collection: Studies undertaken by implementing organizations, baseline reports and various other reports generated by CSPC and implementing organizations, data from registers in schools, PHC/medial practitioners, etc. The population data is collected from Panchayat as per current status. Literacy data is based on census of India 2001.

8. Data Analysis 9. Preparation of Report

2 (Details of sample data is attached as per annexure 2)


Parameter for baseline Study3

Table 2. Major Study Parameter for Baseline Study Economic Major occupation & Annual family income, income group

(APL/BPL), Housing condition

Location and condition of house

Condition of water

Source, quality, filtration methods used, time spent on fetching water, money spent on water

Sanitation Condition

Availability of toilet and bathing unit facility availability of sufficiency of water for sanitation, current sanitation condition, environmental condition surrounding house, waste disposal system,

Hygiene condition

Hand washing frequency and material,, bathing frequency, personal hygiene condition,

Behavioral aspects

Willingness to pay for basic services, willingness to adopt better hygiene practices and style changes, willingness to participate in developmental works

Social Aspects Role in household members fetching water, role of women in decision making, participation on collective works like trainings etc. Formation of Pani Samiti, SHGs etc in village, drudgery of women specifically related to water

Health aspects Major disease pattern and frequency, water and air borne diseases Education condition of children

Regular school attendance of children, drop out ratio, education problems due to water issues

Environmental Over all village environment, waste management and cleanliness Project Details Technical and economic aspects ( size, coverage, cost/unit) ,

operation and maintenance of assets to be created, institutional structure at village level for implementation and monitoring of projects, awareness of project amongst community, IEC material and approach of local institution in awareness generation, community contribution pattern

3 Detailed Questionnaire for household and village level for baseline study is attached as per annexure 3


Chart 1. Average Annual HH Income

0

50

100

150

200

250

<5000 5000-10000

10000-30000

30000-60000

60000-100000

>100000

Income Range (Rs.)

No.

of H

H

4. MAJOR FINDINGS OF STUDY The major issues in the project villages revolves around availability of safe and potable water for drinking, domestic and livelihood generation. The issues of water has affected livelihood specifically farm based and animal rearing based livelihood in the region. Lack of potable water seems to govern the sanitation combined with low awareness on personal hygienic and sanitation resulting in adverse impact on health conditions and cleanliness in the villages. Following are the major findings of the baseline study: A. Demographic details and household pattern • The population in the study villages range from 1200- 4000, with Shil and

MulMadhavpar with exceptional high population of 8000 and 18000 respectively. • 65% of the household

surveyed have average family size of more than 4 members, about 28% HH have family size lower than 4 persons and about 7% HH have family size more than 10 persons.

• 71% of households have 2 or less children. There are very few disabled person in the surveyed villages. Disabled were found in only 6% of the HH.

• 69% of the HH falls under OBC, 18.5% are ST, 4% are under Bakshipanch, 1.3% are SC and remaining fall under other category.

• 37% of households surveyed fall under Below Poverty Line (BPL). Majority of households have average family income of Rs. 10,000-30,000. Chart 3 depicts annual income of the surveyed households.

• The pattern of income is more or less same across the villages in Porbandar block, with majority families falling under category of Rs. 5000-30000/annum, while none of the families high income range (> Rs. 60000/annum). Refer table 1

• The income pattern however in Mangrol block is erratic. It is evident from the survey that a major household, about 13% of HH have family income more than Rs. 60000/annum specifically in Shil village of Mangrol block. While the pattern in Lohej shows two inverse patterns, about 20% families having income as low as Rs. 5000, while 21% have income more than Rs. 60000/annum. Moreover, In Divrana and Maktupur, all the households have income les than Rs. 30000/year


Chart 2. Housing Condition

Kutcha45%Pucca

55%

Table 3. Village wise Annual Household Income Status ( % of Households)

Annual HH Income Range

(Rs.)

Porbandar Block Mangrol Block

Miyani Shreenagar Mul Madhavpur

Mander Divrana Maktupur Shil Lohej

<5000 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 20

5000-30000 64 60 95 94 97 98 50 11

30000-60000 34 40 8 6 0 0 37 66

>60000 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 21

Housing Condition • About 97% houses fall into core

village area. A small portion was found in the farm area, away from main village habitation mainly in Shil and Lohej villages of Mangrol block

• Only 55% of families have pucca structure for housing, remaining 45% live in temporary/kutcha. The housing condition of the study households is stated as per chart 2.

• The pattern of housing is similar across both the study blocks, with Divrana village having higher rate of Pucca houses. Refer table 4 for details

Table 4. Village wise Housing Status ( % of Households)

Condition of House


Miyani Shreenagar Mul Madhavpur


Pucca 64 70 42 59 87 47 61 47 Kutcha/ Temporary/ Semi Pucca

36 30 58 41 13 53 39 53

B. Livelihood pattern The major occupation in the study villages comprise of agriculture, labour work, animal husbandary and service/job. In all the villages, animal husbandary activities seem declining due to drinking water quality problems. About 25% of HH purely depend on agriculture, 54% depend only on general labour work, 3% depend on jobs/service, 8% depend on small-medium business. While there are only 2% HH depend only on animal husbandary. Remaining HH carry out combination of these occupations as per work availability and seasons.


Chart 3. HH Drinking Water Source

Open well49%

HH tap5%

Hand pump8%

Borewell1%

Tanker12%

Combination and dother

25%

C. Water Scenario

Water Source and Quality • Ground water is adequately

available in all villages, but the quality of groundwater is a major concern in all the villages mainly due to high fluoride, chlorine and TDS contents. Excess nitrates are also found in Lohej and Divrana villages of Mangrol Block. The ground water table is generally high ranging from availability of water from 10 feet – 40 feet. The major water resources in all the villages are open well and village pond. Surface water is available in all the village for about 8-10 months. Tube wells are not much in use in any of the villages due to excessive salinity. There is no major river or rural regional water supply scheme in the region.

• Major drinking water sources are hand pumps, open wells and tankered supply from GWSSB and other private suppliers. Household tap water connections are limited to merely 5%. However large amount of households in Shreenagar and Divrana villages depend mainly on HH tap connection supply. Villages like Miyani and Lohej have dpend mainly on tinkered supply, with about 50% household depending on tankers as only source of drinking water. Refer table 5 for village wise drinking water source.

• Rain water through rain water harvesting is a supplementary source of drinking water for some families. About 25% families have RRRWH system in their houses. More than 50% of families in Lohej and Miyani villages have RRWH system at household level.

Table 5. Village wise Drinking Water Source ( % of Households) Source Porbandar Block Mangrol Block

Miyani Shree nagar

Mul Madhavpur


HH tap 3 20 3 3 31 0 1 0 Tanker 49 0 0 4 0 2 1 51

Bore well 7 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Open well 10 25 50 72 0 39 40 17

Hand pump 2 0 22 0 0 5 17 2 Other Source

or combination of sources

30 55 24 19 69 55 41 30

Type of other source

Other village Stand

post Stand post

RRWH as supplementary

source 56 25 6 18 3 14 28 66


HH

HH

HH

050

100150

200250

300

0 0.5-1 >1

Time (Hrs.)

Chart 4. Daily Time spend by HH on Fetching Water

Water Availability & Fetching • Due to limited

drinking water sources and lower household tapped connection, community has to spend higher time on fetching and filling water. More than 57% of HH spend atleast 0.5-1 hours to fetch water daily. Chart 4 reveals the time spend by HH on fetching water. Only 17% of total HH mainly from Miyani , Divrana and Maktupur do not spend time on fetching water throughout the year, mainly because they either have HH tap connection or use hand pump or stored rain water. Table 6 indicates the time spent by households in study villages for fetching water season wise. It seems that the villages in Porbandar block spent more time in fetching water compared to those in Mangrol block. Miyani specifically has high number of households, about 49% who spent more than 1 hour on fetching water daily. Even other villages across Porbandar have high proportion of households who spend more than an hour for fetching water. On the other hand villages in Mangrol block have lower percentage of families spending more than 1 hour for fetching water and condition improves drastically during monsoon. Divrana is an exceptional village having 100% household tap connection and none of the families spent time on fetching water. The

Table 6. Village wise Daily time spent for fetching water (% of household) Village In Summer In Winter In Monsoon No time

spent throughout the year

Porbandar Block Hours 0 0.5-1 >1 0 0.5-1 >1 0 0.5-1 >1

Miyani 30 21 49 30 30 41 30 51 20 30

Shreenagar 5 70 25 5 80 15 5 85 10 5

Mul Madhavpur 3 69 28 3 82 15 3 81 17 3

Mander 12 51 37 12 68 20 12 81 7 12

Mangrol Block Divrana 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100

Maktupur 16 75 9 16 75 9 16 75 9 16

Shil 6 55 39 6 91 3 6 92 2 6

Lohej 0 72 28 0 96 4 0 98 2 0


Chart 5. HH Yearly Expense on Drinking Water

74%

14%

11% 1%

0 1000 1001-5000 >5000

• In majority of families, women are involved in fetching of water at household level. About 71% HH reveal that women play major role in water storage and fetching, while in remaining families adolescent girl/boy/men get involved.

• Only about 25.4% of total households use roof top rain water harvesting system, which suffices drinking water needs of their families for about 8-10 months. More than 66% of HH having RRWH have to fill their storage tanks more than once in a year for meeting their drinking water needs.

• The families living in farm areas, away from main village habitation depend merely on external tanker supply and open well for drinking purposes.

• General perception of community reveal that there are no major issues on colour, odour and taste of drinking water in all the villages as they are currently met mainly through identified good sources or through external tanker supply. But this water is not sufficient for meeting their drinking, cooking and other domestic water needs. Other domestic needs are met through local ground or surface water sources. Water test reports of open wells in the villages reveal high percentage of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) in all the villages. High fluoride, nitrate and chlorine are also found in few villages.

• About 25% of the families spend money on fetching water mainly through external tankers. The expenses on fetching drinking water on tankers range from Rs. 1000- 20,000 and more per family in the entire year. Chart 5 gives a glimpse of yearly expenses borne by families on fetching drinking water. No family in any of the 8 villages were found to pay water tax nor spend on purchase of water bottles.

• Table 7 ahead indicates the spending pattern across villages for fetching drinking water, mainly through tankered supply. Majority of families in both blocks spend less than Rs. 1000/year for fetching drinking water, mainly through tankers, with Lohej exceptionally having about 21% families and Miyani with 52% families spending more than Rs. 1000/year for tinkered supply.

Table 7. Village wise Yearly Expense for Fetching Drinking Water (% of HH ) (Mainly On tankers )

Yearly Exp. (Rs.)


Miyani Shree nagar

Mul Madhavpur


0 28 100 98 70 100 88 85 32 Upto Rs. 1000 20 0 0 27 0 6 9 47

> Rs. 1000 52 0 3 3 0 6 6 21


Chart 6. Reason for Non-Usage of HH Toilet

No money56%

No water41%

No space2%

Not willing1%

D. Sanitation , waste management and other amenities • The condition of sanitation is poor across all the villages. About 35% of the HH still

do not use household level toilets or bathing unit and go for open defecation either near house, in fields, forest area or in open areas outside village or near village pond. But these HH do have some temporary bathing unit at household level. None of the households go out of their house for bathing purpose. Table 6 indicates the household level sanitation availability village wise across both the study blocks. The availability of household level sanitation facility seems better in Mangrol block, with Divrana village having 100% of surveyed households with sanitation facility at household level. The condition of household sanitation is low in Miyani and Shreenagar villages across Porbandar.

• The major reason for non-usage of toilet units amongst these families are non-

availability of toilet unit due to lack of funds or non-availability of adequate water. Few families even face space constraint for toilet construction.

• There are either no community sanitation units in the villages or they are not functional and not used either due to water problems or due to low maintenance.

• Women face major constraint due to non-availability of HH toilet unit. 50% of women who do not have HH toilet facility, go for defecation in evenings. Women feel shy and get tired due to long walks for defecation.

• The entire households not having HH toilet unit have shown willingness to construct toilet unit expect 1 HH who is not willing to cultivate new habit. However only 37 households (21%) are willing to contribute cash for it and 64 (36%) have shown willingness for labour contribution. About 31% have shown no willingness for contribution of any kind. Majority of the HH want to construct the toilet in order to avail benefit of scheme while 24% wish to construct toilet for nearness of facility and very few for privacy.

• All the HH having toilet facility have soak pits for waste disposal. However kitchen and other domestic waste water is disposed mainly on roads or diverted to small soak pits near the house in all the villages.

Table 8. Village wise Toilet Availability (% of HH ) Porbandar Block Mangrol Block

Miyani Shree nagar

Mul Madhavpur


33 15 70 53 100 69 78 79


• There is no specific system for solid waste disposal in any of the villages. The waste is disposed in open at specified corners or in streets, which is left open and create nuisance specifically during monsoon. Some of the waste is taken away by local farmers for converting into manure, remaining is left open. Filthy condition due to waste disposal and water spillage is seen near 8% of the surveyed houses

• Sanitation Tax is paid by 98% of HH. • Other amenities like Smokeless Chullahs and bio gas plants are not seen in any of

the households across all the villages. Majority of the community still use wood for cooking.

E. Personal Hygiene and Behavioral Aspects • TATA-GE project has been useful in generating awareness on personal hygiene.

Community has realized importance of personal hygiene, but has not yet put it into practice.

• About 5.7% HH have not cultivated hand washing practice at all. Lower hand washing practices are seen mainly in villages across Porbandar block ( refer Table 9 for villages wise personal hygiene condition)

• Of those, who have cultivated hand washing practices, 95% HH still utilize only water for hand washing. Only about 3.17% families use soap for hand washing. The condition is more or less same across both the study block

• Daily frequency of bathing is not seen in most of the villages. These habits are seen in men, women and children. Average daily bathing practices are found in only 23% of HH during monsoon, only 2% in winter and 5% in summer. The condition is similar in all villages, except Miyani and Loyaj. The major reason for non-bathing as stated by community is low availability of water. However, this is contradictory as surface water is available in all the villages for at least 8-10 months in a year and ground water table being high, hand pumps are also functional round the year. Though quality of water is poor, daily bathing cannot be simply attributed to water issues. Cultivation of habit should also be looked upon.

Table 9. Village Wise Personal Hygiene Condition (% of HH)

No hand washing

Hand washing with only

water

Low Frequency of bathing in monsoon

( less than 7 times a week)

Low water availability as reason

for low bathing

Men Women Children Porbandar Block

Srinagar 10 100 65 65 65 55 Mander 9 100 96 99 96 94 Miyani 7 91 21 48 56 57

Mulmadhavpar 20 100 100 100 100 100 Mangrol Block

Divrana 0 100 92 92 90 100 Maktupur 0 98 100 100 100 95

Loyaj 0 83 34 34 30 28 Shil 0 91 61 57 50 57


Chart 7. Major Disease Pattern

Cho

lera

Kid

ney

Ston

e

Skin

Dis

orde

r

Join

t Pai

n

Dig

estiv

e Pr

oble

ms

Pro

blem

s re

late

d to

fetc

hing

w

ater

Cou

gh/c

old

Flu/

Influ

enza

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Disease Type

% o

f fam

ilies

affe

cted

Chart 8. Expenses on Health

% of HH, 67%

% of HH, 16% % of HH, 17%

< Rs. 1000 Rs. 1000-5000 > Rs. 5000

• Household water treatment is done in about 96% of houses. However, boiling or disinfecting of water is not very prevalent at household level. Only about 3.8% of HH use chlorine as an additional treatment option, mainly during monsoon. Remaining simply filter water with cloth/sieve.

• The water utensils are clean and kept on raised platform by about 86% of HH. However 82.6% HH still do not use proper utensil for fetching water from water pots. Other personal hygiene practices like daily teeth brushing, house cleaning, covering of food items are seen practiced by all the HH across all the villages.

F. Health Condition Over all health issues in village are mainly water and vector borne. • All the families suffer Viral

infection/Flu at least once a year.

• Household from 16.5% families suffer from cholera once a year. Children are more susceptible to cholera.

• Kidney stone is seen in about 18% of HH. Men are seen more susceptible to kidney problems.

• Skin disorders are seen only in about 10% of families. However, skin issues are found in about 15% of HH in specific area of Miyani village.

• Cough and cold is a frequent phenomenon affecting 100% of the population at least once a year.

• Joint pain is seen in most of the villages. Joint pain/ Arthritis / Rheumatism is seen in 31% of HH. The occurrence of joint problems is very high in Divrana. 80% of HH in Divrana suffer from joint pain. The fluoride content in current drinking water source is found high (as per water test report).

• Digestive and stomach problems are seen is 26.4% HH. The problem is relatively high in Miyani with 60% of families suffering with the problem.

• Women in about 58% HH complain of health problems due to fetching of water like tiredness, dehydration and back pain.


• Women in all the households complain of eye burning due to use of wood as cooking fuel.

• About 31% households consult doctor for more than 6 times in a year. The frequency of health problems and consultation with doctor is found more in children and women.

• On an average men and women in 11% of families waste more than 15 days in a year against health issues. Proportion of children suffering health issues for more than 15 day in a year is relatively low.

• About 67% of the HH pay Rs. 1000-5000 per year on health. High proportion, about 16% pay more than Rs. 5000 per year on health/medicines.

• Table 10 indicates the pattern of spending across study villages on health and medicines.

• It seems that there is relatively higher proportion of HH in Miyani and Shreenagar villages in Porbandar spending more than Rs. 5000 per year on health and medicines. While majority of households in Divrana and Mulmadhavpur pay less than Rs. 5000 per year on medical services.

G. Education Condition The infrastructure for primary and secondary education is available in all the villages. College for PTC/B.Ed. is available near Lohej. All the children attend school regularly. The literacy ratio of the study villages range from 55-70%. The drop out rate of children in almost nil. Even girls are regular and competitive in studies. Children in about 2% of families currently are not attending school mainly for income generation and have left primary education. H. Status, awareness and Social Process for TATA-GE project • The social processes like conducting Gramsabhas, appointment of Pani Samiti for

the project and formalization of contract between local institutions and village is completed in all the villages. The technical feasibility and design in all 8 villages is complete. The shed for installation of RO plant is complete in 8 villages, but the system is not yet installed in any of the villages. Collection of monetary contribution for the project is almost complete in all the villages. Sanitation and other activities have not yet commenced in most of the villages.

Table 10. Village wise Yearly Expense on Health (% of HH ) Yearly Exp.

(Rs.) Porbandar Block Mangrol Block

Miyani Shree nagar

Mul Madhavp

ur

Mander

Divrana

Maktupur

Shil Lohej

< 1000 3 0 13 32 0 30 16 21 1000- 5000 43 55 88 62 100 69 64 55

> 5000 54 45 0 6 0 2 20 23


Chart 9. Community Awareness on functioning of Pani Samiti

Lohe

j

Shi

l

Mak

tupu

r

Div

rana

Miy

ani

Shr

eena

gar

Man

der

Mul

mad

havp

ur

0102030405060708090

100

% o

f HH

Porbandar BLock Mangrol BLock

• The RO plants are designed to provide average 30-60 lpcd across 8 villages, which seems sufficient to current drinking, cooking, cattle and other domestic needs. The waste water from RO plant is designed to be either diverted to sea through pipelines or utilized for specific crop cultivation in the respective villages.

• All the households seem to be aware of the project in their villages, but most of them are not aware of the cost, capacity and operational economics of the plant. Even the support organizations are not confident about the economics of the operation and maintenance of the plant due to increase and changes in estimated cost during actual design of RO plant.

• About 64.7 % of surveyed households have attended the meeting related to the project and are aware of the usefulness of RO plant.

• About 99 % of surveyed households are aware of existence of Pani Samiti, and 88% HH are aware of functioning / works of the Samiti. The awareness on existence and functioning of Pani Samiti seems low in Miyani, Shil, Lohej and Shreenagar villages.

• All the households across 8 villages will benefit from the RO plants. All the households have shown willingness to pay for availing water services. About 90% of households are willing to pay Rs. 30-50/month/family. About 45% of households are willing to pay Rs. 0.2 or more per litre of treated water, while 39% have shown affordability of Rs. 0.1/litre. The

Table 11. Village wise Willingness to Pay for Potable Water (% of HH ) Porbandar Block Mangrol Block

Rs. Miyani Shree nagar

Mul Madhavp

ur

Mander

Divrana

Maktupur

Shil Lohej

Rs./month/HH Upto 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 210-29 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 9630-49 16 30 0 50 0 0 64 2≥ 50 82 55 100 50 100 100 36 0

Rs. /litre

< 0.2 74 85 88 93 0 73 0 60.2-0.4 10 10 13 7 100 27 100 94

>0.4 16 5 0 0 0 0 0 0


financial feasibility as per current proposal in the villages range from Rs. 0.05- 0.4/litre, which indicates financial viability of function of the RO plants. Village wise household affordability for potable water is listed as per table 8. More than 80% of families in Miyani, Mulmadhavpur, Divrana and Maktupur villages have shown their willingness to pay for potable water to about Rs. 50 or more per month per family. Most of the villages in Mangrol have shown their willingness to pay Rs. 0.2-0.4/litre for potable water. However the willingness/affordability for paying is comparatively low in villages across Porbandar, with majority willing to pay for less than Rs. 0.2/litres

• IEC materials have been circulated in all the 8 villages by the local organizations at household level in form of booklets and at community places in form of posters. Gram sabhas have been conducted in 7 villages except Shil for spreading words on the project. In Shil, Pani Samiti has taken lead in conducting Falia level meetings for spreading awareness. IEC materials and awareness trainings have been useful in spreading over all concepts of project, RO system, hygiene and sanitation practices.

• Operation and Maintenance structure for RO plant and water tariff is not yet finalized in any of the village.

• Role of women in all the villages in simply in the form of consent. Women are not actively involved in decision making process for general development works and even for the TATA-GE project. Women in only 15% of survey families are involved in decision making for works related to water. They are involved in some software activities like training of community, awareness generation, but they are not aware of the technicalities and finances of the project. Women in Pani Samiti and Panchayat are also not proactive and decision making.


5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS The TATA-GE project seems to have given a ray of hope for combating drinking water issues in the villages. The project would pioneer public-private partnership for basic services in rural areas of Ghed which is a key to sustainable development process in the current times. Following are some of the major conclusions and recommendations for enhancing the project: • The project rightly targets the primary issues like drinking water, which is the

need of hour in the region along with the issues related to sanitation and hygiene. • A detailed socio-economic study for the project, specifically for the RO plant has

been conducted earlier and there seems no doubt on techno-financial viability of the project. However, the economics of the operation and maintenance of the RO plant still needs to worked out to bring more clarity to the local organizations and the community. However, mobility of water treatment units should be explored during project extension stage as single water source are not always reliable and sustainable.

• Majority of the households have shown their willingness to pay for potable water.

However the villages across Mangrol block have shown higher range of affordability and willingness, about Rs. 0.2-0.4/litre in majority of HH. The affordability range in villages across Porbandar blocks seem more in range of Rs. 0.1-0.2/litre.

• The structure of operation and maintenance and role of Pani Samiti in O & M of RO

plant is still not clear at village level. • All the households not having toilet facility are willing to construct household level

sanitation unit. But 31% of HH out of them are not willing to contribute in any form for it. The proporation of low contribution for toilet facility is high in Mander with 54% of HH wishing to avail benefit are not willing to contribute in any form. Awareness and extensive sensitization is required for this village.

• The acceptance of bio-gas plant seems low in almost all the villages. This will

require extensive sensitization, exposure visits etc. Alternative technologies for appropriate disposal of toilet waste like decentralized waste water recycling can also be explored. Establishing kitchen garden/nursery through household/community level waste water treatment as an additional livelihood option along with proper use of recyclable waste water can be explored. Moreover, as the region has high water table, direct disposal of toilet waste into soak pits may lead to waste contamination. In that case waste recycling should be looked upon.


• The role of women even in the Pani Samiti/Panchayat in the study villages seems

limited. Pro-active role in management of collective works seems low. Sensitization workshop/ trainings and exposure visits should be arranged for increasing awareness on role of women. Women can be assigned specific tasks with deliverables in project execution and maintenance of RO plant.

• Personal hygiene practices are low in all the villages even after conducting of

awareness programmes. Extensive awareness and innovative demonstration programmes need to be conducted specifically at school level to raise awareness specifically amongst children.

Prepared By: Centre For Integrated Development, Ahmedabad 20

ANNEXURE 1

DETAILS OF STUDY VILLAGES


1. Village: Shil Block: Mangrol District: Junagadh General Details: Shil is located on main highway and has high influx of migrating population. It lies adjacent to coastal line on Arabian Sea. Village is spread across 1053.16 hectares. Currently it comprises of 8000 population (including migrating population) with about 1239 houses. Major Economy 40% of working population in the village is involved in agriculture, about 50% take up various labour works in or outside village and about 10% of the population is involved animal husbandary. Water crisis had led to decline in animal husbandary activities in last decade. Administration: The Panchayat is formed through election. Sarpanch: Ramjobhai Chudasama Talati: Musalbhai Panchayat comprises of 11 member of which 5 are women members Pani Samiti Pani Samiti is separate from Panchayat and formed of different members. Samiti is formed of 19 members of which only 2 are women, who are not very active. Water condition Major water resources: • 1 village pond, 14 Panchayat owned open wells and 150 private wells. Hand pump

are available in every household. • The water table is about 30 feet from ground. However the quality of ground water

is poor due to extensive salinity and TDS. Water test reports reveal high amount of TDS, hardness, magnesium and chlorine content.

Drinking Water • Through piped supply into the village from Dadhichi Pond near the village. The

water is stored in Panchayat tanks and made available for 2 hours in morning through stand posts.

• About 20% of the houses have facility of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting which suffice their drinking water needs for 8-10 months.

• In summer, most of the household fetch drinking water through external tankers. Adequate potable drinking water for animals is still a problem in village

• Other domestic water needs are met through hand pumps and open wells. Domestic water is available throughout the year.

• Women spend about 1 hour for fetching and storing water. • All the households filter drinking water with cloth sieve, but do not boil it. They

use chlorine tables for disinfecting water in monsoon • No water charges are levied by Panchayat currently

Arabian Sea

Mangrol BlockShil


Sanitation condition • 452 houses have toilet and bathing units at household level. 70 houses have

undertaken construction of toilet-bath unit currently under the TATA-GE project. All the houses with toilets have properly constructed soak pits for waste disposal. Households of remaining houses go for open defecation in farms outside village or near forest/woods. Most of the houses have some facility (temporary shed/pucca unit) for bathing at household level.

• There is a community sanitation unit, but not in use • Domestic waste water is disposed either on roads or diverted to small soak pits

near the house. • There is no specific system for solid waste disposal in village. The waste is

disposed in open at specified corners or in streets, which is left open and create nuisance specifically during monsoon. Some of the waste is taken away by local farmers for converting into manure, remaining is left open.

• Sanitation Tax of about Rs. 30/month is levied on every households. Personal Hygiene Practices: • The community has still not cultivated scientific method for hand washing. Most of

the households wash their hands only with water or with sand. Most of the women have still not cultivated hand washing practice before cooking.

• Though domestic water is available adequately, community has not cultivated practices of daily bathing.

• Drinking water is only filtered and not disinfected or boiled before use in almost all the houses.

• Many families still do not use water utensils for fetching water from water pot at household level.

Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc is not available in any of the houses. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. People do not have acceptance of bio gas still. None of the houses use smokeless Chullahs, leading to excessive smoke in kitchen. Most of the women complain of burning of eyes due to smoke. Health Condition The major health issues in the village are water and airborne. Most of the population suffers from Flu/Influenza at least once in a year. Kidney stone is more prevalent in the village specifically in women due to high TDS in water. Other water borne diseases are not very prevalent in the village. About 10% of village population suffers from different types of cancer. Education Scenario The literacy level of village is 66.8%. There is a primary and secondary school facility in village. All the children attend school regularly. The drop out rate of children in almost nil. Even girls are regular and competitive in studies. Role of Women in development The role of women in village is very passive. Through there are adequate number of women members in Panchayat and Pani Samiti, their role is limited. They are not very active in decision making. There are about 10 SHGs comprises of total 150 women, but they are limited to savings. The groups are not attached to any economic activities.


About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 16000 litres capacity per hour. This will provide 20-40

lpcd for drinking, cattle and other domestic purposes. • The other interventions planned are construction of 407 toilet units with soak pit,

374 compost pit, 20 household level bio gas plants, 330 smokeless chullahs, 40 household level fruit tree plantations and 330 soak pits for household waste water disposal..

• Currently the shed for RO plant has been constructed and machinery is purchased, but still to be installed. 70 HH toilets are under construction. Remaining activities have still not commenced.

• Community is not aware of the capacity and finances for operation and maintenance of RO plant

• The Pani Samiti is solely responsible for implementation of TATA_GE project. • The monetary contribution of the RO plant is solely managed by Pani Samiti from

its own funds. Rs. 200/house is collected as monetary contribution for household toilet construction.

• Operation and maintenance structure of RO plant at village level is still not clear.


2. Village: Divrana Block: Mangrol District: Junagadh General Details: Divrana is located on main highway and has high influx of migrating population. It lies in the interior of Mangrol block away from coastal line. It is spread across 1343.99 hectares. Currently it comprises of 2500 population with about 400 houses. Of total population about 24% are children. There are about 8 disabled people in village. Major Economy Major occupation in the village is agriculture and general labour work. Some are employed in service or Government jobs and few are employed in animal husbandary. Water crisis had led to decline in animal husbandary activities in last decade. Administration: The Panchayat is formed through election. Sarpanch: Pushuttam Savji Gami Talati: Mr. Jatodiya There are only 2 women members in Panchayat. Panchayat levies water tax and house tax to all households for over all O & M cost of water supply and other administration. Pani Samiti Pani Samiti is formed of 33 members of which 11 are women. Women members are active in decision making and participation in village development activities. Water condition Major water resources: • 2 village pond, 3 Panchayat owned

open wells and about 100 private wells. Hand pump are not widely used in village.

• The water table is about 200 feet from ground. However the quality of ground water is poor due to salinity and TDS. The water test report indicate high TDS (lower than permissible but higher than desirable limits, high nitrate (higher than permissible limits), and high fluoride content (higher than permissible limits)

Arabian Sea

Mangrol Block

Divrana


Drinking Water • The quality in 3 open wells in various

locations is found relatively good and currently Panchayat manages to supply drinking as well as domestic water through piped supply at household level.

• Water is supplied for about 1 hour daily

• In summers the Panchayat manages to get tankered supply from GWSSB.

• The water is not treated at Panchayat level nor household level. Bleaching powder is added by Panchayat in the open wells only in monsoon.

• Water tax is planned to be levied on all households @ Rs. 300/connection/year. But many families still do not pay tax regularly

Sanitation condition • About 90% of houses have household level toilet and bathing unit with disposal

system into soakpits. Households of remaining houses currently go for open defecation in farms outside village or near forest/woods.

• There is no community level sanitation system in village. • Most of the houses have some facility (temporary shed/pucca unit) for bathing at

household level. • Domestic waste water is disposed either on roads or diverted to small soak pits


disposed in open at specified corners or in streets, which is left open and create nuisance specifically during monsoon. Some of the waste is taken away by local farmers for converting into manure, remaining is left open. Plastic waste is normally burnt in open leading to fumes and air pollution.

• Sanitation Tax of about Rs. 30/month is levied on every households. Personal Hygiene Practices: • The community has still not cultivated scientific method for hand washing. Most of

the households wash their hands only with water or with sand. • Though domestic water is available adequately, community has not cultivated

practices of daily bathing. • Drinking water is only filtered and not disinfected or boiled before use in almost all

the houses. • Many families still do not use water utensils for fetching water from water pot at

household level. Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc is not available in any of the houses. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. People do not have acceptance of bio gas. Most of houses do not use smokeless Chullahs, leading to excessive smoke in kitchen. Most of the women complain of burning of eyes due to smoke.


Health Condition The major health issues in the village are water borne. Most of the population suffers from Flu/Influenza at least once in a year. 15-20% of population suffers from Kidney stone. About 85% women and 50% men complain of joint pains. Arthitiris and Rheumatoid are common diseases in the village. Children and old aged people suffer from general digestive problems. Education Scenario The literacy ratio of village is about 76.1%. There is a primary and secondary school facility in village. All the children attend school regularly. The drop out rate of children in almost nil. Even girls are regular and competitive in studies. Role of Women in development The role of women in village is seems active in village. 33% of members in Pani Samiti are women. Women are aware of the developmental activities in village, but are they do not participate in decision making processes. There are about 7 SHGs comprises of total 77 women. The SHGs are promoted by AKRSP (I). The activities of the SHGs are limited to savings and currently not attached to any economic activities. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 10000 litres capacity per hour which will provide about

30-60 lpcd which will suffice total drinking and other domestic water needs of the community currently.

• The other interventions planned are construction of 127 toilet units with soak pit, 183 compost pit, 20 household level bio gas plants, 147 smokeless chullahs, 40 household level fruit tree plantations and 147 soak pits for household waste water disposal..

• Currently the shed for RO plant has been constructed and machinery is purchased, but still to be installed. Remaining activities have still not commenced.


• The monetary contribution of the RO plant is Rs. 250/household and that for household level toilet unit is Rs. 250/household.

• Operation and maintenance structure of RO plant at village level is still not clear.


3. Village: Lohej Block: Mangrol District: Junagadh General Details: Lohej is a coastal village adjacent to coastal line on Arabian Sea and is spread across 728.9 hectares. Currently it comprises of 3500 population with about 500 houses. Old aged people form about 25% of total population in village. Major Economy The economy of village is dependent mainly on agriculture and general labour work. About 15% of working population is currently employed in job/service. Water crisis had led to decline in animal husbandary activities in last decade. Administration: The Panchayat is formed through election. Sarpanch: Laxmanbhai Nandaniya Up Sarpanch: Bhiniben Nathabhia Nandaniya Talati: A. K. Belan Panchayat comprises of 11 members , of which 3 are women members. Panchayat charges sanitation tax, light tax and cycle tax for providing basic services like road, cleaning of streets, etc Pani Samiti Pani Samiti is formed in village and there are 5 women members. Water condition Major water resources: • 8 community open well, 200 private

wells, hand pump at household level • The water table is about 40 feet from ground. The quality of water is poor. The

water test reports reveal high amount of TDS, hardness, magnesium, nitrate and chlorine content.

Drinking Water • Drinking water is managed mainly though external tanker supply, mainly by

GWSSB. Every house gets water alternate day. Women play major role in fetching water and spend about 0.5-1 hour every alternate day for filling water. Frequency of tankers decrease in summer and community face constraint of drinking water. In summers, people purchase water from other sources like tankered supply from private suppliers, bottled water etc.

• No charges are paid by Panchayat to GWSSB currently. Water tax is currently not levied on community.

• Water from other domestic works are managed through hand pump at household level or from open well. Water for domestic purpose is adequate round the year.

Arabian Sea

Mangrol Block

Lohej


• About 200 houses have Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting which suffice their drinking water needs for 8-10 months.

• All the households filter drinking water with cloth sieve, but do not boil it. They use chlorine tables for disinfecting water in monsoon

• No water charges are levied by Panchayat currently Sanitation condition • 50% houses have toilet and bathing units at household level. All the houses with

toilets have properly constructed soak pits for waste disposal. Households of remaining houses go for open defecation in farms outside village or near forest/woods.

• Community sanitation unit is not available in village. • Most of the houses have some facility (temporary shed/pucca unit) for bathing at

household level. • Domestic waste water is disposed either on roads or diverted to small soak pits



• Sanitation Tax of about Rs. 30/month is levied on every households. Personal Hygiene Practices: • Personal hygiene training under the project has raised awareness amongst

community. Appropriate hand washing practices are seen in some households. • Though domestic water is available adequately, community has not cultivated

practices of daily bathing. • Drinking water is only filtered and not disinfected or boiled before use in almost all

the houses. • Many families still do not use water utensils for fetching water from water pot at

household level. Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc is not available in any of the houses. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. People do not have acceptance of bio gas still. None of the houses use smokeless Chullahs, leading to excessive smoke in kitchen. Most of the women complain of burning of eyes due to smoke. Health Condition The major health issues in the village are water. Most of the population suffers from Flu/Influenza at least once in a year. Kidney stone is more prevalent in the village specifically in women due to high TDS in water. Many men suffer from prostrate. Joint pain is major health issue affecting men, women and elderly. Education Scenario The literacy level of village is about 70%. There is a primary and secondary school facilities in village as well as college for B.Ed. in the village. All the children attend school regularly. The drop out rate of children in almost nil. Even girls are regular and competitive in studies.


Role of Women in development The role of women in village seem active in some of the developmental activities. There are about 8 SHGs comprises of more than 100 women, but they are limited to savings. The groups are not attached to any economic activities. However, it is planned to allot all the operation and maintenance of the RO plant to these SHGs to avail their active participation in developmental works. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 8000 litres capacity per hour, aiming at providing 20-45

lpcd for drinking and other domestic water needs of the community currently. • The other interventions planned are construction of 200 toilet units with soak pit,

220 compost pit, 20 household level bio gas plants, 220 smokeless chullahs, 40 household level fruit tree plantations and 330 soak pits for household waste water disposal..

• Currently the shed for RO plant has been constructed and machinery is purchased, but still to be installed. 70. Remaining activities have still not commenced.

• Operation and maintenance of the RO plant is to be handled by the SHGs formed in the village.

• Community is not aware of the capacity and finances for operation and maintenance of RO plant. The receipts and expenditure of funds for RO plant are not yet discussed within the Pani Samiti or in Gramsabha

• No specific monetary contribution is levied to community for construction of RO plant. However people have contributed with their will. About Rs. 1,20,000 have been collected through such donations, while about Rs. 30,000 are pending. Rs. 200/house is collected as monetary contribution for household toilet construction.

• The waste water from the RO plant is planned to be deposed off into a bore well.


4. Village: Maktupur Block: Mangrol District: Junagadh General Details: Maktupur is a coastal village adjacent to coastal line on Arabian Sea. It is spread across 776.22 hectares. Currently it comprises of 3500 population with about 700 houses. Major Economy About 60% of working population in the village is involved in local labour works, 20% in agriculture, 10% in animal husbandary and 10% in service/jobs

Administration: The Panchayat is formed through election. Sarpanch: Naranbhai Laxmanbhia Paja Talati: K. R. Dabhi Panchayat comprises of 11 member of which 3 are women members Pani Samiti Pani Samiti is formed in village for the project comprising of 11 members. Only 2 members of the samiti are women. The role of women in developmental works is minimal in village. Water condition Major water resources: • 2 village pond, 3 Panchayat owned open wells and 60 private wells. Hand pump are

available in about 60% houses. • The water table is about 35 feet from

ground. Quality o water varies in the village. Some open well have good and potable water. Water test reports of open well currently in use reveal all parameters within permissible limits. Other sources and hand pump have salinity as per people’s perception and taste. But test reports of the same are not available.

Drinking Water • Drinking water is mainly managed

through Panchayat Wells and supplied to community through stand posts. GWSSB provides potable water for 15-20 in summer. The water is transferred to open wells. Water is made available by GWSSB @ 30,000 litres/day. Thus each house can avail this water every 3-4th day. About 50-60 families can avail this water per day.

Arabian Sea

Mangrol Block

Maktupur


• About 30% of the hoses have roof top rain water harvesting and it suffices their drinking water needs almost throughout the year.

• Domestic water needs aremainly met through hand pumps and village pond. • Community residing in fields purchase tinkered water for drinking. They spend

about Rs. 600/month/ family for their drinking water needs. • Women spend about 3 hours every 15 days for fetching and storing of water. • All the households filter drinking water with cloth sieve, but do not boil it. They

use chlorine tables for disinfecting water in monsoon • No water charges are levied by Panchayat currently Sanitation condition • 50% houses have toilet and bathing units at household level. All the houses with

toilets have properly constructed soak pits for waste disposal. Households of remaining houses go for open defecation in farms outside village or near forest/woods. Most of the houses have some facility (temporary shed/pucca unit) for bathing at household level.

• There is a community sanitation unit, but not in use • Domestic waste water is disposed either on roads or diverted to small soak pits



Personal Hygiene Practices: • The trainings under the TATA-GE project has raised awareness on hand washing

practices. Most of the school children have cultivated regular and appropriate hand washing practices with soap and water.

• Though domestic water is available adequately, community has not cultivated practices of daily bathing.

• Drinking water is only filtered and not disinfected or boiled before use in almost all the houses.

• Many families still do not use water utensils for fetching water from water pot at household level.

Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc is not available in any of the houses. Majority of the community is not willing to use bio gas. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. People do not have acceptance of bio gas still. None of the houses use smokeless Chullahs, leading to excessive smoke in kitchen. Most of the women complain of burning of eyes due to smoke. Health Condition The major health problems in the village are kidney stone, joint pain and acidity problems which can be attributed mainly to hard and saline water. Breathing and Asthma problems are also seen, specifically in old aged people due to excessive dust and smoke in the environment. Most of the population suffers from Flu/Influenza at least once in a year.


Education Scenario The literacy level of village is about 66.2%. There is a primary and secondary school facility in village. All the children attend school regularly. The drop out rate of children in almost nil. Even girls are regular and competitive in studies. Role of Women in development The role of women in village is very passive. Even the women members in Panchayat and Pani Samiti are not involved in decision making process. They are aware of the developmental works, but do not participate in management process. There are about 15 SHGs comprises of total 150 women, but they are limited to savings. The groups are not attached to any economic activities. SHGs have however played vital role in spreading awareness on community contribution in the project. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 8000 litres capacity per hour, aiming at providing 20-45

lpcd. • The other interventions planned are construction of 193 toilet units with soak pit,

150 compost pit, 20 household level bio gas plants, 55 smokeless chullahs, 40 household level fruit tree plantations and 210 soak pits for household waste water disposal.

• Currently the shed for RO plant has been constructed and machinery is purchased, but still to be installed. Remaining activities have still not commenced.


• The monetary contribution of the RO plant is solely managed by Panchayat from its own funds and through private donations. Rs. 1,45,000 is contributed for RO plant by Panchayat. Rs. 125/houe is planned to be collected for individual household toilet facility.

• Operation and maintenance structure of RO plant at village level is still not clear. • Al the receipts and expenditure are disused in Gram Sabha, but not displayed

publicly as of now • It is planned to dispose water from RO system into sea through pipeline.


5. Village: Miyani Block: Porbandar District: Porbandar General Details: Miyani is located 50 Km from Porbandar city. Total population of village is approximately 3300 with about 650 families. Overall Sex Ratio is 943, the same for age group 0-6 years is 862 (2001 Census). Schedule Caste (SC) population is 7.4% and Schedule Tribe (ST) is 0.2%. Major Economy Major occupation in the village is agriculture, fishing and labour work in mines. Administration: Sarpanch: Jethabhai Odedra Principal Primary School: Ramanbhai Vankar Pani Samiti Member: Hajabhai Solanki Fair price shop owner: Vinodbhai Ramani Water condition Major water resources: • Villagers fetch water from Medha

Dam for drinking and domestic purpose. This source is availbel for 8-9 months a year. In summers, when the water is scarce, the surface water turns saine and has to be removed to sea via canal.

• All ground water resources in the villages like well and hand pumps have non potable water.

Drinking Water • Most of the villagers purchase water from the vendor at Rs. 80-100 per 700 litre. • Wells are used for domestic purpose and for cattle. • Women from poor household, who cannot afford to purchase water, spend about 4-

5 hours for fetching water from a distance of 4-5 Km. • Panchayat levies water charges of Rs. 2-5 per year per family. However, average

yearly spending for water by each family is about Rs. 2400 Sanitation condition • About 80% families have toilet and soak pits, which were constructed under Total

Sanitation Campaign and NREGS. People are willing to pay for toilets but due to rocky soil, its difficult to construct soak pits, involves high cost, and scarce water makes it difficult.

• There is no system of waste water disposal. Domestic waste water is disposed on streets.

Porbandar Block

Arabian Sea

Miyani


• There is no specific system for solid waste disposal in village. The waste is disposed in open at specified corners or in streets, which is left open and create nuisance specifically during monsoon. Some of the waste is taken away by local farmers for converting into manure, remaining is left open.

• Hygiene awareness programmes are conducted every three months. Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc are not available in any of the houses. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. Health Condition 10-15% of people of Kharvawad suffer from skin diseases. Kidney stone, diahorrea, joint pain, Malaria and Pneumonia are some of the prevailing diseases in the village. Education Scenario The literacy level of village is 53.1%. There is a primary school in the village. Enrollment of children within 6-14 years is 100% in this school. Drop out rate is nil since last four years. Role of Women in development There are two women SHGs in the village, one in Kharva community and other in Koli community. Total number of women in SHGs are 36. monthly saving in by these group is Rs. 50 per member. Moreover, there are 3 women members in 12 member Pani samiti. There is a woman as Deputy sarpanch and one more women member in Panchyat Samiti. Thus the participation of women in administration and development of village is commendable. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 5000 litres capacity per hour is in progress. • The other interventions planned are construction of 295 toilet units with 265 soak

pit, 165 compost pit, 18 household level bio gas plants, 109 smokeless chullahs and 1400 plantations.

• Currently the shed for RO plant has been constructed and machinery is purchased, but still to be installed.

• The Pani Samiti is solely responsible for implementation of TATA_GE project. • Rs. 300/house is collected as monetary contribution for RO plant. 399 household

out of 656 have contributed to the project.


6. Village: Srinagar Block: Porbandar District: Porbandar General Details: Shrinagar is located 60 Km from Porbandar city. Total population of village is approximately 1166 with about 200 families. Overall Sex Ratio is 910, the same for age group 0-6 years is 959 (2001 Census). Schedule Caste (SC) population is 13.6 % and Schedule Tribe (ST) is 0.2%. Major Economy Major occupation in the village is agriculture and labour work. Administration: Sarpanch: Pratapsing Jaswantsingh Chauhan Deputy Sarpanch: Velchibhai Mohanbhai Pani Samiti Member: Jamnadas Gordhanbhai Barot Water condition Major water resources: • A pond and two wells are the major source of water for the village. • Barda sagar dam is one of the important sources for the village • All ground water resources in the villages like well and hand pumps have non

potable water. Drinking Water • Most of the villagers use two wells in the village for drinking water. In summer,

tankered water supply fulfils the need of drinking and domestic water. • Women have to go as far as 2 Km for fetching water. regular conflicts are reported

in the village over water. • Harijan women have to wait till the upper caste men fetch water from the well. It

takes 2-3 hours for Harijan women to fetch the water daily. Sanitation condition • About 50% families have toilet and soak pits, 20-25% were under construction. • TSC grants have been arranged for underground sewerage system throughout the

village. • There is no system of waste water disposal. Domestic waste water is disposed on

streets. • Hygiene awareness programmes are conducted every three months. Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc are not available in any of the houses. 90% of community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. Health Condition

Porbandar Block

Arabian Sea

Srinagar


Kidney stone, skin diseases and joint pain are prevailing diseases in the village. Almost 25% of the population suffer from kidney stone. Education Scenario The literacy level of village is 71%. There is a primary school in the village. Enrollment of children within 6-14 years is 100% in this school. Drop out rate is nil since last four years. Attendance of students in the class is about 75%. Some of the students from poor families accompany their parents in labour work and hence cannot attend the school. Role of Women in development A women SHG with 12 members exist in the village. Monthly savings of this group is Rs 50 per member. There are 3 women members in Pani Samiti. However, the participation of women in decision making is very limited. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 5000 litres

capacity per hour is in progress. • Rs. 300 has been collected per

household as contribution towards the RO plant.

• The other interventions planned are construction of 181 toilet units with 154 soak pits, 53 compost pits, 5 household bio gas plants, 60 smokeless chullahs and 770 plantations.


• The Pani Samiti is solely responsible for implementation of TATA_GE project.


7. Village: Mander Block: Porbandar District: Porbandar General Details: Mander is located 50 Km from Porbandar city on coastline of Arabia Sea. Total population of village is approximately 5500 with about 900 families. Overall Sex Ratio is 928, the same for age group 0-6 years is 851 (2001 Census). Schedule Caste (SC) population is 11.4% There are about 50 disabled people in the village. Major Economy Major occupation in the village is agriculture and labour work. Animal Husbandry is also source of primary income here. Administration: Sarpanch: Lakhabhai Ranabhai Vasan Up Sarpanch: Bhuriben Jethabhai Water condition Major water resources: • 1 village pond, 2 open wells. • The water table is about 24-30 feet deep. However the quality of ground water is

poor due to extensive salinity and TDS. • Drinking Water • Purchase water from vendor. • Water in pond and wells are used for domestic purpose and for cattle. However,

these water sources also last for 2-3 months after monsoon. • The only perennial well is about 2 km from the village, • Women spend about 2-3 hours for fetching water all year round. • There are two water vendors in the village. Price of 750 lt tank is Rs. 70 or Rs.6

for 15 litre jerry can. A vendor does 5-6 rounds in a day in Mander only. They fetch water from a well, 2 Km far with a diesel pump. Vendors do not pay anything for water.

• Panchayat levies water charges of Rs. 10-15 per year per family. However, average daily spending for water by each family is also about Rs. 15

Sanitation condition • Only 20% families have toilet and soak pits. • Most of the villagers go for open defecation. • Domestic waste water is disposed on streets. • There is no specific system for solid waste disposal in village. The waste is


Porbandar Block

Arabian Sea

Mander


Other facilities Other facilities like improved cooking fuel like bio gas etc is not available in any of the houses. Community is still dependent on wood burning for cooking. Women collect wood from far off places, twice or thrice a week. Health Condition Kidney stone is more prevalent in the village specifically. About 25-30% of population has complaint of kidney stone. Other diseases include dihorrea, cough cold and joint pain. Villagers go to PHC and private doctors at Madhavpur, which is 12 Km from the village. There is no government health facility in the village. Education Scenario The literacy level of village is 60%. There is a primary school in the village. The attendance of boys and girls in the school is about 70%. Some of the students go with their family for labour work and hence their attendance is affected. Drop out rate is 2-5% due to migration and other issues. Water and sanitation issues in the village marginally affect the studies of the students. Primary school of the village have roof top rainwater harvesting system, but 2 months after the monsoon, it does not have water even for toilets. Students bring a bottle of water with them to use it in toilets. Role of Women in development There are three women members in Pani Samiti. They participate in meetings and are aware of all major decisions. However, they do not contribute to decision making process. Their role is limited to passive participation and consent. About TATA-GE Project: People were initially reluctant to have RO plant project in the village because of failed plants in some of the villages of Porbandar block. Later, they were convinced by the process and project details explained by partner NGO. The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 16000 litres capacity per day, which will suffice total

drinking water needs of the community currently. • The other interventions planned are construction of 930 toilet units with 370 soak

pit, 700 compost pit, 25 household level bio gas plants, 94 smokeless chullahs and 1700 plantations.


• Community is not fully aware of the capacity and finances for operation and maintenance of RO plant

• The Pani Samiti is solely responsible for implementation of TATA_GE project. • Rs. 300/house is collected as monetary contribution for RO plant. • Operation and maintenance structure of RO plant at village level is still not clear.


8. Village: Mul Madhavpar Block: Porbandar District: Porbandar General Details: Mul Madhavpur is located about 50 Km South from Porbandar city on the coastline. Total population of village is approximately 18000 with about 3127 families. Overall Sex Ratio is 963, the same for age group 0-6 years is 972 (2001 Census). Schedule Caste (SC) population is 8.4% and Schedule Tribe (ST) is 0.1%. Major Economy Major occupation in the village is agriculture and labour work. Water condition Major water resources: • Hand pumps, lake and wells are the major

sources of water in the village. • Well and lake water is used for non drinking

purpose only. Drinking Water • Handpumps are the only source of drinking water in the village. There are very few

and that too private hand pumps which has potable water. • Outsiders also fetch water fro these hand pumps. • Women spend about 1-2 hour daily for fetching water. • There is no piped supply of water in the village. • There are about 20 roof top rain water harvesting structures in the village. Sanitation condition • About 70-80% families have toilet and soak pits, which were constructed under

Total Sanitation Campaign and NREGS. • There is no system of waste water disposal. Domestic waste water is disposed on

streets. • There is no specific system for solid waste disposal in village. The waste is

disposed in open at specified corners or in streets, which is left open and create nuisance specifically during monsoon.

Other facilities There are few bio gas plants in wadi (farms), where most of the villagers reside. These plants are more than 10 years old and some of them are still functioning. Health Condition A sub centre of PHC is in the village. Kidney stone, Malaria, Cataract and Skin Diseases are the main illness of the villagers.

Porbandar Block

Arabian Sea

MulMadhavpur


Education Scenario The literacy level of village is 56.8%. There is a primary school in the village. Enrollment of children within 6-14 years is 100% in this school. Drop out rate is nil since last four years. Many families send their children to private school. Role of Women in development There is a SHG of 15 women members in the village. Monthly saving per member is Rs. 50. there are 3 women members in Pani Samiti. However, the participation of women in decision making and planning is almost nil. About TATA-GE Project: The Tata –GE project involves following activities: • RO plant construction of 5000 litres

capacity per hour is in progress. • The other interventions planned are

construction of 780 toilet units with 350 soak pits, 545 compost pits, 22 household bio gas plants, 190 smokeless chullahs and 3150 plantations.


• The Pani Samiti is solely responsible for implementation of TATA_GE project.

• People are willing to pay upto Rs. 7 per day, if they get safe and adequate drinking water.


ANNEXURE 2 SAMPLE DETAILS FOR QUESTIONAIRRE STUDY

Total Sample size : 502 households

Village Sample 1 Srinagar 20 HH 2 Mander 90 HH 3 Miyani 61 HH 4 Mul Madhavpar 80 HH 5 Divrana 39 HH 6 Maktupur 64 HH 7 Loyaj 47 HH 8 Shil 101 HH


ANNEXURE 3 HH LEVEL QUESTIONAIRRE FORMAT


Household Level Questionnaire Survey Format- Baseline Study

1. General Details

1.1 Village: 1.2 Block: 1.3 District: 1.4 House No/Location: 1.5 Name of family head: 1.6 Name of Respondent 1.7 Caste: OBC SC ST BPL Yes/ No 1.8 BPL: Yes/ No 1.9 Household members (total/no of children/no. of aged/no. of disabled):

2. Livelihood Details:

2.1 Major Occupation: 1. Farming 2. Animal Husbandary 3. Service/Job 4.Labour work 5. Business F. Other (Specify)

2.2 App. Annual Income of family:

3. Housing Condition: 3.1 Location: 1. Core village habitat 2. Farm 3.2 Condition: 1. Pucca 2. Semi-pucca 3. Kutchcha 4. Temporary

4. Drinking Water Condition:

4.1 Source: 1. HH Tap water 2. Open Well 3. Pond/lake 4. Stand Post

5. Hand pump 6. Borewell 7. Tanker 8. Other 4.2 Facility of roof top rain water harvesting: 1. Yes 2. No 4.3 If Yes, capacity: ________ litres 4.4 How many times in year tank is filled: 4.4.1 by rain water_______ 4.4.2 By tanker ______ 4.5 How much do you pay for getting tank filled once: __________ 4.6 Quality of water

4.6.1. Colour: 1. Colour less 2. Haze 3. Yellow 4. Red 5. Other 4.6.2 Odour: 1. Odourless 2. Odour 4.6.3 Taste: 1. Tasteless 2. Salty 3. Sweet 4. Bitter

4.7 Do you treat water before drinking: 1. Yes 2. No 4.8 If yes, How?: 1. Filter 2. Chlorine tablet 3. Boiling 4. Filter system 5. other 4.9 Where do you place water pot?: 1. Floor 2. Platform 4.10 Is it 1. Clean 2. Not clean 4.11 Do you clean the place regularly?: 1. Yes 2. No 4.12 How much daily water do you get in litres?: 4.12.1 summers ____ 4.12.2 winters_____ 4.12.3 monsoon____ 4.13 Hours spent daily on fetching water? : 4.13.1 summers ____ 4.13.2 winters_____ 4.13.3 monsoon____ 4.14 Who fetches water? : 1. Young Boy 2. Young girl 3. Adolescent Boy 4. Adolescent girl 5. Adult men 6. Adult women 4.15 Annual expenses on water?: 4.15.1 Tanker _____ 4.15.2 Bottle _____ 4.15.3 Water Tax_____ 4.15.4 Other

5. Sanitation Condition : 5.1 Do you have access to toilet? Yes/ NO 5.2 If Yes 1. House hold 2. community 5.3 How old in construction of toilet: 5.4 Do you use bathroom: 1. Yes 2. No 5.5 Who uses toilet? : 1. Children 2.Aged 3. Adult women 4. Adult men 5. All 5.6 Is water available near toilet? 1. Yes 2. No 5.7 Reason for non-usage of toilet: 1. Not convenient 2. No water 3. Not clean 4. Not available 5. Other


5.8 If toilet is not used, where do women defecate: 5.9 When ? : 1. Morning 2. Noon 3. Evening 4. Night 5. Dawn 5.10 Problems faced while going out for defecation: 1 Heat/rains 2. Long walk 3. Water problems 4. Insects

5.Feeling shy 6. Other 5.11 Why is toilet not constructed yet?: 1. Not needed 2. No money 3. No place 4. Other 5.12 Do you wish to construct toilet?: 1. Yes 2. No 5.13 Reason for construction of toilet: 5.14 What can you contribute for construction of toilet: 5.14.1 Cash ____5.14.2 Labour_____ 5.14.3 Other 5.15 Is there a unhygienic spots (50-60 feet) near the house? 1. Yes 2. No 5.16 Is there soak pit at HH level: 1. Yes 2. No 5.17 Does Panchayat avail sanitation tax: 1. Yes 2. No How much _______

6. Health : 6.1 Major diseases in family (men/women/child) and yearly frequency : Disease Men Women Children (< 14 years) Flu/ Influenza Cholera Diarrhoea Kidney stone Skin disease Cough/Cold Joint pain Stomach problems 6.2 Which are the health hazard from drudgery for fetching water? 1. Back ache 2 fatigue 3. Cheat/cold strokes 4. Dehydration 5.Other 6.3 No. of visit to doctor due to water borne diseases/ drudgery in a year

6.3.1Men 6.3.2 Women 6.3.3Children

7. Other Facilities : 7.1 What are other facilities in house?: 1. Biogas 2. Smokeless Chullahs 3. Other 7.2 Burning Fuel: 1. Wood 2. Gobar 3. Gas 4. Kerosene 5. Other 7.3 Do you have problems of smoke during cooking: 1. Yes 2. No 7.4 Issues related to smoke 1. Coughing 2. Suffocation 3. Lungs problem 4. Burning of eyes

8. Behaviour/habits : 8.1 Frequency of hand wash by children in a day:

8.2 Material used for hand wash: 1. Only water 2. Ash 3. Sand 4. Soap 8.3 When are hands washed : 1. After defecation 2. After playing 3. Before eating

4. Before cooking 5. After working with animals 6. Other 8.4 Frequency of bathing in a week

Men Women Children Summer Winter Monsoon

8.5 Is non-bathing related to availability of water? 1. Yes 2. No 8.6 Where do you bath: 1. HH level 2. Lake/pond 3. Other 8.7 Distance of bathing from house : ____ k.m. 8.8 Do you place drinking water higher than floor: 1. Yes 2. No 8.9 Do you cover water port: 1. Yes 2. No 8.10 Do you use utensil for fetching water : 1. Yes 2. No 8.11 Do you cover eatables : 1. Yes 2. No 8.12 Do you brush teeth daily: 1. Yes 2. No 8.13 DO you clean house daily: 1. Yes 2. No 8.14 Impact of other facilities:

8.14.1 Cleaning : 1. Increased 2. Decreased 8.15.1 Cleaning time: 1. Increased 2. Decreased


9. Economic : 9.1 Productive days lost due to diseases in a year: 9.1.1 Men ___9.1.2 Women ___ 9.1.3 Children _____ 9.2 Annual family income spent on medicines: _______

10. Social : 10.1 Involvement of family in works related to water: 1. In decision 2. In Consent 3. Nil 10.2 Involvement of women in works related to water: 1. In decision 2. In Consent 3. Nil 10.3 Participation in trainings : 1. Yes 2. No If yes, Which: _______. Quality : 1. Good 2. Average 3. Not useful 10.4 Participation of any family member in programmes related to information dissemination: Yes No Quality : 1. Useful 2. Not useful

11. Capacity and willingness for spending on water: 11.1 Are you ready to pay for clean , potable and regular availability of water: 1. Yes 2. No 11.2 Monthly capacity: 1. Rs. 10 2. Rs. 10-30 3. Rs. 30-50 4. >Rs. 50 11.3 How much should the cost of water be in litres : Rs. _____

12. Education: 12.1 How many children (6-14 years) in family do not go to school: _____ Why ? _____ 12.2 How many children have left primary education in family ________ Why ?_______ 12.3 How many days in year children do not attend school due to illness: ________ 12.4 How many days in year do children do not attend school for fetching water? ________

13. About the Project: 13.1 Are you aware of RO plant? 1. Yes 2. No 13.2 Have you attended any meeting for it? : 1. Yes 2. No 13.3 If yes, what was discussed in the meeting? _____________________ 13.4 Is there any Pani Samiti in your village: 1. Yes 2. No 13.5 If yes, availing of support of any Government Scheme: 1. Yes 2. No 13.6 Are you aware of any toilet related scheme: 1. Yes 2. No 13.7 Are you aware of functions of of Pani Samiti: 1. Yes 2. No 13.8 Have you availed benefit of ay Government Scheme: 1. Yes 2. No 13.8.1 Cash 13.8.2 Material 13.8.3 Other 13.9 Are you associated with TATA- GE project: 1. Yes 2. No 13.10 Have you contributed for the project: 1. Yes 2. No How much ________

14. Information:

14.1 Have you reach any poster/ booklet about the project: 1. Yes 2. No 14.2 Was it useful: 1. Yes 2. No 14.3 How?: 1. For availing information 2. Improvement of daily habits 3. Understanding water treatment process 4. Operation of RO plant 5. Other

baseline study report · 2014-04-07 · akrsp (i) agakhan rural support programme, india apl above...

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