baseline competencies for differentiated career pathway: group 1 … · 2019. 7. 22. · baseline...

Philosophy of Education

by: Prof. Dr. Yeo Kee Jiar

School of Education, FSSH, UTM15 July 2019

Baseline Competencies for Differentiated Career Pathway: Group 1

Workshop Learning Outcomes

• To understand what is education, philosophy

and philosophy of education

• To related branches of philosophy with

philosophy of education

• To write “my philosophy of education”

How do you define education?

What is education?

• Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.

• knowledge; skills; student; young; teacher; adults; process …..describe education in two sentences

Eric Berne’s three important questions:

• Who am I?

• Why am I here?

• Who are all these other people, and what do they want of me?

What is Philosophy?

Think – pair –share

• How do you feel about your life as a young /new/junior academic?

• Does you personal/past experience help in your current job? How doe it help?

Your philosophy

attitudePast

experiencebelief

Influence how you

live, work, interact with people, etc

reflected in your teaching and learning

processes.

Philosophy and Philosophy of Education

• The word philosophycomes from the Greek words philo, meaning love, and sophos, meaning wisdom. It is a love of wisdom.

• a search for wisdom

• Philosophy of education– provides a

“framework for thinking” about educational issues and dilemmas, and

– it guides professional practice.

• All teachers have a personal philosophy that colors the way they teach

• Engaging in philosophy helps clarify what they do or intend to do, justify or explain why they do what they do in a logical systematic manner

What is Philosophy of Education?

Fields of Philosophy

• Four branches of philosophy relative to teaching [epistemology, metaphysics, axiology, logic]

• Four Traditional Schools of Philosophy [idealism, realism, pragmatism, existentialism]

• Five philosophies of education [essentialism, existentialism, perennialism, progressivism, social reconstructivism]

➢ Theories of knowledge

➢ Knowing the limits or validity of knowing

Epistemology: Knowing is…?

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

Epistemology: Knowing is…?

• “How” we come to know what we know.

• A variety of ways of knowing exist.

➢ Practice and

➢ experience are

important.

➢ What is factual

evidence?

➢ (Ex) examining your

beliefs.

➢ Greek: Meta ta physika

➢ Metaphysics is the study of the basic structures of reality

➢ Basic causes and nature of things


Metaphysics : Reality is..?

Metaphysics : Reality is..?

Metaphysics-(ontology)- considers “what” we know. Perceive (Debate)

Independent of our perception exists.1) reality is objective and observable2) reality is actually perceived, since our behavior depends on our perception.

Are people basically good?What or who is God?

❖ What s beautiful?

❖ Ethics: study of human conduct and and examine moral values -- What is good and evil? Right and wrong?

❖ Aesthetics : Values beauty, nature, and aedtheticexperience (often associated with music, art, literature, dance, theater, and other fine arts)


Axiology: values are…..

➢ Aesthetics➢ Ethics

Axiology: “Values Are”

• Values and ethics Debate:

– Character education argues that values, such as honesty and citizenship, should be emphasized, taught, and rewarded.

• Moral education

– emphasizes the development of students’ moral reasoning and doesn’t establish a list of values that learners should acquire.• “What is beauty?

• I’m getting paid to help kids learn. If I don’t do my best, I’m not earning my salary.” (Reasoning, value, moral)

➢ Reasoning➢ Increases with each

stage of cognitive development

➢ the processing of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles.


Logic

Syllogism is an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises)

Think of one example base on your actual experience

Idealism

• Since the physical world is constantly changing,

• ideas are the only reliable form of reality.

– Ideal situation; what you would like to happen

– Perfect marriage; teaching

Realism

• The features of the universe exist whether or not a human being is there to perceive them.– An oak tree outside the window.

– You can perceive it to be anything you want, but it’s still an oak.

• Philosophy of realism emphasize – observation,

– experimentation, and

– critical reasoning.

Pragmatism

• Pragmatism rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth.

• Instead, truth is what works, hence the term pragmatism.– Experience is the key

idea

– Individuals need methods for dealing with changes.

– Pragmatic Solution

Pragmatism

• Pragmatism – doesn’t de-emphasize the importance of

knowledge;

– instead, it attempts to connect it tochildren’s interests.• Constructivism: build knowledge

• Rather than follow the rule, demonstrate.

• Create understanding

Existentialism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqnWNMsWdqM

• Humanity isn’t part of an orderly universe – individuals create their own existence in their

own unique way.

• With freedom comes responsibility

• Emphasis on the individual: – we don’t teach math, science, reading, and

writing;

– we teach people, and the people we teach are at the core of learning.

• Learner-centered curriculum/instruction• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdZaywluk34

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqnWNMsWdqM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdZaywluk34

The Traditional Schools of Philosophy

Instruction emphasizes

discussion designed to

increase individual

self-awareness.

Curricula and

instruction focus

on problem solving

and the scientific

method.

Curricula focus

on content that

emphasizes

natural laws.

Curricula focus on

content that

emphasizes time-

honored ideas.

Values are chosen

by the individual.

Values are

relative.

Values are

absolute based on

natural law.

Values are

absolute based on

enduring ideas.

Knowing is making

personal choice.

Knowing is the result

of experience based

on the

scientificmk4u0r

method.

Knowing is

observing and

understanding

natural laws.

Knowing is the

personal rethinking

of universal ideas.

Reality is the

subjective

interpretation of the

physical world.

Reality is the

interaction of the

individual and the

environment.

Reality is the

physical world.Reality is the world of

unchanging ideas.

©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Philosophies of Education

• Perennialism: suggests that nature, including human

nature, is constant.

• Essentialism: emphasizes a critical core of knowledge and

skills that all students should learn.

• Progressivism: focuses on real-world problem solving and

individual development.

• Social Reconstructionism: contends that schools,

teachers, and students should play a role in addressing the social inequities in our society.

Perennials

• Nature, – including human nature, is constant

• Education – is preparation for future life

• Math, science, and particularly literature are important – they expose learners to

• the rigors of logical thought

• the great ideas that have endured throughout history.

• (Classics)

Perennials

• Ex. Classic works ranging from Homer’s Iliad to Darwin’s The Origin of Species

• Critics question – the value of distant and abstract ideas for

poorly motivated and intellectually unprepared students.

• They also suggest – that it is the elitists that places too much

emphasis on ideas that are unrelated to the student’s lives.

Perennialism

(click on link)

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights

reserved.

http://youtu.be/AZ_Nu20YBvI

➢ Academic tests➢ Basic skills and

knowledge


Essentialism

Essentialism

• “Back to the basics”

– learning should focus on essential basic skills,

• reading, writing, mathematics, and to a certain extent, science and geography.

– the belief that core of information existsthat all people should possess.

• Reform aimed at improving teacher training

Essentialism

• A “Nation At Risk” recommended that – all high school students master core

requirements

– in five “basics”-English, math, science, social studies, and computer science

– sequence of courses

– mastery of essential teaching skills

• Core of knowledge exists that all pre-service teachers should master. – Knowledge Base for

– the Beginning Teacher

Essentialism and Perennialism

• Are wary of

– learner-centered education and the focus on learner self-esteem.

• Essentialists

– emphasize knowledge and skills that are useful in today’s world.

Standards ….and Essential Knowledge

• Based on essentialism:– there is a critical core of knowledge all students

should master.– Major role of schools should be to ensure that all

students master a core of knowledge.

• Critics of standards (and essentialism):– crucial knowledge is learned through rote

memorization, soon becoming forgotten or inert, and

– fails to influence students’ current or future lives.

Essentialism

(click on link)


http://youtu.be/n5l9yZIkugw

Progressivism


Education which moves the students forward and is relevant to the world today and in the future

Progressivism

– Problem solving and learning concepts

– Curriculum that focuses on real-world problem solving and individual development

– Insurance advertised: Progressive Insurance

• Critics say:

– places too much emphasis on student’s interests and self-esteem

– Constructivism (next slide)– http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=progressive+insurance+yo

utube&ei=UTF-8&fr=moz35

http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=progressive+insurance+youtube&ei=UTF-8&fr=moz35

➢ Social issues➢ Seek change


Social Reconstructionism

Classroom Application of Educational Philosophies

• How is an educator’s educational philosophy determined?

Forming a Personal Philosophy of Education

• Philosophy is important – it helps you explain and

defend your educational goals

– explain what you try to accomplish in your classroom

Forming a Philosophy

• First, any philosophy is evolving and dynamic

• Second, your personal philosophy is likely to include elements of more than one traditional and educational philosophy.

• Third, be willing to change your views if you find that they are in error. (Open-mindedness)

Examining Your Beliefs

• Once identified, – beliefs (philosophy) should be examined and

analyzed. (epistemology)

• This is where epistemology becomes important.– How do you know that your beliefs are valid?

• Do they “feel” right?

• Do they make sense intuitively?

– Is feeling or intuition adequate to justify beliefs, or must you have research evidence to indicate that they’re valid?

Educational Philosophies p. 161

Educational Goals

Assessment

Learning

Environment

Teaching Methods

Role of the Teacher

Curriculum

ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismTraditional

Philosophy Most

Closely Related

ReconstructionismProgressivismEssentialismPerennialism

Critically examine today’s

institutions; elevate the

status of marginalized

people (women and cultural

minorities).

Acquire ability to

function in the real

world; develop problem-

solving skills.

Acquire basic skills;

acquire knowledge

needed to function in

today’s world.

Train the intellect; moral

development.Educational Goals

Collaborative between

teacher and student;

emphasis on the exposure of

hidden assumptions.

Continuous feedback;

informal monitoring of

student progress.

Frequent objective,

essay, and

performance tests.

Frequent objective and

essay tests.Assessment

Community-oriented; self-

regulated.

Collaborative; self-

regulated; democratic.

High structure; high

levels of time on task.

High structure; high levels

of time on task.Learning

Environment

Discussion; role play;

simulation; personal

research.

Problem-based learning,

cooperative learning;

guided discovery.

Lecture; practice and

feedback; questioning.

Lecture; questioning;

coaching in intellectual

thinking.

Teaching Methods

Facilitate discussions that

involve clarifying issues.

Guide learning with

questioning; develop and

guide practical problem-

solving activities.

Deliver clear lectures;

increase student

understanding with

critical questions.

Deliver clear lectures;

increase student

understanding with critical

questions.

Role of the Teacher

Emphasis on the works of

marginalized people.

Emphasis on problem

solving and skills needed

in today’s world.

Emphasis on basic

skills.

Emphasis on enduring

ideas.Curriculum

ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismTraditional

Philosophy Most

Closely Related

PostmodernismProgressivismEssentialismPerennialism

©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Classroom Applications of the Educational Philosophies

Your Educational Philosophy

What is the role of the

student: Educational

Goals?

What Assessments

would you use.?

How would you set up

the Learning

Environment?

What Teaching

Methods should be

used?

What is the role of the

Teacher?

Curriculum: What

should be taught?

ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismWhich aspect best

describes you?

And …Why?....

Which philosophy best

describes you?

Statement of Teaching Philosophy

Philosophy of teaching statements are concise statements of what you believe about the teaching and learning

Examples

baseline competencies for differentiated career pathway: group 1 … · 2019. 7. 22. · baseline...

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