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Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa Chris Udry, Yale University and ATAI

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Page 1: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in AfricaChris Udry, Yale University and ATAI

Page 2: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Why slow profit, yield and output/worker growth in Africa?•Difficult physical conditions and lack of appropriate technology•lack of incentives to invest and innovate•too little public investment in roads and infrastructure

•imperfectly functioning markets and institutions

Page 3: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

… it is lack of appropriate tech• when very profitable innovations are available, they are rapidly adopted

Page 4: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

… it is lack of appropriate tech• when very profitable innovations are available, they are rapidly adopted

• Easy example is cocoa in 20th century Ghana• Highly imperfect markets, limited infrastructure• Very long‐term, risky investment; huge fixed cost (migration, family restructuring, clearing…)

• Yet rapid adoption and huge profits

Page 5: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

… it is lack of appropriate tech• when very profitable innovations are available, they are rapidly adopted• Easy example is cocoa in 20th century Ghana• Highly imperfect markets, limited infrastructure• Very long‐term, risky investment; huge fixed cost (migration, family restructuring, clearing…)

• Yet rapid adoption and huge profits•Many other examples• Akwapim Pineapple• Burkina Faso and Mali cotton• Malawi potatoes• …. 

Page 6: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

For more marginal improvements, other imperfections matterThis is the focus of ATAI

• Agricultural Technology Adoption Initiative • Based at JPAL/CEGA• Funders include DFID, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Page 7: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Research using RCTs to evaluate interventions to overcome obstacles to adoption of new technology

Organized around potential market failures

Page 8: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

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Page 9: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

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Page 10: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

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Page 11: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

3. Information

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Page 12: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

3. Information

4. Externalities

5.

6.

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Page 13: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

3. Information

4. Externalities

5. Input and Output Markets

6.

7.

Page 14: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

3. Information

4. Externalities

5. Input and Output Markets

6. Labor Markets

7.

Page 15: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

1. Credit Markets

2. Risk Markets

3. Information

4. Externalities

5. Input and Output Markets

6. Labor Markets

7. Land Markets

Page 16: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

ATAI has funded 32 projects

Page 17: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Example: Risk6 ATAI projects; other work ongoing as well

Page 18: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Example: Risk•Matters! When mitigated via index insurance, investment in agriculture grows, and is more risky/higher return (Ghana, India, China, Ethiopia, Malawi)

Page 19: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Example: Risk•Matters! When mitigated via index insurance, investment in agriculture grows, and is more risky/higher return (Ghana, India, China, Ethiopia, Malawi)

• But often too costly: demand very low at commercial rates. Need to reduce transaction costs

Page 20: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Example: Risk•Matters! When mitigated via index insurance, investment in agriculture grows, and is more risky/higher return (Ghana, India, China, Ethiopia, Malawi)

• But often too costly: demand very low at commercial rates. Need to reduce transaction costs

• Basis risk, trust crucial

Page 21: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Example: Risk•Matters! When mitigated via index insurance, investment in agriculture grows, and is more risky/higher return (Ghana, India, China, Ethiopia, Malawi)

• But often too costly: demand very low at commercial rates. Need to reduce transaction costs

• Basis risk, trust crucial• Risk‐mitigating crop improvements very promising in India and Sierra Leone

Page 22: Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth in Africa odi · 2019-11-11 · Barriers to Rural Productivity Growth ... •too little public investment in roads and infrastructure •imperfectly

Across ATAI program areas, a fundamental lesson is heterogeneity

o Location specificity

o Variation over time in returns

o Variation within small communities in constraints and opportunities

o Policy that embraces heterogeneitya. Marketsb. Decentralization

Heterogeneity