barriers for first and second language acquisition. when delay leads to deviance

Barriers for first and second language acquisition. When delay leads to deviance. 37-975-01 Challenges to Language Acquisition: Bilingualism and Language Impairment

Dr. Sharon Armon-LotemBar Ilan University

Simultaneous Bilinguals - Two systems or one? 2 L1s?Under what conditions are the two languages of a bilingual child differentiated? (e.g. Genesee, 2001; Muller & Hulk, 2000).

Unitary-language system hypothesis - The language systems are not differentiated right from the beginning - the child does not have resources to do itDifferentiated (dual)-language systems hypothesis - The language systems are differentiated right from the beginning

First words of a bilingual child (Shelli) classified

From: Berman, R. 1977. The role of proper nouns at the one-word stage. TAU ms. Berman, R. 1978. Early verbs. Int'l J Psycholinguistics 5: 21-29

Volterra and Taeschner (1977) - three stages Diary studies of simultaneous bilinguals (one parent - one language)Words from both languages are included without differentiationChildren mixed words from both languagesA word in one language almost never had a corresponding word with the same meaning in the other languageThe two lexicons are differentiated but not the syntax (~ 2)Two different words pertaining to the two languages describe the same event or object The pragmatic context influenced the choice of wordsThere are two linguistic codes distinguished in lexicon and in syntax (~3)Both languages are used correctly at the lexical and the syntactic levels

Verbs & nouns in the bilingual mental lexicon Schelletter, C. (2005) Bilingual Children's Lexical Development: Factors Affecting the Acquisition of Nouns and Verbs and Their Translation Equivalents. In ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, ed. James Cohen, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan, 2095-2103. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.

Translation equivalentsAdult bilinguals - particular groups of words and their translation equivalents have a closer relationship and are translated faster as a result. Kroll & Stewart (1994), Kroll & de Groot (1997) and van Hell & de Groot (1998) - there is an effect of form similarity. Nouns that are similar in sound and spelling are translated faster in both translation directions. The conceptual feature model (Kroll & De Groot 1997) - form similar words have a feature overlap in their conceptual representations in the two languages. What about children? Can the previous findings on form similar nouns be also be extended to verbs?

A case studyGerman/English bilingual girlAge of 1;11 to 2;8 in German and 2;2 to 2;9 in English. Three sub-periods: period 1 from 1;11 to 2;3, period 2 from 2;4 to 2;6 and period 3 from 2;7 to 2;9.

Lindholm and Padilla (1977(Language samples (2;10 and 6;2) - one experimenter/one language Two separate linguistic systems from an early age. Mixing (2% of utterances) mostly occurs at the lexical level - substitutions of nouns. Mixing is due to lexical gaps or familiarity

Genesee (1989)bilingual childrens mixed utterances are modeled on mixed input produced by others (p. 169).

Lanza (1992)Longitudinal study A great impact of language input, the context of the conversation, and parental strategies toward child language mixing, dominance. Mixing per se is not enough in order to determine that the child does not differentiate his two languages

Quay (1995) Longitudinal study By 1;10 - Over 50 pairs

Sequential Bilingual: The role of Universal Grammar (UG) in L2A - Transfer vs. Access.

Full Transfer/No AccessNo Transfer/Full Access (e.g., Ritchie, 1978; Felix, 1988, Epstein, Flynn & Martohardjono 1996) Full Transfer/Full Access (e.g., Schwartz & Sprouse 1996)Partial Transfer/Full Access (e.g. Eubank 1994, Vainikka and Young-Scholten (1994; 1996)

Full Transfer/No Access No aspect of UG, not instantiated in the native language (L1), is available to the learner (cf. Bley-Vroman 1989, Clahsen 1988). Thus the learner has to rely only on her knowledge of L1 and on some learning strategies.

Since UG is not available to the learner, similarities to first language acquisition will be viewed as artifacts that might reflect the influence of L1, rather than evidence for access to UG.

No Transfer/Full AccessUG in full constrains Second Language Acquisition. L1 does not affect L2; there is no transfer of any principles, parameters, or rules from L1 to L2. These assumptions entail a similar course of acquisition for L1 and L2.

Full Transfer/Full AccessThe process starts with transfer from L1 parameters and values to L2, but the correction by the L2 learner is made by parameter resetting which is constrained by UG. The duality of FT/FA predicts that the development of the grammar in L2 follows a similar path to the one seen in the development of L1. Any divergence from this path is attributed to the L1 influence.

Partial Transfer/Full AccessL1 structure is available to L2 learners with underspecified slots, i.e. with no features. L1 structure is the baseline, but UG is accessed in order to specify the slots and set the features to the L2 values.

The Minimal Trees hypothesis

These hypotheses were made for adult learners. Does it matter? Are children different? Is there a critical period for access to UG?

Subject omissionAllen, S. (2006) Language acquisition in inuktitut-english bilinguals. Paper presented at the Conference on Language Acquisition and Bilingualism: Consequences for a Multilingual Society, Boston University

6 Inuktitut-English bilingual childrenaged 1;8 to 2;11 at onset, taped for one year5 children have two bilingual Inuit parents1 child has English-speaking father and bilingual mothernaturalistic data collected via videotape(Allen, Genesee, Fish & Crago 2002)

Contrastive analysisEnglishovert subjects usually required (e.g. John ate the cake.)subject omission allowed in imperatives and certain colloquial instances (e.g. ____ Eat the cake!)Inuktitutovert subjects only required for emphasis or disambiguationsubject omission allowed in all other instances(Zwanziger, Allen & Genesee 2005)

PredictionsIf no crosslinguistic influencesubject omission rates similar to monolinguals in both languagesIf crosslinguistic influencesubject omission rates different from monolinguals in one or both languages(Zwanziger, Allen & Genesee 2005)

EnglishInuktitut(Zwanziger, Allen & Genesee 2005)

Object omissionYip, V. and S. Matthews (2005) Dual Input and Learnability: Null Objects in Cantonese-English Bilingual Children. In ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, ed. James Cohen, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan, 2421-2431. Somerville,MA: Cascadilla Press.

Simultaneously bilinguals , Cantonese/English, Longitudinal recordings, ages 1;6 - 3;6.

Null objects in MLRoeper (1981, 140) All subcategorizations are obligatory until positive evidence shows that they are optional. Ingham (1993:109) - Naomi 1;08-1;11, 4.8% (12/251 tokens).Huang (1999) - Adam 2;052;09, 3.5%

Why? An analysis of null objectsMueller (1998:153) - Input ambiguity: transfer may occur when two different grammatical hypotheses are compatible with the same surface string.

(a) the target analysis applicable to adult English, in which the missing object is not syntactically present, but interpreted semantically as generic: eat [+generic]

(b) the analysis based on Chinese grammar (see examples 22-25), in which the missing object is syntactically present, coreferential with a null topic and therefore interpreted as specific: [TOPIC ]i eat x i [+specific]

Is there a critical period for L1 acquisition?Lennenberg (1967) A biological basis to the critical period. Around puberty when left hemisphere lateralization is complete. Child aphasics can recover language function, whereas adults cannot.Seliger (1979) Plasticity of the left hemisphere. Multiple critical periods. Genie, Chelsea.Newport (1990) Three groups of deaf children exposed to ASL at different ages (early childhood, 4-6, 12)

>>> There are several sensitive periods for learning different language functions.

Sign Language (Mayberry 1993)

Brain Studies

Is there a critical period for L2 acquisition?

Kim & Hirsch (1997)fMRI study Two groups of bilingual people:Group 1 Child L2 learnersGroup 2 Adult L2 learnersTask: think of what you did that day, first in L1 then in L2.Findings: both groups used the same part of Wernicke's area for both languagesGroup 1 used the same part of Broca's area for L1 and L2 Group 2 used a part of Broca's area next to the L1 processing area for L2

Possible explanationsIn childhood all language is hardwired in one area. Once hardwiring is complete a different area of the brain must be used critical periodL2 Acquisition vs. L2 learning - Different kinds of input are stored in different parts of the brain

Johnson & Newport (1989)Critical period effects in second language learning; The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology 21: 60-99A clear relationship between age of arrival to USA (of 46 Korean or Chinese speakers) and the ability to judge grammaticality of English sentences (containing 12 different types of rules(

Long, M. H. 1990. Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12:251-285

Adults proceed through early stages of morphological and syntactic development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant).Older children acquire faster than younger children (again in early stages of morphology and syntax, where time and exposure are held constant0.Child starters outperform adult starters in the long run.

Flynn & Manuel (1992).Age dependent effects in language acquisition: An evaluation of critical period hypothesis."More than one critical period. UG is available for adults too.

Birdsong, D. 1992. Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition. Language 68:706-753

L2 learners success/ failure to reach ultimate attainment in the L2 is due to the similarity/ variance between the L1 and the L2.

DeKeyser, R. M. 2000. The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.The affect of language aptitude. The affect of structural saliency.

Bialystok 1997Criticism of Johnson & Newport on every possible level: experimental technique, age related factors, etc.Observations:Knowing a system in L1 facilitates its learning in L2 (German and English speakers learning French nominal system).Length of residence affects judgment, not age of arrival (Chinese speakers grammaticality judgment in English)Different experimental techniques may lead to different conclusionsChildrens successful attainment is due to different learning styleConclusion:All kinds of knowledge are acquired in the same way, the only difference being the amount of past experience which is brought into the process.There is no evidence for critical period for language learning

Questions:

Why does the influence of L1 on L2 entail that there is no critical period?Why cant different tasks affect the results if there is a critical period?Correcting written samples is more natural for adult learnersIs translation the same a natural processing? Isnt translation the thing that adult learners do, but young ones dont?Is it the case that there is no critical period for language learning but there is a critical period for language replacement?

Definiteness in L2 Hebrew of bilingual children with L1 Russian (Armon-Lotem 2005) Russian immigrant children aged 10 to 12, who have been exposed to Hebrew for six or seven years Both parents speak Russian at home, though all know Hebrew.Children speak Russian with parents, and Hebrew with siblings and friendsAll children study at the same school and are from middle SES

Focus of study: Barriers to second language acquisition (Bialystok, 1997) Amount and type of exposure (Snow & Hoefnagel-Hohle, 1978)Length of residence Difference in learning style Different motivation between children and adults.

MethodTest groups:Three groups of L2 Hebrew children, according to age of arrival (3, 4;6, and 6) Two groups of L1 Hebrew controls (aged 10 and 12).10 subjects in each groupTasksA yes/no judgment taskA picture elicitation task

The yes/no judgment Tasks11 categories of pragmatic and syntactic environment where the definite article should, or shouldnt be used (cf. Fruchtman 1982) Both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. Subject were asked to mark sentences as linguistically correct and incorrect

The picture elicitation task5 categories of pragmatic and syntactic environment where the definite article should, or shouldnt be used (cf. Fruchtman 1982) Subjects were presented with a picture and were asked to complete a description of the picture.

Findings - Judgment TaskNumber and percentage of correct results: a cross-group comparison77%66%66%85%90%

A cross-group comparisonChildren who were exposed to Hebrew from the age of three scored significantly better than those arriving at a later age.They scored marginally lower than their age matched controls.Children who were exposed to Hebrew after the age of 4;6 scored significantly lower than their age matched controls.

Group profile: Individual scores within groupsNumber of correct responses [N= 26]

Chart3

2323232526

2221212526

2120202426

2120202425

2119182425

2116172324

2016172223

2015141920

1913131920

1512121820

3/7, L2

4/6, L2

6/6, L2

10, L1

12, L1

Sheet1

Judgment

3/73 7 N4/64 6 N6/66 6 N1010 N1212 N

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%242187.50%242187.50%24

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat3975.00%12650.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat415.49886.10%1810.99861.10%1813.98677.70%1815.98488.80%1815.98488.80%18

cat59.99683.30%126.99658.30%127.99266.60%1212100.00%1210.99291.60%12

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat710.99291.60%128.19668.30%12975.00%12975.00%1212100.00%12

cat87.99266.60%12975.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat96.99658.30%12650.00%12650.00%129.99683.30%1212100.00%12

cat109.9955.50%189.9955.50%187.99244.40%1811.98866.60%1816.99294.40%18

cat1110.99291.60%1210.99291.60%129.99683.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

sum120.44477.21%156103.17666.14%156103.93866.63%156132.93685.22%156140.92890.34%156

Correct Answers

835Group 3/777%91%77/85

174Group 4/666%73%66/900.0096610951

22Group 6/666%

Group 1085%

Group 1290%

91%

73%

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%24

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%12

sum38.98881.23%4835.00472.93%4830.97264.53%48

Elicitation

3/74/66/6

cat12480.00%3026.0186.70%3024.9983.30%30

cat22790.00%3023.0176.70%3021.9973.30%30

cat311.98866.60%18950.00%189.9955.50%18

cat44.99883.30%64.00266.70%6350.00%60.0049986887

43.98681.46%5436.01266.69%5434.9864.78%54

0.0152680722

3/74/66/6

Judgment77%66%66%

Elicitation81%67%65%

E180%83%J20.5065844908

E366%75%J1

E483%92%J7

E5100%92%J11

3/7, L24/6, L26/6, L210, L112, L1

12323232526

22221212526

32120202426

42120202425

4.677777777813.166666666752119182425

232362116172324

222172016172223

212082015141920

212091913131920

2119101512121820

2116

2016Mean20.317.517.522.323.5

2015Range15-2323 - 1223 -1218-2526 -20

1913Var4.677777777813.166666666713.16666666677.12222222226.7222222222

1512Avadev1.443.12.92.242.2

203175175223235

Sheet1

2323232526

2221212526

2120202426

2120202425

2119182425

2116172324

2016172223

2015141920

1913131920

1512121820

3/7, L2

4/6, L2

6/6, L2

10, L1

12, L1

Sheet2

Sheet2

0.770.660.660.850.9

Group 3/7

Group 4/6

Group 6/6

Group 10

Group 12

Sheet3

0.750.70850.666

0.8330.750.583

0.750.50.75

0.8610.6110.777

0.8330.5830.666

0.9160.750.666

0.9160.6830.75

0.6660.750.75

0.5830.50.5

0.5550.5550.444

0.9160.9160.833

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.750.666

0.8330.583

0.750.75

0.8610.777

0.8330.666

0.9160.666

0.9160.75

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.444

0.9160.833

3/7

6/6

0.750.7085

0.8330.75

0.750.5

0.8610.611

0.8330.583

0.9160.75

0.9160.683

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.555

0.9160.916

3/7

4/6

0.750.875

0.8330.916

0.750.916

0.8610.888

0.8331

0.9160.75

0.9160.75

0.6660.916

0.5830.833

0.5550.666

0.9160.916

3/7

10

2323232526

2221212526

2120202426

2120202425

2119182425

2116172324

2016172223

2015141920

1913131920

1512121820

3/7, L2

4/6, L2

6/6, L2

10, L1

12, L1

0.81455555560.66688888890.6477777778

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.80.867

0.90.767

0.6660.5

0.8330.667

3/7

4/6

0.80.8670.833

0.90.7670.733

0.6660.50.555

0.8330.6670.5

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.770.81

0.660.67

0.660.65

Judgment

Elicitation

Comparing the groups on the different categoriesOn nine of the eleven categories, 3/7 scored better than the 6/6 group, on one category they scored the same, and on one worse, but this was not significant.On eight of the eleven categories, 3/7 scored better than the 4/6 group, on two category they scored the same, and on one worse, but this was not significant.There was no significant difference between the 4/6 and 6/6 groups.Only three categories showed negative correlation between success and age for all three groups.Both control groups scored better (average of 88% correct answers) on all categories, except one, on which the youngest L2 children scored better.

Findings - Picture Elicitation TaskSimilar results of a negative correlation between success and age were found on the picture elicitation task, with the 3/7 group scoring significantly better then the other two groups. On three of the five categories, 3/7 scored better than both groups, and on one categories they scored the same. All groups scored at ceiling on the fifth categoryPercentage of correct results: a cross-group comparison

Chart10

0.81455555560.66688888890.6477777778

3/7

4/6

6/6

Sheet1

Judgment

3/73 7 N4/64 6 N6/66 6 N1010 N1212 N

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%242187.50%242187.50%24

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat3975.00%12650.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat415.49886.10%1810.99861.10%1813.98677.70%1815.98488.80%1815.98488.80%18

cat59.99683.30%126.99658.30%127.99266.60%1212100.00%1210.99291.60%12

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat710.99291.60%128.19668.30%12975.00%12975.00%1212100.00%12

cat87.99266.60%12975.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat96.99658.30%12650.00%12650.00%129.99683.30%1212100.00%12

cat109.9955.50%189.9955.50%187.99244.40%1811.98866.60%1816.99294.40%18

cat1110.99291.60%1210.99291.60%129.99683.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

sum120.44477.21%156103.17666.14%156103.93866.63%156132.93685.22%156140.92890.34%156

Correct Answers

835Group 3/777%91%77/85

174Group 4/666%73%66/900.0096610951

22Group 6/666%

Group 1085%

Group 1290%

91%

73%

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%24

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%12

sum38.98881.23%4835.00472.93%4830.97264.53%48

Elicitation

cat12480.00%3026.0186.70%3024.9983.30%30

3/74/66/6

cat22790.00%3023.0176.70%3021.9973.30%30

cat311.98866.60%18950.00%189.9955.50%18

cat44.99883.30%64.00266.70%6350.00%6

43.98681.46%5436.01266.69%5434.9864.78%54

Sheet2

Sheet2

0.770.660.660.850.9

Group 3/7

Group 4/6

Group 6/6

Group 10

Group 12

Sheet3

0.750.70850.666

0.8330.750.583

0.750.50.75

0.8610.6110.777

0.8330.5830.666

0.9160.750.666

0.9160.6830.75

0.6660.750.75

0.5830.50.5

0.5550.5550.444

0.9160.9160.833

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.750.666

0.8330.583

0.750.75

0.8610.777

0.8330.666

0.9160.666

0.9160.75

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.444

0.9160.833

3/7

6/6

0.750.7085

0.8330.75

0.750.5

0.8610.611

0.8330.583

0.9160.75

0.9160.683

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.555

0.9160.916

3/7

4/6

0.81455555560.66688888890.6477777778

3/7

4/6

6/6

Comparison across tasksNo significant differences were found between the two tasksPercentage of correct results across tasks

Chart12

0.770.81

0.660.67

0.660.65

Judgment

Elicitation

Sheet1

Judgment

3/73 7 N4/64 6 N6/66 6 N1010 N1212 N

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%242187.50%242187.50%24

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat3975.00%12650.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat415.49886.10%1810.99861.10%1813.98677.70%1815.98488.80%1815.98488.80%18

cat59.99683.30%126.99658.30%127.99266.60%1212100.00%1210.99291.60%12

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat710.99291.60%128.19668.30%12975.00%12975.00%1212100.00%12

cat87.99266.60%12975.00%12975.00%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

cat96.99658.30%12650.00%12650.00%129.99683.30%1212100.00%12

cat109.9955.50%189.9955.50%187.99244.40%1811.98866.60%1816.99294.40%18

cat1110.99291.60%1210.99291.60%129.99683.30%1210.99291.60%1210.99291.60%12

sum120.44477.21%156103.17666.14%156103.93866.63%156132.93685.22%156140.92890.34%156

Correct Answers

835Group 3/777%91%77/85

174Group 4/666%73%66/900.0096610951

22Group 6/666%

Group 1085%

Group 1290%

91%

73%

cat11875.00%2417.00470.85%2415.98466.60%24

cat610.99291.60%12975.00%127.99266.60%12

cat29.99683.30%12975.00%126.99658.30%12

sum38.98881.23%4835.00472.93%4830.97264.53%48

Elicitation

3/74/66/6

cat12480.00%3026.0186.70%3024.9983.30%30

cat22790.00%3023.0176.70%3021.9973.30%30

cat311.98866.60%18950.00%189.9955.50%18

cat44.99883.30%64.00266.70%6350.00%60.0049986887

43.98681.46%5436.01266.69%5434.9864.78%54

0.0152680722

3/74/66/6

Judgment77%66%66%

Elicitation81%67%65%

Sheet2

Sheet2

0.770.660.660.850.9

Group 3/7

Group 4/6

Group 6/6

Group 10

Group 12

Sheet3

0.750.70850.666

0.8330.750.583

0.750.50.75

0.8610.6110.777

0.8330.5830.666

0.9160.750.666

0.9160.6830.75

0.6660.750.75

0.5830.50.5

0.5550.5550.444

0.9160.9160.833

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.750.666

0.8330.583

0.750.75

0.8610.777

0.8330.666

0.9160.666

0.9160.75

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.444

0.9160.833

3/7

6/6

0.750.7085

0.8330.75

0.750.5

0.8610.611

0.8330.583

0.9160.75

0.9160.683

0.6660.75

0.5830.5

0.5550.555

0.9160.916

3/7

4/6

0.81455555560.66688888890.6477777778

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.80.867

0.90.767

0.6660.5

0.8330.667

3/7

4/6

0.80.8670.833

0.90.7670.733

0.6660.50.555

0.8330.6670.5

3/7

4/6

6/6

0.770.81

0.660.67

0.660.65

Judgment

Elicitation

ConclusionGiven the young age of arrival for all three groups and the long period of exposure, the differences are striking. The major factor for success in L2 acquisition by children is age of first exposure rather than length of residence, difference in learning style, or difference in task. For children, the critical period is most critical, though its effects might fade away with time.

Length of Exposure, Age of Exposure and Success on L2 Standardized tests. Results from the BMBF funded Consortium Migration and societal Integration. Grant No. 01UW0702B.

Participants

Fathers Occupational Status

Chart1

1521

1926

2516

2Unemployed

Father's Occupation German

Father's Occupation Israeli

Sheet1

Father's Occupation

GermanIsraeli

Professional1521

Skilled1926

Semi-skilled2516

Unemployed2

Mother's Occupation

GermanIsraeli

Professional725

Skilled1533

Semi-skilled917

Unemployed30

Sheet1



Mother's Occupation German

Mother's Occupation Israeli

Mothers Occupational Status

Chart2

725

1533

917

30Unemployed



Sheet1

Father's Occupation

GermanIsraeli

Professional1521

Skilled1926

Semi-skilled2516

Unemployed2

Mother's Occupation

GermanIsraeli

Professional725

Skilled1533

Semi-skilled917

Unemployed30

Sheet1





- (- 2009) 10-25 (19)26-46 (25)47-75 (11)

L2/Hebrew Acquisition: Israeli Cohort

1 Age of L2 Onset: Goralnik standardized test and two subtests (Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation)2 Length of Exposure: Goralnik standardized test and two subtests (Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation)

Significant difference between the group with the oldest age of onset (after the age of 3) and the two other groups with no significant difference between the two other groups.

Significant difference between the group with the least length of exposure (up to two years) and the two other groups, with no significant difference between the two other groups.

L2/German Acquisition: German CohortAGE: Significant for all tasks 4s vs. 5s & 6s

1 Length of exposure: Standardized test2 Length of exposure: Linguistic tasks

All three groups score within the monolingual norm, but below the monolingual mean -- with older children and children with length of exposure of over 4 years barely reaching the monolingual mean.

Chart1

-1.0143

-0.6645

-0.3087

Normed z-score

Length of exposure

z-score

Length of Exposure and Normed z-score

Sheet1

Figure 3

36mo

Imitation0.51226177560.0931697122-0.1893864181

Vocabulary-0.7475725965-1.603511855-2.5667300479

Total score-0.3783416585-0.975990903-1.8240061191

Descriptive Statistics

Age of Onset 3 GROUPSMeanStd. DeviationN

Goralnik z scoresbefore 24mo-0.37834165850.957038781322

25-36mo-0.9759909030.797869004521

after 36mo-1.82400611911.684913193829

Total-1.13493754031.395920674372

GoralnikZvocbefore 24mo-0.74757259651.058164963622

25-36mo-1.6035118551.18474259121

after 36mo-2.56673004791.847649837529

Total-1.72993774261.631753287372

goralnikZimibefore 24mo0.51226177560.427627966922

25-36mo0.09316971220.799070076721

after 36mo-0.18938641811.11130557229

Total0.10741829020.898787634172

Figure 4

48mo

Imitation-0.0779626190.02184270880.4717139672

Vocabulary-2.73653333-1.7016212801-0.6788513552

Total score-2.0290973598-0.991420159-0.4071274117


LOE 3 GROUPSMeanStd. DeviationN

Goralnik z scoresless than 24mo-2.02909735981.333272202423

24-47mo-0.9914201591.324901629633

48mo and more-0.40712741171.038776918318

Total-1.17181618831.395324700474

GoralnikZvocless than 24mo-2.736533332.004753216523

24-47mo-1.70162128011.206784888233

48mo and more-0.67885135521.02607083918

Total-1.77450125981.638531263174

goralnikZimiless than 24mo-0.0779626191.066243081223

24-47mo0.02184270880.897166495733

48mo and more0.47171396720.479747625318

Total0.10025027790.892111939274

Figure 5

36mo

Imitation0.44370496670.1039076358-0.3188091751

Sentence completion0.47837154490.0433570962-0.3308378752

NV Lexis0.48006261330.33139352-0.2122446702



Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)before 24mo0.44370496670.559232404821

25-36mo0.10390763580.619807516222

after 36mo-0.31880917511.268423995731

Total0.02325253870.979739148674

Zscore: sentence completion (out of 42)before 24mo0.47837154490.712200980421

25-36mo0.04335709620.973486113122

after 36mo-0.33083787521.094942694631

Total0.01004978961.008493672674

ZHebLexisNVbefore 24mo0.48006261330.509293787221

25-36mo0.331393520.513446288422

after 36mo-0.21224467020.845340403231

Total0.14584307490.733167362874

Figure 6

48mo

Imitation-0.31630839670.04916251030.4925647137

Sentence completion-0.49172091140.1090698670.5604974561

NV Lexis-0.27508650520.19253583790.5016283331



Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)less than 24mo-0.31630839671.220405680325

24-47mo0.04916251030.875634337535

48mo and more0.49256471370.480501081717

Total0.02839711790.974387687677

Zscore: sentence completion (out of 42)less than 24mo-0.49172091140.98762524625

24-47mo0.1090698671.007929586435

48mo and more0.56049745610.619406368117

Total0.01367375730.9991907877

ZHebLexisNVless than 24mo-0.27508650520.817965927325

24-47mo0.19253583790.655914942635

48mo and more0.50162833310.561843210117

Total0.1089516020.745944484377

Figure 7

SingletonTwo or more

Perposition imitation0.1241290248-0.1205460442

Inflection imitation-0.0756374483-0.0325976518

complex syntax imitation0.1715476167-0.124962614

sentence completion0.1252766738-0.0911707385

Naming0.4225-0.0895

Case imitation0.1624247527-0.0352023228


Family SizeMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: imitation preposition (out of 35)singleton0.12412902481.132509579314

two or more children-0.12054604421.054233267149

Total-0.06617380661.067654648863

Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)singleton-0.07563744831.336664110414


Total-0.0421620511.078234045963

Zscore: imitation complex (out of 20)singleton0.17154761670.989568951714


Total-0.05907145161.007675354363

Zscore: sentence completion (1st+2nd trials) (out of 135)singleton0.12527667380.995981254214


Total-0.04307131361.000073811563

Zscore: Case (out of 12)singleton0.16242475270.986979343314


Total0.00871480511.005579421863

Figure 8

48mo

Perposition Imitation-0.9995018696-0.05303479310.3158089941

Complex syntax Imitation-0.80765666670.01033285710.39003

Sentence Compleion-1.1912395996-0.09472507660.4353526248

Naming-1.2947025205-0.03294317140.5065599587


LOE 3 groupsMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: german imitation preposition %less than 24mo-0.99950186960.60923243596

24-47mo-0.05303479311.021981887628

48mo and more0.31580899410.949634406621

Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %less than 24mo-1.19123959960.82436003036

24-47mo-0.09472507660.903034355428

48mo and more0.43535262480.905721406821

Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %less than 24mo-1.29470252050.49840805866

24-47mo-0.03294317140.981793346628

48mo and more0.50655995870.77805135421

Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %less than 24mo-0.83673587641.04726177356

24-47mo-0.03732497011.042026645428

48mo and more0.21855859990.842041715121

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

german SG-imitation of complex sentencesless than 24mo-0.80765666670.54602412076

24-47mo0.01033285711.09206936928

48mo and more0.390030.832676722421

Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Figure 9

4s5s6s

Perposition Imitation-1.22220000530.28463125510.5715638843

Case Imitation-0.8750283120.12577377580.4768917594

Complex Syntax Imitation-0.742030.17936840.59613875

Sentence Compleion-0.82382112070.06579087140.5769618302

Naming-1.03827279250.33211769460.5112507464


AGE3gpsMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: german imitation preposition %4s-1.22220000530.874103650914

5s0.28463125510.690497033425

6s0.57156388430.669250875816

Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %4s-0.82382112071.079564229414

5s0.06579087140.767717949925

6s0.57696183020.830086629116

Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %4s-1.03827279250.887298788514

5s0.33211769460.832601435425

6s0.51125074640.629691474216

Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %4s-0.8750283121.019102939214

5s0.12577377580.947724199425

6s0.47689175940.542401661316

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

german SG-imitation of complex sentences4s-0.742030.86186368214

5s0.17936840.940402597725

6s0.596138750.799572549916

Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Figure 10a - Age

4s5s6s

Normed z-score-0.9722-0.5923-0.1118

Figure 10b - LEO

48mo

Normed z-score-1.0143-0.6645-0.3087

Figure 10c - AoO

36mo

Normed z-score-0.5081-0.6786-0.65

Figure 11a - mother occ

Complex syntaxPrepositions ImitationSentense CompletionNamingCase Imitation

unemployed-0.1531478571-0.268773612-0.1923206101-0.1298861173-0.1567072694

semi-skilled0.31004750.49849105850.11481827470.00777286590.0324461002

skilled-0.0756669231-0.1113859873-0.14639330020.0389245074-0.0162208132

professional1.07090666670.68929232580.95203486080.83595749540.4772202484

Figure 11b - father occ


semi-skilled-0.39749-0.5610649151-0.4602299176-0.4065800481-0.5517951053

skilled0.03181777780.0992969178-0.01243864640.03078204830.0835589934

professional0.71699142860.56634439670.55399817530.63164763080.5327818217

Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics

MOTHOCCMeanStd. DeviationNFATHOCCdichMeanStd. DeviationN

german SG-imitation of complex sentencesprofessional1.07090666670.61113456926german SG-imitation of complex sentencesprofessional0.71699142860.672271951614

skilled-0.07566692311.170224759113skilled0.03181777781.089898038918

semi-skilled0.31004750.83609347928semi-skilled-0.397490.916999114321

unemployed-0.15314785710.924855130928unemployed0.685350.55686073232

Total0.06607290911.003970524155Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Zscore: german imitation preposition %professional0.68929232580.58916552356Zscore: german imitation preposition %professional0.56634439670.603892525814

skilled-0.11138598731.199580915613skilled0.09929691780.946722564918



Total-0.01545448271.020585199355Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %professional0.95203486080.77702936896Zscore: german sentence completion %professional0.55399817530.816260226514

skilled-0.14639330021.284289151513skilled-0.01243864640.940941354918



Total-0.01195153861.005172318355Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %professional0.83595749540.41687550716Zscore: german NV %professional0.63164763080.492934803414

skilled0.03892450741.351849374913skilled0.03078204831.010237594618



Total0.03540245841.007221757555Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %professional0.47722024840.60621099916Zscore: german case %professional0.53278182170.578858658914

skilled-0.01622081321.154864113313skilled0.08355899340.92980008518


unemployed-0.15670726941.00348311328unemployed0.574453001702

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

Figure 12

FatherMother

unemployed-0.7733333333

semi-skilled-0.896-0.5

skilled-0.6111111111-0.68

professional-0.056250.4428571429


Dependent Variable:normedSGzscores

FATHOCCdichMeanStd. DeviationN

professional-0.056250.833441659616

skilled-0.61111111110.937386158718

semi-skilled-0.8960.710328562525

unemployed-0.250.63639610312

Total-0.57049180330.865899197861



MOTHOCCMeanStd. DeviationN

professional0.44285714290.82027869837

skilled-0.680.846167832115

semi-skilled-0.50.86890735989

unemployed-0.77333333330.74830075730

Total-0.57049180330.865899197861

Figure 13

Imitation prepositionsImitation injflectionsImitation complex syntaxSentence completionNamingCase Imitation

4s-0.4038689324-0.1046226066-0.453125004-0.2722210572-0.28762930430.2256810614

5s-0.0506774526-0.02089803950.1156623242-0.1824777897-0.2326423547-0.3123414689

6s0.50513262070.1427385850.30288409670.56731773890.66035462950.2387422993



Zscore: russian imitation preposition %4s-0.40386893240.827709082818

5s-0.05067745261.032145033726

6s0.50513262070.948014979817

Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %4s-0.10462260661.13804266218

5s-0.02089803951.001540535226

6s0.1427385850.878591596317

Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %4s-0.4531250040.982417595718

5s0.11566232420.927233981726

6s0.30288409671.015359935617

Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %4s-0.27222105720.806036755518

5s-0.18247778971.066234748726

6s0.56731773890.896615091217

Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %4s-0.28762930430.774875733218

5s-0.23264235470.992055026826

6s0.66035462950.964326984917

Total0161

Zscore: russian case %4s0.22568106140.787799475118

5s-0.31234146891.047456031426

6s0.23874229931.048749085617

Total0161

Figure 14


Less than 14 years-0.2811059108-0.202773913-0.1753046327-0.3018001803-0.26137491-0.2545472436

14 years and more0.6715307870.48440434780.41878328930.72096709740.62439561820.608085082


MOTHEDUCdichotMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: russian imitation preposition %less than 14yrs-0.28110591080.988573170843

14yrs and more0.6715307870.661518837218

Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %less than 14yrs-0.2027739131.098858129243

14yrs and more0.48440434780.440170797418

Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %less than 14yrs-0.17530463271.062108651143

14yrs and more0.41878328930.69207978418

Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %less than 14yrs-0.30180018030.966707356443

14yrs and more0.72096709740.663199076618

Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %less than 14yrs-0.261374910.950187469943

14yrs and more0.62439561820.844524097418

Total0161

Zscore: russian case %less than 14yrs-0.25454724361.019744275443

14yrs and more0.6080850820.63631006418

Total0161

Figure 15


singleton0.1996966190.0815499960.20905266650.34383193090.31788665480.3029127289

more than one child-0.1208690062-0.0493592081-0.1265318771-0.2081088003-0.1924050806-0.1833419149


FSdichotMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: russian imitation preposition %singleton0.1996966191.0935008223

more than one child-0.12086900620.933190777538

Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %singleton0.0815499961.007770087123


Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %singleton0.20905266650.972531259823


Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %singleton0.34383193091.010592253523


Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %singleton0.31788665481.020859298823


Total0161

Zscore: russian case %singleton0.30291272890.897223413223


Total0161

Sheet1

0.5122617756-0.7475725965-0.3783416585

0.0931697122-1.603511855-0.975990903

-0.1893864181-2.5667300479-1.8240061191

Imitation

Vocabulary

Total score

Age of L2 Onset

Z-scores

Age of L2 Onset - Standardized Hebrew Tests

Sheet2

-0.077962619-2.73653333-2.0290973598

0.0218427088-1.7016212801-0.991420159

0.4717139672-0.6788513552-0.4071274117

Imitation

Vocabulary

Total score

Length of Exposure

Z-scores

Length of Exposure - Standardized Hebrew Tests

Sheet3

0.44370496670.47837154490.4800626133

0.10390763580.04335709620.33139352

-0.3188091751-0.3308378752-0.2122446702

Imitation

Sentence completion

NV Lexis

Age of L2 Onset

Z-scores

Age of L2 Onset - Linguistic Tasks

-0.3163083967-0.4917209114-0.2750865052

0.04916251030.1090698670.1925358379

0.49256471370.56049745610.5016283331

Imitation

Sentence completion

NV Lexis

Length of Exposure

Z-scores

Length of Exposure - Linguistic Tasks

0.1241290248-0.07563744830.17154761670.12527667380.42250.1624247527

-0.1205460442-0.0325976518-0.124962614-0.0911707385-0.0895-0.0352023228

Perposition imitation

Inflection imitation

complex syntax imitation

sentence completion

Naming

Case imitation

Family size

Z-scores

Family Size and Linguistic Performance in L1

-0.9995018696-0.8076566667-1.1912395996-1.2947025205

-0.05303479310.0103328571-0.0947250766-0.0329431714

0.31580899410.390030.43535262480.5065599587

Perposition Imitation

Complex syntax Imitation

Sentence Compleion

Naming

Length of Exposure

Z-scores


-1.2222000053-0.875028312-0.74203-0.8238211207-1.0382727925

0.28463125510.12577377580.17936840.06579087140.3321176946

0.57156388430.47689175940.596138750.57696183020.5112507464


Case Imitation

Complex Syntax Imitation

Sentence Compleion

Naming

Age

Z-scores

Chronological Age - Linguistic Tasks

Normed z-score

Age

Z-score

Age and Normed z-score

Normed z-score

Length of exposure

z-score


Father

Mother

Occupation

Z-scores

Parents occupation and Normed Language Scores

Complex syntax

Prepositions Imitation

Sentense Completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Occupation

Z-scores

Mother's Occupation and Language Tasks

-0.39749-0.5610649151-0.4602299176-0.4065800481-0.5517951053

0.03181777780.0992969178-0.01243864640.03078204830.0835589934

0.71699142860.56634439670.55399817530.63164763080.5327818217

Complex syntax


Sentense Completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Occupation

Z-scores

Father's Occupation and Language Tasks

Imitation prepositions

Imitation injflections

Imitation complex syntax

Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Age

Z-scores

Chronological Age - Linguistic Tasks L1




Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Mother's Education

Z-scores

Mother's Education and Linguistic Tasks L1




Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Family size

Z-scores


Chart2

-0.9995018696-0.8076566667-1.1912395996-1.2947025205

-0.05303479310.0103328571-0.0947250766-0.0329431714

0.31580899410.390030.43535262480.5065599587



Sentence Compleion

Naming

Length of Exposure

Z-scores


Sheet1

Figure 3

36mo

Imitation0.51226177560.0931697122-0.1893864181

Vocabulary-0.7475725965-1.603511855-2.5667300479

Total score-0.3783416585-0.975990903-1.8240061191



Goralnik z scoresbefore 24mo-0.37834165850.957038781322

25-36mo-0.9759909030.797869004521

after 36mo-1.82400611911.684913193829

Total-1.13493754031.395920674372

GoralnikZvocbefore 24mo-0.74757259651.058164963622

25-36mo-1.6035118551.18474259121

after 36mo-2.56673004791.847649837529

Total-1.72993774261.631753287372

goralnikZimibefore 24mo0.51226177560.427627966922

25-36mo0.09316971220.799070076721

after 36mo-0.18938641811.11130557229

Total0.10741829020.898787634172

Figure 4

48mo

Imitation-0.0779626190.02184270880.4717139672

Vocabulary-2.73653333-1.7016212801-0.6788513552

Total score-2.0290973598-0.991420159-0.4071274117



Goralnik z scoresless than 24mo-2.02909735981.333272202423

24-47mo-0.9914201591.324901629633

48mo and more-0.40712741171.038776918318

Total-1.17181618831.395324700474

GoralnikZvocless than 24mo-2.736533332.004753216523

24-47mo-1.70162128011.206784888233

48mo and more-0.67885135521.02607083918

Total-1.77450125981.638531263174

goralnikZimiless than 24mo-0.0779626191.066243081223

24-47mo0.02184270880.897166495733

48mo and more0.47171396720.479747625318

Total0.10025027790.892111939274

Figure 5

36mo

Imitation0.44370496670.1039076358-0.3188091751

Sentence completion0.47837154490.0433570962-0.3308378752

NV Lexis0.48006261330.33139352-0.2122446702



Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)before 24mo0.44370496670.559232404821

25-36mo0.10390763580.619807516222

after 36mo-0.31880917511.268423995731

Total0.02325253870.979739148674

Zscore: sentence completion (out of 42)before 24mo0.47837154490.712200980421

25-36mo0.04335709620.973486113122

after 36mo-0.33083787521.094942694631

Total0.01004978961.008493672674

ZHebLexisNVbefore 24mo0.48006261330.509293787221

25-36mo0.331393520.513446288422

after 36mo-0.21224467020.845340403231

Total0.14584307490.733167362874

Figure 6

48mo

Imitation-0.31630839670.04916251030.4925647137

Sentence completion-0.49172091140.1090698670.5604974561

NV Lexis-0.27508650520.19253583790.5016283331



Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)less than 24mo-0.31630839671.220405680325

24-47mo0.04916251030.875634337535

48mo and more0.49256471370.480501081717

Total0.02839711790.974387687677

Zscore: sentence completion (out of 42)less than 24mo-0.49172091140.98762524625

24-47mo0.1090698671.007929586435

48mo and more0.56049745610.619406368117

Total0.01367375730.9991907877

ZHebLexisNVless than 24mo-0.27508650520.817965927325

24-47mo0.19253583790.655914942635

48mo and more0.50162833310.561843210117

Total0.1089516020.745944484377

Figure 7

SingletonTwo or more

Perposition imitation0.1241290248-0.1205460442

Inflection imitation-0.0756374483-0.0325976518

complex syntax imitation0.1715476167-0.124962614

sentence completion0.1252766738-0.0911707385

Naming0.4225-0.0895

Case imitation0.1624247527-0.0352023228


Family SizeMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: imitation preposition (out of 35)singleton0.12412902481.132509579314


Total-0.06617380661.067654648863

Zscore: imitation inflection (out of 40)singleton-0.07563744831.336664110414


Total-0.0421620511.078234045963

Zscore: imitation complex (out of 20)singleton0.17154761670.989568951714


Total-0.05907145161.007675354363

Zscore: sentence completion (1st+2nd trials) (out of 135)singleton0.12527667380.995981254214


Total-0.04307131361.000073811563

Zscore: Case (out of 12)singleton0.16242475270.986979343314


Total0.00871480511.005579421863

Figure 8

48mo

Perposition Imitation-0.9995018696-0.05303479310.3158089941

Complex syntax Imitation-0.80765666670.01033285710.39003

Sentence Compleion-1.1912395996-0.09472507660.4353526248

Naming-1.2947025205-0.03294317140.5065599587


LOE 3 groupsMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: german imitation preposition %less than 24mo-0.99950186960.60923243596

24-47mo-0.05303479311.021981887628

48mo and more0.31580899410.949634406621

Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %less than 24mo-1.19123959960.82436003036

24-47mo-0.09472507660.903034355428

48mo and more0.43535262480.905721406821

Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %less than 24mo-1.29470252050.49840805866

24-47mo-0.03294317140.981793346628

48mo and more0.50655995870.77805135421

Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %less than 24mo-0.83673587641.04726177356

24-47mo-0.03732497011.042026645428

48mo and more0.21855859990.842041715121

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

german SG-imitation of complex sentencesless than 24mo-0.80765666670.54602412076

24-47mo0.01033285711.09206936928

48mo and more0.390030.832676722421

Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Figure 9

4s5s6s

Perposition Imitation-1.22220000530.28463125510.5715638843

Case Imitation-0.8750283120.12577377580.4768917594

Complex Syntax Imitation-0.742030.17936840.59613875

Sentence Compleion-0.82382112070.06579087140.5769618302

Naming-1.03827279250.33211769460.5112507464



Zscore: german imitation preposition %4s-1.22220000530.874103650914

5s0.28463125510.690497033425

6s0.57156388430.669250875816

Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %4s-0.82382112071.079564229414

5s0.06579087140.767717949925

6s0.57696183020.830086629116

Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %4s-1.03827279250.887298788514

5s0.33211769460.832601435425

6s0.51125074640.629691474216

Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %4s-0.8750283121.019102939214

5s0.12577377580.947724199425

6s0.47689175940.542401661316

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

german SG-imitation of complex sentences4s-0.742030.86186368214

5s0.17936840.940402597725

6s0.596138750.799572549916

Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Figure 10a - Age

4s5s6s

Normed z-score-0.9722-0.5923-0.1118

Figure 10b - LEO

48mo

Normed z-score-1.0143-0.6645-0.3087

Figure 10c - AoO

36mo

Normed z-score-0.5081-0.6786-0.65

Figure 11a - mother occ


unemployed-0.1531478571-0.268773612-0.1923206101-0.1298861173-0.1567072694

semi-skilled0.31004750.49849105850.11481827470.00777286590.0324461002

skilled-0.0756669231-0.1113859873-0.14639330020.0389245074-0.0162208132

professional1.07090666670.68929232580.95203486080.83595749540.4772202484

Figure 11b - father occ


semi-skilled-0.39749-0.5610649151-0.4602299176-0.4065800481-0.5517951053

skilled0.03181777780.0992969178-0.01243864640.03078204830.0835589934

professional0.71699142860.56634439670.55399817530.63164763080.5327818217

Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics

MOTHOCCMeanStd. DeviationNFATHOCCdichMeanStd. DeviationN

german SG-imitation of complex sentencesprofessional1.07090666670.61113456926german SG-imitation of complex sentencesprofessional0.71699142860.672271951614

skilled-0.07566692311.170224759113skilled0.03181777781.089898038918



Total0.06607290911.003970524155Total0.06607290911.003970524155

Zscore: german imitation preposition %professional0.68929232580.58916552356Zscore: german imitation preposition %professional0.56634439670.603892525814

skilled-0.11138598731.199580915613skilled0.09929691780.946722564918



Total-0.01545448271.020585199355Total-0.01545448271.020585199355

Zscore: german sentence completion %professional0.95203486080.77702936896Zscore: german sentence completion %professional0.55399817530.816260226514

skilled-0.14639330021.284289151513skilled-0.01243864640.940941354918



Total-0.01195153861.005172318355Total-0.01195153861.005172318355

Zscore: german NV %professional0.83595749540.41687550716Zscore: german NV %professional0.63164763080.492934803414

skilled0.03892450741.351849374913skilled0.03078204831.010237594618



Total0.03540245841.007221757555Total0.03540245841.007221757555

Zscore: german case %professional0.47722024840.60621099916Zscore: german case %professional0.53278182170.578858658914

skilled-0.01622081321.154864113313skilled0.08355899340.92980008518


unemployed-0.15670726941.00348311328unemployed0.574453001702

Total-0.02683243311.001710523155Total-0.02683243311.001710523155

Figure 12

FatherMother

unemployed-0.7733333333

semi-skilled-0.896-0.5

skilled-0.6111111111-0.68

professional-0.056250.4428571429



FATHOCCdichMeanStd. DeviationN

professional-0.056250.833441659616

skilled-0.61111111110.937386158718

semi-skilled-0.8960.710328562525

unemployed-0.250.63639610312

Total-0.57049180330.865899197861



MOTHOCCMeanStd. DeviationN

professional0.44285714290.82027869837

skilled-0.680.846167832115

semi-skilled-0.50.86890735989

unemployed-0.77333333330.74830075730

Total-0.57049180330.865899197861

Figure 13


4s-0.4038689324-0.1046226066-0.453125004-0.2722210572-0.28762930430.2256810614

5s-0.0506774526-0.02089803950.1156623242-0.1824777897-0.2326423547-0.3123414689

6s0.50513262070.1427385850.30288409670.56731773890.66035462950.2387422993



Zscore: russian imitation preposition %4s-0.40386893240.827709082818

5s-0.05067745261.032145033726

6s0.50513262070.948014979817

Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %4s-0.10462260661.13804266218

5s-0.02089803951.001540535226

6s0.1427385850.878591596317

Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %4s-0.4531250040.982417595718

5s0.11566232420.927233981726

6s0.30288409671.015359935617

Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %4s-0.27222105720.806036755518

5s-0.18247778971.066234748726

6s0.56731773890.896615091217

Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %4s-0.28762930430.774875733218

5s-0.23264235470.992055026826

6s0.66035462950.964326984917

Total0161

Zscore: russian case %4s0.22568106140.787799475118

5s-0.31234146891.047456031426

6s0.23874229931.048749085617

Total0161

Figure 14


Less than 14 years-0.2811059108-0.202773913-0.1753046327-0.3018001803-0.26137491-0.2545472436

14 years and more0.6715307870.48440434780.41878328930.72096709740.62439561820.608085082


MOTHEDUCdichotMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: russian imitation preposition %less than 14yrs-0.28110591080.988573170843

14yrs and more0.6715307870.661518837218

Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %less than 14yrs-0.2027739131.098858129243

14yrs and more0.48440434780.440170797418

Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %less than 14yrs-0.17530463271.062108651143

14yrs and more0.41878328930.69207978418

Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %less than 14yrs-0.30180018030.966707356443

14yrs and more0.72096709740.663199076618

Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %less than 14yrs-0.261374910.950187469943

14yrs and more0.62439561820.844524097418

Total0161

Zscore: russian case %less than 14yrs-0.25454724361.019744275443

14yrs and more0.6080850820.63631006418

Total0161

Figure 15


singleton0.1996966190.0815499960.20905266650.34383193090.31788665480.3029127289

more than one child-0.1208690062-0.0493592081-0.1265318771-0.2081088003-0.1924050806-0.1833419149


FSdichotMeanStd. DeviationN

Zscore: russian imitation preposition %singleton0.1996966191.0935008223


Total0161

Zscore: russian imitation inflection %singleton0.0815499961.007770087123


Total-0161

Zscore: russian imitation complex %singleton0.20905266650.972531259823


Total0161

Zscore: russian Sentence Completion %singleton0.34383193091.010592253523


Total-0161

Zscore: russian NV %singleton0.31788665481.020859298823


Total0161

Zscore: russian case %singleton0.30291272890.897223413223


Total0161

Sheet1

0.5122617756-0.7475725965-0.3783416585

0.0931697122-1.603511855-0.975990903

-0.1893864181-2.5667300479-1.8240061191

Imitation

Vocabulary

Total score

Age of L2 Onset

Z-scores

Age of L2 Onset - Standardized Hebrew Tests

Sheet2

-0.077962619-2.73653333-2.0290973598

0.0218427088-1.7016212801-0.991420159

0.4717139672-0.6788513552-0.4071274117

Imitation

Vocabulary

Total score

Length of Exposure

Z-scores

Length of Exposure - Standardized Hebrew Tests

Sheet3

0.44370496670.47837154490.4800626133

0.10390763580.04335709620.33139352

-0.3188091751-0.3308378752-0.2122446702

Imitation

Sentence completion

NV Lexis

Age of L2 Onset

Z-scores

Age of L2 Onset - Linguistic Tasks

-0.3163083967-0.4917209114-0.2750865052

0.04916251030.1090698670.1925358379

0.49256471370.56049745610.5016283331

Imitation

Sentence completion

NV Lexis

Length of Exposure

Z-scores


0.1241290248-0.07563744830.17154761670.12527667380.42250.1624247527

-0.1205460442-0.0325976518-0.124962614-0.0911707385-0.0895-0.0352023228

Perposition imitation

Inflection imitation

complex syntax imitation

sentence completion

Naming

Case imitation

Family size

Z-scores




Sentence Compleion

Naming

Length of Exposure

Z-scores



Case Imitation

Complex Syntax Imitation

Sentence Compleion

Naming

Age

Z-scores

Chronological Age - Linguistic Tasks

Normed z-score

Age

Z-score

Age and Normed z-score

Normed z-score

Length of exposure

z-score


Father

Mother

Occupation

Z-scores

Parents occupation and Normed Language Scores

Complex syntax


Sentense Completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Occupation

Z-scores

Mother's Occupation and Language Tasks

-0.39749-0.5610649151-0.4602299176-0.4065800481-0.5517951053

0.03181777780.0992969178-0.01243864640.03078204830.0835589934

0.71699142860.56634439670.55399817530.63164763080.5327818217

Complex syntax


Sentense Completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Occupation

Z-scores

Father's Occupation and Language Tasks




Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Age

Z-scores

Chronological Age - Linguistic Tasks L1




Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Mother's Education

Z-scores

Mother's Education and Linguistic Tasks L1




Sentence completion

Naming

Case Imitation

Family size

Z-scores


Points for discussionWhen is it appropriate/meaningful to use a standardized test?How should such tests be used?

What of this is relevant for SLI?The answer depends on the cause for SLI is. The answer depend on the nature of SLI

Appendix

Categories for use of definite article: Judgment task.Cat1 - First vs. second reference:I ate an/*the apple. The/*an apple was tasty.Cat2 - Abstract and Generic nounsWhat did you do for the/*a world Cat3 - Unique termThe history of the western world is importantCat4 - Noun-Adjective agreementDan raa et ha-mexonit *(ha-)adumaDan saw acc the-car the redDan saw the red carCat5 - Quantifier -NounAll the children entered

Cat6 - definiteness for possession:koev li ha-rosh.Cat7 - Noun + Free Possessorata makir et ha-ben sheli? Cat8 - Noun+bound possessor - Adjective agreementxaveri ha-blondini meod nexmadCat9 - conjunctionThe boys and the girls leftCat10 - Supperlative formsYerushalayim hi ha-ir ha-yafa beyoterCat11 - Definiteness resistant areaskaniti meat matanot la-yeled

Categories for use of definite article: Picture elicitation taskDavid maca ________(et ha-maftexot) sheloDavid found __________ acc the-keys hisDavid found his keysGeneric nouns (Cat1)Where does the light come from? It comes from _________ (the sun)First vs. second reference (Cat2&3)David picked _______ (a/*the ball). He through _____ (the/*a ball) to Jenny.Noun + Possessive pronoun (Cat4)

For verbs, form similarity should also result in a conceptual feature overlap between verbs and their translation equivalents, on the other hand, verbs have been found to be tied in more with grammar (Schelletter et al. 2001). This could affect the speed of translation of verbs, as well as the acquisition of early verbs.

Figure 1 shows that identical nouns classed occur as frequently as the other noun types in the first observation period, although there are few tokens. This changes for the German context for the remainder of the observation period where nouns that are not similar become the most frequent noun type. In the English context, identical and form-similar nouns are more frequent than not similar nouns in the second observation period but the picture becomes more similar to the German context for the last observation period. Figure 2 shows that the distribution of identical, form similar and not similar verbs remains similar during the observation period and for both language contexts. The high proportion of identical verbs was only due to the frequent occurrence of the be verb in both language contexts.

Quantitatively, the percentage of null objects in Timmys first eight recording sessions (2;04-2;08) ranges from 9.1%-28.6%, a higher range than has been reported in any monolingual studies. In the subsequent period from 2;09-3;06, the rate drops but remains consistently above 5%. In the parallel development of Timmy's Cantonese in the same period (2;04-2;8), the rate of null objects ranges from 12.3%-35.3% and is consistently above 10% throughout the whole period, remaining between 22.9%-35.8% toward the end of the recording (3;04-3;06).

(14) INV: Where shall we stick it? (Timmy 2;05;05) CHI: Put here. (15) I put in the where? (Sophie 2;05;25)

We focused on the use of definiteness by

10 to 12, i.e., before puberty,

, i.e., since they were 3 to 6.In order to try and contribute something to this debate, we have decided to choose a slightly different angle.Standard deviationSgnificantly better - p-value 0.009The children in both control groups scored better then the L2 children (~95%)Limiting the comparison to the categories which appear in both tasks yields the same results.

In a category by category comparison, there are some marginally significant differences, but not in a unified direction.

Our findings indicate that the major

It is important to remember, however, that even the control group children did not score at ceiling, suggesting that for some uses of the definite article the process of acquisition has not been completed, yet.

ISRAELI FATHERS HIGHER SES, BLUE BARSISRAELI MOTHERS MUCH HIGHER STATUS, MANY GERMAN MOTHERS UNEMPLOYED, MORE TIME TO SPEND WITH THEIR CHILDREN IN RUSSIAN, AS WELL SEE LATER*The results on our battery of tasks were rather similar, so I skip them in order to keep to the time limit, but can return to them in the question period.

barriers for first and second language acquisition. when delay leads to deviance

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