bao cao linux

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux

LI GII THIUTrong nhng nm gn y HDH Linux ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong trng hc v mi trng cng nghip. h Unix ny, vi chc nng v tnh n nh cho php n tn ti song song vi cc h iu hnh thng mi khc. Hn na, s ph bin ca m ngun Linux trn Internet ng gp rt nhiu cho s ph cp ca linux. iu ny l l do cho nhm chn ti nghin cu v pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux. Trn ht nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Nguyn Huy Phng tn tnh ch bo, hng dn chng em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny. Chng em xin gi n qy thy c khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin lng bit n su sc v ghi nhn s ch dn, ging dy, h tr v gip , cung cp nhng kin thc qy bu, to mi iu kin thun li v gp trong sut qu trnh hc tp cho sinh vin chng em thc hin ti tt nghip c thun li. Xin chn thnh t lng bit n n cc bn b thn hu ng vin gip chng ti trong sut thi gian hc tp cng nh lm ti tt nghip.

Bo co gm 2 phn: Phn 1: Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux Phn 2: Cc dch v mng

TPHCM, Ngy 13 thng 06 nm 2008 Nhm sinh vin thc hin

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Li nhn xt ca GVHD

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Li nhn xt ca GVPB

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TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................320

CC T VIT TT. Client: my khch. IP: Internet Address. RPM: Redhat Package Manager.Trang 4

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FQDN: Fully Qualifield Domain Name. NFS: Network File System. Server: my ch. SMB= Samba chng trnh dng chia s ti nguyn gia cc Windows PC v Linux PC. MTA: Mail Transport Agent. PC= Personal computer: my tnh c nhn. Point, mount_point: im truy cp, thng l th mc, ni mount cc h thng tp tin. Mount: gn kt cc tp tin vo 1 point no . Umount: g b cc tp tin c mount vo 1 point no . Username: tn ti khon ngi dng. Password: mt khu tng ng vi username. SMB: Samba. SWAT: Samba Web Administration Tool.

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I. Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux.1...............................................................................Tm hiu LINUXPhn ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:- Linux l g? - Ti sao Linux pht trin? - Cc bn pht hnh Linux - Li ch ca Linux - Ai pht trin Linux? - Linux cng sinh vi Windows - Thng mi ha Linux - UNIX v Linux - Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

1.1.Linux l g?Linux xut hin nh mt sn phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990 c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBM-PC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp. Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xut

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX. V c bn, Linux bt chc UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game v.v. Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim thiu chi ph u t vo my mc. Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng 10). C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip Sun SPARC. Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh khn. Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 7

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Linux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm tnh ton cao cp.

1.2.Ti sao Linux pht trin?Trc ht, Linux pht trin v l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng ca chng theo nhu cu ring. Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun tr h thng. Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp m ngun m cho mi ngi. Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc Microsoft

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip Intel. Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2). Gn y, cc cng ty ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng cc phn mm ng dng cho n.

1.3.Cc bn pht hnh LinuxNhiu ngi bit n cc nh sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4. Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th.

1.4.Li th ca LinuxTi sao c th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ? Linux cung cp cho bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi tit l m ngun. Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn l sn chiKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 9

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng tin. Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn (1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin, nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai). Ngy nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin. Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dng rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t. Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows. Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh mini DEC PDP-7. Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu hiu. NhngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 10

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh khc. Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng, cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in. n vi Linux, gii lp trnh s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy dng ngn ng ring cho mnh. Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m (open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m.

1.5.Ai pht trin Linux ?Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker. Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h thng y b hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 11

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Thc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny m Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng an ton hn Ngoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s khng tr thnh cracker.

1.6.Linux cng sinh vi WindowsV nguyn tc, tt c cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux, nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l "VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh. Ngi ta cn xy dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux. Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt phin bn DR DOS sang Linux. Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung, Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 12

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ngc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi nht trn cc Web site v Linux. Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn. cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i. Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn . Khi phn vng li cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c cc chng trnh v d liu m bn mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt. Bn cn phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm: thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha Linux

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1.7. Thng mi ho LinuxCng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera. C hai cng ty ny u tr gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph. V tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn (routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng Linux lm h iu hnh chnh. Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v. Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu. OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng vi mt b ng dng vn phng hngKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 14

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux.

1.8.UNIX v LINUXLch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix. Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting do Tannebaum vit t gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Nm 1978, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng. Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobb's. Hin nay bn thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh Linux. UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu dng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 15

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng (single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n 19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m ngun h iu hnh ca mnh. T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm 1981, trong thi k cao im ca cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386. Sun Microsystems c ng gp ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t v tng thch vi nhau. IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c mt th phn ng k. Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh, trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca Linux?

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1.9.Tc quyn v bn quyn LinuxNi chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux v.v. Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNU's Not UNIX) v FSF (Free Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h. GPL cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m.

1.10.

Cc ng dng trn Linux

1.10.1. Cc ng dng vn phng

Cng vi thi gian, h iu hnh Linux ngy cng c hon thin, nhiu hng sn xut cng vi cc lp trnh vin xy dng c mt kho th vin phn mm khng l p ng phn ln nhu cu ca ngi dng.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh trong Windows c b Microsoft Office th trong Linux c nhng b Office khc nh KOffice, b Start Office hoc OpenOffice.org ca hng Sun Microsystem c phn phi min ph .1.10.2. Cc ng dng gii tr

Ngoi cc ng dng vn phng ra, Linux cng c kh nhiu games phc v nhu cu th gin v gii tr ca ngi dng1.10.3. H iu hnh mng v cc ng dng mng

C th ni cc ng dng mng l tp hp nhng ng dng ni bt nht ca h iu hnh Linux. Nhng kh nng m cc ng dng mng trn Linux c th thc hin c lm cho h iu hnh ny tr nn vt tri hn so vi Windows. Linux cho php ngi dng c th cu hnh 1 server vi y cc ng dng c bn nht ca Internet - Domain Name Service (DNS) - Web Server - Mail Server - FPT Server - SMTP Server - Pop3 Server - Firewall1.10.4. Cc ng dng web

Vi s bng n cc ng dng trn Internet, h iu hnh Linux h tr mt mi trng l tng cho cc server ng dng. Cc hng phn mm ni ting u nghin cu lm sao c th ci cc ng dng ca h ln Linux1.10.5. Cc ngn ng lp trnh Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 18

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux H iu hnh Linux c vit li hon ton t u bng ngn ng C nhm trnh vn bn quyn ca Unix. Do ngn ng lp trnh C c h tr mnh m v kh y cho vic pht trin cc ng dng mng. Tuy nhin ngn ng C khng phi l s la chn duy nht cho vic lp trnh trn Linux. C nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc cng c h tr bi Linux c lit k di y: Ada, C, C++, Forth, Fortran, Icon, Java, Lisp, Modular 2, Modular 3, Oberon,Objective C, Pascal, Perl , Prolog, Python, Smalltalk, SQL, Tck/Tl, Shell

1.11.

Linux Kernel

1.11.1. Gii thiu

Linux kernel cung cp mt giao din gia cc ng dng ngi dng, h thng phn cng v ti nguyn. Mt vi chc nng ca Linux l: Qun l b nh Qun l h thng file X l cc li v ngt Thc hin cc dch v I/O Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng 1.11.2. Kernel Modules

Trong nhng nm u ca Linux, kernel Linux l mt monolithic kernel. Monolithic kernel l tt c cc dch v ca Kernel c bin dch ht vo trong n v khng c drivers ngoi no c gi. Vi monolithic kernel, kernel phi c bin dch li mi khi c mt thit b mi c gn vo h thng. Khi s h tr phn cng ca Linux tng ln th kch thc ca Kernel tng ln v cho thy s bt tin ca n. th l modular Linux kernel ra i.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Modular Linux kernel bao gm mt kernel ti tiu v mt tp cc modules c th c thm vo khi kernel ang chy h tr cc thit b v dch v mi1.11.3. Cc chc nng ca Kernel

Qun l b nh. Qun l h thng file. X l cc li v ngt. Thc hin cc dch v I/O. Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng1.11.4. GNU-GPL project (GNU General Public License) 1.11.4.1. GNU-GPL l g ?

GNU General Public License l mt hnh thc bn quyn cho php m bo vic trao i t do cc phn mm, m bo cc phn mm l min ph i vi tt c cc ngi s dng. General Public License p dng cho hu ht cc sn phm ca Free Software Foundation's. Bn c th p dng GNU GPL cho phn mm ca bn. Giy php phn mm m ngun m (Open Source OS) cho php ngi dng c, truy cp, thay i v lm li m ngun ca mt sn phm phn mm (theo t chc OSI Open Source Initiative). Cc giy php phn mm c OSI ph chun v qun l ti http://www.opensource.org. Xem thm chi tit trong http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd-vietnamese.php/ Open Source mang ngha t do nhiu hn l min ph. Mi loi giy php c nhng iu khon quy nh ring. V d: BSD Licensing ch di 1 trang vi 3 iu khon cn phi tun th nhng trong khi th Mozilla Public License 1.1 di n 12 trang cp mi th t vic nh ngha thut ng n cch thc p dng giy php cho chnh ph.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 20

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Mt trong nhng khon quan trng trong OS Licensing l: Nu ta thay i m ngun th phi lp li ti liu v cc thay i v nh km m ngun theo phn mm. Khng c thng bo bn quyn ca mnh (copyright) mc d thay i m ngun ca chng trnh. Xem thm thng tin ti http://www.linux.org/info/gnu.html Ngi ta cn ni GNU GPL l Copyleft thay cho khi nim Copyright.1.11.4.2. Ni dung chnh ca GNU

Tc gi vn gi bn quyn phn mm ca mnh bn c th copy v phn phi chng trnh di bt c hnh thc no v gi ty Bn c th thay i mt phn ca chng trnh v phn phi thay i ca mnh cng ton b chng trnh ccho ngi khc vi iu kin ni r phn mnh thay i. Nu phn bn thay i khng th tch ri tan b chng trnh th GNU GPL s m rng sang ton b chng trnh, k c phn bn vit. Bn khng c thng bo bn quyn ca bn (copyright) mc d bn thay i m ngun ca chng trnh. Bn phi m bo cung cp m ngun khi bn bn mt sn phm theo GNU GPL cho ngi khc c th s dng v/hoc bn tip sn phm (ngi bn phn phi sn phm phi c c cc quyn li ging ca bn c hng khi bn nhn mt phn mm di GNU GPL). Open Source: Mt sn phm l Open Source phi tha mn cc iu kin: Free Redistribution: c th phn phi ti bt c i tng no. Source Code: Lun km theo source code.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 21

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Integrity of The Authors Source Code: C th c hn ch ch cho php thay i m ngunt hng qua cc patch (ch khng c t thay i), hoc nu thay i phi i qua tn khc. y l im khc vi GNU GPL. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: Khng c phn bit i x vi c nhn hay nhm ngi no trong qu trnh phn phi phn mm m ngun m. Distribution of License: quyn i vi phn mm c tip tc chuyn n nhng ngi nhn phn mm. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: Cc quyn i vi phn mm c tip tc thc hin khng ph thuc vo cc phn phi (distribution) cha phn mm. License Must Not Restrict Other Software: Cc sn phm khc i cng Open Source khng nht thit phi tun theo yu cu ca Open Source. License Must Be Technology-Neutral: License khng c bt buc gn kt vi bt k cng ngh hay kiu kt ni no. Ch : Bruce Perens vit cc quy nh trn cho "The Debian Free Software Guidelines". Sau ng b i cc phn c trng cho Debian-specific v xy dng thnh "Open Source Definition. Open Source v GNU GPL thng kt hp vi nhau: Ethereal is Open Source software released under the GNU General Public License

2................................................................Ci t v cu hnh Linux2.1.Thao tc chun bBn s tm thy sau y cc thng tin cn thit trc khi ci t bt c bn pht hnh Linux no trn PC. Xin nh rng Linux khng phi l mt thng phm, do cn phi chun b i ph cc trc trc nu c.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 22

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Lu : Ci t h iu hnh c ngha l thay i c h thng qun l my tnh, v vy hy cn thn v chun b sn giy bt ghi chp cc thng tin cn thit. iu kin ci t Linux thnh cng l c cc phn cng ph hp. Mun chn cu hnh cho tng xng, bn phi bit trc bao nhiu ngi s s dng h thng v s chy nhng ng dng no. T bn tnh ra cc yu cu v b nh, dung lng a cng, chng loi thit b u cui, v.v. Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh c ci t Linux u l PC v thng cng ch ci t phin bn cho mt ngi s dng, mc d cc my y c th lin kt vi nhiu h thng Linux v UNIX ln hn. Nu bn ci t phin bn Linux cho mt ngi dng (trng hp hay gp nht) th bn cng l qun tr vin ca h thng. Bn c trch nhim hiu r h thng thc hin chc nng qun tr, sao cho h thng chy ti u. Bn phi bo m dung lng ti thiu trn a cng, sao lu u n, cc thit b kt ni vi h u c trnh iu khin (driver) v cc phn mm ci t thch hp, v.v.. Bn nn chn la cc loi phn cng m chnh a s nhng ngi to ra Linux s dng. Cc cng ty pht trin phn mm thng phm thng chy th sn phm ca h trn nhiu phn cng khc nhau, cn cng ng tnh nguyn trin khai Linux ch c my tnh ca chnh mnh. Cng may l cng ng Linux kh ng o cho nn hu ht nhng phn cng tiu chun ca PC u c Linux chp nhn. Lu : Linux l mt h thng tin ho v thnh thong li c thng tin cp nht. Bn pht hnh RedHat s dng trong ti liu ny chy kh n nh, tuy nhin thc t c nhng phn cng thay i m cha c Linux bit n. Mc d nhiu phn cng c th thay i bng cc linh kin nhi hoc tng thch Intel, song khng phi tt c nhng phn cng y u chy c vi Linux. Mc tiu: Nm c mt s yu cu cn thit nhm phc v tt trong qu trnh ci t.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 23

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Yu cu phn cng: (Ti thiu) - CPU 386 hoc mi hn. - Dung lng b nh: 16MB - Dung lng cng: ~ 100MB nu ch s dng Console Mode (~1000MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) ~ 500MB nu s dng Graphic Mode (~1500MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) - CD-ROM - a mm 1.44MB Yu cu phn mm: B ci t RED HAT Linux 9.0 (6 disks: CD1-CD6)

a mm khi ng Linux 2.2.To a mm khi ngMc tiu: To a mm khi ng Linux trong trng hp khng th khi ng t a CD-ROM hoc ROM-BIOS khng h tr khi ng t CD-ROM. Cc bc tin hnh: Kim tra c tp tin boot.img trong th mc Images ca CD1 khng? Thc thi rawrite.exe ghi boot.img ny ra a mm. Tin hnh khi ng t a mm va to. c nhng thng tin hng dn chi tit hn tham kho Readme trong CD1 hoc vo trang ch ca RedHat ti a ch: http://www.redhat.com/ c nhng ch dn c th hn trong qu trnh ti nh a (Disk Image

2.3.Cc bc ci t2.3.1. Cc cch ci t

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux C n 4 cch ci t Linux, l t CD, NFS, FTP, hoc t a cng. Cch ph bin nht l ci t Linux t a CD. Mun ci t trc tip t CD, bn phi khi u bng DOS. du nhc DOS, bn g lnh: [ CD]:\dosutils\autoboot Trong [ CD] l tn CD trn my ca bn. C th bt u bng vic t li cu hnh cho BIOS c th khi ng bng a CD. a s cc BIOS sn xut sau 1997 u h tr vic ny. Khi , bn ch cn tt ngun in v khi ng li vi a CD Linux t sn trong . Nu a cng c sn mt phn vng trng, bn c th ci t Linux vo bn cnh h thng hin hnh khi xo mt nhng thng tin trc . Nh vy nhng g bn cn l mt CD, mt phn vng trng v mt a mi.

Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network h

thng tp) yu cu bn trc ht phi lp rp logic (mount) CD vo mt my tnh chp nhn h thng tp ISO-9660 vi phn m rng RockRidge, ri bn cng b h thng tp qua NFS. Bn phi bit ng dn ca h thng tp ny, cng nh a ch IP ca my, hoc tn ca my nu c DNS. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn tp qua mng LAN hoc WAN. Vic ci t qua FTP yu cu phi c a mi v a ph tr. Ci t Linux t a cng cng cn a mi v cc a ph tr ni trn. Trc tin phi to ra th mc mang tn Linux, sau sao chp th mc tng ng t CD cng vi tt c cc th mc th cp (subdirectory) vo th mc Linux. Bn c th s dng cc lnh DOS sau y thi hnh vic ci t: cd\Linux xcopy/s e:\Linux

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Lnh cd chn th mc lm vic l th mc Linux trn a cng; lnh xcopy sao chp th mc tng ng t a CD t E. Cho d bn s dng phng php ci t no, bn lun cn c a mi. Nhng trc ht bn phi tm mt s thng tin cn thit.2.3.2. Cc bc ci t chung 2.3.2.1. Ci t bng dng lnh

Cng ging nh ci t vi giao din, bc chun b cng ging nh ci t bng giao din. u tin bn b a CD vo a (v tt nhin l phi c cng cn trng). Khi bn cho boot t a CD, bn nhp vo dng linux text.

Hnh 2.1 Kim tra a CD

Bn c th b qua bc ny bng cch nhn vo Skip. Cn nu bn mun test a CD th bn nhn vo OK.

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Hnh 2.2 Giao din cho mng

Bm OK tip tc.

Hnh 2.3 Chn ngn ng ci t

y nhm chn ngn ng l English. Nhn OK.

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Hnh 2.4 Chn ngn ng cho bn phm

Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.5 Chn loi chut ang s dng

Sau khi chn xong loi chut ca mnh th nhn OK.

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Hnh 2.6 : Chn loi mn hnh ang s dng

Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh monitor

Nn chn Default cho h thng t cu hnh.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 29


Hnh 2.8 Chn loi cu hnh HDH ci vo my

Sau khi chn xong th bm OK.

Hnh 2.9 : Chn cch phn vng cng

Disk Partitioning Setup: Nu chn Autopartition: h thng s t ng chia tm phn vng cn trng v chia phn vng cn thit cho bn.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 30

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Disk Druid: Bn chn ch t chia phn vng bng tay. Back: Tr li bc trc.

Hnh 2.10 cnh bo s xa ht d liu

Bm Yes chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.11 Phn vng cn trng.

y vng cn trng 8192Mb. Bm New to phn vng Root.

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Hnh 2.12 To phn vng root

Sau khi to xong phn vng Root dng lu tr h iu hnh. Bn tin hnh to phn vng Swap.

Hnh 2.13 To phn vng swap

Sau khi phn vng xong bn nhn OK.

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Hnh 2.14 Sau khi to phn vng xong

Sau khi phn vng xong. Nhn OK chuyn sang bc k tip.

Hnh 2.15 : Chn cu hnh boot loader

Chn loi Boot Loader: Use GRUB Boot Loader: C s dng Boot Loader GRUB. No Boot Loader: Khng s dng Boot Loader. Nu bn ci 2 h iu hnh tr ln th nn s dng GRUB Boot loader. Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.

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Hnh 2.16 : Cu hnh boot loader

Bm OK qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.16 : t password cho boot loader

Nu bn khng cn t Password cho Boot Loader th c th nhn OK tip tc.

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Hnh 2.17 Hon thnh cu hnh boot loader

Qu trnh cu hnh Boot Loader hon thnh. Nu bn mun sa li file Boot Loader th c th nhn Edit. Nu khng th nhn Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.18 Chn ni ci boot loader

Bn nn chn ni lu tr Boot loader ti Master Boot Record.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 35

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Ok qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh network

Sau khi t xong a ch IP v Netmask (Mask Address). Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.20 t a ch DNS

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu bn khng kt ni Internet c th b qua bc ny. Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.21 t tn my

Bc ny cho php bn t tn cho my hoc c th b qua bng cch chn automatically via DHCP. Bm Ok qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.22 Cu hnh firewall

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn c th cu hnh cho h thng trnh s xm phm t bn ngoi. Hoc cng c th khng cn firewall nu nh bn khng ni mng internet. Nu chn Enable firewall th bn c th cu hnh cho firewall bng cch nhn vo Customize.

Hnh 2.23 Cu hnh firewall

Sau khi cu hnh xong nhn OK. Cn nu bn chn no firewall th h thng s cnh bo bn.

Hnh 2.24 Cnh bo khng firewall

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu chp nhn nhn Proceed. Chuyn qua bc tip theo.

Hnh 2.25 Chn ngn ng h thng

Bc ny cho php bn chn ngn ng cho h diu hnh Linux. Mc nh l English (USA). Nhn Ok tip tc. Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi cho my. Mc nh l America/New_York. Bm Ok chuyn qua k tip.

Hnh 2.26 t pass cho root

Khi t password th 2 password phi ging nhau. Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 39


Hnh 2.27 Chn gi phn mm ci t

Bn c th chn cc gi phn mm ci t. nu mun s dng gioa din ha gi X Window System. Sau khi chn xong nhn OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.28 Bt u ci t

Nhn Ok chuyn qua bc ci t.

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Hnh 2.29 S a ci t

Bm Continue chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.30 Qa trnh ci t

Sau khi qu trnh ci t hon thnh.

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Hnh 2.31 To a boot khi ng

Nu mun to a boot th nhn Yes (dng boot vo h iu hnh bng a ny). Nu khng th nhn No.

Hnh 2.32 Khi ng li my

Nhn Enter Reboot li h thng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 42


Hnh 2.33 Giao din cho mng ca linux

Bm Next chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.34 Licens ca linux

Chn Yes v bm Next tip tc.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 43


Hnh2.35 Chnh gi h thng

Sau khi tinh chnh xong li ngy gi h thng. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hnh 2.36 To username h thng

Sau khi t xong user name v password, nhn Next tip tc.

Hnh 2.37 Cu hnh card sound

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh bn c nghe m thanh pht ra th nhn Next.

Hnh 2.38 Ci thm phn mm

Nu bn mun ci thm bt c mt gi phn mm no t CD th nhn vo Install. Bm Next qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.39 Ci t hon thnh

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Next hon thnh.

Hnh 2.40 ng nhp vo h thng

Sau khi nhp xong user name nhn Enter.

Hnh 2.41 : Nhp password

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi nhp xong username v password. H thng s c ng nhp vi giao din.

Hinh 2.42 ng nhp thnh cng

2.3.2.2. Ci t bng giao din (phin bn Fedora Core 4)

u tin khi Boot t CD v bn cho a CD 1 vo . Giao din xut hin.

Hnh 2.43 Giao din linux khi boot

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn s c nhng ty chn sau: Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din ha (graphical mode). Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din s dng dng lnh (text mode). V s c nhng ch sau: F1: vo giao din chnh. ( nh hnh trn) F2: s dng nhng ty chn ca Linux.

tt (disable) thit b phn cng: g lnh linux noprobe -> nhn Enter.

kim tra cc thit b ang s dng : g lnh linux mediecheck -> Enter.

sa li cho linux (rescuse mode) : g lnh linux rescuse -> Enter. (Nhn F5 c thm hng dn v ch rescuse).

Nu bn c 1 a driver : g lnh linuxdd ->Enter nhc nh cho phng thc ci t s dng trn CD-ROM : g lnh linux askmethod -> Enter.

Nu bn c a cp nht h iu hnh (update) : g lnh linux updates -> Enter.

kim tra b nh trong h thng : g lnh memtest86 ->Enter.

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Hnh 2.44 Mt vi chc nng khi ci t

F3: Hng dn chung.

Hnh 2.45 Gii thiu chung

F4: Gip chung cho ch Boot.

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Hnh 2.46 Ch dn mt s dng lnh

F5: Hng dn ch rescuse.

Hnh 2.47 Cu cha HDH

Thng thng ci mi th tt nht l bn s dng giao din ha. mn hnh chnh bn nhn Enter.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 50


Hnh 2.48 Qu trnh kim tra phn cng

Chng trnh s tin hnh kim tra mt s phn cng ca my tnh. Sau khi kim tra xong th giao din ci t nh sau:

Hnh 2.49 Kim tra CD

Cho php bn nhn Ok kim tra li a CD dng ci t hoc b qua bc ny nhn Skip. Nu nhn Ok th chng trnh bt u qu trnh kim tra a.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 51

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux y ti chn Skip b qua qu trnh kim tra a. Nhn test kim tra a hin ti ang c trong a hoc ly a ra.

Hnh 2.50 : Xc nhn CD

Nhn test th qu trnh kim tra bt u.

Hnh 2.51 Qu trnh kim tra a

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Hnh 2.52 : Qu trnh kim tra a hon tt

Qu trnh kim tra a 1 hon thnh v nhn ok tin hnh tin hnh kim tra cc a cn li.

Hnh 2.53 : Kim tra a k tip

Sau khi kim tra xong 4 CD th chng trnh bt u ci t. Giao din ci t nh sau.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 53


Hnh 2.54 Giao din cho mng ca linux

Bm next qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.55 Chn ngn ng ci t

Chn ngn ng s dng trong sut qu trinh ci t. y mc nh l English. Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 54


Hnh 2.56 : Chn ngn ng bn phm

Chn ngn ng ca keybroad. Mc nh l U.S, English. Bm Next

Hnh 2.57 : Chn cu hnh cho h thng

Cho php bn chn cc ch ci t. Personal : ch ny dng cho cc my tnh cc nhn hoc laptops. Workstation : ch ny ci t thm mi trng pht trin thm cc ng dng v system administrator.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 55

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Server : ch ny cho php bn s dng ci t file sharing, print sharing v dch v web. Custom : cho php bn ty chn cc package hoc cc phn mm i km theo. y ti chn Custom v nhn next.

Hnh 2.58 : Chn ch phn vng

Automaticcally partition : chng trnh s t ng d tm phn vng cn trng v chia a theo yu cu ca h thng. Khi chn ch ny, cng ca bn s c hi l c mun xa ht khng nu nh cng khng cn ch trng. Manually partition with Disk Druid : cho php bn t chia a vi cng c Disk Druid c sn trong linux. Ch Manually partition with Disk Druid.

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Hnh 2.59 : C mun xa phn vng khng

bc ny chng trnh s hi bn c mun xa ht d liu c trong cng khng. Nu c : bm Yes. Nu khng : bm No.

Hnh 2.60 : Li thit b khi ci t

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh cng ca bn khng c phn vng cn trng th s bo li khng th tm thy thit b no to file h thng. Ngc li nu nh c phn vng trng th s qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.61 : Phn vng trng

bc ny, nu nh phn vng ca bn cha nh dng th bm chn phn vng cn trng, bm New .

Hnh 2.62 : Chn phn vng swap

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux khung File System Type, bm s xung v chn Swap. khung Size, mc nh l 100Mb, nhng tt nht l bn chn 510 Mb (theo kinh nghim ci t ca c nhm). Ri bm OK.

Hnh 2.63 : Chia phn vng ci t

phn vng cn li, bn click chut vo v chn Edit.

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Hnh 2.64 : Qu trnh chia phn vng

khung Mount Point, bm s xung v chn du / lm th mc gc v ci t ln . Bm OK.

Hnh 2.65 : Cu hnh boot loader

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn c th check vo Configure advance boot loader options boot t 2 h iu hnh tr ln (nu my ca bn ci thm h iu hnh khc). Bm Next.

Hnh 2.66 : Cu hnh DHCP

Cho php bn cu hnh DHCP. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.67 : Cu hnh firewall

Cho php bn bt ch Firewall hay khng. Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 61

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu bn khng chn chc nng Firewall th chng trnh s hi bn c chc chn khng. Hoc l mun cu hnh li.

Hnh 2.68 : Cnh bo khng firewall

Nu chc chn, bm Proceed.

Hnh 2.69 : Chn vng cho ngy gi

Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi ca mnh. Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 62


Hnh 2.70 : t pass cho root

Bc ny yu cu bn t Password cho Root (tng ng vi Adminitrator trong Windows). V y l bc bt buc. Sau khi t xong, bm Next.

Hinh 2.71 : Chn cc gi phn mm ngun ci t

Bc ny cho php bn chn la cc gi phn mm ci t km theo. Nhng check mt nh th nn gi li.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 63

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn cng c th bm vo Details cui chn la chi tit hn.

Hnh 2.72 : Chi tit ci t

Hoc bn cng c th chn ci Everything hoc Minimal.

Hnh 2.73 : Dung lng a sau khi chn gi ci t

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V nh l phi xem dung lng sau khi chn c ph hp vi dung lng cng ca mnh hay khng. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.74 : Chun b ci

By gi bn c th click Next thc hin qu trnh ci t.

Hnh 2.75: Xc nhn ci

H thng s yu cu bn xc nhn mt ln na l c 4CD ci cha (v y l ci Fedora Core 4).Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 65

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu y th bm Continue. Qu trnh ci t bt u.

Hnh 2.76: Qu trnh ci t bt u

Hnh 2.77: Qu trnh cn 20 pht

Sau khi a 1 ci xong, chng trnh s yu cu a th 2, 3 v a th 4.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi ci t thnh cng h thng s yu cu bn reboot li thay i cc cu hnh.

Hnh 2.78 Ci t hon thnh

H thng yu cu khi ng li. Bm Reboot. Qu trnh khi ng.

Hnh 2.79: ng nhp h thng

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ang khi ng vo h thng. y l ln u tin bn khi ng vo h iu hnh Linux. Giao din cho mng.

Hnh 2.80: Giao din cho mng

Bm Next.

Hnh 2.81 License ca chng trnh

y l Lisence ca h iu hnh m ngun m Linux.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 68

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Chn Yes, I agre to the License Agreement. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.82 iu chnh gi h thng

Bc ny cho php bn iu chnh li ngy gi h thng. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.83 iu chnh phn gii ca h thng

Bc ny cho php bn chn phn gii ca mn hnh. Mc nh l 800x600.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 69

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Next.

Hnh 2.84: TXo User mi

Bc ny cho php bn to 1 User mi khng c quyn Adminitrative (Root). Nu bn khng mun to thm bt k User no v ch s dng User Root th bm next. H thng s cnh bo bn.

Hnh 2.85: Cnh bXo to User

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V nu bn ng th bm Cotinue ngc li bm Create account.

Hnh 2.86: Kim traX sound card

Bc ny kim tra li Sound card ca bn. kim tra bm Play test sound.

Hnh 2.87 Xc nhn m thanh

Nu c nghe m thanh th bm Yes (d nhin l bn phi c gn thit b nghe nh Loa hoc Headphone). Bm Next.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 71


Hnh 2.88: Ci t thm gi phn mm t CD

Bc ny cho php bn ci t thm mt s phn mm t CD. Nu khng cn thit bm Next.

Hnh 2.89: Qu trnh cu hnh hon thnh

H thng ca bn c ci t xong. Bm Next tip tc.

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Hnh 2.90: Nhp User v pass ng nhp

Yu cu nhp tn User ang nhp h thng. y user ca ti l Root v password l 123456.

Hnh 2.91 ng nhp vo Linux

y l qu trnh nhn cc thit b.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 73


Hnh 2.92 Giao din chnh ca Linux

Qu trnh ci t hon thnh. y l giao din chnh ca h iu hnh Linux.

2.4.Phn vng a cng2.4.1. Gii thiu

Vi s hinh thanh va phat trin cua h iu hanh Linux, gi y chung ta co rt nhiu cach trong vic chon la cac h thng file (file system) cho tng loai ng dung. Trong bai vit nay ti mun gii thiu cac h thng file tin tin c s dung trong Linux nh EXT2, EXT3, VFAT Reiserfs, XFS, va JFS co tinh tin cy cao va co kha nng ghi nh qua trinh thao tac trn d liu (journaling). Chung ta hay tim hiu s lc v cach lam vic ca cac h thng file2.4.2. nh dng file h thng EXT2 2.4.2.1. Gii thiu

Gii thiu h thng file ext2 c gii thiu vo u nm 1993 v c thit k ring cho Linux. N c nhiu tnh nng tng cng khc phc cc hn ch ca cc h thng file khc. Tnh nng Minix EXT EXT 2

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Kch thc h thng 64 MB file ln nht Kch thc file ln 64 MB nht Chiu di ti a tn 30 k t file Kch thc block tu Khng bin 255 k 255 t Khng t C k 2 GB 2 GB 2 GB 4 TB

2.4.2.2. Qun tr h thng file EXT2

Filesystem caching : Nhm tng hiu sut ca ton h thng file ext2, cache c dng lu gi cc d liu c dng thng xuyn. Thng tin ca filesystem c cache trong b nh, i khi c tham kho ti nh l mt b m a, bi v vic truy cp vo b nh th nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc a vt l. C hai qu trnh c v ghi u c cache d liu trn RAM. H thng buffers a cng ln th filesystem p ng cng nhanh cho cc thao tc c ghi. Do RAM l b nh tm thi, buffer s c ghi vo a khi my hot ng, hay khi filesystem c unmount. Lnh sync c th dng p kernel ghi tt c cc buffers vo cc file trn a. Lnh ny c th s dng khng cn tham s. V d: Vi l do ny c th gii thch v sao khi chp file vo a mm ta thy h thng chy rt nhanh tuy nhin lc ny thc s file cha c ghi vo a mm. nu th bn s thy khong 5 giy sau n mm mi bt u sng. Nu trc ta c tng l chp xong file m rt a mm ra th s khng c file no c ghi vo a c.2.4.2.3. S phn mnh ca h thng file

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux H thng ext2 c thit k nhm hn ch ti thiu s phn mnh nn ta khng cn phi defragment h thng file ext2. Nguyn nhn gy ra s phn mnh ca file system l vic ghi file nhiu ln trn a. Trong cc file lm b nh m rng ca h thng trn a l c nguy c b phn mnh nhiu nht. i vi cc h iu hnh v MS Windows, h thng b nh m rng ny nm trn cng mt partition chnh ca h thng thng qua file pagefile.sys cn trong Linux th h thng b nh m rng ny c cho ra mt partition ring nn hn ch rt nhiu s phn mnh.2.4.2.4. nh dng file h thng EXT3

c xy dng da trn c s cua h thng file chun ext2 ma Linux ang s dung, ext3 a vao thm chc nng mi v cung quan trong, journaling file system, giup thao tac d liu an toan hn. Ext3 con s dung c ch JBD (Journaling Block Device) bao v thng tin thao tac trn d liu, c anh gia la tin cy hn so vi cac h thng chi thc hin journaling trn chi muc d liu (journaling of meta-data only) nh Reiserfs, XFS hay JFS. Vi cach bao v hai ln nh vy thi hiu sut ghi d liu co phn nao chm hn ext2; nhng trong mt vai trng hp, nh thng tin trong journal log ma u t cng di chuyn hp ly hn, nn tc thao tac d liu nhanh hn. i vi nhng ng dung u tin cho tin cy cua d liu hn la tc ghi n thun thi ext3 la la chon thich hp. Ngoai ra, ext3 con cho phep cai thin tc thao tac trn d liu bng cach thit lp thng s cho h thng chi thc hin journaling i vi thao tac trn d liu (mode: data=writeback va data = ordered). Vi mode data=writeback, qua trinh khi ng nhanh, d liu c ghi vao ia ngay sau khi a ghi xong thng tin trong journal log (write back), vi mode nay i khi cung xay ra tinh trang h d liu nu s c xay ra ngay sau khi ghi journal log ma

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux cha kip ghi vao ia, nhng bu lai tc thao tac file nhanh hn trong mt vai trng hp. Vi mode data=ordered, d liu c ghi ln ia trc ri mi n journal log, cho phep lun lun bao am tinh toan ven cua d liu trong moi tinh hung va y cung chinh la mode mc inh cua ext3. Vi mode data=journal thi vic bao v c thc hin trn ca hai: d liu va journal log; thng tin c ghi chi tit va nhiu hn giup cai thin tc truy cp d liu nh ti u vic di chuyn cua u t, hoat ng rt tt i vi kiu d liu la database hoc d liu dung chung trn mang (NFS), tuy nhin do phai oc lai nhiu loai thng tin trn journal log nn thi gian khi ng lai may hi chm hn so vi hai mode trn mt chut. Vi ban cht cu truc cua ext3 c xy dng hoan toan da trn c s cua ext2 nn ta co th chuyn i d dang cac d liu ang tn tai trn cac h thng ext2 sang ext3 ma d liu khng h bi anh hng va thc hin tng i d dang, n gian. Vi kernel Linux t 2.4.15 tr ln thi ext3 a co sn ma khng cn phai a thm vao (patch) nh cac version cu. Hin tai hang Linux RedHat a a sn module ext3 vao kernel 2.4.7-10 trong ban RedHat 7.2. T phin bn Red Hat 7.2, h thng tp tin mc nh l ext3. H thng file ext3 thc cht l phin bn nng cao ca ext2. Ext3 c nhng u im sau: Tnh kh dng:

Khi b ngun b hng hay h thng v bt cht, mi phn vng nh dng theo ext2 trn my tnh phi c kim tra vic ng nht ca chng bng chng trnh e2fsck. Vic ny cn khong thi gian tin hnh lm thi gian khi ng h thng b tr ng k, c bit l vi phn vng ln.Trong sut thi gian ny d liu trn phn vng khng c dng n. Ext3 c a ra khng cn phi thc hin vic kim tra khi h thng my tnh b tt t ngt, vic kim tra ch xy ra khi phn cng b h hng,Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 77

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chng hn nh a cng b h. Thi gian kim tra khng ph thuc vo dung lng hay s lng file ca phn vng. Tnh ton vn ca d liu.

H thng tp tin ext3 cung cp vic bo ton d liu trong vic h thng tt t ngt, v cho php ta chn loi v mc bo v d liu. Mc nh l mc bo v cao nht (high level) Tc

Bt chp vic ghi d liu nhiu ln hay mt ln, ext3 c s lng d liu a vo qu trnh ghi nhiu hn hn so vi ext2 bi ext3 ti u ha u c chuyn ng ca a cng. Ta c th chn mt trong ba mc ti u tc nhng iu ny c th lm gim tnh ton vn ca d liu. D dng chuyn i

Tht d dng ta chuyn i t ext2 ln ext3 v t c nhng li ch ca mt h thng tp tin mnh m khng cn phi nh dng li. chuyn i t ext2 sang ext3, ng nhp bng root v g lnh:

/sbin/tune2fs j /dev/hdbx

/dev/hdb : thay bng tn thit b v x l s th t ca phn vng cn chuyn i.

tune2fs : l chng trnh chuyn i phn vng ext2 c sn sang ext3 m khng cn thay i d liu c trn phn vng . 2.4.2.5. nh dng file h thng VFAT

VFAT l ch tt (acronym) ca Virtual File Allocation Table. VFAT l mt h thng tp (file system) uc x dng trong h iu hnh Windows p dng cho Workgroups v Windows 95 v 98. VFAT l phin bn ca FAT32..

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux FAT32 tng s bit cho address clusters v ng thi gim kch c ca mi cluster. Nh th h iu hnh Windows 98 c th chy cc a cng ln hn cho ti 2 terabytes v lu tr d liu nhiu hn. FAT l bng m nh n, h iu hnh c th kim ra tp lu tr trong a cng m bn mun VFAT l dng o ca FAT (bng th hin s xp xp ca cc file trn a cng). VFAT c dng trong phin bn u Windows 95 tuy nhin Windows 98 cng h tr v l do tng thch sa li ny bn lm nh sau:

Boot vo Win98 ng Safe Mode (nhn F8 khi khi ng my hoc nhn gi phm Ctrl). Vo th mc Windows xem c mt file tn l "Ifshlp.sys". Nu c lm tip bc Nu khng bn copy file ny mt my tnh c Windows 98 khc vo th mc ny.

Bn m file "config.sys" C:\ ra v thm vo dng ny: DEVICE=C:\Windows\Ifshlp.sys. Nh li nhng thay i ri thot ra.

Bn m file "system.ini" trong th mc Windows ra, nu thy c dng "maxfilecache = 4096" th xo n i hoc thm du chm phy ";" vo ng trc dng ny. Nh li nhng thay i ri thot ra. Nu khng thy dng ny th ng thay i g c.

Nu bn thy mt file c tn l Winboot.ini trong th mc gc C:\, th cng xo file ny i. Nu khng th thi. Khi ng li Windows. Trong trng hp bn khng boot vo Safe mode c th boot vo "Safe Mode Command Prompt Only". Tip theo dng NC hoc mt chng trnh no tng t m file "C:\msdos.sys " ra. 3 dng di phn [Paths] phi c gi tr nh sau: WinDir=Windows WinBootDir= Windows HostWinBootDrv=C.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 79

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Gii hn : Linux ch h tr nhng tp tin ln ti 2GB. Bn c th phc gim thiu vic sao lu ln cc file ny bng cch chia ra thnh cc phn nh hn. Trong v d sau bn c th chia mt tp tin 5GB thnh cc phn nh hn trn vfat bng cch chia n thnh nhiu phn nh c dung lng 2000MB. > cd /myvfat > split -d -b 2000m /myext3/cryptfile cryptfile_backup > ls cryptfile_backup00 cryptfile_backup01 cryptfile_backup02 . nh dng mt h thng tp tin Vfat: Khi bn nh dng vi mkfs.vfat bn phi thm ty chn mt h tp tin 32 bt to ra. Nu khng c ty chn ny th mt tp tin 12 bt hoc 16 bt s c to thnh, ph thuc vo kch thc phn chia hoc s nh dng. Fat 16 ch h tr nhng tp tin ln ti 2GB, Fat 32 ln ti 2TB.> mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

3.........................................................Qun tr ngi dng v nhmCc ch chnh s c cp n trong phn ny bao gm: - Lm vic vi cc user - Lm vic vi nhm user - Qun l home directory - Qun tr qua giao din web

3.1.Gii thiu v ti khon trong LinuxCng ging nh Windows Linux cng c cc loi ti khon khc nhau, xt v mt tng th th c 2 loi chnh ti khon ngi dng v ti khon qun tr hay cn gi l root.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 80

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Root l ti khon qun tr c nh hng rt ln i vi an ton ca h thng, ti khon root c cc cc quyn nh: to ti khon ngi dng, ci t phn mm, thm, xa, sa i cc ti khon Khi ng nhp vi ti khon root th ti giao din terminal thng c k hiu:#. Cc thng tin, d liu v ti khon ngi dng khc thng c lu tr trong th mc home

3.2.Thm xa sa ti khon ngi dng3.2.1. Cu trc trn giao din Terminal 3.2.1.1. Thm mi mt ti khon

Trong cc phin bn t 6.x tr i, RedHat Linux chuyn script ny thnh mt lnh vi cc tham s nh sau: adduser [tn ti khon] [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group...] [-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]] [-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-n] [-r] name adduser [tn ti khon] -D [-g group] [-b base] [-s shell] [-f inactive] [-e expire] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau:

-c(comment) Tn y ca user(Full name) V d: To user c tn lvd vi tn y levanduan ta th hin dng lnh sau: Useradd lvd -c levanduan

-d(home) s dng th mc dnh cho vic login, nu ta khng ch ra mt th mc th h thng s t to ra mt th mc trng vi tn user, xt v d sau: V d: To 1 user c tn cntp cha trong th mc linuxgroup th mc, ta thc hin

dng lnh sau:Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 81

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux useradd cntp -d /home/linuxgroup Lu : Th mc cha thng tin user phi c to trc

-e(expire_date) Ngy ti khon ht hn( khng th s dng ti khon ny login vo h thng) V d: To ti khon cntp c php s dng n ngy 20-02-2007, cha trong th

mc linuxgroup vi tn y congnghiepthucpham useradd cntp -e 2007-02-20 -d /home/linuxgroup -c congnghiepthucpham

-f (inactive_days) Vi ty chn ny ta c th ch nh s ngy password mt hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha .Gi tr mc nh ca ty chn ny l -1, vi gi tr ny password khng th thit lp ngy mt hiu lc V d : To thi gian hiu lc cho passwosd ca ti khon cntp trong 20 ngy useradd cntp -f 20

-u (user id) vi ty chn ny ta c th rng s th t cho ti khon V d : To ti khon cntp vi s th t 550 ta thc hin dng lnh sau: useradd cntp -u 550

-p(password) ty chn ny dng t mt khu cho ti khon V d: t password 123456 cho ti khon cntp useradd cntp -p 123456

-g(group) dng ch nh user thuc v nhm no trong h thng cc nhm v nhm s t trng v quyn cho user nu user thuc v nhiu nhm, nhm ny thng c gi l nhm chnh(Primary group). Nu user mi khi to khng c ch nh thuc v nhm no th h thng t to ra nhm mi c tn trng vi tn user. V d : To ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root. Ta s dng dng lnh sau: useradd cntp -g root

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-G(group) ty chn ny cng dng ch nh user thuc v nhm no trong h thng nhm, tuy nhin vi ty chn ny ta c th ch nh mt lc nhiu nhm cho user, mi nhm cch nhau bi du ,(phy). V d : S dng dng lnh a ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root v

linuxx. useradd cntp -G root,linuxx Lu : Ta cng c th s dng ty chn ny ch nh user thuc v mt nhm.Tuy nhin ty chn ny khng th ch nh nhm ny lm primary group, h thng s t to ra primary group trng vi tn user.

-o Ty chn ny thng c dng chung vi ty chn -u (user id), nu s dng ta c th t trng s id cho ti khon ta mun to trng vi ti khon bt k no trc . V d : To ti khon cntt c s id trng vi s id ca ti khon cntp(id 550) useradd cntt -o -u 550

-l Nu s dng ty chn ny th ti khon c to khi ng nhp vo h thng s khng c ghi vo file nht k ng nhp h thng

-M Thng thng khi mt ti khon mi c to h thng s to mt th mc c tn ging vi tn ti khon cha trong th mc home, nu ta s dng ty chn ny th h thng s khng to th mc ny. Khi ng nhp h thng ti khon s s dng tp tin login.defs to th mc ng nhp.

-r Ty chn dng to ra ti khon h thng vi s id nh hn s id c nh ngha trong fije login.defs, khi s dng ty chn ny th ti khon c to s khng c th mc ca ti khon trong th mc home, nu mun to th mc cho ti khon h thng ta s dng thm ty chn -m.

-s(shell) Ch nh nhn phc v cho vic ng nhp vo h thng ca ti khon(Tm hiu thm phn lp trnh nhn trong linux)

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux3.2.1.2. Xa ti khon c

xa mt ti khon trong giao din terminal ta s dng lnh userdel vi cu trc nh sau: userdel Tn ti khon [option : -r] Vi ty chn -r km theo th h thng s thc hin vic xa ti khon cng vi vic xa tt c cc th mc c lin quan n ti khon V d: Xa ti khon cntt nhng khng xa cc th mc lin quan n

ti khon cntp cng nh th mc c trong th mc home userdel cntt userdel cntp -r 3.2.1.3. Chnh sa ti khon trong h thng

Xa ti khon cntp v cc th mc ca ti khon cntp

Khi ta cn chnh sa thng tin v ti khon ta s dng lnh usermod vi cu trc sau: usermod [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group...] [-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]] [-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-L lock|-U unlock][tn ti khon] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau

-c(comment) Sa li Tn y ca user(Full name) V d: Sa li ti khon c tn cntp vi tn y congnghiepthucpham thnh tn

y l congnghiep ta th hin dng lnh sau: usermod -c congnghiep cntp

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-d(home) i th mc dnh cho vic login, nu ta khng i th mc mi th h thng s ly th mc trc , xt v d sau: V d: i ti khon c tn cntp vi th mc cntp trong th mc home thnh

thucpham , ta thc hin dng lnh sau: usermod -d thucpham cntp

-e(expire_date) Ngy ti khon ht hn( khng th s dng ti khon ny login vo h thng) V d: Sa li ti khon cntp c php s dng n ngy 20-02-2007 thnh

ngy 20-03-2007 usermod -e 2007-03-20 cntp

-f (inactive_days) Vi ty chn ny ta c th thay i ngy password mt hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha .Gi tr mc nh ca ty chn ny l -1, vi gi tr ny password khng th thit lp ngy mt hiu lc V d : To thi gian hiu lc cho passwosd ca ti khon cntp trong 20 ngy

thnh 30 ngy usermod -f 30 cntp

-u (user id) vi ty chn ny ta c th thay i s th t cho ti khon V d : Thay i ti khon cntp vi s th t 550 thnh 500 ta thc hin dng lnh

sau: usermod -u 500 cntp

-p(password) ty chn ny dng t li mt khu cho ti khon V d: Chuyn password 123456 thnh cntp123 cho ti khon cntp usermod -p cntp123 cntp

-g(group) dng ch nh li user thuc v nhm no trong h thng cc nhm v nhm s c trng v quyn cho user nu user thuc v nhiu nhm, nhm

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ny thng c gi l nhm chnh(Primary group). Nu user mi khi to khng c ch nh thuc v nhm no th h thng t to ra nhm mi c tn trng vi tn user. V d : i primary group ca ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root thnh linuxgroup. Ta s dng dng lnh sau: usermod -g linuxgroup cntp

-G(group) ty chn ny cng dng thay i hng lot nhm m ti khon thuc v, cng ging nh khi to mi cc nhm cch nhau bi du ,(phy). V d : S dng dng lnh a ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root v

linux. usermod -G root,linux cntp Lu : Cng ging nh khi to mi mt ti khon ta cng c th s dng ty chn ny ch nh user thuc v mt nhm.Tuy nhin ty chn ny khng th ch nh nhm ny lm primary group, h thng s t to ra primary group trng vi tn user.

-o Ty chn ny thng c dng chung vi ty chn -u (user id), nu s dng ta c th t trng s id cho ti khon ta mun to trng vi ti khon bt k no trc . V d : Chnh li ti khon cntt c s id trng vi s id ca ti khon cntp(id 550) usermod -o -u 550 cntt

-l(login_name) Dng ty chn ny thay i tn ng nhp vo h thng, cu trc lnh nh sau: usermod -l Tn ng nhp mi Tn ng nhp c V d : i tn dng nhp ca ti khon cntp thnh cntt usermod -l cntt cntp

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-L Vi ty chn ny ta dung kha tinh nng mt m ca mt ti khon, nu ti khon c t password th khi s dng ty chn ny chnh sa tii khon, mt m s b kha. V d : Kha password cntp123 ca ti khon cntp usermod -L cntp

-U Ngc li vi ty chn trn ty chn ny c chc nng m kha cho password ca mt ti khon. V d : M kha password cho tai khon cntp usermod -U cntp

-s(shell) Thay i nhn ng nhp vo h thng3.2.2. Cc thao tc qun l ti khon trn giao din X - Windows 3.2.2.1. Thm mi mt ti khon

vo c giao din qun l ngi dng ta cn phi ang nhp vi ti khon root hoc cc ti khon khc nhng ta cn bit c password ca root. Sau ta thc hin nh sau: Ti giao din windows chn ln lt nh sau: Desktop->System settings->Users and Groups

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Hnh 3.1 ng nhp vo giao din qun l ti khon v nhm

Khi ng nhp thnh cng giao din k tip nh sau.

Hnh 3.2 Giao din qun l ti khon v nhm

Vic to mi ti khon trn giao din windows rt n gin, to mi mt ti khon ta thc hin nh sau: trn giao din qun l c mc Add User ta click vo khi xut hin giao din nh sau:

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Hnh 3.3 To User mi

Ti giao din ny ta cn in cc thng tin cn thit to ti khon nh: User name: Tn ang nhp Full Name : Ghi chu hay tn y ca ti khon Password: Mt m ca ti khon ng nhp h thng Confirm password: nhp li password nhm trnh sai st Login shell: chn nhn phc v cho vic ng nhp Create home directory: to th mc cha thng tin v phin lm vic ca ti khon. Create a private group for the user: To nhm ring cho ti khon thng trng vi tn ca ti khon. Specify user ID manually: nh s th t cho ti khon Sau khi in y thng tin cho ti khon ta chn Ok hon tt vic to mi3.2.2.2. Xa ti khon c Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 89

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Vic xa mt ti khon cng tng i n gin, ta chn vo mt ti khon mun xa trn giao din qun l xut hin ch Delete ta click vo khi xut hin giao din hi ta mun xa thc mc ca ti khon khng, nu ta mun xa thi ta c click voYes nu khng mun xa th mc nhng vn mun xa ti khon ta b chn mc delete linuxxs home directory(home/linuuxx) and temporary files(Xt phn minh ha ny), sau ta chn Yes hon tt.

Hnh 3.4 Xa ti khon

3.2.2.3. Thay i thng tin ti khon

chnh sa cc thng tin lin quan n n ti khon cn sa i ta chn ngay ti khon cn thay i sau chon vo mc properties giao din xut hin nh hnh bn di.

Hnh 3.5 Thay i thng tin ti khon

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux th th u tin(User data) ta c th thay i tn ng nhp, tn y , mt khu.... Ta click chn tip th Account info giao din nh sau.

Hnh 3.6 Thng tin ti khon

Ti th ny ta c th ch nh ngy ti khon ht hn, kha mt m ca ti khon. Chuyn sang th k tip (Password info) chnh sa cc thng tin lin quan n mt m.

Hnh 3.7 Thng s lin quan n mt m

Ti th ny ta c th thay i cc thng tin lin quan n mt m nh sau:Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 91

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Days before change allowed: ch nh s ngy cho php thay i mt m Days before change required: ch nh s ngy trc khi thay i c yu cu. Days warning before change: Ch nh s ngy nhc nh trc khi thay i mt m. Days before account inactive: Ch nh s ngy mt m ht hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha. Chuyn sang th cui cng(Groups) ti th ny chng ta c th thay i primary group v thm hoc bt cc nhm ti khon ny ph thuc bng thao tc n gin thm hoc b chn.

Hnh 3.8 Nhm cho ti khon

3.3.Thm xa sa ti khon nhm3.3.1. Cu trc trn giao din Terminal 3.3.1.1. To mi nhm

to mt nhm ngi dng mi ta s dng lnh groupadd vi cu trc nh sau: groupadd [option: -g -f -o -r ] [tn nhm] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau :

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux - g: (gid) nh s th t cho nhm vi gi tr hp l thng ln hn 500, cn khong gi tr t 0 n 499 thng dng cho cc nhm nhm mc ch nghin cu cc ti khon h thng. V d: Thc hin vic to mi nhm c tn linux vi s th t 501 groupadd -g 501 linux - o: ty chn ny thng c dng km theo ty chn -g nhm cho php ta c th nh trng s th t ca cc nhm. V d: To nhm c tn linuxgroup c s th th trng vi nhm c tn linux. groupadd -g 501 -o grouplinux - r: Vic s dng ty chn ny nhm mc ch cho bit vic to ra nhm ny cha cc ti khon h thng.Thng thng s th t ca nhm thng nh hn 499 h thng s t ng cp nht. -f : Khi s dng ty chn ny th d c to ra mt nhm mi c tn trng vi nhm a c thi h thng cng khng cnh bo hay bo li, ni cch khc y l ty chn to nhm vi trng thi thnh cng.3.3.1.2. Xa mt nhm trong h thng

Vic xa mt nhm trong h thng tng i n gin vi lnh groupdel c cu trc nh sau: groupdel V d: Xa nhm c tn linux. Ta thc hin dng lnh sau:groupdel linux

Tn nhm cn xa

3.3.1.3. Chnh sa cc thng tin ca nhm Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 93

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chnh sa nhm ta s dng lnh groupmod vi cu trc nh sau: groupmod -g -o -n ngha cc ty chn cng ging nh cc ty chn khi to mi mt nhm

-g: vi ty chn ny cho php t li s th t ca nhm, dy s hp l cng ging nh khi to mi.

V d: t li s th t cho nhm linux( ID ban u: 650) vi ID mi bng 600 groupmod -g 600 linux

-o cho php t trng s th tc ca cc nhm.

V d: t li s th t ca nhm c tn linuxgroup trng vi s th t ca nhm c tn linux(600)groupmod -g 600 -o linuxgroup 3.3.2. Cc thao tc qun l ti khon trn giao din Windows

Vic chnh sa, to mi v xa mt nhm trong giao din windows tng i n gin. thc hin c ta cn ng nhp vo h thng qun l ti khon va nhm ca linux, cch thc ng nhp hon ton ging nh cch thc ng nhp vo giao din qun l ti khon nh cp mc trn.3.3.2.1. To mi nhm

Cng ging nh khi to mi user ta cng s thy trn giao din qun l cng c mc add group. to mi nhm ta c click chut vo giao din xut hin nh sau:

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Hnh 3.9 Thng tin to nhm

Giao din ny yu cu ta in hai thng tin n gin l tn nhm v s th t ca nhm, nu ta khng din s th t h thng s t ng cp nht s th t3.3.2.2. Xa nhm trong h thng

Vic xa mt nhm cng tng i n gin, xa mt nhm sau khi chn ta cng click vo ch delete trong giao din, sau h thng cng s xc nhn ta c mun xa hay khng bng cch hin th thng bo nh hnh bn di:

Hnh 3.10 Xc nhn xa nhm

Nu ta mun xa th chn Yes, nu mun hy b ta chn No.

4.................................................................Qun tr h thng tp tin4.1.Cu trc v trt t ca h thng tp tinCc cp th mc cao nht trong h thng tp tin ca Linux. /: y l th mc gc(root) trong Linux.Tt c cc tp tin v th mc khc u

nm trong th mc gc ny. /bin: Th mc ny cha cc chng trnh c th thc thi c trong h iu

hnh Linux,chng hn nh cat, cp, ls, more, tar...Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 95

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /boot: Cha nhn (kernel) ca Linux v cc tp tin khc m trnh qun l

GRUB hay LILO cn khi ng. /dev: Cha cc tp tin c bit lin quan n cc thit b gn trn h thng, v

d nh fd0(a A). /etc: Cha hu ht cc tp tin cu hnh v cc on m kch bn (script) lc

khi ng.

/home: Cha th mc ch ca cc ti khon trn Linux, v d vi ti khon

tienmap, ta c th mc /home/tienmap. /lib: Cha driver ca cc thit b np lc khi ng Linux v cc tp tin th

vin dng cho cc chng trnh trong /bin v /sbin. /lost+found: Cha tt c cc b mt.Mi phn vng trn a cng u c th

mc lost+found ny. /mnt: Th mc tm cha cc mount-point ca h thng tp tin nh CD-

ROM,hay a mm.

/opt: Cung cp vng lu tr tm cho cc gi chng trnh ng dng ln. /proc: y l th mc c bit, cha thng tin v cc tin trnh ang chy trn

h thng Linux. /root: Th mc ch ca ti khon root. /sbin: Cha cc tp tin c th thc thi c dng cho cng vic qun tr h

thng v ch c thc thi bi root, v d halt, shutdown. /selinux: Cha cc thng tin c dng cho Security Enhanced Linux

(SELinux) v cc tin ch lin quan n bo mt h thng.

/sys: Cha cc thng v cc thit b c nhn bit bi nhn Linux kernel. /tmp: Th mc tm.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /usr: Cha nhiu th mc ca cc chng trnh quan trng, v d nh: /usr/X11R6: Cha cc tp tin ca chng trnh X Window System /usr/bin: Cha cc tp tin c th thc thi ca nhiu dng lnh trn Linux,bao gm c cc tin ch thng thng c sn trn Linux, nhng khng lin quan n phn li ca h iu hnh Linux. /usr/game: Cha cc tr chi (games) trn Linux. /usr/include: Cha cc tp tin header (*.h) ca C v C++, cc tp tin header ca X Window trong th mc /usr/include/X11, cc tp tin header ca Linux kernel trong th mc /usr/include/linux.

/usr/lib: Cha cc tp tin th vin ca ngn ng C, C++ v cc th vin khc nh th vin ha, th vin c s d liu.v.v

/usr/local: Cha cc tp tin cc b,v d nh th mc /usr/local/bin cha cc tp tin thc thi c pht trin trn h thng ca bn.

/usr/sbin: Cha nhiu dng lnh qun tr h thng, chng hn nh v th in t, mng my tnh...

/usr/share: Cha cc d liu c chia s,v d nh /usr/share/doc cha cc tp tin ti liu ca nhiu ng dng trn Linux.

/usr/share/man: Cha cc ti liu gip m c th c qua lnh man. /usr/src: Cha m ngun ca Linux kernel (li ca h iu hnh) /var: Cha cc tp tin h thng nh: /var/cache: Vng lu tr d liu cache ca ca ng dng. /var/lib: Cha cc thng tin lin quan n tnh trng ca cc ng dng.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /var/lock: Cha cc tp tin b kha m bo mt ti nguyn ch c th s dng bi 1 ng dng. lu trong th mc /opt khi ng li.

/var/log: Cha cc tp tin log ca h thng. /var/mail: Cha cc tp tin trong hp th ca ngi dng. /var/opt: Cha cc bin d liu ca cc gi chng trnh

/var/run: Cha thng tin m t h thng lc khi ng. /var/spool: Cha cc d liu ang ch x l. /var/tmp: Cha cc tp tin tm c lu li khi h thng

/var/yp: Cha tp tin c s d liu ca dch v Network Information Services(NIS)

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 4.1 Cc th mc nm trong th mc gc

4.2.Cc quyn trn tp tin v th mc xem cc quyn hin c trn tp tin v th mc,s dng lnh ls l. VD:

Hnh 4.2 Quyn trn tp tin v th mc

VD: tp tp n .profile sau l tp tin bnh thng c s id l 1, ngi to ra l user2 c quyn c v ghi(rw), thuc nhm staff ch c quyn c(r), mi ngi dng cn li c quyn ch c(r).

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng LinuxHnh 4.3 Quyn trn tp tin n

4.2.1. File type

d: th mc l: l tp tin lin kt n mt th mc hay tp tin no . -: tp tin bnh thng4.2.2. Cc nhm quyn

User (owner): ngi to ra tp tin. Group: nhm ca tp tin, th mc. Others: nhng ngi khc4.2.3. Thay i quyn

Chng ta c th hiu chnh cc quyn trn tp tin hay th mc bng dng lnh chmod C php: chmod mode filename

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Hnh 4.4 Cu trc mode ca dng lnh Chmod

4.2.4. Cc loi quyn

r: quyn c w: quyn ghi x: quyn thc thi -: cm quyn4.2.5. Cc php ton trn dng lnh

=: gn quyn. +: thm quyn. -: bt quyn4.2.6. Cc nhm quyn

u: ngi to ra tp tin.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 101

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux g: nhm ca tp tin, th mc. o: nhng ngi khc. a: tt c cc trng hp trn VD: gn quyn thc thi(x) cho tt c cc user vo tp tin allfile.txt (ngoi tr root)

Hnh 4.5 Gn quyn x cho cc user

Hnh 4.6 Tp tin etcfile.txt

Ring i vi th mc phi c quyn thc thi (x) th mi c th di chuyn vo th mc c. VD: ta c th mc test, gi lnh ls l xem cc quyn trn , sau b i quyn thc thi ca user, v cui cng gi lnh cd di chuyn vo th mc test. Kt qu: b cm quyn. Sau thm quyn x vo user,sau di chuyn vo th mc test.

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Hnh 4.7 Kt qu khi thm bt quyn

Lu : vi ti khon root, ta c quyn lm mi vic trn tt c cc tp tin, khng b hn ch no, khng b nh hng bi bt c quyn hn no. Mi quyn c mt gi tr octal, chng ta c th dng s octal ny gn quyn vo tp tin hay th mc.

Hnh 4.8 Gi tr Octal tng ng cc quyn

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Hnh 4.9 Gi tr Octal thng dng

C php: chmod octal_mode filename

Hnh 4.10 Octal_mode thng dng

VD: gn quyn c/ghi (6) vo user, group v Others.

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Hnh 4.11 Quyn c/ghi s dng s Octal

4.2.7. Thay i quyn s hu (Ownerships)

thay i ngi to ra tp tin, dng dng lnh chown C php: chown new_owner filename VD: thay i quyn s hu (owner) t tienmap thnh root

Hnh 4.12 Thay i owner sang root

4.2.8. Thay i nhm s hu (Group ownerships)

C php:Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 105

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chgrp new_group filename VD: thay i nhm s hu t tienmap thnh root

Hnh 4.13 Thay i Group

5.................Ci t v g b bng cng c RPM (Redhat Package Manager)Hai bn pht hnh Red Hat Linux v Caldera OpenLinux u s dng gi phn mm (Package) qun l vic ci t. Gi phn mm l mt chng trnh y c th nghim v lp sn cu hnh ci t. Gi phn mm c xy dng t cc tp m ngun m, lm cho ngi s dng ln ngi trin khai u bit c mnh ang c ci g trong tay. qun l nhng phn mm y, Red Hat Software pht trin cng c RedHat Package Manager (RPM).

5.1.Tm kim vi RPMrpm -q: Truy vn cc thng tin v cc gi rpm..

Hnh 5.1 S phin bn ca Linux

rpm qa: Tm kim tt c cc gi rpm c ci t trong h thng.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 106


Hnh 5.2 Lit k cc gi rpm c ci t vo h thng

rpm ql: Lit k tt c cc file c trong gi rpm.

Hnh 5.3 Lit k cc tp tin theo tng trang c trong kernel

rpm qc: Lit k tt c cc tp tin cu hnh trong gi rpm.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 107


Hnh 5.5 Lit k cc tp tin cu hnh trong xinetd

rpm qd: Lit k tt c cc tp tin ti liu trong gi rpm.

Hnh 5.6 Lit k cc tp tin ca gi xinetd

rpm qf: Xem tn ca gi rpm (nu c). rpm qi: Xem cc thng tin chi tit v gi rpm , bao gm: s phin bn, dung lng, ngy ci t, thng tin m t ca gi rpm.Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 108


Hnh 5.7 Xa thng tin gi xinetd

rpm qs: Xem trng thi ca cc tp tin trong gi rpm.

Hnh 5.8 Cc tp tin trong gi xinet trng thi normal

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cc dng lnh rpm ch cung cp thng tin v cc gi c ci t. Nu mun tm kim thng tin v cc gi rpm cha c ci t, ta thm ty chn p vo dng lnh rpm. D nhin dng lnh ny ch thc hin c trn cc th mc c cha cc gi rpm.

Hnh 5.9 Lit k s phin bn ca gi rpm

rpm -qwhatprovides filename: Cho php xem thng tin ca mt tp tin xc nh. rpm -qwhatrequires packname: Xem thng tin nh cung cp ca gi rpm xc nh.

Hnh5.10 Xem thng tin ca gi openssl

5.2.Ci t bng RPMBn ch c th xy dng mt gi phn mm RPM t dng lnh vi c php sau y: rpm [tu chn] tn_gi phn mmKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 110

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux . Tn gi phn mm bao gm nhng thnh phn nh sau: tn phin bn n bn cu trc my tnh phn m rng rpm i: Ci t mt gi rpm. quota 1.55 4 i386 .rpm

Hnh 5.11 Ci t gi phn mm

rpm ivh: Ci t v xem qu trnh ci t gi rpm.

Hnh 5.12 Qu trnh ci t

rpm -i --force package: Buc phi ci gi package d li c xut hin.

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Hnh 5.13 Gi c ci thnh cng

5.3.G b bng RPMMun g b mt gi phn mm ra khi h thng my bn, RPM phi qua cc bc nh sau: - Kim tra tnh ph thuc. RPM kim tra c s d liu xem c gi phn mm no khc ph thuc vo gi phn mm y hay khng. Nu c, RPM s khng xo, tr khi bn khng nh l phi xo. - Chun b g b. RPM thi hnh mt script chun b cho vic g b ci t. - Kim tra cc tp cu hnh. RPM lu bn sao ca mi tp cu hnh thay i. - Xo cc tp. RPM xo tt c cc tp kt hp vi gi phn mm c xc nh. - Dn dp. RPM thi hnh mt script dn dp sau khi g b ci t. - Cp nht c s d liu. RPM g b tt c mi ch mc tham chiu n gi phn mm tho b. Ta thng lm theo cc bc sau m bo qu trnh g b package. rpm qa | grep package: Lit k package cn g b. rpm e package: G b package.

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Hnh 5.14 G b gi thnh cng

5.4.Cp nht bng RPMrpm U packagename: Cp nht gi rpm. Mun cp nht 1 gi rpm, trc ht ta phi c sn gi rpm trn thit b lu tr, sau ch nh ng dn xc nh ti file mun cp nht. Thc hin vic cp nht bng cch xa b phin bn c, sau ci t phin bn mi vo. Qu trnh cp nht s t ng lu nhng tp tin cu hnh ca phin bn c, sau s cu hnh li chng trnh va c ci mi

5.5.Xc minh li gi RPMTm cc gi phn mm: Mun bit nhng gi phn mm no ci t vo h thng, bn dng lnh nh sau: rpm qa Lnh s hin th danh sch cc gi phn mm hin c trn h thng. Mun ly thng tin t mt gi phn mm nht nh, bn cn g tu chn q. Bng sau lit k cc tu chn m bn c th s dng vi nhm lnh rpm q tm cc gi phn mm. Tu chn -q tn -qa -qf tp -qp gi_phn_mm -qi M t Cung cp tn, phin bn v s pht hnh ca gi phn mm. Lit k tt c cc gi phn mm ci t trn h. Tm gi phn mm lin kt vi tp. Tm gi_phn_mm. Cung cp tn, m t, bn pht hnh, kch c, ngy to ra, ngyTrang 113

Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux gi_phn_mm -ql gi_phn_mm C th ta t khi lm iu ny, nhng nu nghi ng 1 phn mm no khng chc l c ci, ta s xc minh li bng lnh rpm V rpm V packagename: Kim tra li gi rpm. ci t v cc thng tin khc v gi phn mm. Lit k tt c cc tp lin kt vi gi phn mm.

Hnh 5.15 Xc nh li nhn

Kt qu xut ra thng c 3 phn: 8 k t u tin ch ra loi khc nhau c tm thy, bao gm: M c 5 S L T D U G M khong trng. Phn cui cng l ng dn ti tp tin, da vo phn ny ta s bit c tp tin nm ng v tr no. ngha Tp ny l tp cu hnh Tp ny khng qua c th nghim tng kim MD5 Kch c tp thay i sau thi im ci t C vn vi cc mi lin kt tng trng Thi gian chnh sa tp khng trng vi nguyn thu Thuc tnh thit b Cc thit lp cho user thay i Cc thit lp cho nhm thay i Ch

Phn hai l k t c k tip cho bit l tp tin cu hnh b thay i, mt khc l

6.........................................Ci t phn mm t cc tp tin ngun6.1.Cn bn ca vic ci tKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 114

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux iu u tin khi bn tin hnh ci t l bn phi c m ngun ca gi trc. Hy ln mng search bt k gi no bn thch nh th vin Gtk+ hoc Gnome .v.v... Sau khi ti v, thng thng c dng l .gz hoc .bz2, y u l 2 chun nn khc nhau, sau khi gii nn bng gunzip cho gz hoc bunzip2 cho bz2 th cc gi s c dng mi l tar, cng l mt chun nn khc, bn c th gii nn bng lnh, tar -xvf ... Th nhng d dng v tit kim dung lng a th chng ta c th gp cc cu lnh thnh 1 nh sau: i vi gi .gz: # tar -zxvf tengoi.gz i vi gi .bz2: # tar -jxvf tengoi.bz2 Sau khi gii nn xong v tm tp tin INSTALL c c th cho phn hng dn ci t. Th nhng hu nh cc gi u tun theo cc thao tc tun t sau: # ./configure # make # make install Ch c vi gi c bit s c ring cch ci t nhng khi bn nm vng nguyn tc chung th d l cch thc no bn cng c th xoay x c. Chng ta hy xt n cu lnh u tin, ./configure ... Thc cht configure l mt shell script s kim tra nhng yu cu ca h thng ca bn c p ng ci t gi ln khng, v d nh mt s gi i hi bn phi c sn th vin ha Gtk 2.4 tr ln hoc l th vin gii nn nhc Mp3..v.v... Rt nhiu gi c s ph thuc nh th ch cc gi khi ti v khng h c sn cc gi tng ng cn thit cho n. Khi bn chy configure xong kt qu s cho bn bit cc gi no cn thit ci t. Nhim v ca bn khng g hn l phi tm cc gi ph thuc ci ln my ri mi tip tc vic ci t. Nu nh h thng ca bn tha mn y cc yu cu ci t th cc Makefile s c to ra. Makefile l mt file c bit ca tin ch make nhm hng dn bin dch m ngun ca gi ra dng thc thi. Sau khi bn thc thi lnh 'make' xong th tan bm ngun ca gi c bin dch sang dng thc thi nhng cc file thc thi vnKhoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 115

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux cn nm trn th mc hin hnh. Do bn cn phi thc hin thm lnh make install' chp cc file thc thi sang ng v tr ca n trn h thng. N

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