“Bantu” is a language

Started in modern day Nigeria and moved Southward

The evidence for this migration is that most languages south of the equator seem to have derived from Bantu

European nations wanted to claim parts of Africa for its resources

Started in 1800s and was ended by 1970s

Motives: Economic resources

Religious motivation

“White man’s burden”

European Coloninization

Q: What makes something valuable?

A: scarcity

The “Scramble for Africa”:

The race of European powers to set up colonies and expand their power onto the African continent from 1881 to 1914.

“Boer”: word for “farmer”. Also known as “Afrikaners” Descendents of original Dutch settlers

The problem: British started settling in Southern Africa

Uneasy peace between two groups until resources were discovered

In 1902, the British destroyed Boer resistance and the conflict dissolved.

1884-1885 meeting of European leaders

Organized by Otto Von Bismarck of Germany

Divided Africa up among the Europeans

The conference was held to avoid conflict

No African rulers were invited.

•Had lots of rubber •King Leopold II of Belgium wanted to use the Congo river to explore the middle of the continent

After World War I, the power of Europe was weakened This heightened African nationalism

Ethiopia fights back and resists colonization

“Rai” protest music

Decolonization

After fighting against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in World War II, many European countries started reconsidering the idea of imperialism

African countries started gaining independence

Some countries won independence with negotiations. Others had uprisings.

Resulted in lasting political boundaries

Destruction of stateless societies: Community or family

leaders make decisions for the community instead of a single ruler

Introduction of Centralized governments

Genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Who: Hutus (majority) and Tutsis (minority) What: Mass killing of Tutsi by Hutu extremists When: 1994 Where: Rwanda Why: Long-lasting tension between the two groups

• Tutsis were placed in power by Belgium in early 1900s • The majority Hutus took over after Rwanda became

independent (1960s) • 1990: The exiled Tutsis formed army, invaded Rwanda,

and Rwanda had a civil war • President killed in 1994 • Hutu extremists started attacking Tutsis • UN sends 500 defensive troops. Most countries ignore

crisis • Tutsis regained control. • In approx. 100 days, 500k-a million died • 10% of population

Malaria Caused by parasites that are

transmitted through mosquitoes

Infect and destruct red blood cells

Can be transmitted from mothers to unborn children http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=rvPNz-JMiHI Solutions

Insecticide spraying Medicine nets

http://www.nothingbutnets.net/learn/what-is-malaria/

HIV/AIDS

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

How it spreads

From mother to child

Contact with infected

blood

STD

Reasons “one commodity countries”

Relying on one resource for much of the earnings

Misused aid money Political instability “Brain Drain”

African professionals often move away from their home country

Effects: Low literacy rates High infant mortality rates

Somalia

Why?

1. Drought leads to food shortage

2. Al-Shabaab: terrorist organization which restricted aid to many devastated regions

There are vast amounts refugees fleeing the violence

What makes something a “blood diamond?” •Mined in a war zone •Profits that support rebel armies •Mined in a manner that endangers or exploits the workers or community

The appeal of diamonds:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vXHm8TzLzE

Cecil Rhodes: •Supported colonialism •Moved to Africa to try and grow cotton, but became more interested in diamonds •Founded De Beers diamond company

•At one point De Beers controlled 90% of the world’s diamonds

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eThlmx7w9r0

• Darfur is in the Western region of Sudan

• Civil war took place from 2003-2009 (peace treaty signed)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8__o6mzsX0

Apartheid: complete separation of the races

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9WB5nOnHIY

• Joined ANC (later becoming President of the organization)

• Arrested for

encouraging workers to strike

• Spent 27 years in prison and went on to become President of South Africa.

"In a way I had never quite comprehended before, I realized the role I could play in court and the possibilities before me as a defendant. I was the symbol of justice in the court of the oppressor, the representative of the great ideals of freedom, fairness and democracy in a society that dishonoured those virtues. I realized then and there that I could carry on the fight even in the fortress of the enemy." — Mandela, 1994