BALl PROVINCIAL FORESITRY SERVICE AND

REGIONAL TREE SEED CENTER FOR BALl AND NUSA TENGGARA

Final Technical Report: GUIDELINES FOR TREE IMPROVEMENT AND

SEED PRODUCTION OF PANGGAL BUAYA (Zantoxyllum rhetsa), SAWO KECIK (Manilkara kaukl),

PULAI (Alstonia scholaris) AND BENTAWAS (Wrightia pubescens)

ITrO Project PD 137/02 Rev.2 (F) Demonstration Plantation of Zantoxyllum rhetsa, Manilkara kauki, Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia

pubescens to Promote Sustainable Bali Natural Forest

Denpasar, July 2005

BALl PROVINCIAL FORESITRY SERVICE AND

REGIONAL TREE SEED CENTER FOR BALl AND NUSA TENGGARA

Final Technical Report: GUIDELINES FOR TREE IMPROVEMENT AND

SEED PRODUCTION OF PANGGAL BUAYA (Zantoxyllum rhetsa), SAWO KECIK (Manilkara kaukl),

PULAI (Alstonia scholaris) AND BENTAWAS (Wrightia pubescens)

ITrO Project PD 137/02 Rev.2 (F) Demonstration Plantation of Zantoxyllum rhetsa, Manilkara kauki, Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia

pubescens to Promote Sustainable Bali Natural Forest

Denpasar, July 2005

Project Manager Field Coordinator Research Coordinator :

I Made Gunaja (Bali Provincial Forestry Service) Suratman (Bali Provincial Forestry Service) Bambang Supriyanto, Djoko Iriantono (Regional Tree Seed Center for Bali and Nusa Tenggara)

Author : Eko B. Hardianto

Bali Provincial Forestry Service, 11. Puputan Niti Mandala Renon, Denpasar. Phone : 620361 237039, Fax: 620361 227819.

Regional Tree Seed Center for Bali and Nusa Tenggara, J1. By Pass Ngurah Rai Km 23,5 Tuban, Kotak Pos 10411DPRAP, Denpasar 80361, Phone : 620361 751815, Fax: 620361750195, E-mail: bpth@denpasar.wasantara.net.id

Project Manager Field Coordinator Research Coordinator :

I Made Gunaja (Bali Provincial Forestry Service) Suratman (Bali Provincial Forestry Service) Bambang Supriyanto, Djoko Iriantono (Regional Tree Seed Center for Bali and Nusa Tenggara)

Author : Eko B. Hardianto

Bali Provincial Forestry Service, 11. Puputan Niti Mandala Renon, Denpasar. Phone : 620361 237039, Fax: 620361 227819.

Regional Tree Seed Center for Bali and Nusa Tenggara, J1. By Pass Ngurah Rai Km 23,5 Tuban, Kotak Pos 10411DPRAP, Denpasar 80361, Phone : 620361 751815, Fax: 620361750195, E-mail: bpth@denpasar.wasantara.net.id

Table of contents

Table of contents

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The importance of good seed quality

1.2. Source of good quality seed

1.2.1. Seed tree

1.2.2. Seed production area

1.2.3. Seed orchard

1.3. Current occurrence and stand conditions

1.3.1. Panggal buaya

1.3.2. Sawo kecik

1.3.3. Pulai

1.3.4. Bentawas

PART 2.

SEED TREES

2.1. Selection of seed trees and seed collection

PART 3.

SEED PRODUCTION AREA 3.1. Site selection

3.2. Seed Source

3.3. Size

3.4. Planting

3.5. Weed control

3.6. Pruning

3.7. Fertilization

3.8. Thinning

III

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Table of contents

Table of contents

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The importance of good seed quality

1.2. Source of good quality seed

1.2.1. Seed tree

1.2.2. Seed production area

1.2.3. Seed orchard

1.3. Current occurrence and stand conditions

1.3.1. Panggal buaya

1.3.2. Sawo kecik

1.3.3. Pulai

1.3.4. Bentawas

PART 2.

SEED TREES

2.1. Selection of seed trees and seed collection

PART 3.

SEED PRODUCTION AREA 3.1. Site selection

3.2. Seed Source

3.3. Size

3.4. Planting

3.5. Weed control

3.6. Pruning

3.7. Fertilization

3.8. Thinning

III

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1 ...

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PART 4.

SEED ORCHARD 13

4.1. Strategy 13 4.2. Parent tree selection and seed collection 13

4.2.1. Panggal buaya 14 4.2.2. Sawo kecik 16 4.2.3. Pulai 16 4.2.4. Bentawas 16

4.3. Design 16 4.4. Site selection 18 4.5. Site preparation 18 4.6. Nursery 18

4.6.1. Seed sowing 18 4.6.2. Pricking 19 4.6.3. Packing of seedling 20

4.7. Seedling transport 21 4.8. Plot tagging 21 4.9. Planting 22

4.10. Documentation 24 4.10.1. General information 24 4.10.2. Map oflocation and seed orchard 24 4.10.3. List of seed lot (family) 24 4.10.4. Maintenance 25 4.10.5. Measurement 25 4.10.6. Other notes 25 4.11. Seed orchard maintenance 27 4.11.1. Weeding 28 4.11.2. Mulching 28 4.11.3. Singling and pruning 28 4.11.4. Fertilizing 28 4.11.5. Pest and disease control 29 4.11.6. Fire control 29 4.11.7. Renewal of seedlot label 29 4.12. Measurement and data analysis 29 4.13. Roguing 30

PART 5.

SEED REPRODUCTION 33

PART 6.

GLOSSARY 35

IV

PART 4.

SEED ORCHARD 13

4.1. Strategy 13 4.2. Parent tree selection and seed collection 13

4.2.1. Panggal buaya 14 4.2.2. Sawo kecik 16 4.2.3. Pulai 16 4.2.4. Bentawas 16

4.3. Design 16 4.4. Site selection 18 4.5. Site preparation 18 4.6. Nursery 18

4.6.1. Seed sowing 18 4.6.2. Pricking 19 4.6.3. Packing of seedling 20

4.7. Seedling transport 21 4.8. Plot tagging 21 4.9. Planting 22

4.10. Documentation 24 4.10.1. General information 24 4.10.2. Map oflocation and seed orchard 24 4.10.3. List of seed lot (family) 24 4.10.4. Maintenance 25 4.10.5. Measurement 25 4.10.6. Other notes 25 4.11. Seed orchard maintenance 27 4.11.1. Weeding 28 4.11.2. Mulching 28 4.11.3. Singling and pruning 28 4.11.4. Fertilizing 28 4.11.5. Pest and disease control 29 4.11.6. Fire control 29 4.11.7. Renewal of seedlot label 29 4.12. Measurement and data analysis 29 4.13. Roguing 30

PART 5.

SEED REPRODUCTION 33

PART 6.

GLOSSARY 35

IV

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The importance of good seed quality

The benefits of using good quality seeds, collected from selected parents trees, are two­fold: improved survival and greater product yield. Seed from healthy, well formed trees provide assurance that resulting planting stock will have good form, survival and better resist stressed conditions. Good quality seed will give higher yield in terms of stem volume and wood quality. The investment in seed selection will be more than compensated for by higher product yields.

Seed quality consists ofthree components as follows:

• Genetic quality.- It refers to the inherent characteristics of the tree from which seeds are collected.

• Physical quality.- It refers to physical conditions of seed, especially to the mechanical conditions (whole/broken) size, color, age, and the health (pest and diseases attack). The physical condition of seed is relatively easy to assess and can, to some extent, be directly observed. It is very much influenced by the different activities related to collection, handling, processing and storage.

• Physiological quality.- It mainly refers to the internal biological conditions of seed and is concerned with condition of the morphological structures and biochemical processes in seed related to maturity at the time of collection and deterioration after 'collection. Physiological quality is influenced by the handling, processing and storing of seed. It is dependent on the internal progress of the biological process of the seed and is not always easy to detect from visual inspec­tion of the seed, but physiological quality can be revealed by germination test.

Genetic quality of seed can be improved by genetic means, namely through tree improve­ment program, while phySical and physiological qualities can be maintained by proper

1

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The importance of good seed quality

The benefits of using good quality seeds, collected from selected parents trees, are two­fold: improved survival and greater product yield. Seed from healthy, well formed trees provide assurance that resulting planting stock will have good form, survival and better resist stressed conditions. Good quality seed will give higher yield in terms of stem volume and wood quality. The investment in seed selection will be more than compensated for by higher product yields.

Seed quality consists ofthree components as follows:

• Genetic quality.- It refers to the inherent characteristics of the tree from which seeds are collected.

• Physical quality.- It refers to physical conditions of seed, especially to the mechanical conditions (whole/broken) size, color, age, and the health (pest and diseases attack). The physical condition of seed is relatively easy to assess and can, to some extent, be directly observed. It is very much influenced by the different activities related to collection, handling, processing and storage.

• Physiological quality.- It mainly refers to the internal biological conditions of seed and is concerned with condition of the morphological structures and biochemical processes in seed related to maturity at the time of collection and deterioration after 'collection. Physiological quality is influenced by the handling, processing and storing of seed. It is dependent on the internal progress of the biological process of the seed and is not always easy to detect from visual inspec­tion of the seed, but physiological quality can be revealed by germination test.

Genetic quality of seed can be improved by genetic means, namely through tree improve­ment program, while phySical and physiological qualities can be maintained by proper

1

seed collection, handling, processing and storing. The guidelines will mainly focus on the improvement of seed genetic quality through tree improvement programs.

1.2. Source of good quality seed

Individual trees or stands from which seeds are collected called seed sources. Seed sources can be classified based upon the genetic quality of seeds produced and the intensity of management of the seed sources. Seeds for panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas may be collected from the following seed sources:

• Seed tree • Seed production area • Seed orchard

With regard to genetic quality, seed tree is the lowest while the seed orchard is the highest reflecting the intensity level of genetic improvement effort that has been done.

1.2.1. Seed tree. - Seed tree is an individual tree from which seed is collected. It should have superior characteristics such as straight stem fast growth and free form pest and disease.

1.2.2. Seed production area.- Seed production area (also called seed stand) is a stand of trees that is improved for seed production. Genetic improvement comprises selective thinning to remove poor quality and unhealthy trees and to achieve optimal spacing for seed production.

1.2.3. Seed orchard. Seed orchard is a stand established for the specific purpose of seed production. It usually consists of families of superior genetic quality and are planted at a regular spacing and specific design.

1.3. Current occurrence and stand conditions

1.3.1. Panggal buaya

Panggal buaya generally grows at altitudes from 150 to 700 m. In Bali panggal buaya grows at altitudes from near sea level (i.e. Sumber Klampok) up to 500 m asl. (i.e.Seraya­Karangasem). The optimum mean annual rainfall is between 1850 and 2500 mm. The species grows better in areas with relatively short dry season (2-3 months). Panggal buaya is found to grow on various soils: regosol (Inceptisol), mediteranian and latosol (Alfisol). It prefers light to medium texture and well-drained soil.

Mostly panggal buaya grows on farm land, either in clusters (groups) or isolated trees. It grows naturally or is planted by farmers using the available seedlings on site. Its current distribution includes Badung, Tabanan, Karangasem, Jembrana, Buleleng and Gianyar. No seed production area or seed orchard has been established.

2

seed collection, handling, processing and storing. The guidelines will mainly focus on the improvement of seed genetic quality through tree improvement programs.

1.2. Source of good quality seed

Individual trees or stands from which seeds are collected called seed sources. Seed sources can be classified based upon the genetic quality of seeds produced and the intensity of management of the seed sources. Seeds for panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas may be collected from the following seed sources:

• Seed tree • Seed production area • Seed orchard

With regard to genetic quality, seed tree is the lowest while the seed orchard is the highest reflecting the intensity level of genetic improvement effort that has been done.

1.2.1. Seed tree. - Seed tree is an individual tree from which seed is collected. It should have superior characteristics such as straight stem fast growth and free form pest and disease.

1.2.2. Seed production area.- Seed production area (also called seed stand) is a stand of trees that is improved for seed production. Genetic improvement comprises selective thinning to remove poor quality and unhealthy trees and to achieve optimal spacing for seed production.

1.2.3. Seed orchard. Seed orchard is a stand established for the specific purpose of seed production. It usually consists of families of superior genetic quality and are planted at a regular spacing and specific design.

1.3. Current occurrence and stand conditions

1.3.1. Panggal buaya

Panggal buaya generally grows at altitudes from 150 to 700 m. In Bali panggal buaya grows at altitudes from near sea level (i.e. Sumber Klampok) up to 500 m asl. (i.e.Seraya­Karangasem). The optimum mean annual rainfall is between 1850 and 2500 mm. The species grows better in areas with relatively short dry season (2-3 months). Panggal buaya is found to grow on various soils: regosol (Inceptisol), mediteranian and latosol (Alfisol). It prefers light to medium texture and well-drained soil.

Mostly panggal buaya grows on farm land, either in clusters (groups) or isolated trees. It grows naturally or is planted by farmers using the available seedlings on site. Its current distribution includes Badung, Tabanan, Karangasem, Jembrana, Buleleng and Gianyar. No seed production area or seed orchard has been established.

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1.3.2. Sawo kecik

Sawo kecik grows naturally at altitudes from the sea level to about 500 m with the mean annual rainfall ranging from 1500 to3600 mm and dry season ranging from nil to 6 months. It can be found on a variety of soils, with preference of light texture and free drainage. In Bali natural stand of sawo kecik can be found in West Bali National Park. A seed stand has also been established in West Bali even though has not yet been managed properly. Sawo kecik is also planted in temples and along the road sides in a number of locations as ornamental trees. In temples it is planted as isolated trees or in groups consisting of a couple of trees.

1.3.3. Pulai

Pulai occurs at altitudes from sea level up to lOOO m. Its optimum mean annual rainfall is in the range 1100- 3800 mm with 2-5 dry months. Pulai grows in various soil types: allu­vial, lateritic soil, and volcanic soil with soil reaction of acid to alkaline. In Bali pulai stands are not existent and the species is mainly planted around temples and grave yards as isolated trees or in groups consisting of only few trees.

1.3.4. Bentawas

Bentawas can grow at sites starting from sea level up to lOOO m altitude with mean annual rainfall ranging from 875 to 4000 mm. The species tolerates drought. Bentawas can also grow on various soils with light to medium texture. In Bali bentawas grows at scattered sites in Bali, such as Badung, Karangasem, Gianyar, Buleleng, Tabanan dan lembrana Districts. Stands of bent was are not existence and trees grow in isolated individuals or in groups consisting of a couple of trees.

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1.3.2. Sawo kecik

Sawo kecik grows naturally at altitudes from the sea level to about 500 m with the mean annual rainfall ranging from 1500 to3600 mm and dry season ranging from nil to 6 months. It can be found on a variety of soils, with preference of light texture and free drainage. In Bali natural stand of sawo kecik can be found in West Bali National Park. A seed stand has also been established in West Bali even though has not yet been managed properly. Sawo kecik is also planted in temples and along the road sides in a number of locations as ornamental trees. In temples it is planted as isolated trees or in groups consisting of a couple of trees.

1.3.3. Pulai

Pulai occurs at altitudes from sea level up to lOOO m. Its optimum mean annual rainfall is in the range 1100- 3800 mm with 2-5 dry months. Pulai grows in various soil types: allu­vial, lateritic soil, and volcanic soil with soil reaction of acid to alkaline. In Bali pulai stands are not existent and the species is mainly planted around temples and grave yards as isolated trees or in groups consisting of only few trees.

1.3.4. Bentawas

Bentawas can grow at sites starting from sea level up to lOOO m altitude with mean annual rainfall ranging from 875 to 4000 mm. The species tolerates drought. Bentawas can also grow on various soils with light to medium texture. In Bali bentawas grows at scattered sites in Bali, such as Badung, Karangasem, Gianyar, Buleleng, Tabanan dan lembrana Districts. Stands of bent was are not existence and trees grow in isolated individuals or in groups consisting of a couple of trees.

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PART 2.

SEED TREES

At present time seed production area and seed orchard are not available for panggal buaya, sawokecik, pulai, and bentawas. A seed production area has been established only for sawo kecik in West Bali, but its seed production is very limited due to lack of proper maintenance, especially selective thinning. For an immediate need of good quality seed the seed has to be collected from seed trees until the seed of better quality from seed production area or seed orchard is available.

As mentioned in the preceding section that no good stands are available for all species. Trees are mainly found on farm land, temples and grave yard containing a small number of trees, often times only 3-5 trees. On farm land farmers frequently cutting down trees with the best characteristics and leaving behind the inferior ones (this practice is called negative or dysgenic selection) . Limited number of trees and negative selection will result in poor quality of seeds produced. The utilization of the highest quality of selected seed is very crucial to reverse the trends of genetic degradation while improving the productivity and health of grown trees.

2.1. Selection of seed trees and seed collection

The following guidelines can be used:

Seed trees should be selected in the best stand available. If the stand consists of individual trees of good quality, the chance of producing high quality seed from selected tree in the stand is also high. In contrast, if seed collected from a stand where most trees are of poor quality, the seed collected will likely produce poor quality trees.

+ Seed trees should have good phenotypic characteristics in terms of growth, form, wood quality, free from pest and disease.

+ Seeds should only be collected from these selected seed trees. Avoid collecting seeds from distressed or stunted trees even though such trees usually produce abun-

5

PART 2.

SEED TREES

At present time seed production area and seed orchard are not available for panggal buaya, sawokecik, pulai, and bentawas. A seed production area has been established only for sawo kecik in West Bali, but its seed production is very limited due to lack of proper maintenance, especially selective thinning. For an immediate need of good quality seed the seed has to be collected from seed trees until the seed of better quality from seed production area or seed orchard is available.

As mentioned in the preceding section that no good stands are available for all species. Trees are mainly found on farm land, temples and grave yard containing a small number of trees, often times only 3-5 trees. On farm land farmers frequently cutting down trees with the best characteristics and leaving behind the inferior ones (this practice is called negative or dysgenic selection) . Limited number of trees and negative selection will result in poor quality of seeds produced. The utilization of the highest quality of selected seed is very crucial to reverse the trends of genetic degradation while improving the productivity and health of grown trees.

2.1. Selection of seed trees and seed collection

The following guidelines can be used:

Seed trees should be selected in the best stand available. If the stand consists of individual trees of good quality, the chance of producing high quality seed from selected tree in the stand is also high. In contrast, if seed collected from a stand where most trees are of poor quality, the seed collected will likely produce poor quality trees.

+ Seed trees should have good phenotypic characteristics in terms of growth, form, wood quality, free from pest and disease.

+ Seeds should only be collected from these selected seed trees. Avoid collecting seeds from distressed or stunted trees even though such trees usually produce abun-

5

dant seed and easier to harvest. Trees with the most desirable characteristics are usually the most difficult to collect seeds from because they are the tallest and most difficult to access.

+ Isolated trees should not be selected even though they have good characteristics and seeds from these trees should not be collected.

+ While it is important to collect seed from the best parent trees, it is also important to gather seed from several parent trees. Collecting seed from several parent trees assures a diversity among seedlings being planted. At minimum, be sure to collect from 15-25 individual trees.

+ To avoid the chance of collecting seeds from closely related individuals, take seeds from trees separated by 70 m or more.

+ To ensure genetic variation, collect seeds from throughout the crown (top, sides, and bottom) of each tree to ensure that a range of po llina tors are represented in the seeds.

+ Harvest only mature seed from ripened fruits. + Pick similar quantities of seeds from each tree so that no one tree is over repre­

sented. This can help prevent inbreeding in future generations.

Figure 1. Selecting the best seed tree (adapted from Mulawarwan et al. 2003)

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dant seed and easier to harvest. Trees with the most desirable characteristics are usually the most difficult to collect seeds from because they are the tallest and most difficult to access.

+ Isolated trees should not be selected even though they have good characteristics and seeds from these trees should not be collected.

+ While it is important to collect seed from the best parent trees, it is also important to gather seed from several parent trees. Collecting seed from several parent trees assures a diversity among seedlings being planted. At minimum, be sure to collect from 15-25 individual trees.

+ To avoid the chance of collecting seeds from closely related individuals, take seeds from trees separated by 70 m or more.

+ To ensure genetic variation, collect seeds from throughout the crown (top, sides, and bottom) of each tree to ensure that a range of po llina tors are represented in the seeds.

+ Harvest only mature seed from ripened fruits. + Pick similar quantities of seeds from each tree so that no one tree is over repre­

sented. This can help prevent inbreeding in future generations.

Figure 1. Selecting the best seed tree (adapted from Mulawarwan et al. 2003)

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lO

The above guidelines for selecting seed trees are very ideal and not all can be followed. As mentioned in the preceding section, the tree population of panggal buaya, pulai, bentawas and sawokecik in Bali are mostly very small and highly fragmented. Trees of good phenotypic characteristics are difficult to find due to long practice of dysgenic selection. Consequently, the minimum requirement of selecting seed trees can be adjusted as follows:

Panggal buaya.- Seed trees should have good phenotype, not stunted, free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at lesat from 25 trees.

Sawokecik.- Phenotypically good trees, free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

Pulai.- Seed trees should have good phenotype, free from pest and disease and have started producing fruits. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

Bentawas.- Seed trees have good phenotype,free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

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lO

The above guidelines for selecting seed trees are very ideal and not all can be followed. As mentioned in the preceding section, the tree population of panggal buaya, pulai, bentawas and sawokecik in Bali are mostly very small and highly fragmented. Trees of good phenotypic characteristics are difficult to find due to long practice of dysgenic selection. Consequently, the minimum requirement of selecting seed trees can be adjusted as follows:

Panggal buaya.- Seed trees should have good phenotype, not stunted, free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at lesat from 25 trees.

Sawokecik.- Phenotypically good trees, free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

Pulai.- Seed trees should have good phenotype, free from pest and disease and have started producing fruits. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

Bentawas.- Seed trees have good phenotype,free from pest and disease. The minimum distance between seed trees is 50 m. Seeds should be collected at least from 25 trees.

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PART 3.

SEED PRODUCTION AREA

Seed production area may be established by converting the existing best stand into seed production area by progressive thinning of poor trees in the stand. Seed production area can also be a stand specifically planted for the production of good quality seed. Consider­ing that the good stand for all four species being developed in Bali is practically not available, the following guidelines will focus on the second method.

3.1. Site selection

Site for establishing seed production area should meet as much as possible the following criteria:

+ Should benefit flowering and fruiting for the species of interest. It must be as­sured that the species will produce fruit at the site in question. Observing the fruit­ing of the species being developed at or near the site where the seed production area will be established is the best strategy. Species requirement for climate (altitude, rainfall) and soil as described in the preceding section can be very useful for site selection of the seed production area of the respective species.

+ Relatively flat and slightly sloping or undulating. + Not vulnerable to natural disasters such as flood, land slide, frequent wildfire etc. + Good accessibility and labor availability.

3.2. Seed source

+ The seed source used for establishing seed production area must be known and collected according to the method of proper seed collection described previously.

+ Seeds must be from at least 15-25 of good quality parent trees; each tree is represented by the same amount of seed.

3.3. Size

+ The size of seed production area is dependent upon the amount of seed needed and the seed production capacity of respective species. From management and pollination point of view the size of seed production area should be reasonably large at leasLl. ha.

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PART 3.

SEED PRODUCTION AREA

Seed production area may be established by converting the existing best stand into seed production area by progressive thinning of poor trees in the stand. Seed production area can also be a stand specifically planted for the production of good quality seed. Consider­ing that the good stand for all four species being developed in Bali is practically not available, the following guidelines will focus on the second method.

3.1. Site selection

Site for establishing seed production area should meet as much as possible the following criteria:

+ Should benefit flowering and fruiting for the species of interest. It must be as­sured that the species will produce fruit at the site in question. Observing the fruit­ing of the species being developed at or near the site where the seed production area will be established is the best strategy. Species requirement for climate (altitude, rainfall) and soil as described in the preceding section can be very useful for site selection of the seed production area of the respective species.

+ Relatively flat and slightly sloping or undulating. + Not vulnerable to natural disasters such as flood, land slide, frequent wildfire etc. + Good accessibility and labor availability.

3.2. Seed source

+ The seed source used for establishing seed production area must be known and collected according to the method of proper seed collection described previously.

+ Seeds must be from at least 15-25 of good quality parent trees; each tree is represented by the same amount of seed.

3.3. Size

+ The size of seed production area is dependent upon the amount of seed needed and the seed production capacity of respective species. From management and pollination point of view the size of seed production area should be reasonably large at leasLl. ha.

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+ Seed production area should be isolated from pollen contamination of the same species by establishing isolation buffer. The width of isolation for insect pollinated species is at least 50 m. Panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas are all insect pollinated species. The isolation buffer may be empty space or planted with different species.

3.4. Planting

The site preparation, growing seedling, planting and weeding basically follow the normal planting practices (see Guidelines for Plantation Establishment and Maintenance). Here a brief account of these will be presented.

The planting site must be thoroughly cleaned. As much as possible the soil of the area must not be disturbed, except loosening it, if the soil is compacted.

Seedling must be grown carefully to obtain high quality planting stock and only high quality seedlings are planted in the field.

Planting must also be properly done, making sure to get high survival. The spacing dis­tance for all four species may be 3 x 3 m or 4 x 2.5 m.

3.5. Weed control Weed needs to be controlled to reduce competition particularly for nutrient and water. Weed control also facilitates the accessibility to the area. Weeding can be done manually or by spraying with herbicides. Special care should be taken on the potential damage of the trees when spraying with herbicide. Weeding may be done several times per year depending on the condition of weed. Weed growth is usually vigorous particularly before crown closure and after thinning.

3.6. Pruning

Pruning may be done when trees are still young to avoid forking and to increase the acces­sibility to the stand. Otherwise the crown of the trees should be left open and exposed.

3.7. Fertilization

Fertilization may be applied to seed production area to promote growth and flowering. During the early establishment nitrogen fertilizer is usually applied to promote vegetative growth. When trees start producing flowers, fertilizer containing N, P and K should be applied. The right dosage of each kind of fertilizer will be different for each species. For promoting flowering P and K fertilizer are needed in greater amount than N fertilizer.

3.8. Thinning

Trees having poor phenotypic characteristics such as slow growth, crooked stem form, attacked by pest or disease are cut and removed. Thinning must be done progressively several times (2-4 times) to avoid risk of wind throw and finally leaving around 120 - 200 trees per hectare.

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+ Seed production area should be isolated from pollen contamination of the same species by establishing isolation buffer. The width of isolation for insect pollinated species is at least 50 m. Panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas are all insect pollinated species. The isolation buffer may be empty space or planted with different species.

3.4. Planting

The site preparation, growing seedling, planting and weeding basically follow the normal planting practices (see Guidelines for Plantation Establishment and Maintenance). Here a brief account of these will be presented.

The planting site must be thoroughly cleaned. As much as possible the soil of the area must not be disturbed, except loosening it, if the soil is compacted.

Seedling must be grown carefully to obtain high quality planting stock and only high quality seedlings are planted in the field.

Planting must also be properly done, making sure to get high survival. The spacing dis­tance for all four species may be 3 x 3 m or 4 x 2.5 m.

3.5. Weed control Weed needs to be controlled to reduce competition particularly for nutrient and water. Weed control also facilitates the accessibility to the area. Weeding can be done manually or by spraying with herbicides. Special care should be taken on the potential damage of the trees when spraying with herbicide. Weeding may be done several times per year depending on the condition of weed. Weed growth is usually vigorous particularly before crown closure and after thinning.

3.6. Pruning

Pruning may be done when trees are still young to avoid forking and to increase the acces­sibility to the stand. Otherwise the crown of the trees should be left open and exposed.

3.7. Fertilization

Fertilization may be applied to seed production area to promote growth and flowering. During the early establishment nitrogen fertilizer is usually applied to promote vegetative growth. When trees start producing flowers, fertilizer containing N, P and K should be applied. The right dosage of each kind of fertilizer will be different for each species. For promoting flowering P and K fertilizer are needed in greater amount than N fertilizer.

3.8. Thinning

Trees having poor phenotypic characteristics such as slow growth, crooked stem form, attacked by pest or disease are cut and removed. Thinning must be done progressively several times (2-4 times) to avoid risk of wind throw and finally leaving around 120 - 200 trees per hectare.

10

The following are the guidelines for thinning of seed production area:

+ The first thinning is carried out when tree height is 5-6 m or when the crown starts closing, with about 50 % of the poorest trees are felled and the remaining best ones are retained. With the initial spacing of 3 x 3 m (1111 trees/ha) there will be around 550 trees per ha.retained after the first thinning. Thinning may be done by setting up contiguous thinning plot in the seed production area with a size 6fO.1 ha for each plot. With the initial spacing of 3 x 3 rn, there will be about 110 tree per plot. Thinning is done with an intensity of 50 %, retaining about 55 best trees in each plot, but maintaining more than 3 trees at adjacent position is not allowed (see the diagram in Figure 2).

+ The second thinning should be done when tree height is 7-8 m or when their crown begins to close, with a thinning intensity of 50 %. This second thinning can be carried out using the same plots as the first thinning. The best 25-30 trees will be retained.

+ The third thinning should be conducted when trees reach 9-10 m tall with a thinning intensity of 50 %. This thinning is done similar to that of the second thinning. With the initial stand density of 1110 tree per ha, there will be around 120 -150 trees per ha after the third or final thinning.

Size of SPA: 5 ha Initial stocking: 1110 tree per ha

C~()ntiguou.!4. thinning piots ure set up cove-ring tht} whole UNU uf!4ccd productiul1 Ul'cn. En{.~h plut i1'l: 0.1 ha.

A thhudng. plut ()f o~ 1 htt cOJllnining. ubt")ut 110 trees

After the tirMt thinning SS-60 bC~1 U'C lne rett1in~d i11 cnch plot

After the second thinning 2~ lu 30 hc~ U'ces are retnlned in C"llch pint.

Afh...- the secnnd thinning 1 J lu I ~ hI(.! trecs afC rcrnincd in en eh "",'ot.

Figure 2. Diagram showing thinning procedures

11

The following are the guidelines for thinning of seed production area:

+ The first thinning is carried out when tree height is 5-6 m or when the crown starts closing, with about 50 % of the poorest trees are felled and the remaining best ones are retained. With the initial spacing of 3 x 3 m (1111 trees/ha) there will be around 550 trees per ha.retained after the first thinning. Thinning may be done by setting up contiguous thinning plot in the seed production area with a size 6fO.1 ha for each plot. With the initial spacing of 3 x 3 rn, there will be about 110 tree per plot. Thinning is done with an intensity of 50 %, retaining about 55 best trees in each plot, but maintaining more than 3 trees at adjacent position is not allowed (see the diagram in Figure 2).

+ The second thinning should be done when tree height is 7-8 m or when their crown begins to close, with a thinning intensity of 50 %. This second thinning can be carried out using the same plots as the first thinning. The best 25-30 trees will be retained.

+ The third thinning should be conducted when trees reach 9-10 m tall with a thinning intensity of 50 %. This thinning is done similar to that of the second thinning. With the initial stand density of 1110 tree per ha, there will be around 120 -150 trees per ha after the third or final thinning.

Size of SPA: 5 ha Initial stocking: 1110 tree per ha

C~()ntiguou.!4. thinning piots ure set up cove-ring tht} whole UNU uf!4ccd productiul1 Ul'cn. En{.~h plut i1'l: 0.1 ha.

A thhudng. plut ()f o~ 1 htt cOJllnining. ubt")ut 110 trees

After the tirMt thinning SS-60 bC~1 U'C lne rett1in~d i11 cnch plot

After the second thinning 2~ lu 30 hc~ U'ces are retnlned in C"llch pint.

Afh...- the secnnd thinning 1 J lu I ~ hI(.! trecs afC rcrnincd in en eh "",'ot.

Figure 2. Diagram showing thinning procedures

11

Figure 3. An example of seed production area after final thinning having 130 trees per ha

12

Figure 3. An example of seed production area after final thinning having 130 trees per ha

12

PART 4.

SEED ORCHARD

There are two kinds of seed orchard, namely seedling seed orchard and clonal seed orchard. Seedling seed orchard is raised from seedlings produced from selected parents through natural or controlled pollination, while clonal seed orchard is raised from selected clones propagated by grafting, budding or cutting. The guidelines only deal with the seedling seed orchard.

4.1. Strategy

As mentioned previously that the seedling seed orchard (SSO) will be established. SSO, called also as family seed orchard is established using progenies with known pedigree of their parent trees. It begins with parent tree selection, and then seed of each parent tree is collected, paying attention on parent tree identity (seedlot number). Seeds are sown in the nursery and grown seedlings are planted in the field as progeny test using a certain experi­mental design. The progeny test is progressively converted into SSO by selective thinning (2-3 times of roguing).

The layout of SSO must allow to identify family number of each individual trees in the seed orchard. Generally the family used in the seedling seed orchard is half-sib family, that is, only mother trees are known for their identity. However, it is possible that SSO is established using full-sib family (both mother and father trees are known) produced from controlled crossing between good parent trees.

In the orchard seed production is started when all inferior families and individual trees have been removed through roguing. Roguing must be based upon the performance evaluation in the progeny test.

4.2. Parent tree selection and seed collection

Parent tree selection basically follows the same methods used in selection seed tree previ­ously discussed. Parent trees selected should have:

+ fast growth (big diameter and tall); + good stem form (straight, not forking); + good branching (small size with big or flat branch angle)

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PART 4.

SEED ORCHARD

There are two kinds of seed orchard, namely seedling seed orchard and clonal seed orchard. Seedling seed orchard is raised from seedlings produced from selected parents through natural or controlled pollination, while clonal seed orchard is raised from selected clones propagated by grafting, budding or cutting. The guidelines only deal with the seedling seed orchard.

4.1. Strategy

As mentioned previously that the seedling seed orchard (SSO) will be established. SSO, called also as family seed orchard is established using progenies with known pedigree of their parent trees. It begins with parent tree selection, and then seed of each parent tree is collected, paying attention on parent tree identity (seedlot number). Seeds are sown in the nursery and grown seedlings are planted in the field as progeny test using a certain experi­mental design. The progeny test is progressively converted into SSO by selective thinning (2-3 times of roguing).

The layout of SSO must allow to identify family number of each individual trees in the seed orchard. Generally the family used in the seedling seed orchard is half-sib family, that is, only mother trees are known for their identity. However, it is possible that SSO is established using full-sib family (both mother and father trees are known) produced from controlled crossing between good parent trees.

In the orchard seed production is started when all inferior families and individual trees have been removed through roguing. Roguing must be based upon the performance evaluation in the progeny test.

4.2. Parent tree selection and seed collection

Parent tree selection basically follows the same methods used in selection seed tree previ­ously discussed. Parent trees selected should have:

+ fast growth (big diameter and tall); + good stem form (straight, not forking); + good branching (small size with big or flat branch angle)

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+ circular bole + free from pest and disease

. A good method of parent tree selection is using comparison trees, that is, a parent tree is evaluated based upon its performance in comparison with the nearest neighbors (usually 5 comparison trees). The method is very suitable where parent tree selection is done in plantation with good stocking. Considering that no good stands are available for all four species (panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas) in Bali; trees are mainly found on farm land, temples and grave yard containing a small number of trees, often times only 3-5 trees, the comparison tree method is difficult to applied.

An alternative method is ocular selection. In this regard vigorous, healthy trees of good form and size are identified without measurement or rating of individual traits. The method is suitable for the stand condition of all of four species in Bali.

A large number of parent trees from many different stands or locations should be selected (at least 50), paying attention also not to select isolated trees. Selected parent trees are then given their seedlot numbers. Necessary information on the parent tree should be recorded and an example of parent tree record is shown in Table 1.

Seeds of each parent tree should be collected individually. Seeds from each parent tree should be put in separate bags, and not allowed to be mixed with those of other parent trees. Bags containing seeds of individual parent trees should be labeled according to the parent tree number (it will become the seedlot or family number). The seedlot number will be kept through the course of seed orchard establishment. The best time for seed collection and the method of seed handling for each species is described below.

4.2.1. Panggal buaya

Panggal buaya generally starts flowering soon after the formation of new leaves, namely at the beginning of rainy season. In Bali flowering is from August to November. Panggal buaya is a cross pollinated species and crossing requires biotic agents to transfer pollen from anthers to stigmas. A number of pollinators have been noted, among others are black ants, bees, flies and weevils.

The good time for seed harvest is from February to March. Ripen pod is red or black After harvest seed should be cleaned from debris such as leaf and twig and then put in bag (plastic, gunny or cloth). Pods should be dried immediately on tarpaulin or bamboo tray; drying should be done in shade and not under the direct sunlight for 2-3 days and then ready for seed extraction. Seed extraction is done by releasing seed from pods by hand. The seeds are then washed with clean water and dried under sunlight for 1-2 days. Dried seed (11-13 % moisture content) are put in bag or sack and stored in a dry and cool room (refrigerator will be better). With proper storage seed viability can be maintained more than one year. There are around 59,500 seeds per kg.

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+ circular bole + free from pest and disease

. A good method of parent tree selection is using comparison trees, that is, a parent tree is evaluated based upon its performance in comparison with the nearest neighbors (usually 5 comparison trees). The method is very suitable where parent tree selection is done in plantation with good stocking. Considering that no good stands are available for all four species (panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas) in Bali; trees are mainly found on farm land, temples and grave yard containing a small number of trees, often times only 3-5 trees, the comparison tree method is difficult to applied.

An alternative method is ocular selection. In this regard vigorous, healthy trees of good form and size are identified without measurement or rating of individual traits. The method is suitable for the stand condition of all of four species in Bali.

A large number of parent trees from many different stands or locations should be selected (at least 50), paying attention also not to select isolated trees. Selected parent trees are then given their seedlot numbers. Necessary information on the parent tree should be recorded and an example of parent tree record is shown in Table 1.

Seeds of each parent tree should be collected individually. Seeds from each parent tree should be put in separate bags, and not allowed to be mixed with those of other parent trees. Bags containing seeds of individual parent trees should be labeled according to the parent tree number (it will become the seedlot or family number). The seedlot number will be kept through the course of seed orchard establishment. The best time for seed collection and the method of seed handling for each species is described below.

4.2.1. Panggal buaya

Panggal buaya generally starts flowering soon after the formation of new leaves, namely at the beginning of rainy season. In Bali flowering is from August to November. Panggal buaya is a cross pollinated species and crossing requires biotic agents to transfer pollen from anthers to stigmas. A number of pollinators have been noted, among others are black ants, bees, flies and weevils.

The good time for seed harvest is from February to March. Ripen pod is red or black After harvest seed should be cleaned from debris such as leaf and twig and then put in bag (plastic, gunny or cloth). Pods should be dried immediately on tarpaulin or bamboo tray; drying should be done in shade and not under the direct sunlight for 2-3 days and then ready for seed extraction. Seed extraction is done by releasing seed from pods by hand. The seeds are then washed with clean water and dried under sunlight for 1-2 days. Dried seed (11-13 % moisture content) are put in bag or sack and stored in a dry and cool room (refrigerator will be better). With proper storage seed viability can be maintained more than one year. There are around 59,500 seeds per kg.

14

Table 1. Example of parent tree record

Species: Parent tree no:

Age (if any):

Location in detail: Photo

Description of stand:

Soil:

Flora:

Rainfall: Latitude: Longitude: Elevation:

Parent tree Comparison tree (if any)

1 2 3 4 5

Diameter (cm)

Height (m):

Clear bole (b):

Stem straightness:

Stem circularity:

Fluting:

Others:

Selected'by: Date:

Note:

+ Clear bole: scored using 6 point scale: <55 % tree height ==1,56-60 % tree height =2,61-65 % tree height=3, 66-70 % tree height=4, 71-75 % tree height=5 and >76 % tree height=6.

+ Stem straightness scored using 4 point scale: straight from bottom to top of tree height= 4, straight up to 75 of tree height=2, straight up to 50 % tree height=2, straight up to 25 % of tree height= 1.

+ Stem circularity: circular=3, moderately circular=2 and not circular=3 + Fluting: no fluting=3, moderately fluting=2 and bad fluting=3.

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Table 1. Example of parent tree record

Species: Parent tree no:

Age (if any):

Location in detail: Photo

Description of stand:

Soil:

Flora:

Rainfall: Latitude: Longitude: Elevation:

Parent tree Comparison tree (if any)

1 2 3 4 5

Diameter (cm)

Height (m):

Clear bole (b):

Stem straightness:

Stem circularity:

Fluting:

Others:

Selected'by: Date:

Note:

+ Clear bole: scored using 6 point scale: <55 % tree height ==1,56-60 % tree height =2,61-65 % tree height=3, 66-70 % tree height=4, 71-75 % tree height=5 and >76 % tree height=6.

+ Stem straightness scored using 4 point scale: straight from bottom to top of tree height= 4, straight up to 75 of tree height=2, straight up to 50 % tree height=2, straight up to 25 % of tree height= 1.

+ Stem circularity: circular=3, moderately circular=2 and not circular=3 + Fluting: no fluting=3, moderately fluting=2 and bad fluting=3.

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4.2.2. Sawo kecik

In Bali the fruit of sawo kecik can be harvest in the month of September to December. Fruit color of sawo kecik is green and will turn to red or brownish red when ripen. Fruit collected by climbing and picking the fruit. Sawo kecik has thick and juicy fruit flesh. Seeds can be extracted easily when ripen by pressing the fruit between thumb and fore finger, but the flesh sometime is hard and needs to be softened. The best way to do this is by wetting the fruit with water and afterwards put the seed in closed plastic bag for 3-4 days; the flesh fruit are then ready for seed extraction by hand. Seeds are washed with clean water and put on bamboo tray or wire net and dried under room temperature. Dried seeds should be put in sealed bag or sack and stored in a dry- cool room (refrigerator will be better).

4.2.3. Pulai

In Bali the fruit of pulai can be harvested from October to November. When ripen the fruit color turns from green to brown. The fruits can be collected directly from the tree or from covers on the ground after shaking the branches. Harvest must be done before the pod is open and the seed is dispersed. Collection must be well timed, typically within about two weeks after the seed is mature, the seed is then dispersed. After harvest the fruits should be dried immediately in the sun until they are open and release the seed, typically after one week. If the fruits are harvested before mature, after-ripening process in the shade is necessary. Since the seeds are small and easy to be blown away with the wind, it is better to dry fruits in bags. Seeds should be stored in container in a dry-cool room.

4.2.4. Bentawas

The best time for fruit harvest is from July to September. It is hard to identify mature bentawas fruits by color. The best method to identify the ripen fruit is by breaking the fruit and releasing the seed with fingers; if the seed looks fully filled and hard, it indicates that the seed is mature. Another method is to look at tree crown; fruit maturity coincides with the time of trees to fall their foliage. Mature fruits should be harvested timely and not be allowed to desiccate. Fruits can be harvested directly from the tree. To make seed extraction easier, latex in the fruit should be removed by cutting the bottom and top of fruit and let the latex comes out. Seeds are extracted by twisting the fruit to separate two tight loci. For each locus seed is released from fruit flesh and the seed wings are removed. Clean seed is not allowed to be exposed to open air as it can reduce their moisture content rapidly. Due to recalcitrant nature, seeds should not be stored, and must be sown immediately after harvesting.

4.3. Design

Seedling seed orchard should be designed with a large number of replicates. If the number of families is small and the site is uniform and plot size is small, a randomized complete block design maybe adequate. The aims of preparing a good design are (1) to minimize the risks of self-fertilization, (2) to maximize the number of cross-fertilization combination,(3) to allow statistical analyses and inferences, and (4) to determine roguing procedure.

16

4.2.2. Sawo kecik

In Bali the fruit of sawo kecik can be harvest in the month of September to December. Fruit color of sawo kecik is green and will turn to red or brownish red when ripen. Fruit collected by climbing and picking the fruit. Sawo kecik has thick and juicy fruit flesh. Seeds can be extracted easily when ripen by pressing the fruit between thumb and fore finger, but the flesh sometime is hard and needs to be softened. The best way to do this is by wetting the fruit with water and afterwards put the seed in closed plastic bag for 3-4 days; the flesh fruit are then ready for seed extraction by hand. Seeds are washed with clean water and put on bamboo tray or wire net and dried under room temperature. Dried seeds should be put in sealed bag or sack and stored in a dry- cool room (refrigerator will be better).

4.2.3. Pulai

In Bali the fruit of pulai can be harvested from October to November. When ripen the fruit color turns from green to brown. The fruits can be collected directly from the tree or from covers on the ground after shaking the branches. Harvest must be done before the pod is open and the seed is dispersed. Collection must be well timed, typically within about two weeks after the seed is mature, the seed is then dispersed. After harvest the fruits should be dried immediately in the sun until they are open and release the seed, typically after one week. If the fruits are harvested before mature, after-ripening process in the shade is necessary. Since the seeds are small and easy to be blown away with the wind, it is better to dry fruits in bags. Seeds should be stored in container in a dry-cool room.

4.2.4. Bentawas

The best time for fruit harvest is from July to September. It is hard to identify mature bentawas fruits by color. The best method to identify the ripen fruit is by breaking the fruit and releasing the seed with fingers; if the seed looks fully filled and hard, it indicates that the seed is mature. Another method is to look at tree crown; fruit maturity coincides with the time of trees to fall their foliage. Mature fruits should be harvested timely and not be allowed to desiccate. Fruits can be harvested directly from the tree. To make seed extraction easier, latex in the fruit should be removed by cutting the bottom and top of fruit and let the latex comes out. Seeds are extracted by twisting the fruit to separate two tight loci. For each locus seed is released from fruit flesh and the seed wings are removed. Clean seed is not allowed to be exposed to open air as it can reduce their moisture content rapidly. Due to recalcitrant nature, seeds should not be stored, and must be sown immediately after harvesting.

4.3. Design

Seedling seed orchard should be designed with a large number of replicates. If the number of families is small and the site is uniform and plot size is small, a randomized complete block design maybe adequate. The aims of preparing a good design are (1) to minimize the risks of self-fertilization, (2) to maximize the number of cross-fertilization combination,(3) to allow statistical analyses and inferences, and (4) to determine roguing procedure.

16

19

The following design may be used:

+ Number of families: at least 50 + Plot size and shape: 4 tree line plot + Number of replicate: at least 10 + Kind of design: a randomized complete block

To minimize the risk of inbreeding the design must be modified in such a way so that the same families are not adjacent planting positions. Each block is randomized inde pendently, taking care that the restrictions imposed hold true along the interfaces of the block edges (see Figure 4). Trees within the same plot must also be thinned to leave only one very best tree.

28 16 111 15 20 8 28 16 111 15 20 17

7 21 11.1 11. 19 1 7 16 11.1 8 19 1

20 30 22 I 9 28 14 20 30 22 I 9 28 14

Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2

Initial randomization Modified randomization

Figure 4. An example of modified randomization. Note that seedlot 17 is modified its position

For a large number of families and heterogeneous sites a better design such as a row-column design may be used. In this regard consultation with a professional tree breeder who understand this kind of more advance design is recommended.

If there is no site and environmental gradient, such as slope, soil fertility etc., the block shape should be square, and plot orientation does not matter. If there is gradient, the shape of block is chosen in such as a way so as to maximize the homogeneous condition within block. It can be achieved if the shape of block is rectangular: the longest side is perpen­dicular to the gradient, while the shortest side is parallel with the gradient. Plot direction should be parallel with the gradient (Figure 5).

1 Contour direction ___ .....

Gradient

1 gradient plot direction

Figure 5. An-example of layout of block at site with gradient

17

19

The following design may be used:

+ Number of families: at least 50 + Plot size and shape: 4 tree line plot + Number of replicate: at least 10 + Kind of design: a randomized complete block

To minimize the risk of inbreeding the design must be modified in such a way so that the same families are not adjacent planting positions. Each block is randomized inde pendently, taking care that the restrictions imposed hold true along the interfaces of the block edges (see Figure 4). Trees within the same plot must also be thinned to leave only one very best tree.

28 16 111 15 20 8 28 16 111 15 20 17

7 21 11.1 11. 19 1 7 16 11.1 8 19 1

20 30 22 I 9 28 14 20 30 22 I 9 28 14

Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2

Initial randomization Modified randomization

Figure 4. An example of modified randomization. Note that seedlot 17 is modified its position

For a large number of families and heterogeneous sites a better design such as a row-column design may be used. In this regard consultation with a professional tree breeder who understand this kind of more advance design is recommended.

If there is no site and environmental gradient, such as slope, soil fertility etc., the block shape should be square, and plot orientation does not matter. If there is gradient, the shape of block is chosen in such as a way so as to maximize the homogeneous condition within block. It can be achieved if the shape of block is rectangular: the longest side is perpen­dicular to the gradient, while the shortest side is parallel with the gradient. Plot direction should be parallel with the gradient (Figure 5).

1 Contour direction ___ .....

Gradient

1 gradient plot direction

Figure 5. An-example of layout of block at site with gradient

17

Ideally the layout of blocks is compact, namely block is adjacent to one another. The bor­der of each block should be marked with poles. After the layout of block has been set, marking the planting spot should be done.

4.4. Site selection

As mentioned in the preceding section that the seedling seed orchard being established is also a progeny test. The progeny test will differentiate whether the performance of families affected more by genetic or environmental factors. Therefore, the seed orchard should be established on site as homogenous as possible, at least within block in terms of topography, soil fertility etc. The size is sufficiently large to accommodate the need for progeny test evaluation with sufficient precision. The site should have good soil fertility to assure high tree survival and good growth. Its accessibility should also be fairly good.

4.5. Site preparation

Site should be prepared as good as possible to assure the homogeneity within each block, high survival and early rapid growth. The good growth is very useful to obtain information as early as possible.

To make competition between seedlots does not occur early, spacing should be fairly wide. The spacing recommended for establishing the seed orchard for panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas is 4 m between plots and 2.5 m within plot. It is important to have planting hole with adequate size (20 cm wide, 20 cm long and 30 cm deep) to provide good environment for root development.

4.6. Nursery

4.6.1. Seed sowing

The seed for establishing seedling seed orchard comprises a number of seedlots. The seed of each seedlot is put into plastic or cloth bags and labeled according to its seedlot number. The identity of each seedlot must be maintained and is not allowed to be lost or damaged. Seedlots are not allowed to be mixed one another (Figure 6).

Germinating box is filled with pure sand previously washed with clean water and sterilized by heating. To assure there is no disease attack, immediately before seed sowing, the me­dium should be sprayed with fungicide such as Benlate, Dithane etc.

It is important to know whether the seed needs pre-sowing treatment (scarification). Seed of ben taw as must immediately be sown after collection due to its recalcitrant characteris­tics, while seed of pulai does not need scarification. Seed or panggal buaya should be scarified in high concentration of sulphuric acid for 30 minutes and then imbibed in cold water for 24 hours before sowing. Seed of sa wo kecik can be sown without scarification, but soaking in boiled water for 5 minutes and then imbibed in cold water for 12 hours could make the germination more ,<even and quick. Every seedlot is put in the prepared germinating box, one germinating box should be strictly only for one seedlot. The arrange­ment of seedlot position should be orderly according to seedlot 'number, from the smallest seedlot number to the biggest one. Germinating box should be hl.beled with seedlot number using permanent paint.

18

Ideally the layout of blocks is compact, namely block is adjacent to one another. The bor­der of each block should be marked with poles. After the layout of block has been set, marking the planting spot should be done.

4.4. Site selection

As mentioned in the preceding section that the seedling seed orchard being established is also a progeny test. The progeny test will differentiate whether the performance of families affected more by genetic or environmental factors. Therefore, the seed orchard should be established on site as homogenous as possible, at least within block in terms of topography, soil fertility etc. The size is sufficiently large to accommodate the need for progeny test evaluation with sufficient precision. The site should have good soil fertility to assure high tree survival and good growth. Its accessibility should also be fairly good.

4.5. Site preparation

Site should be prepared as good as possible to assure the homogeneity within each block, high survival and early rapid growth. The good growth is very useful to obtain information as early as possible.

To make competition between seedlots does not occur early, spacing should be fairly wide. The spacing recommended for establishing the seed orchard for panggal buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas is 4 m between plots and 2.5 m within plot. It is important to have planting hole with adequate size (20 cm wide, 20 cm long and 30 cm deep) to provide good environment for root development.

4.6. Nursery

4.6.1. Seed sowing

The seed for establishing seedling seed orchard comprises a number of seedlots. The seed of each seedlot is put into plastic or cloth bags and labeled according to its seedlot number. The identity of each seedlot must be maintained and is not allowed to be lost or damaged. Seedlots are not allowed to be mixed one another (Figure 6).

Germinating box is filled with pure sand previously washed with clean water and sterilized by heating. To assure there is no disease attack, immediately before seed sowing, the me­dium should be sprayed with fungicide such as Benlate, Dithane etc.

It is important to know whether the seed needs pre-sowing treatment (scarification). Seed of ben taw as must immediately be sown after collection due to its recalcitrant characteris­tics, while seed of pulai does not need scarification. Seed or panggal buaya should be scarified in high concentration of sulphuric acid for 30 minutes and then imbibed in cold water for 24 hours before sowing. Seed of sa wo kecik can be sown without scarification, but soaking in boiled water for 5 minutes and then imbibed in cold water for 12 hours could make the germination more ,<even and quick. Every seedlot is put in the prepared germinating box, one germinating box should be strictly only for one seedlot. The arrange­ment of seedlot position should be orderly according to seedlot 'number, from the smallest seedlot number to the biggest one. Germinating box should be hl.beled with seedlot number using permanent paint.

18

Seed sowing has to be completed within one day. Watering should be done regularly to make sure that germinating seed has adequate moisture. The possibility of disease attack such as damping off has to be avoided by spraying with fungicide such as Benlate at a certain time interval.

Figure 6. Seed sowing in the germinating boxes; the number written on the box is seedlot number

4.6.2. Pricking

Germinating seed when ready is pricked out into polybag previously filled with medium (mixture of topsoil, compost and basal fertilizer of SP36). All germinating seed should be pricked out. Seedlings of the same seedlot should be grouped together and put in the nurs­ery bed, separated from the other groups (Figure 7). The number of seedling for each seedlot should be recorded. In the nursery bed seedlot number must also be labeled. It is very important to make sure that seedlings from different seedlots are not mixed. Nursery bed should have shade (about 50 % light intensity) to reduce transpiration of the newly pricked out seedling. After two weeks the seedling should be put in full sunlight. Fertilizer ofNPK (15: 15: 15) may be applied every week with a rate of 109 per liter of water per m2

of nursery bed. Two weeks before planting seedling should not be fertilized and watering should also be reduced for hardening off.

Figure 7. Pricking out of seedlings: seedlings of the same seedlot are grouped in the same location in the nursery bad and given tag according to their seedlot number

19

Seed sowing has to be completed within one day. Watering should be done regularly to make sure that germinating seed has adequate moisture. The possibility of disease attack such as damping off has to be avoided by spraying with fungicide such as Benlate at a certain time interval.

Figure 6. Seed sowing in the germinating boxes; the number written on the box is seedlot number

4.6.2. Pricking

Germinating seed when ready is pricked out into polybag previously filled with medium (mixture of topsoil, compost and basal fertilizer of SP36). All germinating seed should be pricked out. Seedlings of the same seedlot should be grouped together and put in the nurs­ery bed, separated from the other groups (Figure 7). The number of seedling for each seedlot should be recorded. In the nursery bed seedlot number must also be labeled. It is very important to make sure that seedlings from different seedlots are not mixed. Nursery bed should have shade (about 50 % light intensity) to reduce transpiration of the newly pricked out seedling. After two weeks the seedling should be put in full sunlight. Fertilizer ofNPK (15: 15: 15) may be applied every week with a rate of 109 per liter of water per m2

of nursery bed. Two weeks before planting seedling should not be fertilized and watering should also be reduced for hardening off.

Figure 7. Pricking out of seedlings: seedlings of the same seedlot are grouped in the same location in the nursery bad and given tag according to their seedlot number

19

Before planting the number of seedling for each seedlot should be recorded (Table 2). The data will be used to plan for seedlot allocation within each block and randomization.

Table 2. Example of seedling data in the nursery

Species:

Date of sowing:

Date of pricking out:

SeedlotNo. Seed weight (g) or Number seedling Final seedling

number pricked out number

1 10 68 61 2 9 56 54 3 10 70 70

4 .~ _71 fi4

" 10 "" "q

etc. etc. etc . etc.

• '. ~.L.

4.6.3. Packing of seedling

Seedlings will be planted in the same plot are bundled. Every bundle consists of number of trees per plot (in the case of our design is 4 trees p~r plot) and tagged with the following information in the following order: block, row, column and seedlot numbers. To make easier for seedling preparation and outplanting, tagging should follow the seedlot layout (Figure 8). The tag may be made of plastic sheet and marked with water proof ink. At the bundle of seedling, numbered tags should be attached in one of seedlings of each bundles. The bundles of seedlings are then packed into plastic bags based on the seedlot layout in the field.

block 1 +------------­column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +~------------

1 I 7 21 56 25 73 26 47 2 11 55 29 2 I 53 57 17 10 14 40 50 20 16 3 34 3 I 32 27 5 38 64 52 66 12 49 6<62>--;;.. seedlot number 4 I 22 37 61 4 30 15 54 19 23 28 74 5 I 42 72 70 1 60 39 24 18 45 44 43

Figure 8. An example of seedlot layout in the field

20

Before planting the number of seedling for each seedlot should be recorded (Table 2). The data will be used to plan for seedlot allocation within each block and randomization.

Table 2. Example of seedling data in the nursery

Species:

Date of sowing:

Date of pricking out:

SeedlotNo. Seed weight (g) or Number seedling Final seedling

number pricked out number

1 10 68 61 2 9 56 54 3 10 70 70

4 .~ _71 fi4

" 10 "" "q

etc. etc. etc . etc.

• '. ~.L.

4.6.3. Packing of seedling

Seedlings will be planted in the same plot are bundled. Every bundle consists of number of trees per plot (in the case of our design is 4 trees p~r plot) and tagged with the following information in the following order: block, row, column and seedlot numbers. To make easier for seedling preparation and outplanting, tagging should follow the seedlot layout (Figure 8). The tag may be made of plastic sheet and marked with water proof ink. At the bundle of seedling, numbered tags should be attached in one of seedlings of each bundles. The bundles of seedlings are then packed into plastic bags based on the seedlot layout in the field.

block 1 +------------­column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +~------------

1 I 7 21 56 25 73 26 47 2 11 55 29 2 I 53 57 17 10 14 40 50 20 16 3 34 3 I 32 27 5 38 64 52 66 12 49 6<62>--;;.. seedlot number 4 I 22 37 61 4 30 15 54 19 23 28 74 5 I 42 72 70 1 60 39 24 18 45 44 43

Figure 8. An example of seedlot layout in the field

20

Figure 9. Packing of seedlings before outplanting follows the seedlot layout (Figure 8)

4.7. Seedling transport

It is recommended to transport seedlings block per block to avoid seedlings from a. certain block are mixed with those from other blocks. However, if it is not possible an extra care should be taken and make sure that mixing seedlot from other blocks does not happen.

Before seedlings are transported to the field it is better that they are sprayed with water adequately. Avoid seedlot label is lost or damaged during tr~nsportation.

4.8. Plot tagging

Few days before planting plot tagging with the seedlot label should be done by attaching the tags to the previously stuck pole (Figure 10). This will make easier for the seedling distribution in the field at the right position. Since the field layout of seedlot has been finished, it will be efficient to bundle tags in the order of column beforehand. With this preparation, the field work to attach tags to each specified poles could be carried out more quickly and correctly.

block 1 +-------------­column 1 2 3 4 row +---- - ------

1 I CD21 56 25 2 I 53 57 17 10 3 I 32 27 5 38 4 I 22 37 61 4 5 I 42 72 70 1

block 1. row 1. column 1. seedlot 7

o o

o o

o o

o o

o 0 0 0 {1-2-1-S~ 0:-2-2-S7J ~ <i-2-4-1

000 0

o 0 '-I 0 0 o 0 0 0

Ct-3-1-3~ @:24tj ;1l-3'3-~ ! J-3-4-38!

o 0 0 0

o o o o o 0 0 0

[-4-1-~ 1i-4-2-37ih-4-3,6~ ~

o 0 0 0

o o o o o~. 0 0

(I-S-l4j ~ l!-S-3-70~ ~

o 0 0 0

o o

o o

o o

o o

Figure 10. Plot tagging of seedlot at the beginning of each plot

21

Figure 9. Packing of seedlings before outplanting follows the seedlot layout (Figure 8)

4.7. Seedling transport

It is recommended to transport seedlings block per block to avoid seedlings from a. certain block are mixed with those from other blocks. However, if it is not possible an extra care should be taken and make sure that mixing seedlot from other blocks does not happen.

Before seedlings are transported to the field it is better that they are sprayed with water adequately. Avoid seedlot label is lost or damaged during tr~nsportation.

4.8. Plot tagging

Few days before planting plot tagging with the seedlot label should be done by attaching the tags to the previously stuck pole (Figure 10). This will make easier for the seedling distribution in the field at the right position. Since the field layout of seedlot has been finished, it will be efficient to bundle tags in the order of column beforehand. With this preparation, the field work to attach tags to each specified poles could be carried out more quickly and correctly.

block 1 +-------------­column 1 2 3 4 row +---- - ------

1 I CD21 56 25 2 I 53 57 17 10 3 I 32 27 5 38 4 I 22 37 61 4 5 I 42 72 70 1

block 1. row 1. column 1. seedlot 7

o o

o o

o o

o o

o 0 0 0 {1-2-1-S~ 0:-2-2-S7J ~ <i-2-4-1

000 0

o 0 '-I 0 0 o 0 0 0

Ct-3-1-3~ @:24tj ;1l-3'3-~ ! J-3-4-38!

o 0 0 0

o o o o o 0 0 0

[-4-1-~ 1i-4-2-37ih-4-3,6~ ~

o 0 0 0

o o o o o~. 0 0

(I-S-l4j ~ l!-S-3-70~ ~

o 0 0 0

o o

o o

o o

o o

Figure 10. Plot tagging of seedlot at the beginning of each plot

21

26

4.10. Documentation

Immediately after the completion of field planting, a documentation has to be prepared for each seed orchard. Documentation is an indispensable part of seedling seed orchard estab­lishment, because the progress of successive activities such as measurement, roguing and finally seed production will be largely dependent on proper documentation. This is particu­larly true when the establishment and later activities are conducted by different persons. Documentation should also be recorded for any activities after the establishment. The following information should be documented.

4.10.1. General information

General information comprises:

Title Background Purpose Location Soil Topography Design Number of seedlot Number of block Pot type Size of seed orchard Spacing Seedling type Seed source Site preparation Former vegetation Planting date and wheather condition at planting Name of person responsible for planting

4.10.2. Map of location and seed orchard

Three kinds of maps may be prepared:

Location map: provide direction to the location of seed orchard. Map of seed orchard position in the compartment Map of seed orchard in details containing seedlot number

4.10.3. List of seedlot (family)

It includes:

Seedlot number tested Number of block per r seedlot Information on seed source for each seedlot

24

26

4.10. Documentation

Immediately after the completion of field planting, a documentation has to be prepared for each seed orchard. Documentation is an indispensable part of seedling seed orchard estab­lishment, because the progress of successive activities such as measurement, roguing and finally seed production will be largely dependent on proper documentation. This is particu­larly true when the establishment and later activities are conducted by different persons. Documentation should also be recorded for any activities after the establishment. The following information should be documented.

4.10.1. General information

General information comprises:

Title Background Purpose Location Soil Topography Design Number of seedlot Number of block Pot type Size of seed orchard Spacing Seedling type Seed source Site preparation Former vegetation Planting date and wheather condition at planting Name of person responsible for planting

4.10.2. Map of location and seed orchard

Three kinds of maps may be prepared:

Location map: provide direction to the location of seed orchard. Map of seed orchard position in the compartment Map of seed orchard in details containing seedlot number

4.10.3. List of seedlot (family)

It includes:

Seedlot number tested Number of block per r seedlot Information on seed source for each seedlot

24

4.10A. Maintenance In the maintenance the followings need to be recorded:

Date to do the activity Kind of activity

4.10.5. Measurement When doing measuremet and observation the followings need to be noted:

Date of measurement and observation Kinds of measurement and observation

4.10.6. Other notes

Notes related to maintenance (weeding, fertilizing etc), thinning should be made, especially for the number of labor and cost.

An example of seedling seed orchard design can be seen in Figure 13. Seedlot number: 55; each seedlot consists of 4 trees, line plot at row direction. Spacing: 4 m between columns and 2.5 m within rows. Dimension of replication (block): 44 m (column) by 50 m (row)

... 44m ~ block 1 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 7 21 56 25 73 26 47 2 11 55 29 t 21 53 57 17 10 14 40 50 20 16 3 34 3 1 32 27 5 38 64 52 66 12 49 6 67 50m 41 22 37 61 4 30 15 54 19 23 28 74 t 5 1 42 72 70 1 60 39 24 18 45 44 43

block 2 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 6 19 26 22 50 27 57 40 20 61 4 21 66 25 42 15 28 39 34 67 72 44 43 3 1 18 17 2 3 60 1 23 70 53 49 12 41 74 52 64 24 45 73 54 38 10 30 55 5 1 5 16 29 37 32 47 56 7 14 21 11

block 3 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 21 60 40 45 7 25 57 23 66 56 37 21 14 42 43 70 30 5 6 61 11 50 47 3 1 52 4 1 74 27 20 53 10 73 16 17 41 38 19· 18 2 54 34 24 29 28 3 55 5 1 32 15 22 44 26 39 64 12 72 67 49

25

4.10A. Maintenance In the maintenance the followings need to be recorded:

Date to do the activity Kind of activity

4.10.5. Measurement When doing measuremet and observation the followings need to be noted:

Date of measurement and observation Kinds of measurement and observation

4.10.6. Other notes

Notes related to maintenance (weeding, fertilizing etc), thinning should be made, especially for the number of labor and cost.

An example of seedling seed orchard design can be seen in Figure 13. Seedlot number: 55; each seedlot consists of 4 trees, line plot at row direction. Spacing: 4 m between columns and 2.5 m within rows. Dimension of replication (block): 44 m (column) by 50 m (row)

... 44m ~ block 1 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 7 21 56 25 73 26 47 2 11 55 29 t 21 53 57 17 10 14 40 50 20 16 3 34 3 1 32 27 5 38 64 52 66 12 49 6 67 50m 41 22 37 61 4 30 15 54 19 23 28 74 t 5 1 42 72 70 1 60 39 24 18 45 44 43

block 2 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 6 19 26 22 50 27 57 40 20 61 4 21 66 25 42 15 28 39 34 67 72 44 43 3 1 18 17 2 3 60 1 23 70 53 49 12 41 74 52 64 24 45 73 54 38 10 30 55 5 1 5 16 29 37 32 47 56 7 14 21 11

block 3 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 21 60 40 45 7 25 57 23 66 56 37 21 14 42 43 70 30 5 6 61 11 50 47 3 1 52 4 1 74 27 20 53 10 73 16 17 41 38 19· 18 2 54 34 24 29 28 3 55 5 1 32 15 22 44 26 39 64 12 72 67 49

25

Figure 13. (continued) block 4 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 74 2 52 42 50 54 57 30 3 45 44 2 1 19 56 66 73 72 14 22 39 20 1 47 3 1 32 61 40 55 6 64 26 38 28 49 11 4 1 34 43 60 7 70 37 25 12 17 67 29 5 1 10 15 53 21 27 16 4 18 23 5 24

block 5 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 53 55 18 64 66 25 11 22 28 5 60 21 2 26 24 74 38 30 3 52 29 54 7 3 1 16 14 10 21 42 47 19 50 4 32 44 4 1 34 67 70 15 17 43 40 49 37 72 56 5 1 27 61 73 23 45 6 57 20 39 12 1

block 6 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 54 52 42 25 17 43 4 66 24 5 16 2 1 74 15 37 53 40 72 1 21 23 64 6 3 1 38 10 18 61 73 57 2 56 7 30 12 4 1 55 44 67 11 29 49 50 47 39 28 45 5 1 3 27 20 70 34 60 14 19 32 22 26

rep 7 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 34 7 21 74 5 23 64 56 1 67 16 2 1 38 37 20 17 27 14 50 11 61 57 72 3 1 6 2 43 4 29 70 10 18 28 73 42 4 1 49 25 45 30 60 22 40 32 19 52 44 5 1 15 66 24 53 3 47 55 26 54 12 39

rep 8 + colunm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 49 67 30 57 47 43 19 22 24 72 27 21 4 53 56 74 21 70 29 44 34 60 61 3 1 73 28 10 39 16 3 45 12 26 55 38 4 1 32 18 37 50 40 54 6 64 1 25 20 5 1 2 52 7 5 42 14 66 17 23 11

1 2 each seedlot contains 4 trees planted 3 in row direction 4

Figure 13. An example of seedlot allocation within each block

26

Figure 13. (continued) block 4 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 74 2 52 42 50 54 57 30 3 45 44 2 1 19 56 66 73 72 14 22 39 20 1 47 3 1 32 61 40 55 6 64 26 38 28 49 11 4 1 34 43 60 7 70 37 25 12 17 67 29 5 1 10 15 53 21 27 16 4 18 23 5 24

block 5 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 53 55 18 64 66 25 11 22 28 5 60 21 2 26 24 74 38 30 3 52 29 54 7 3 1 16 14 10 21 42 47 19 50 4 32 44 4 1 34 67 70 15 17 43 40 49 37 72 56 5 1 27 61 73 23 45 6 57 20 39 12 1

block 6 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 54 52 42 25 17 43 4 66 24 5 16 2 1 74 15 37 53 40 72 1 21 23 64 6 3 1 38 10 18 61 73 57 2 56 7 30 12 4 1 55 44 67 11 29 49 50 47 39 28 45 5 1 3 27 20 70 34 60 14 19 32 22 26

rep 7 + column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 34 7 21 74 5 23 64 56 1 67 16 2 1 38 37 20 17 27 14 50 11 61 57 72 3 1 6 2 43 4 29 70 10 18 28 73 42 4 1 49 25 45 30 60 22 40 32 19 52 44 5 1 15 66 24 53 3 47 55 26 54 12 39

rep 8 + colunm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 row +

1 1 49 67 30 57 47 43 19 22 24 72 27 21 4 53 56 74 21 70 29 44 34 60 61 3 1 73 28 10 39 16 3 45 12 26 55 38 4 1 32 18 37 50 40 54 6 64 1 25 20 5 1 2 52 7 5 42 14 66 17 23 11

1 2 each seedlot contains 4 trees planted 3 in row direction 4

Figure 13. An example of seedlot allocation within each block

26

Figure 14. An example of block layout.

4.11. Seed orchard maintenance

Trees in the seed orchard must be maintained properly particularly at the early phase of establishment so that their genetic potential can be expressed optimally. The establishment of seedling seed orchard without proper maintenance will not reach the expected objective: trees growing poorly may not show their genetic potential and are more affected by poor growing environmental conditions. In such' conditions genetic selection will not be effective. The following are a number of maintenance activities.

27

Figure 14. An example of block layout.

4.11. Seed orchard maintenance

Trees in the seed orchard must be maintained properly particularly at the early phase of establishment so that their genetic potential can be expressed optimally. The establishment of seedling seed orchard without proper maintenance will not reach the expected objective: trees growing poorly may not show their genetic potential and are more affected by poor growing environmental conditions. In such' conditions genetic selection will not be effective. The following are a number of maintenance activities.

27

4.11.1. Weeding

Weeding has to be done regularly at the early establishment. Trees should be free from weed competition. Weeding may be done manually or use herbicide. If tumpangsari

(taungya) is used, agricultural crops should not disturb much to the seed orchard trees. Soil

tillage to prepare the site for agricultural crops should not be too close with seed orchard

trees. Ideally unwanted trees of other species other than seed orchard trees should be

felled. However, for various reasons felling the existing trees (Gmelina dan other species)

on the site where the seed orchard being established is not allowed, particularly avoiding to give wrong signal to' the local communities that felling trees on the state forest is allowed.

To avoid negative effect on the growth of seed orchard trees growing close to the unwanted

trees, these unwanted trees should be pruned regularly so that the shading effect of these trees will be reduced. Girlding trees seriously harming the growth of seed orchard tress is

recommended.

4.11.2. Mulching

Mulch given around stem of trees could maintain soil moisture so as to reduce tree death during dry season. Mulch should be given at the end of rainy season. The mulch may

consist of harvest residues of crops.

4.11.3. Singling and pruning

Singling should be done if trees have multistems. In this regard stem with poor form and slow growth is removed, leaving only a single stem- the best one. Singling should be done as early as possible when multi stems start appearing from the lower part of the stem.

Pruning may be carried out with low intensity, namely less than 30 % of live crown is removed. High pruning intensity will reduce tree growth. The purpose of pruning here is to avoid the formation of multi stems at low stem position and to provide good access into

seed orchard after crown closure.

4.11.4. Fertilizing

Fertilizer may be applied to provide an optimal condition for tree growth, flowering and fruiting. Kind of fertilizer and dosage will be different for each species. To improve early and optimum growth within a month after planting nitrogen fertilizer such urea should be

applied with a rate of 30-50 g/tree. The application of fertilizer may be reapplied a couple

times before crown closure depending on tree growth. Generally for seed production the

fertilizer applied containing elements of N, P and K. Soil analysis may help identify the

soil fertility in the seed orchard which then can be used to determine the proper rate of each

type of fertilizer.

28

4.11.1. Weeding

Weeding has to be done regularly at the early establishment. Trees should be free from weed competition. Weeding may be done manually or use herbicide. If tumpangsari

(taungya) is used, agricultural crops should not disturb much to the seed orchard trees. Soil

tillage to prepare the site for agricultural crops should not be too close with seed orchard

trees. Ideally unwanted trees of other species other than seed orchard trees should be

felled. However, for various reasons felling the existing trees (Gmelina dan other species)

on the site where the seed orchard being established is not allowed, particularly avoiding to give wrong signal to' the local communities that felling trees on the state forest is allowed.

To avoid negative effect on the growth of seed orchard trees growing close to the unwanted

trees, these unwanted trees should be pruned regularly so that the shading effect of these trees will be reduced. Girlding trees seriously harming the growth of seed orchard tress is

recommended.

4.11.2. Mulching

Mulch given around stem of trees could maintain soil moisture so as to reduce tree death during dry season. Mulch should be given at the end of rainy season. The mulch may

consist of harvest residues of crops.

4.11.3. Singling and pruning

Singling should be done if trees have multistems. In this regard stem with poor form and slow growth is removed, leaving only a single stem- the best one. Singling should be done as early as possible when multi stems start appearing from the lower part of the stem.

Pruning may be carried out with low intensity, namely less than 30 % of live crown is removed. High pruning intensity will reduce tree growth. The purpose of pruning here is to avoid the formation of multi stems at low stem position and to provide good access into

seed orchard after crown closure.

4.11.4. Fertilizing

Fertilizer may be applied to provide an optimal condition for tree growth, flowering and fruiting. Kind of fertilizer and dosage will be different for each species. To improve early and optimum growth within a month after planting nitrogen fertilizer such urea should be

applied with a rate of 30-50 g/tree. The application of fertilizer may be reapplied a couple

times before crown closure depending on tree growth. Generally for seed production the

fertilizer applied containing elements of N, P and K. Soil analysis may help identify the

soil fertility in the seed orchard which then can be used to determine the proper rate of each

type of fertilizer.

28

4.11.5. Pest and disease control

Pest and disease may attack trees in the seed orchard. When pest or disease is Joundan immediate measure should be taken and do not let the pest or disease spread. It may"be controlled mechanically by removing the infected tree so that it will not spread to nearby trees, or controlled using insecticide or fungicide accordingly.

4.11.6. Fire control

Fire may occur in the seed orchard, particularly when the site of seed orchard has a long dry season such· as West Bali. In the dry season prevention measures should be· taken. In this regard a cooperative action with local communities is cruciaJly important, since fire is usually caused by human activities both intentionally as well as unintentiomilly.

4.11.7." Renewal of seedlot label

At the time of planting seedlot label is made oi'plastic sheet and will only last for less than a year. Therefore, the label needs renewing with a better material such as .. aluminuin plate. The size of 10 x 2.5 cm will be adequate. Similar to the label made at planting time, the renewed label includes the information of block, row, column and seedlot number in this order. The label is . attached with steel or aluminum wire on the stem of the first tree in· every plot (Figure 14).

3-2-4-57

The label indicates block 3, row 2; columnA and seedlot 57

Figure 14. Renewal of seedlot label

4.12. Measurement and data analysis

Trees in the seedling seed orchard should be measured regularly, normally every year, except there is a certain reason to do measurement beyond the regular schedule. The characteristics to be measured are generally tree height, stem diameter, stem form, branch etc. Data from the measurement are analyzed to obtain information necessary to be used for roguing the seed orchard.

29

4.11.5. Pest and disease control

Pest and disease may attack trees in the seed orchard. When pest or disease is Joundan immediate measure should be taken and do not let the pest or disease spread. It may"be controlled mechanically by removing the infected tree so that it will not spread to nearby trees, or controlled using insecticide or fungicide accordingly.

4.11.6. Fire control

Fire may occur in the seed orchard, particularly when the site of seed orchard has a long dry season such· as West Bali. In the dry season prevention measures should be· taken. In this regard a cooperative action with local communities is cruciaJly important, since fire is usually caused by human activities both intentionally as well as unintentiomilly.

4.11.7." Renewal of seedlot label

At the time of planting seedlot label is made oi'plastic sheet and will only last for less than a year. Therefore, the label needs renewing with a better material such as .. aluminuin plate. The size of 10 x 2.5 cm will be adequate. Similar to the label made at planting time, the renewed label includes the information of block, row, column and seedlot number in this order. The label is . attached with steel or aluminum wire on the stem of the first tree in· every plot (Figure 14).

3-2-4-57

The label indicates block 3, row 2; columnA and seedlot 57

Figure 14. Renewal of seedlot label

4.12. Measurement and data analysis

Trees in the seedling seed orchard should be measured regularly, normally every year, except there is a certain reason to do measurement beyond the regular schedule. The characteristics to be measured are generally tree height, stem diameter, stem form, branch etc. Data from the measurement are analyzed to obtain information necessary to be used for roguing the seed orchard.

29

Meaningful infonnation will be gained from proper data analysis. Therefore, in the data analysis a good strategy is necessary. To facilitate data analyses, data must be prepared 'in a certain fonn which are usually suitable with the powerful statistical software such as SAS, Genstat, SPSS etc. An example of this fonn is as follows (Table 3):

The fonn should be prepared in the office using spread sheet software such as Excel. The order of block, plot, tree and seedlot should follow the layoutofthe seed orchard that has been prepared and mapped previously. For the measurement and data analyses consulta­tion with a professional tree breeder is recommended. It is also highly recommended that the technical staffs oftheBali and Nusa Tenggara Forest Seed Center take a special train­ing course in the technique of field measurement and data analyses.

4.13. Roguing

The progeny test should be progressively rogued and converted into seedling seed orchard. The first roguing is done when canopy starts closing and the evaluation of stem fonn is possible. It is conducted by felling half of the poorest trees within each plot. The second roguing also removes the poorest trees and leaves only one - the very best tree within each plot. The second roguing should be done when the crown starts closing. While the first and second thinning are basically within family selection and purely phenotypic selection, the final roguing is between family selection and must be based on the results of data analyses of field measurements.

Table 3. Measurement Form of Seedling Seed Orchard

Species

Subline ~

Measured by

No. Block.

I 1

2 1

3 1

... ...

... ...

... 2

... 2

.... 2

Plot

1

1

1

...

... 5

5

5

Tree. Seedlot Height Diameter Jan04 Jan04

1 ~4

2 54

3 54

. .. . ..

. .. . .. 1 26

2 26

3 26

30

Stem fonn Etc .. , .. Jan06

Meaningful infonnation will be gained from proper data analysis. Therefore, in the data analysis a good strategy is necessary. To facilitate data analyses, data must be prepared 'in a certain fonn which are usually suitable with the powerful statistical software such as SAS, Genstat, SPSS etc. An example of this fonn is as follows (Table 3):

The fonn should be prepared in the office using spread sheet software such as Excel. The order of block, plot, tree and seedlot should follow the layoutofthe seed orchard that has been prepared and mapped previously. For the measurement and data analyses consulta­tion with a professional tree breeder is recommended. It is also highly recommended that the technical staffs oftheBali and Nusa Tenggara Forest Seed Center take a special train­ing course in the technique of field measurement and data analyses.

4.13. Roguing

The progeny test should be progressively rogued and converted into seedling seed orchard. The first roguing is done when canopy starts closing and the evaluation of stem fonn is possible. It is conducted by felling half of the poorest trees within each plot. The second roguing also removes the poorest trees and leaves only one - the very best tree within each plot. The second roguing should be done when the crown starts closing. While the first and second thinning are basically within family selection and purely phenotypic selection, the final roguing is between family selection and must be based on the results of data analyses of field measurements.

Table 3. Measurement Form of Seedling Seed Orchard

Species

Subline ~

Measured by

No. Block.

I 1

2 1

3 1

... ...

... ...

... 2

... 2

.... 2

Plot

1

1

1

...

... 5

5

5

Tree. Seedlot Height Diameter Jan04 Jan04

1 ~4

2 54

3 54

. .. . ..

. .. . .. 1 26

2 26

3 26

30

Stem fonn Etc .. , .. Jan06

Figure 15. An example of seedling seed orchard after final roguing and has been producing genetically improved seed

31

Figure 15. An example of seedling seed orchard after final roguing and has been producing genetically improved seed

31

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

PART 5.

SEED REPRODUCTION

Only very limited information has been available regarding the seed reproduction of panggal

buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas. In this regard general recommendation for other

species may be applied. Seed collection from seed production area or seed orchard should

not be done until the final thinning has been completed to reduce the risk of obtaining

inbred seed as a result of inbreeding. Seed collection should also not be carried out when

the majority oftrees in the seed production area or seed orchard do not flower (less than 50

%). Seed collection on trees in the seed production area or orchard that flower very early

or very late should also be avoided.

33

PART 5.

SEED REPRODUCTION

Only very limited information has been available regarding the seed reproduction of panggal

buaya, sawo kecik, pulai and bentawas. In this regard general recommendation for other

species may be applied. Seed collection from seed production area or seed orchard should

not be done until the final thinning has been completed to reduce the risk of obtaining

inbred seed as a result of inbreeding. Seed collection should also not be carried out when

the majority oftrees in the seed production area or seed orchard do not flower (less than 50

%). Seed collection on trees in the seed production area or orchard that flower very early

or very late should also be avoided.

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PART 6.

GLOSSARY

Block (replication): A portion of a plantation containing one plot of each of several differ­ent seedlots. A complete block contains one plot of each seedlot.

Clone: A population of genetically identical individuals. Such a population is obtained by asexual reproduction.

Clonal garden: A collection of selected clones from which vegetative propagation mate­rial are harvested.

Cutting. Detached portion of stern or other plant parts which when rooted, produced a whole plant.

Family: A group of individuals having one or both parents in common.

Inbreeding: Mating between closely related trees, and in the extreme case is selfing. In­breeding of nonnally crossed pollinated trees will result in inbreeding depression such as low survival, reduced growth etc.

Juvenile: Young or non-mature stage of a tree or propagation material.

Node: A point of the stern from which one or more leaves arise.

Parent tree: A selected tree from which seeds are collected to be used for progeny test, establishment seed production area, or seed orchard.

Phenotype: The tree or characteristic as we see it; the product of interaction of the genes (genotype) with the environment where a tree grows.

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PART 6.

GLOSSARY

Block (replication): A portion of a plantation containing one plot of each of several differ­ent seedlots. A complete block contains one plot of each seedlot.

Clone: A population of genetically identical individuals. Such a population is obtained by asexual reproduction.

Clonal garden: A collection of selected clones from which vegetative propagation mate­rial are harvested.

Cutting. Detached portion of stern or other plant parts which when rooted, produced a whole plant.

Family: A group of individuals having one or both parents in common.

Inbreeding: Mating between closely related trees, and in the extreme case is selfing. In­breeding of nonnally crossed pollinated trees will result in inbreeding depression such as low survival, reduced growth etc.

Juvenile: Young or non-mature stage of a tree or propagation material.

Node: A point of the stern from which one or more leaves arise.

Parent tree: A selected tree from which seeds are collected to be used for progeny test, establishment seed production area, or seed orchard.

Phenotype: The tree or characteristic as we see it; the product of interaction of the genes (genotype) with the environment where a tree grows.

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Pollination. Deposition of pollen on the receptive part of the female flower.

Plot: A group of 1 or more trees belonging to a single seedlot and planted adjacent to each other in the nursery or plantation. A plot may be linear, rectangular or square.

Progeny test: Selection of parent tree based upon the performance of their progeny.

Random: Without apparent order and applies to the distribution of plots within a block.

Randomized complete block deign: Test design which each seedlot or family is represented by a single plot within each block or replication. Several block are established for a test with the plot being randomly distributed within each block.

Rejuvenation: Reversal of the adults maturation state through tissue culture, serial cutting of marcot, coppice etc. such that material will root.

Roguing: Systematic removal of individual not desired for the perpetuation of the popula­tion.

Rooting hormone: Hormones (growth substance) which specifically promote root forma­tion and root growth.

Seed orchard: A plantation consisting of clones or seedlings from selected trees, isolated to reduce pollen from outside sources, rogued of undesirable tress and cultured for early and abundant production of seed.

Seedling seed orchard: Seed orchard raised from seedlings produced from selected par­ent trees through natural or controlled pollination.

Seed production area (seed stand): A stand consists of selected trees with desirable char­acteristics.

Seedlot: A group of related trees given a number and identified a unit throughout the course of experiment.

Seed source: The locality where seeds are collected.

Seed trees: A tree from which seeds are collected.

Vegetative propagation: Propagation of a plant by asexual mean, as in budding, grafting, cutting, air-layering (marcoting). Hereditary characteristics of the resulting clone (ram et) are identical with those of the original plant (ortet).

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Pollination. Deposition of pollen on the receptive part of the female flower.

Plot: A group of 1 or more trees belonging to a single seedlot and planted adjacent to each other in the nursery or plantation. A plot may be linear, rectangular or square.

Progeny test: Selection of parent tree based upon the performance of their progeny.

Random: Without apparent order and applies to the distribution of plots within a block.

Randomized complete block deign: Test design which each seedlot or family is represented by a single plot within each block or replication. Several block are established for a test with the plot being randomly distributed within each block.

Rejuvenation: Reversal of the adults maturation state through tissue culture, serial cutting of marcot, coppice etc. such that material will root.

Roguing: Systematic removal of individual not desired for the perpetuation of the popula­tion.

Rooting hormone: Hormones (growth substance) which specifically promote root forma­tion and root growth.

Seed orchard: A plantation consisting of clones or seedlings from selected trees, isolated to reduce pollen from outside sources, rogued of undesirable tress and cultured for early and abundant production of seed.

Seedling seed orchard: Seed orchard raised from seedlings produced from selected par­ent trees through natural or controlled pollination.

Seed production area (seed stand): A stand consists of selected trees with desirable char­acteristics.

Seedlot: A group of related trees given a number and identified a unit throughout the course of experiment.

Seed source: The locality where seeds are collected.

Seed trees: A tree from which seeds are collected.

Vegetative propagation: Propagation of a plant by asexual mean, as in budding, grafting, cutting, air-layering (marcoting). Hereditary characteristics of the resulting clone (ram et) are identical with those of the original plant (ortet).

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