b.alcplus2e.1.03-11

ALS Series – ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU

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B.ALCPLUS2E 1.02. 11

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. The copyright of this document is the property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA

S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE

MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Further, the contents of this document or the methods or techniques contained therein must not be disclosed to any person.

Data subject to change without notice.

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ALS Series Microwave Radio for Point-to-Point

applications

ALCplus2e IDU

AS/ASN ODU IP/ SDH/ SPDH

Dual Native TDM/IP Microwave Radio


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B.ALCPLUS2E.1.02.-11





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GENERAL INDEX

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ALS SERIES ................................................................................................................... 7

Applications ............................................................................................................................................................. 8

Product Range ......................................................................................................................................................... 9

IDUs application range ............................................................................................................................................ 9

ODUs application range ......................................................................................................................................... 10

IDU-ODU compatibility .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Main Features ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

NMS common Platform ......................................................................................................................................... 11

ALCplus2e (SPDH/SDH/ETH) - IDU and ODU SYSTEM OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 12

AS/ASN ODU Characteristics ................................................................................................................................. 12

ALCplus2e IDU- 1RU Compact ............................................................................................................................... 15

The ALCplus2e version is an evolution of ALCPlus2 with extended throughput up to 1Gbps per direction and enhanced Ethernet functionalities. ....................................................................................................................... 15

Additional features ................................................................................................................................................ 16

Throughput ............................................................................................................................................................ 20

ETHERNET CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................................................... 22

Ethernet Frame mapping over Radio Link ............................................................................................................. 22

Ethernet Throughput ............................................................................................................................................. 22

Ethernet Interface characteristics ......................................................................................................................... 22

QoS management .................................................................................................................................................. 23

Ethernet Resiliency ................................................................................................................................................ 23

Level 2 priorities: ................................................................................................................................................... 24

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs ................................................................................................................................................ 24

VLAN stacking (QinQ) ............................................................................................................................................ 25

VLAN rewriting ...................................................................................................................................................... 25

Ingress Filter Policing (CIR/EIR according to MEF 10.2) ........................................................................................ 26

Ethernet frame fragmentation .............................................................................................................................. 27

Header compression .............................................................................................................................................. 28

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................ 30

TMN Connection .................................................................................................................................................... 30

TMN Protocols ....................................................................................................................................................... 30

Management Functionalities ................................................................................................................................. 32

Management Software .......................................................................................................................................... 32

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................................................. 33


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Physical Dimensions of system components ......................................................................................................... 33

Weight ................................................................................................................................................................... 33

Power supply ......................................................................................................................................................... 34

Power Consumption (W) ....................................................................................................................................... 34

Environmental conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 34

Frequently requested standards compliances (Note1) ............................................................................................. 35

APPENDIX 1: Radio Performances ............................................................................................................................. 36

APPENDIX 2: Adaptive Modulation details ................................................................................................................ 37

APPENDIX 3: Ethernet Benchmark parameters. ....................................................................................................... 38

Latency .................................................................................................................................................................. 38

Throughput ............................................................................................................................................................ 40


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ABBREVIATIONS

ACM Adaptive Code Modulation

ATPC Automatic Transmission Power Control

BW Bandwidth

CAPEX Capital Expenditure

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

DCCr Data Communication Channel Regenerator

DCN Data Communication Network

DSCP Different Service Code Point

ETH` Ethernet

FEC Forward Error Corrector

IDU Indoor Unit

IP Internet Protocol

IPV4 – IPV6 Internet Protocol Version 4 and Version 6

IS-IS Intermediate system to intermediate system

LAN Local Area network

LCT Local Craft Terminal

MAC Media Access Control

MDI Medium Dependent Interface

MDIX Medium Dependent Interface Crossover

MPS Multiplex Section Protection

MSE Mean Square Error

MST Multiple Section Terminal

NE Network Element

NMS Network Management System

NML Network Manager

NMS5UX/LX SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Network Management System

ODU Outdoor Unit

OSI Open System Interconnection


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OSPF Open Shortest Path First

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoS Quality of Service

RU Rack Unit

SCT Subnetwork Craft Terminal

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SNMP Simple Network Protocol Management

SPDH Super PDH

SW Software

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TMN Telecommunication Management Network

ToS Type of Service

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network

XPIC Cross Polar Interference Canceller


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GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ALS SERIES

The PDH/SDH/Ethernet ALS MW Radio series is the ideal solution for a wide range of applications in both access networks and backbone provisioning. It is also a competitive alternative or complement solution to optical fiber networks in any application that requires:

Cost-effective, rapid deployment and modular implementation of a network

Terrain independent connectivity

The ALS Series provides scalable data rates from 4 to 500Mbit/s per radio module with a single platform across the full range of licensed frequency bands.

A single shelf can manage up to 1Gbit/s with 1RU version. A unique distributed processing architecture allows expanding the node capacity up to 8xGbit/s.

A wide range of tributary interfaces and system configurations offer maximum versatility in system engineering and network planning. Ethernet traffic is handled by a powerful integrated switch able to manage VLANs, QoS and ToS.

Modularity options, commonalities, and extensive software management capabilities result in cost-effectiveness and scalability, yielding a product that will easily fulfill any future requirement.

Full SW licensing approach allows very smooth migration from pure TDM to IP networks, with very low initial CAPEX.

The ALS equipment is managed by an SNMP agent using communication ports that are able to connect to IP and OSI DCNs. This approach greatly simplifies integration efforts in existing NMS networks.

Several IDU models are available ranging from single board solutions to nodal implementations in which high capacities and complex protection schemes are required:

ALC IDU (Compact for PDH/Ethernet traffic)

ALCplus IDU (Compact for PDH/Ethernet traffic)

ALplus IDU (Modular for PDH/Ethernet traffic)

ALSC IDU (Compact for SDH traffic)

ALS IDU (Modular for SDH/Ethernet traffic)

Figure 1 - ALS Series MW Radio


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ALCplus2 IDU and ALCplus2e IDU (Compact and Enhanced Compact for PDH, SDH and pure Ethernet traffic or a mix of them)

ALplus2 IDU (Modular, for PDH, SDH and pure Ethernet traffic or a mix of them)

Two ODU versions have been designed with the target of being at the same time compact, light and easy to

install/maintain and characterized by high performances:

ASN ODU

AS ODU

Applications The ALS Series has been conceived and designed to cover a wide range of applications, such as:

2G / 3G / LTE Cellular Network Infrastructure

10/100/1000 Mbit/s Ethernet connections

WiMAX backhauling

Private data Networks (WANs, LANs, etc.)

Utility Networks (Railways, Pipelines, etc.)

Back-up transmission medium to Fibre Optic links

Spur Links for Backbones/Rings

Last Mile Fibre Extension

Leased Lines Replacement

High Capacity SDH/IP Radio Ring Deployment

High Capacity Broadband Access Networks


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Product Range The ALS Series is available in all frequency bands from 6 GHz (6L and 6U) to 42 GHz (4GHz is also available), unduplicated or duplicated configuration and with radio capacity from 4 to 500Mbit/s per radio module with mixed TDM and ETH interfaces.

The modulation scheme is software programmable from 4QAM to 256QAM for ALplus2/e IDU, with full featured hitless ACM. ALS exploits an innovative dual native radio engine capable of transmitting both native TDM (4xE1 to 4xSTM-1) and native ETH (up to 1Gbps).

In equipment configurations such as ALS IDU with 4xSTM-1 and 2xSTM-1 or ALCplus2e IDU, frequency re-use (co-channel operation) is available with the XPIC technology (Cross Polar Interference Canceller).

IDUs application range

Figure 2 - IDUs application range

1

1 Throughput in above figures are also referred to multishelves configurations, with traffic aggregation. Eg. Gbps capacity can be provided

by one single ALCplus2e IDU as well as by aggregating 2xALCplus2 IDUs. In the same way aggregating 2xALCplus2e IDUs, an aggregated 2.0 Gbps throughput is achieved. Header compression is also available to transport additional throughput.


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ODUs application range

Figure 3 - ODUs application range

IDU-ODU compatibility

AS/ASN ODU

Table 1 - IDU-ODU compatibility


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Main Features Scalable capacity, integrated XPIC functionality, high performance and reliability, ease of installation, common NMS platform and cost effectiveness make the ALS Series the proper network solution for a wide set of network applications.

Both electrical and optical interfaces are available on the same terminal radio equipment.

Adaptive Code and Modulation allows the automatic selection of the optimum modulation scheme according to current radio link propagation conditions and on received signal’s quality can be software enabled; on the basis of received signal quality calculations, the ALS Series can increase the system gain when needed, thus forwarding the high priority traffic in bad propagation conditions too. In addition, the introduction of heavily coded modulation schemes allows the system to perform in challenging environmental conditions.

With ACM and traffic classification, each traffic class is assigned with its minimum required QoS, allowing easy overbooking of existing radio link, without any impact on antenna sizes and infrastructure hardware.

ALCplus2 IDU with its state-of-art high speed ACM can compensate fading speed up to 40dB/s; this allows easy network planning in very bad environment condition characterized of deep fading conditions and with fast fading phenomena (e.g multiple path interference for lower frequency bands)

In addition, user configurable ACM profiles allow per-link optimization with the possibility to full customize adaptive modulation behavior.

Delay compensation allows jitter free modulation switchover

NMS common Platform The ALS series is integrated into the SCT/LCT, NMS5LX and NMS5UX Network Management System platforms developed by SIAE MICROELETTRONICA, and capable of controlling and monitoring all equipment included in SIAE MICROELETTRONICA product catalogue.

As an alternative a WEB management (with embedded WEB server) is available as an installation-less management option.

All SIAE MICROELETTRONICA NMS solutions are based on standard protocols. SNMP Protocol is used for TMN connections with standard communication protocol stacks and industry-standard interfaces allowing equipment connection to any IP or OSI-based DCN.


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ALCplus2e (SPDH/SDH/ETH) - IDU and ODU SYSTEM OVERVIEW

AS/ASN ODU Characteristics The ODU has been designed with the target of being at the same time compact, light and easy to install/maintain and characterized by high performances.

AS ODU is available in two different version:

Universal AS ODU supports all modulation schemes (4/8/16/32/64/128/256QAM) and all capacities from 8 Mbit/s to 400 Mbit/s. AS ODU doesn’t require any hardware change if configured for frequency reuse (independence from XPIC functionality), moreover It is compatible with ALL IDU models. This model provides up to 20 dB ATPC.

Advanced AS ODU: includes all the characteristics and features of the AS Universal ODU. In installations where more than 15/30 m of waveguide is used, it is the recommended solution for modulations higher than 32QAM and 56/28 MHz channel usage. In addition RF loop is available. This model can also provide up to 40 dB ATPC.

ASN (AS Universal) ODU AS (AS Advanced) ODU

Figure 4 - ASN Universal ODU and AS Advanced ODU

These modulation independent ODUs allow the “install-and-forget” approach for simple station upgrading.

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Mechanical Layout

The same mounting kit type fits all the ODUs for an easily upgrade.

AS/ASN ODU

Integrated antenna solutions

Figure 5 – AS/ ASN ODU with integral antenna in 1+0 and 1+1 configuration

Not integrated antenna solutions

Figure 6 - AS/ASN ODU with not integrated antenna solution in 1+0 and 1+1 configurations


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Compact IDU mechanical layout

The single board compact IDUs are provided with adjustable brackets on both sides. It allows an easy IDU

positioning into a rack in three different 30 mm steps as shown in the picture below. This simplifies the IDU

installation in street cabinet applications.

Figure 7 – Bracket on IDU compact version

ATPC Feature Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is available as a standard feature in all configurations.

Power Control has two operational modes:

Fixed output power attenuation mode (ATPC disabled); the output power can be reduced up to 20dB in 1dB steps (40dB in Advanced AS ODU).

ATPC mode: the ATPC algorithm adjusts the output power attenuation in order to reach a predefined Rx level at the remote terminal.


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ALCplus2e IDU- 1RU Compact

The ALCplus2e version is an evolution of ALCPlus2 with extended throughput up to 1Gbps per direction and

enhanced Ethernet functionalities.

The e equipment Includes XPIC technology, advanced header compression and a more complex set of

configurations (2+0 in single shelf arrangement).

ALCplus2e is available with different kind interface options from 4xFE/GE up to 4xFE/GE + (2+32)xE1 + 2xSTM-1 (STM-1 interfaces are also available for SPDH configurations reducing installation cable count)

It supports Synchronous Ethernet with mixed TDM/ETH synchronism distribution and 1588v2.

ALCplus2e supports all modulations schemes up to 256QAM and in addition 40 MHz channel bandwidth in the

6U and 11 GHz frequency bands (7, 14, 28 and 56 MHz already provided by ALCplus2).

Figure 8 - ALCplus2 IDU - 18xE1 + 4xGE + 2xSTM-1 + Nodal Bus

Figure 9 - ALCplus2 IDU - 34xE1 + 4xGE + 2xSTM-1

1. TMN-access (ETH, USB-B, RS232)

2. ETH payload 10/100/1000 RJ45 FE/GE

3. STM-1 payload With SFP modules

4. 2xE1 payload

Traffic

Sync In/Out (G703/2 MHz clock or HDB3 AIS)

Traffic + EOC (G704 framing)

5. CAT6 proprietary expansion Bus Traffic

6. nxE1 payload on SCSI connectors (120/75 ohm)

7. Power Supply

8. ETH payload with optical GE SFP modules

9. Alarm IN/OUT

10. IDU-ODU cables interfaces

1 2 3 5 6 7

1 9 8 10

8 1 9 10

1 2 3 4 6 7

4


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IDU options

o 4xFE/GE Sync/Async + 2xE1

o 4xFE/GE Sync/Async + 2xE1 + 16xE1 + 2xSTM-1(1+1 MSP) + Nodal Bus

o 4xFE/GE Sync/Async + 2xE1 + 32xE1 + 2xSTM-1(1+1 MSP)

Protection Schemes

XPIC 2x(1+0)

1x(1+0) and 2x(1+0)

(1+1)HSB, (1+1)FD/FSD (up to 28 MHz), (1+1)SD

Additional features

Some major upgraded features to be underlined, as following:

1 Gbit/s total throughput capacity managed by a single equipment

2+0 configuration as well as 2+0 XPIC, both available in 1RU shelf

Advanced Ethernet /IP features

Header Compression: over 200% throughput more.

ALCplus2e is available in following HW configurations1:

With built-in XPIC

Without built-in XPIC

ALCplus2e is in link backward compatible with ALCplus2 version.

1 Both versions will be available with or without Header Compression.


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In addition to the Traffic Management features have been improved:

Bandwidth profiling

o Bandwidth limiting per VLAN o Bandwidth limiting per priority. o Frame fragmentation

TDM redundancy on selected E1s

Hard limiting or WRED algorithm (software selectable)

Enhanced Ethernet prioritization based on MPLS “Exp bits”

Selective QinQ based on VLAN and 802.1p priority

VLAN rewriting

8 queues Ethernet scheduler towards radio interface

Layer2 Link Aggregation (802.3ad), also available on Layer1

M-STP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) support up to 4 instances

Selective RMON on VLAN basis

G.8261/8262/8264 Synchronous Ethernet and 1588v2

Note: These functionalities are available if both terminal of the link are with ALCplu2e.

Regardless to the configuration options, in the following table is summarized the limits applied for the different

HW versions:

IDU type Permanent TDM traffic Extra TDM traffic Total

ALCplus2e IDU XPIC max. 2x80 max. 2x2 164

ALCplus2e IDU 2x(1+0) max. 2x80 max. 2x21 164

Table 2- TDM capacity for the different HW version


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Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM)

General Concepts A radio communication system should be designed with a nominal received level well above its threshold, this allows withstanding received signal reduction in bad weather conditions.

This procedure has a drawback: when propagation conditions are favourable the system could support higher data traffic but it cannot increase its throughput unless it changes its modulation scheme.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA radio systems gives this possibility through Adaptive modulation, please refer to Appendix 1 for more details.

Traffic classification The adaptive modulation entails a change in the available bandwidth with regard to the modulation scheme that is used and as a consequence, moving from higher modulation downward, the decreasing of the traffic capacity. The possibility to classify the traffic allows deciding what traffic to transport according to the available bandwidth. For example if the modulation is reduced from 256QAM to 4QAM all traffic exceeding 4QAM capacity cannot be carried anymore.

ALCplus2e solutions have 8 output queues –through which 8 priority classes can be managed– with user configurable quality management.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA implementation manages TDM and ETH traffic in different ways:

E1 ports are manually configured for being high or low priority.

ETH packets are usually classified according to 802.1p Layer 2 tag. SIAE MICROELETTRONICA systems are also able to classify them, according to IP TOS or IPV6 TC and EXP bits MPLS.

This allows each type of services to be transmitted with the agreed performances.

Link Quality measurement In order to trigger a modulation change some switching criteria must be implemented. SIAE MICROELETTRONICA solutions are based on MSE measurements that allow the system to react to any source of degradation, well before errors are detected by the FEC. It involves one direction at a time and the process is completely jitter and error free for surviving traffic.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA implements MSE (Mean Squared Error) based Adaptive Modulation in all channel

bandwidths. 8 ACM profiles are provided, each one can be selected by SW in order to build a user configured

Adaptive Modulation Profile.


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Figure 10 - ALplus2 ACM profiles

Table 3 - Packet Data Radio System header optimization only - (no header compression)

A continuous monitoring on the MSE parameter is performed by the system, thus when MSE goes below a pre-defined threshold, a modulation switch request is transmitted backward.

Capacity will be automatically adjusted according to the Table 2.

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Throughput Throughput is defined according to paragraph 26.1 of RFC2544.

Throughput depends on configuration, channel bandwidth and packet size.

Below the maximum Throughput calculated with massive Header compressor working in following multiprotocol

scenario: C-Tag, Multiple s-Tags , MACinMAC , multiple MPLS lables, IP6, UDP, RTP.

Channel

Width

Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 128/142 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]

4QAM

“Strong” 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

14 MHz 63 75 104 148 184 221 257 301

28 MHz 126 148 220 292 366 439 510 599

40 MHz 179 212 290 416 496 618 722 825

56 MHz 252 293 437 582 710 845 1.000 1.000

Table 4 - Typical Ethernet throughput

For a complete description of the Header compressor please refer to Header Compression paragraph.

Please refer to Appendix 3 for the Header Compression performances working in different scenarios and the net

throughput.

In the table below the throughput in terms of maximum number of E1s available on the radio frame.

Channel

Width

Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for E1 input traffic [E1]

4QAM

“Strong” 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

7 MHz 4 5 7 10 12 15 17 20

14 MHz 8 10 14 20 25 30 35 40

28 MHz 17 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

40 MHz 25 30 43 59 70 80 80 80

56 MHz 34 40 60 80 80 80 80 80

Table 5 - Typical E1 transport capability


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Nodal Interconnections in ALCplus2 or ALCplus2e IDUs (N-concept) SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Implements proprietary IDUs interconnection using standard CAT6 cables with RJ-45

shielded connectors. This serial high speed connection carries proprietary frames in an “MSP like” protected

configuration and capacity up to 1.3 Gbit/s.

ALCplus2e IDU implements an innovative distributed switch architecture that allows simple node expansion

through shelves stacking, with a dramatic reduction in initial CAPEX.

Depending on traffic requirements, units can be daisy chained by a CAT6 proprietary expansion bus for TDM

applications (BUS capacity 126E1) and/or by a standard GE connection for Ethernet applications. SIAE

MICROELETTRONICA ring manager SW can manage all units as a single concentrating node with end-to-end

connection provisioning.

Nx2FE/GE + NxSTM-1 + Nx16E1 N=1….8

Figure 11 - ALCplus2e- Nodal configuration


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ETHERNET CHARACTERISTICS ALplus2e is compliant with MEF9 for service functionality and MEF14 for service performance. Configured in

point-to-point, nodal or ring topology, they can be used to implement standardized Ethernet services such as E-

Line, E-LAN and E-Tree providing quality of service (QoS), scalability and reliability. Each services could be created

in transparent mode or in virtual mode sharing radio link resources between different services managing VLAN

802.1q tags.

Ethernet Frame mapping over Radio Link When equipped with Ethernet Interfaces, the ALS Series transfers Ethernet packets directly onto the radio link.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA ALS maps Ethernet straight into the radio frames (Native IP), this approach provides a point-to-point unacknowledged connectionless service over the radio channel. A CRC is added to prevent wrong packets being forwarded.

Ethernet Throughput ALCplu2e IDU provides full-duplex Ethernet throughput ranging from 10 up to 500 Mbit/s per radio direction. It is possible to associate a given bandwidth to a single Ethernet port. It can be assigned in fixed steps up to full wire speed. A big throughput improvement came using Header Compression technology reported in the paragraph below.

Please refer to Appendix 3 for Throughput and Latency details.

Ethernet Interface characteristics The ALS Series implements a multi-port store-and-forward Layer 2 Switch. The embedded Switch supports the following Layer 2 functionalities:

MAC switching (table of 8192 addresses)

MAC Address learning and aging

Auto negotiation

MDI/MDIX crossover

Automatic MDI/MDIX crossover is supported; it allows NIC-to-SWITCH and SWITCH-to-SWITCH

connection regardless of cable type (straight-through or crossover).

Layer 2 Flow Control / Back Pressure

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA implements flow control based on IEEE 802.3x (full-duplex operation) and Back

Pressure (half-duplex operation) to prevent packet loss during traffic peak.

IEEE 802.1q VLANs and VLAN stacking (Q in Q)

Quality of Service

ITU-T Y.1731 ETH OAM / IEEE 802.1ag


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QoS management QoS refers to the ability of a network device to provide improved services to selected network traffic over various underlying technologies, including Ethernet and wireless LANs. In particular, QoS feature provides an improved and more predictable network services, as follows:

Improving loss characteristics

Avoiding and managing network congestion

Prioritizing services to different kinds of network traffic

Setting traffic priorities across the network

QoS is implemented in SIAE MICROELETTRONICA products in a multilevel approach:

VLAN per port

Level 2 VLAN identifiers (802.1Q)

Level 2 priority bits (802.1P QoS)

Level 3 priorities IPv4 (ToS or DSCP) or IPv6 (TC)

EXP bits MPLS

Ethernet Resiliency LLF - Link Loss Forwarding

PIRL - Peak Input Rate Limiting - In order to control the traffic flows incoming the equipment and thus the network, this access limitation/control policies is introduced with a “leaky bucket architecture”

RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol - is a link layer network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. Thus, the basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and ensuing broadcast radiation.

MSTP - Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol - enables VLANs to be grouped into a spanning-tree instance, with each instance having a spanning-tree topology independent of other spanning-tree instances. This architecture provides multiple alternate paths enabling a better network load balancing.

ELP - Ethernet Link Protection - ELP is used to protect the network from Ethernet link failures in various network topologies and application

LAG - Link Aggregation – is a recommendation (802.1AX-2008 or 802.3ad) designed for using multiple media in parallel to increase the link speed beyond the limits of any one single medium and increase the redundancy for higher availability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_layer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_loop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_radiation


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Level 2 priorities: Priority queues are introduced on switches output ports. 802.1p describes 8 priority levels, mapped onto 8

output queues.

A typical mapping scheme is shown below.

802.1p priority levels Traffic type Used queue

0 Best Effort 0

1 Background 1

2 NOT DEFINED 2

3 Excellent Effort 3

4 Controlled Load 4

5 Video ( latency 100 ms ) 5

6 Voice ( latency 10 ms ) 6

7 Network Control 7

Table 6 – 802.1p priority levels

Two scheduling algorithms are available in SIAE MICROELETTRONICA equipment: strict priority or weighted scheduling WFQ (SW selectable).

Strict priority means that Higher priority queues are emptied first

Weighted scheduling (WFQ) means that queues are served proportionally to their weights.

Mixed Strict priority and WFQ

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Virtual LAN (VLAN) support is the ability to logically break a LAN into a few smaller LANs and prevent data from

flowing between the sub-LANs.

This is a key performance used to:

Share the same physical carrier among different users that require maintaining a complete logical network independency.

Micro segment the LAN in a scalable way

Distribute traffic load

Relocate servers into secure locations


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Better control the broadcast messages

VLANs can be activated in three different ways:

Based on Port. A packet belongs to a particular VLAN, depending on the local port ID. This means that each packet received on a specific port will be forwarded only to the ports belonging to the same VLAN.

Based on IEEE 802.1Q TAG. A packet belongs to a particular VLAN, depending on its VLAN ID, defined by the VID (VLAN Identifier) TAG content.

Hybrid. It is a mix of previous ones. Locally configured tagged frames are managed according IEEE 802.1Q TAG, all others follow port rules.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA equipment can also be configured to add a VLAN tag (VD and user priority) to untagged traffic.

VLAN stacking (QinQ) SIAE MICROELETTRONICA products support VLAN stacking (QinQ). This means that if input traffic is 802.1Q

compliant, i.e. VLANs are implemented, it is possible to create other VLAN inserting 4 additional bytes in Ethernet

header for routing and QoS purposes.

VLAN staking (also named QinQ) is a feature that allows an Ethernet frame to include more than one IEEE 802.1Q

TAG. The scope of VLAN staking is to differentiate the traffic at different levels when the packets must cross

networks managed by different entities.

As an example, it can be considered the case of a WAN connection provided by a Service Provider to a company

to connect some remote offices to a headquarter. The packets on the company LAN can be tagged on the basis of

the rules stated by the Company’s Network Administrator. However, The Service Provider could also need to TAG

the traffic in order to carry it independently from the traffic of other companies. Moreover, when a packet leaves

the remote office to enter the WAN connection, the Service Provider will add a second TAG to the packet with an

ID that identifies the customer. In this way the first TAG (with the company ID) still remain on the packet, but it is

not used to route it on the Service Provider Network. Finally, when this packet has reached the Main Site, the

Service Provider TAG is dropped and the WAN connection can be fully transparent.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA radio systems support the VLAN staking. Once a packet enters into the radio, it is

possible to add a new IEEE 802.1Q TAG with an ID depending from the port.

VLAN rewriting VLAN rewriting is a feature available on radio side that allows to rewrite the VID of C-TAG of the packets received

(uplink side) or sent (downlink side) by the switch. On uplink side (packets received by the switch) the VID can be

rewritten on the basis of the following criteria:


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- LAN port + C-VID: new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of its original

C-VID and the LAN port where it has been received.

- LAN port + C-VID + priority: new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of

its original C-VID + priority and the LAN port where it has been received.

On uplink side it is possible to configure for all the LAN ports up to 64 LAN port + C-VID or LAN port + C-VID +

priority criteria. On downlink side (packets sent by the switch) the VID can be rewritten on the basis of the C-VID

of the received packet. I.e., new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of its

original C-VID. It is possible to configure up to 64 C-VID criteria in downlink, independently by the uplink

configuration.

Ingress Filter Policing (CIR/EIR according to MEF 10.2) ALCplus2e allows limiting the ingress traffic rate on the basis of:

- LAN port (Bandwidth profile per UNI): a different profile is defined for each LAN port (VLAN ID and priority are

not considered in this case by the rate limiting algorithm)

- VLAN (Bandwidth Profile per EVC): a different profile is defined for different VLANs (priority is not considered in

this case by the rate limiting algorithm). Up to 64 VLAN can be managed with different profiles.

- VLAN + priority (Bandwidth Profile per CoS): a different profile is defined for different couples VLAN+priority

(up to 64 different cases can be managed). In this case the packet priority is always considered by the rate

limiting algorithm. More than one priority can be included in the same bandwidth profile.

In general different criteria can be defined for each port/VLAN/priority. Up to 64 Ingress Filtering Policy resources

can be defined and each bandwidth profile defined on the basis either of LAN port, VLAN or VLAN+priority

consumes 1 of such resources.

In order to define the bandwidth profile, the following parameters must be configured:

- CIR (Committed Information Rate): it is the admitted ingress rate (“green” colored), with values between 0

Kbit/s and 1 Gbit/s.

- CBS (Committed Burst Rate): it is the maximum size of the token bucket of the green packets, with values

between 0 byte and 256 Kbyte.

- EIR (Excess Information Rate): it is maximum ingress rate eventually admitted (“yellow” colored), with values

between 0Kbit/s and 1Gbit/s.

- EBS (Excess Burst Rate): it is the maximum size of the token bucket of the yellow packets, with values between 0

byte and 256 Kbyte.


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- CF (Coupling Flag): if enabled, the excess tokens eventually charged into the green bucket are moved into the

yellow packet bucket. Red packets, i.e. the ones exceeding the CIR+EIR rate, are automatically discarded.

Ethernet frame fragmentation QoS approach preserves High priority traffic, by giving them precedence during traffic congestions.

However, in case of real time traffic also latency and jitter are important factors on a end to end communication:

Latency is strictly related to the line/servant speed and usually can be managed by designing the

network topology in a proper way (e.g. by limiting the maximum number of hops in link chains).

Jitter is instead a more sensitive parameter because it depends on congestions.

Figure 12 - 8 queues system architecture

Before the high priority packet is sent over the air, it has always to be placed in the common FIFO buffer of the

servant. It could happen that this buffer is occupied by the last best effort (or lower priority) packet; in this case

the high priority packet collects delay due to the process servant time dedicated to the best effort packet.

This delay heavily depends on the processed best effort packet size (from 64bytes to 1518 bytes of even more in

case of jumbo frames).

A technique used to mitigate this phenomenon is the Frame Fragmentation, i.e. at the TX side long frames are

subdivided in smaller fragments and a sequence label is inserted in order to number the fragments.

At RX side the original frame is rebuilt after all the fragments are received.

In this way, the maximum waiting time for a High Priority packet is reduced to the sub-frame size (some hundreds

of bytes), providing sensitive benefits to the packet jitter.


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Header compression SIAE MICROELETTRONICA has developed a two level Header Compression that is able to hash L2, L2.5, L3 and L4

header’s protocols and thus massively increase the available radio throughput.

The packet compression gain provided is from 3% up to 200%, depending on payload, protocols stacks and packet

size.

In the following figure, supported Header Compression protocol and various compression rates are reported, in relation with packet sizes compressed protocol stacks.

Figure 13 - Layers involved in the Header compression process

Two stages of compression are possible:

Basic compression (1st stage):

Single layer packet compression, supports header up to 68 bytes (Ethernet + MPLS + IP/UDP + RTP/GTP)

Deep/IP tunneling compression (1st stage + 2nd stage): Two levels packet compression, supports header up to 128 bytes (Ethernet + MPLS + IP/UDP + RTP/GTP

with additional IPv4/IPv6 tunneling)


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Figure 14 - Relation between packets size and compression ratio


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MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

TMN Connection The ALS Series provides several communication ports for TMN connections. These ports can be used for:

connection to other equipment

connection to TMN’s DCN

direct connection to SIAE MICROELETTRONICA’s Element Manager

Depending on equipment configuration, the following TMN ports are available:

two Ethernet 10/100 BASE-T

USB

In addition to the TMN ports listed above, the ALS Series provides other TMN connections depending on IDU model, with ALCplus2:

TMN and main traffic can coexist on same ports (In band management).

Supervisory information can be terminated by other equipment or, thanks to the standard mapping, by an external router.

TMN Protocols The ALS Series allows local and remote management thanks to an embedded SNMP agent. All ports previously described can be logically connected through two protocol stack versions:

Full IP protocol stack

OSI+IP protocol stack.

Routing among communication ports can be configured as “static routing” or based on OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) in case of full-IP stack, and IS-IS in case of OSI+IP option. When implementing the OSI+IP stack, layers 1 to 3 are compliant with recommendations ITU-T Q.811, Q.812 and G.784. The implementation of standard communication protocol stacks in conjunction with industry-standard interfaces (as depicted in the following figures) enables equipment connection to any IP or OSI based DCN.


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Figure 15 - Full IP Protocol Stack for ALC, ALCplus, ALCplus2 and ALCplus2e Systems (SPDH/SDH/ETH)

Figure 16 - IP Protocol Stack ALC, ALCplus, ALCplus2 and ALCplus2e Systems (SPDH/SDH/ETH)


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Management Functionalities The management functionalities implemented at NE level are:

Fault management (alarms, events, date, time, severity, etc.)

Configuration and test Management (i.e. configuration of ALS parameters, set-up of loop-backs, manual forcing of 1+1 switches, mapping of relay alarms and user inputs, etc.)

Software management (i.e. software release management and software download)

Performance management and monitoring relevant to G.828 parameters.

Security Management (i.e. Network Element multi-level access according to Operator’s rights)

Management Software In order to satisfy the requirements of local and centralized management, SIAE MICROELETTRONICA has developed the following software/platforms/systems:

LCT (Local Craft Terminal) for maintenance and line-up activities (MS Windows® OS)

SCT (Subnetwork Craft Terminal) for centralized management of up to 100 Network Elements - NEs (MS Windows® OS)

NMS5-LX (Element Manager) for centralized management of medium networks with up to 1000 Network Elements per server (Linux OS)

NMS5-UX (Element Manager) for centralized management of large networks with up to 10000 Network Elements per server (HP Unix OS)

Web LCT for maintenance and line-up activities (MS Windows® OS & Adobe flash) accessible via Browser

For a more detailed description of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA supervision software platforms, please refer to the specific product literature.


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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Physical Dimensions of system components

System Version Width (mm) Height (mm) Depth (mm)

AS ODU 1+0 254 254 154

AS ODU 1+1 358 254 296

ASN ODU 1+0 254 254 114

ASN ODU 1+1 278 254 296

Compact IDU 1RU 482 44 223

Weight

System Version Weight(Kg)

AS ODU (1+0) 5,5

AS ODU (1+1) 15,3

ASN ODU (1+0) 4,5

ASN ODU (1+1) 13,3

Compact IDU 1RU (1+0) 2,3

Compact IDU 1RU (1+1) 3,4


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Power supply

ODU Range

-40.8 -57.6 Vdc

According to ETSI EN300132-2

Power Consumption (W)

Configuration

1+0 Radio Terminal ≤ 75

1+1 Radio Terminal ≤ 105

Environmental conditions

Environmental Conditions Range

Operational range for IDU -5° C +50° C

Operational humidity for IDU up to 95% not condensing

Protection Class for ODU IP65

Wind load 200 km/h

Surge and lightning protection according to ETSI EN 301 489


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Frequently requested standards compliances (Note1)

EN 300 132-2 Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications equipment

EN 300 019 Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment (Operation: class 3.2 for IDU and class 4.1 for ODU; storage: class 1.2; transport: class 2.3)

EN 301 390 Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-point and Point-to-Multipoint Systems; Spurious

emissions and receiver immunity at equipment/antenna port of Digital Fixed Radio

System

EN 302 217 Characteristics and requirements for point-to-point equipment and antenna

EN 301 489 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services

EN 60950 Information Technology Equipment – Safety

ITU-R ITU Recommendations for all frequency bands

ITU-R F.1191 Bandwidths and unwanted emissions of digital fixed service systems

CEPT CEPT Recommendations for all frequency bands

IEEE 802 802.1ag (Connectivity Fault Management), 802.1p (QoS), 802.1Q (VLAN), 802.1W

(RSTP), 802.3ad-2008 (link aggregation), 802.3i (10BASE-T), 802.3u (100BASE-TX/FX),

802.3x (Flow control), 802.3ab (1000 BASE-T), 802.3z (1000BASE LX/SX)

IEEE 1588-2008 Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems

ITU-T 1731 Ethernet OAM fault management

ITU-T G.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical levels

ITU-T G704 Characteristics of 1544 and 2048 Kbit/s hierarchical levels

ITU-T G.742 Second order digital multiplex equipment operating at 8449 Kbit/s and using positive

justification

ITU-T G.783 Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment digital block

ITU-T G.823 The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 2048

Kbit/s hierarchy

ITU-T G.825 The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the

synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

ITU-T G.957 Optical Interfaces for equipment and system relating to the synchronous digital

hierarchy

ITU-T G.8261 Timing and Synchronization Aspects in Packet Networks

ITU-T G.8262 Characteristics of synchronous Ethernet Equipment slave Clock

ITU-T G.8264 Distribution of timing through packet networks

Note1: where applicable


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APPENDIX 1: Radio Performances

Output Power (dBm) at point C’ 1

Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) at BER 10-6 at point C

(1+0 conf., 28 MHz BW, FR filter losses included)

4 GHz 6L/6U GHz 7/8 GHz 10/11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 25 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz 42 GHz

4 QAM -89,5 -89,5 -89,5 -89 -89 -89 -88,5 -88,5 -88 -81 -86 -86,5 -85,5

8 QAM -82,5 -82,5 -82,5 -82 -82 -82 -81,5 -81,5 -81 -80,5 -79 -79,5 -78,5

16 QAM -81 -81 -81 -80,5 -80,5 -80.5 -80 -80 -79,5 -79 -77,5 -78 -77

32 QAM -77,5 -77,5 -77,5 -77 -77 -77 -76,5 -76,5 -76 -75,5 -74 -74,5 -73,5

64 QAM -75,5 -75,5 -75,5 -75 -75 -75 -74,5 -74,5 -74 -73,5 -72 -72 -71,5

128 QAM -73,5 -73,5 -73,5 -73 -73 -73 -72,5 -72,5 -72 -71,5 -70 -70,5 -69

256 QAM -70,5 -70,5 -70,5 -70 -70 -70 -69,5 -69,5 -69 -68,5 -67 -67,5 -66,5

1 Typical values

4 GHz 6L/6U GHz 7/8 GHz 10/11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 25 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz 42 GHz

4 QAM +28 +29 +29 +28 +28 +28 +23 +23 +22 +21 +20 +19 +17

8 QAM +28 +29 +29 +28 +28 +28 +23 +23 +22 +21 +20 +19 +17

16 QAM +25 +26 +26 +25 +25 +25 +21 +21 +20 +19 +18 +17 +15

32 QAM +25 +26 +26 +25 +25 +25 +21 +21 +20 +19 +18 +17 +15

64 QAM +24 +25 +25 +24 +24 +24 +19 +19 +18 +17 +16 +15 +13

128 QAM +24 +25 +25 +24 +24 +24 +19 +19 +18 +17 +16 +15 +13

256 QAM +23 +24 +24 +23 +23 +23 +18 +18 +17 +16 +15 +14 +12


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APPENDIX 2: Adaptive Modulation details In order to better understand how Adaptive Modulation operates, we should recall some information from

signals theory:

BER) specified(at density spectral bit/Noiseper Energy 0

figure noiseReceiver

rateBit

10BERat field Received

0)(10114

3

3

3

3

10

3

10

10

1010

N

Eb

NF

Br

Ps

N

EbNFBrLOGPs

-

We can discover that minimum received signal, able to guarantee certain performances (BER), depends on some

fixed figures, such as required bit rate (Br) and demodulator implementation

If a receiver is working at such a level that cannot allow the required quality, alternative methods can be

implemented.

Increasing TX power on remote terminal. This can obviously be done, if transmitter is not jet emitting its

maximum power.

Reducing user bit rate

Changing modulation scheme and FEC redundancy

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA implementation does all the above with its ALCplus2/ALCplus2e IDUs .

In addition, SIAE MICROELETTRONICA maintains channel width constant, with no effect on other links, without

any need to reconfigure the entire network.


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APPENDIX 3: Ethernet Benchmark parameters. All parameters are measured according to RFC2544 - Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Dev.

SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Native ETH solutions optimize Ethernet frames transport over Radio Frame. This

approach makes ETH parameters dependant on Ethernet Frame Size.

Latency According to paragraph 26.2 of RFC2544, objective of this test is:

To determine the latency as defined in RFC 1242.

Latency is capacity dependent, therefore in the following tables different latency parameters will be specified for

each configuration.Please note that, according to RFC2544, the latency is measured Last In First Out (LIFO). The

effective link delay will be this value plus packet transfer time over physical ETH interfaces.

ALplus2 implements 8 ACM profiles with all Channel BW. Please refer to “Adaptive Modulation” paragraph for

ACM details.

Typical Latency [ms]

64 bytes MTU Modulation

Channel width (MHz) 4QAM Strong

4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

7 1.042 0.844 0.627 0.477 0.401 0.477 0.52 0.507

14 0.954 0.8 0.575 0.418 0.345 0.439 0.458 0.444

28 0.475 0.406 0.274 0.214 0.176 0.227 0.237 0.231

56 0.241 0.207 0.14 0.112 0.094 0.125 0.126 0.121





7 1.522 1.233 0.913 0.67 0.573 0.607 0.642 0.608

14 1.186 0.995 0.719 0.518 0.428 0.51 0.523 0.499

28 0.595 0.508 0.347 0.271 0.224 0.265 0.272 0.265

56 0.304 0.261 0.181 0.144 0.122 0.152 0.147 0.14

http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1242.html


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7 2.09 1.693 1.229 0.895 0.756 0.768 0.774 0.726

14 1.462 1.226 0.882 0.639 0.518 0.59 0.594 0.557

28 0.735 0.628 0.426 0.334 0.276 0.311 0.312 0.298

56 0.377 0.324 0.226 0.179 0.154 0.178 0.172 0.162





7 2,609 2,113 1,541 1,115 0,938 0,908 0,914 0,845

14 1,715 1,439 1,044 0,757 0,618 0,669 0,663 0,623

28 0,867 0,74 0,508 0,395 0,326 0,356 0,351 0,333

56 0,447 0,384 0,27 0,214 0,185 0,205 0,196 0,183





7 11.684 9.465 6.974 4.755 4.214 3.35 3.222 2.761

14 6.104 5.12 3.557 2.634 2.176 2.02 1.907 1.656

28 3.136 2.677 1.881 1.483 1.235 1.067 1.003 0.982

56 1.651 1.418 1.052 0.83 0.697 0.71 0.601 0.549


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Throughput Throughput is defined according to paragraph 26.1 of RFC2544.

This Annex is dedicated to show the throughput in different scenarios and the related compressor efficiency

according to the different traffic transported protocols.

SCENARIO 1: The tables show the benefit of Header Compression in a scenario where traffic is transported

using the following protocol stack: C-TAG + S-TAG with IPv4 traffic in UDP sessions.

In this case Header Compressor works as “not fully loaded” or in a “relaxed environment” using only a single layer

compressing process. Please note that effective throughput always depends also on MTU size.

Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 641/72 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]

Channel width 4QAM

Strong


7 MHz 18 22 30 43 51 64 72 84

14 MHz 36 43 59 84 105 125 146 171

28 MHz 71 84 125 166 208 249 290 340

56 MHz 143 166 248 331 403 480 572 682

Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 128 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]

Channel width 4QAM Strong


7 MHz 13 16 23 32 38 47 53 63

14 MHz 26 32 44 62 78 93 108 127

28 MHz 53 62 93 123 154 185 215 252

56 MHz 106 123 184 245 299 356 424 505




7 MHz 10 12 17 24 28 35 40 47

14 MHz 19 23 32 45 56 67 78 92

28 MHz 38 45 67 89 112 134 156 183

56 MHz 77 89 134 178 217 258 308 366

1 Typical payload size has been enlarged in order to handle the chosen header protocol stack


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7 MHz 9 11 16 22 26 33 37 44

14 MHz 18 22 30 43 53 64 74 87

28 MHz 36 43 63 84 105 126 147 173

56 MHz 73 84 126 168 205 243 290 346

SCENARIO 2: The throughput is calculated in a typical VOIP scenario. Traffic is generated in a eNodeB using C-

TAG, S-TAG, MPLS, IPv4, GTP layers and then encapsulating VOIP shot packets in IPv6(with UDP and RTP) .

Max Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 1281/136 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]


4QAM 8QAM

16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

7 MHz 25 30 41 59 73 87 101 119

14 MHz 49 59 83 117 146 175 203 238

28 MHz 100 117 174 231 290 347 404 474

56 MHz 199 232 346 461 562 669 798 950

SCENARIO 3: Throughput with Header compression and optimizations not activated: traffic is considered as a

pure stream of bits.

Pure radio channel Throughput [Mbit/s]


4QAM 8QAM

16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

7 MHz 9 11 17 21 26 31 36 43

14 MHz 17 21 33 42 52 62 72 85

28 MHz 35 42 66 83 104 124 145 170

40 MHz 50 60 87 118 141 175 206 240

56 MHz 71 83 132 165 202 240 286 341

1 Typical payload size has been enlarged in order to handle the chosen header protocol stack


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Switching capabilities

IDU type Mac table size

ALCplus2e 8192


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SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A., Via Michelangelo Buonarroti, 21, Cologno Monzese (Mi), Italy

b.alcplus2e.1.03-11

Documents

iduodu compatibility

als series microwave

data subject

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idus application range

odus application range

product range

nms common platform