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. , Oiigin of Chess

A popular theory here in India is that chess was invented in India by Mandodariwife of KingRavana. So we.can presume that the game is 5000 ygars old.

- Since the late eighieenth centur! the popularity of chess has increjased drarnatically, especiallywith the introduction matches and tournaments.

Chess Men

The game of chess is war fought between two players with two players with a set of chessmeny each on a square board call'ed "chessboard".

One player plays with a set of white and the other with Black pieces. The rule stipulates thatplayer with white pieces to start the game.

Object of the Game

Chess is war and in any war thelprime object is to capture the King.

. Therefore object of chess is to "Checkmate the opposite King". The "Checkmate" is- described as the position when King cannot escape the capture on being attacked by enemy

chessmen. The side that declares 'Check and Mate'wins the garne.

Placement of Ghess board:

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. . White square on Right hand Corner

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Chess Men

Black

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player.of the player.

chesspieces @.'*" * Weueen W H** E S"Bi:ir1o,r2

A @, n*o, a Aro*n AWhite

King 1

Queen 1

Rook z

Bishop z

Knight z

Pawn I

Total 16

Arrangement of Chess pieces

1' The pieces are set up in the first row of squares each side of ttre2' The pawns are setup in the second row of squares on each side3 Each of the Rook wil l occupy the corner square.

4 Each of the Knight will occupy the square next to the Rook.5 Each of the Bishop will occupy the square next to the knight.

6 The white queen will occupy the white and Black queen wiil occupy the Brack s(iij;rf i:.

*h,L:'"n will stand on reverse color at start of the ganre.white King on Brack and Bliir.ri i(ing on

8 The pawns are praced on the 2 nd row of square in front of pieces.

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ROOK MOVEMENT

ROOK wilt move only in a straight line either

Diagram shows the movement of ROOK'

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HorizontallY or VerticallY '

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White Rook on e4

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BISHOP MOVEMENT

You can move Bishop up and down diagonaily as rong as i t has crear path.

With both Bishops, o chess ployer con gel to otl the squqres of the chessboord

Below diagram shows the movement of Bishop.

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CAPTURE WITH BISHOP

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\-- In below diagram BISHOP can capture ROOK.

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QUEEN MOVEMNT

eueen is what you get when you put ROOK and BISHOP in blender and mix the iogether.

Queen is like a super power that moves like ROOK and Bishop conibine.

Below diagram shows the queen movement.

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CAPTURE WITH QUEEN

In the below diagram some of the eueen capture rook on a7

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Knight Movement

Knight are the only pieces

Below diagram shows the

BISHOP on D2 and BISHOp on

Jump over the pieces.Knight rnoves in L shape.

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knight movement.

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Qapture with Knight

lh below diagram KniEht on d5 can capture al l eight pawns.

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Pawn

l) Every one of tlre l6 Par,vns can move one or two Squares forward tlre first time they are

tnoved.

After this, the Pau'us can lllove only one squafe at tlte tinte'

Patvus can onlY rnove forrvard

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Pawn caPture

Pawns can caPture in onlY one wayshows the Pawn capture

.On the square diagonally ahead of them. Below diagram

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KING MOVEMENT

A King is bosicolly l ike o rnini Queen: it con move in ony direclion but only one squore ol

o l ime. {Highlight the squores oround both the Kings}

King con copture the opposing chessmen in the scme woy os it moves.

Below diagram shows the King Movement.

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Chess Notation

lna lgeb ra i cNo ta t i on i sd i v ided in toRankandF i l es .T t reRanksonHor igon ta | squaresa relabeled 1 to B 'The V"'tC"f squares are labeled a to h'

Pieces are identified by a single capitalletter

K - King

Q - Queen

R - Rook

B - BishoP

N - Knight

what if pawn moves? pawn need not hav identifier. rf no pieces are prefixed it is assumed as

Pawn movemdnt'

ln the diagram below the Pawn has moved lo e|so this is simply written e4'

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captures are indicated with an x between the piece identifier and square where the captureff:J:lT*ff"n

rhe Bishop "rp*r"r;re Rook in trru Ji.gram oerowon the reft it wi, be

when a Pawn captures.a piece, instead of using a piece jdentif ieryou usethe fi le;HTliJ,,.:ll?.or*.'' ro.itio-rio.ffi *re captrire T[u pu*n capture on the risht wourd

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Occasionally identical pieces can move to the same square. To distinguish between them

include either the file identifier of the piece that is moving if the ambiguous pieces lie on the

same rank, or the rank identifier if they lie on the same file. For example, both rooks can move

to the square b5 in the diagram oh the left so Rb5 would be ambiguous. ln order to dist inguish

the Rook on b2 from the Rook on b7 the notation should include the rank identifier of the b2

Rook as in R2b5.

Pawn's special Power - Promotion

When a pawn reaches the end o the chess board, it can transform itself to Queen ,Rook,

Bishop or Knight of same color. ln vast majority of cases it wil l be promoted as Queen as it is

most powerfr-tl piece on the chess board

Relative Value of the Chessfdlen

Queen = 9 Pawns

Rook = 5 pawns

Bishop = 3 Pawns

Knight = 3 Pawns

Exchange of P ieces.

T6eexchange inchess re fe rs toas i tua t i on inwh ichonep laye r losesamino rp iece ( i . e a

bishop or kniqht) but captures the opponent's Look. The side which wins the rook is said to nave

$ won the exchange, while the other player has ios/ the exchange, since the rook is usually moreI valuable. Alternatively, the side that has won the rook is up the exchange, and ttre other player

is down the exchange The opposing captures often happen on consecutive moves' although

this is not str ict ly necessary. l t is general ly detrimental to lose the exchange' although

occasionally one may find reason to purposely do so: the result is an exchanqe sacriftce (see

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Check.

I t is not ol lowed to moke Q move. such lhof ones king is in check ofter the moi,r.. , j , ,:i?,"ffitjientlv

tries to moke such o move. he must ioke the move bock cri,, : ; : ,

l\/he' a player is in check' and he catnof 'rake a nrove such trrat after the '1ove, the king is rL rrl-,?Tii;l[: n' is matei'rr'" piuv",',iu, i, n.'o,rJlor,,i. *u,,,,., and rrre prayer rhar r; .,,, , j , :

IRote t'at t^ere are three differe'r. possibrc *,ays to rer.rove a crreck:i , Move the ki rz t"l.ln" piJ.%:il"lt f.l il:T,:":i.ere

he is not in check

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Check Mate

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r iln cqse of o check, given by o rook, bishop or queen: ! move o piece between

ine cnecfing Piece ond lhe king'

Check Mate ExamPle'

StalemateWhen o ployer connot moke ony legol move, bul he is not in clreck' ihen the ployer is

s o j d t o b e s f o l e m o f e d . | n o c o s e o f o s t o l e m o t e , t h e g o m e i s o d r o w

When blcck must move, lhe gonre is o stolemote

Res ign and draw ProPosa ls

A ptayer can r.esign the game, rvhich means that he has lost and his opponent has q'on'

AfteL maki.g i:] ln.ve, a player can propose a dratr': his opponent catr accept the llroposal (in

vi4iich case [lie gun1. .ni, and is a draw) or refuse tlic llroposal (in wlrich case the gattre

cont inues)

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Repetition of moves

re is repeated three tirnes in the game, the playerake a certain castling nlove i, IoliUy one of theconsidered to be different. For ttre -fine

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one case rvhere the repetition of ntove occurs is wher a player continues to give check foreve50 moves rules

If there are have bee'50 consecutive moves of rvhite and of brack rlritrrout

" orlY piece ioken. qny pqwn mOve

t I t enap laye rcanc |a imadra t t , .Fo r [he f i nepo in tso f t l r i s ru |e , see th .@

Touching pieces

whe' a player touches one of his. orr,,n pieoes, he rnus[, if possibre, marce apiece. wtre^ a ptayer roucties u pi"". oirr," ";,i;",,;;;'i,; ;;;,, if possible,

En Passent

P?ylr capture opponent,s pieradditional way that pawns are i

le move immediately after your r

legal move with thistake this piece.

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-------Castling - -.r ̂nnnot hove moved of ollso

lBoththes0sin,il::"#-Jli-'.ff::I'.I':'fi:':3il':Li;ii'[l]'i^ih"ti"t' ' ior in tne gome (rrieonttu rr ru' "

row)' - ..+ be no other pieces btocking the poth

Z. tneie musi be no orr rsr v'v- r i t ioied, nor con he end up tn

n check when the move is in

e is completed. -^ *-nr ore under oitock by their

ve through ony squoreS ll-lu t \Jru v' -

^, ^^,,o moved of oil so

l:*'ffin':li'ff '::.i?? Ifiii:'ililIl !i I'u*' ns in t h e rir st

row)' .rst be nb otn.r r,";, t rotring ihe p'oth in between ihe KJng ond the

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Why We Castle

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While you don't olwoys need o reoson to Costle, there ore cerfoin instonceswhen it con provide you with o distinct strotegic odvontoge. Here ore o fewsituotions in which you mighl wont to Cqsfle:

lf on opponenl is closing in on your Kinq {but doesn,f hove it in ,,check,,yet),costling cqn be c greot woy to mo've your Kinq out of donger ond into o cornerwhere it is more eosily prolected.

2. Costling con help get your Rook out of the corner ond give it more freedom lomove.

Check Mote in One Move.:,

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White io move ond checkmote in one move

White to move ond checkmote in one move

White to move ond checkmote in one move

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White lo move ond checkmote in one move

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Checkmate in *ne R{ove

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\,t'hite lo move Mate in I !

' \r/hite [o move M,:te in 1l

Copyright O 2003 - 2004 Know Chess!

c d e l g hWhite to move Mate in' l !

Checlnnate in One Move (Beginner)

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c d e t\,Vhite to move. Mate in 1l

White to moi e. Mste in I !

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WhlteIo move ond Eheckmote in one move

White !o move ond checkmoie in one nrove

U/hite to rnove ond checkmcrt-e in one move

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Rules of Chess - Frequent Asked euestionsIhis is o storting collection of questions lhot people hove qsked me obout the rules ofchess, qnd their onswers. See olso:

If I ha'e only a ki^g reft, rrow many moves does my opponent have to mate me?T h e s h o r t o n s w e r i s : 5 0 . T h e r u l e h o s o f e w d e t o i l s , o n d .

Can kings check otirer kinfs?No' A king moy not move to o squore next to onofher king, becouse then this movewourd pur the king thot rnoves orso inro check, which is i i legor.

It is possible to niake a move with a king such that the other-king is checked (or even mated):suppose that whites king is between u'hites rook and btacksking-;;;;;il;; ttn.n

the kingmo\/es au'ay from the line, he discltses the check by the rook. lllt .dd u Ji;;ranr in the furure.)

Can queens castle?No. Queens connol cosfle.

Can you tell me if there is such a rule as king,s facing in chess (where lroth liings are liner,r'ifh each other)? Is this iltegal?Kings moy foce eoch olher. whot is not ol lowed for king's is lo be of odjocent posit ions(see obove): moving o king next to onother king meons to move fhe king into check,bui it is perfectly legol for kings to be of the scrne row or colurnn wifh no piecesbetween lhem.

confusion may have arisen frorn a rule ol 'Xiangqi - chinese chess. In t l iat game, ther.e indeed isa rule which disal lows kings to .sce each other,,

Can a l<ing nroved fo square t 'at is attacked by a ' inned piece?on fhe chessboord, ihere is the foltowing situotion one ployer.soy whife, hos o knight,fhof is

'pinned'by o bisho p of the opponent, i.e., t!'re knightis befween fhe b/ockbishop ond fhe white king, so if the knight woutd move, rhen lhe king is c/recked. Is infhis situo/io n brack ctilowed to move fo o square of/ocked by the knight?

s\o, such o move is nor oi lowed. The king wourd be on o square, otiocked by o piece ofi ts opponent' ihot lhis ottocking piece would put i ts own king in check when it wouldtoke the king is not importont here - whot motlers is rhot i t cqn rnove to the squore withthe king on it .

Rules of Chess: pown FAe.

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The rogics behind the rule is that the white knight could take the black king, and white would

take the black king *'fi"t than black could take the white king'

[ntheexample, theblackkir . rgmaynotmovetob5(theSquarernarkedrvi tharedcirc le) ,evett*t,ii" tt* *i ir" tnign' that atiacks that square is pinned'

Canak i t rg rnor ,e toasquare tha t isa t tackedor l l ybyap iece tha twher r tnovedrvou ldput l r i s

orvn king in check?

N o ' A k i n g m o y n e v e r m o v e t o o s q u o r e i h o t i s a t l o c k e d b y o p i e c e o f t h e o p p o n e n l ;

rego rd lesswhe the r th i sp iece i s .p inned . (wou tdcousecheck to i i sownk ing )whenmoved or not. Such o move would st i l l be regorded os moving the king into check'

See the exatnllle to the previous questiott'

Must t caPture when I can?

No .Cop tu re i sno iob l i go to ry inchess . (The re i sonecosewhereonemus tcop iu re :Whenyourk ing i s incheckond theon |yposs ib i | i t y to l i f t t hecheck i s tocop tu re . l no | |other coses, t l-re ployer con decide whether or not io copture')

Can l<ings stancl near each other?

No 'Mov ingok ing toopos i i i onod jocen t |o thek ingo f theopponen | iScons ide redmoving ones f ing-into check' cnd hence not ol lowed'

If t lrave lost everything except tlre l(irrg, ltow trrany trror,e I lrave before chess rrrate, to tnake

i#'^;;r"r of moves is 50, i.e., 50 moves for white ond 50 moves for brock' rf there

hove been (ci leost) 50 consecutive moves in which neither of the ployers hos moved o

pown ,ond inwh ich ,nop tece r ' osoeen loken thenop toye rconc lo imodrowwhen i i i sh i s tu rn iomove .Theru teo l soopp l i eswhenbo thp |oye rshoveo the rp iecesbes ides

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llSXiJfl;tJ;Ill" the opponent hos q pown, the counr srorrs osoin wherr ii( i .i:

Can a king castle after having been in checkcon o ployer cosf/e if his king wos checke d earrier in the game? (whenfhe p/q.ri,g-., 1.,,,.,,,checked' he responded by placing anotherp'ece befween his Kng ond,tt,opponenfs oftacking piece" he did not move thp king.) puf onother weydoi..s r.tt>tri<;checked outomoticory disquorif y o ployer from costing tater in the gome? .,/.r,.1,;1"1r,iru,_the king hos nol moved.the opposingpiece wos simptyb/ocked oyZnotner.pr*c:e"i

Can a l(ing attack n hen he is in check or.lnusf

:,:.:t".T;ii,l'i;jll -ing can attack rvlren he is in check. The onty condirion is rtrat he is 'or irr

lf I arn in check can I capture theback in checlc?

Yes. Consider thefollowing simple situof ion :

piece that has me in check as long as I clon,t put m;, sglf

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In this example, the black king is in check, but not mated as he can take the queen' and the queen

is not defended.

Is it true that at the very first move of the gante, you are allowed to switch or castle your king

and queen?

No. There is no such move in the stondord rules of chess'

Is a pawn aLlowed to make a non-capturing rnove wlten he could capfure

someone soid thof o pown connof poss o Kll.lf the pCIwn con kill, it connot iust move

oheadone spoce. ls thof true?

No, that is not true. This perSon may be confused with the rules of clteckers: there is no

;tli;;;;.y capture in cheis (except when takir-rg is the o*ly possibte way to escape cleck): when

;h" ;q;; ahead of the par.vn is ernpty, the pawu ffisy 6ou. to that square' even rvhen the pawn

could instead make a eaPture'

If one rnoves a parvn to the other sic{e of the board while having already a queen on the

boarcl, can olle get a second queen?

y e s . l n t h i s w o y , o n e c o n g e t t w o , o r e v e n m o r e q u e e n s . l ' v e s e e n g o m e s p l o y e d b y

young ployers ot ihe locol chess club where o ployer hod three queens (by two pown

promot ions) '

I s i t l ega l to take t l rep iece to rv l r i chapawn isp ron ro ted i r r t l r enex tmo t re

suppose o pown is promoted to some p lece, e .g. ,o queen' The quest ion is : is i t legol for

the opponent to ioke thot piece in the very f irst move ofier the promotion?

'fhe answet' is: 5's,, Tlto prornotecl piece oan be taken'iust as an)'ot l ier piece'

I lt,as told that a pawn cannot take a kirrg. Is tl.ris trtre?

No, this is not lrue' Kings con be ottocked by ony piece' including powns'

A confusiort lnay lravearisen r'vitli the folloq'in

r,r,here it is attacked by an enemy piece' When t

must undo the niove anci make a legal move in:

but this is tlie rule for normal chess games') Bu

betweett pawlls and other types of pieces'

ls it allowed to castle rvhich a rook that is attacked or goes tltrough check?

tVhile costl ing (on the queen side) .ccn I cosi le i f rny rook posses through check' I 'm

il ; ; tr; ; ; 'oing 1'ot the king moy not cosi le out of , (through),or inio check' I know ihe

rules ol lwcys specify.the king connoi poss through check,but cqn the rook poss

through.

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The rook cqn poss check, or better worded, through on ottocked squore. 1.e., when otlcondiiions thaf ollow costling ore met (rook ond king hcive not moved, squoresbetween rookond kihg ore empty, king does not costle from, through, or to check),then costling

-n ollowed, ond it is of no imporlonce whelher the rook is ottocked or goes

vio crn ottocked squore-

So, when white castles long, a black attack to a I or to b I does not make that castling is no longerallowed.

ln the diagrarn above: supllose r.r,liite king and rooks have never rnoved. Casttilg long is legal foru,hite, but in fact the worst rnove he can make!

I)oes a player rvin whenTodoy lployed ogornemy side of the boord. /s

his king reaches the opponerits side of the boaid?with my friend ond he sCIid he won when he rnoyed hrs kino folhis o reo/ rule or o f oke rule?

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Ihis rule is foke. There is no rule thol lells thot o ployer con winsome posit ion.

by moving his king to

A game of chess iswon by rnating the king<lf the opponent. You can also win i f youroppopenrresigns the gatne, orwhen usingchess clocks, on t inre, or in an off icial match wit lr an uibit"r,tvheu the arbiter declares you l'.ave lost (e.g., because you refuse to oornply with the rules.)

Cau a bishop rnove lrorizontal ly?Ihe computer gome progrom lhove o//ows o bishop lo move horizontoily. /s fhol legotor on error of this progrom?

Ihis is indeed on eror of your progrom. Bishops only con go diogonolly.

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I accidentLy left my king in check Wn-at now?

I moveon intervening piece thot wqs protecting mY king ond inodvertontly exposed

iV ping fo the opponents gueen or rook or bishop'

The opponent did not point out my king's vulnerablilily at the time but moved' when it was his

turn, to take mY king'

Did I lose the game? What taas the opponent's responsiblity, if any? Is there a prope r etiquette

for this siluation?

you did not lose the gome. when o ployer mokes on i l legol move' ond this is noted' the

move must be undone, qnd the ployer must moke onother move' Ihe touched piece

rule opplies however. So, e.g.;if ii is possible to moke o move with fhe intervening piece

lhot does not leof your king in check, then such o move must be mode' lf ihot is not

possible, just onolher move must be mode'

rl speed play rules are used; this uses chess

yer for the entire game' [n that case, your

:gaI rnove. Taking the king is illegal under the

A simPle exatnPle:

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Suppose $4rite rnoves his queen to c5, wltere he thinks he can mate the black king' Ilo'uvever' as

this exposes his king to the black rook on a6, the tnove is i l legal ' Thus' he may not play t l r is

t19Vo, and rnust play another move. As he has already touched the queen' he must make a qlleell

"fl""'i?'p"ilili ;; he must play Qa7 x a6, taking the rook with his queen' while l.re ttor* sees

that taking the rook with the uirt op is a nluch betier move, he may not do so: lte is forced to

rnake the only possibte legal move with his queeri'

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ls it allowed in the first move to move two pawns one square?No. The first move of o pown con be two squores, so while one is sometimes ollowed iomove one pown two squores. one never moy move in one turn two powns both onesquore. The only woy to rnove two of ones pieces of the same tirne is cosfling.

Moving from a checked position to another checked positionPlaying chess with o ffiend,lput his Kng in check with my rook. He then moved hrb rKhg,once to the right ond coptured my pawn however, he did not reolize that in mo?ngthqf move, he wos vulneroble to mY queen, so lcoptured hrs Krng. Now, onofh er friendfhot wos wotching soid fhof he could nol rnoke thqt move becouse he puf hh King lncheck and thot is not ollowed.l thoughf ond still think, that if t put him rn check ond hemokes a move fhof doesn't take him out of check. then I con copture hrs King. lolwoysthought that the ruling involving a Kng being rn check wos lhof if o Kingis NOIincheck he connof mqke o move to put hrmse/f in check. however, if he is rn check ondmokes o rnove fhol keeps himin check, then lcon copiure.

Your friend wos righf. Chess is nol won by copturing kings but by rnoting the opponent.lf o ployer mokes on i l legolmove, i.e., one thot pufs his king in check, he must mokeonother move, regordless if he wos in check or not. (The 'touched

piece'rule opplieshere too!)

Of course, vl'hetl a player is in check, and allmoves lead to a position where he stil l is in chok,tltert lie is tnated' so he lost; attd when a player is not in check but all nloves lead to a positionrvhere he is in check, he is stalernated and thc ganre is a drarv,

Does it rleall that 1'ou lose the game rvherr 1,ou accidenfly [<nock dow. 1,our king?I recenfly ployed in o high school duolmeet. My opponenf wos beatingme ond duringmy turn he knocked over hrs klng by mistoke. \4/e sfopped the ciocks ond fhe gqmeond osked our cooches if fhrs rneons he resigns becouse t would occepf ihereslgnofion. His cooch soid ro keep ploying os rf it never hoppened. My opponenteveniuolly beof me, olthough /soid ihof i occepf his misfoke resignoflon. My question isctid lor he win the game??

I ogree wilh the cooch of your opponenl. Knocking down o king by occident while notintending 1o resign does nof rneon one loses the gome. For instonce, when o ptqyerreoches to get q cup of leo ond when doing so, occidenfly knocks down his king, thisdoes not meon he resigns, ond lhe gome should jusi continue os i f nolhing hoppened.

\\/hen a playcr knocl<s dou'n his king intending to resign ancl after.u,arcls see t6at his posit ion isttot bad attd r'r'artts to continue hou,ever, then it is roo lite: he signilied to resign unJ lnut is it.

So, indeed, the opponent did r,i,in the garue.

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'll. ,wos down to mY king ond he hod o

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Youwerer ight 'Suchaposi t ion isprec ise lywlrat isca l ledasta lemate:draw.

Whs starts first in chess? How do we decide' who has the first rnove?

The ptoyer with the white pieces storts first'

In a tournament, the tournarnent directors decide this: it is alr.r'ays the player mentioned f,rrst that

soss first (and nenie or"i" *1-9)' so' iitttt list of games to play says: Anna - Bob' ttren Anua

rras ndrite "*a

g"", i,iri;;J 8"6 ptavs brack and goes second'

ln other case, often one of the players takes two parvns:,a rvtrite otte and a black one' [n eachof

'is .auds, 'e has ",* "rir-l.

p*,n, oirrio;;;, -;; the other ptays picks ra*ciomly a ha.d' and

;i;;t;iltl trte cnro' oi'l 't po'u''' in the hand he has cltosett'

6

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CheckMatc With Tt'o Rooks

Checkrnating rvith trvo Rooks is verl' similar to checkrnating u'i{lt the Queen and Rook'

However, it rnay ,.k";'l i;;]""*"rfo .tt..t,n"utt o'ith t'e tivo Rooks because the King is able to

arrack rhenr more ,h"ri; ';;; .i i"".r tr',c Q'ee,r. Tlris is the position you should be aiming for to

checkmate tlre enem,v King with tn'o Rooks:

T h e R o o k c o t l l ] r t e s t h e K i n g r o t l r e e t l g e o | ' l l r e b o a r c l a n d l h e o t h e r l i o o k c l e l i v e r s c h e c k t l a t e '

I

1

6

I -et 's nut thc King in t l rc r l iddle of the boat 'c l ' 5

' ' l e driven to the edge 4The King l l lust now Di

before checkmate catt be delivered':l

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Pract ise checktnat iug n, i thare conf ider i t ot- del iver. ing

Check Mote Wi th eueen

trvo l (ool<s against a Kins rvi t l ic l rccklr iarc i rr t l i is ! \ ,a\ , .

a l i iend or cl iess contputer unti l you

a King andQueen

v $ 9

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1-lre king artclqueet l vs. k irrg checkrnate is one ol ' thc nrost basic enclgart les in chcss' Knou' ledgc

of t ' is ancl other , ,overki l l , , errdgaures is crucial to i lnprovir tg ) 'our clress, Af ler al l ' i t isr l ' t e l iough

to gai l t a u, iurr i lg por i t iOn -- yo| ' , , ,eecl to be able to cl tecknrate yottr oppottert t 's k ir tg '

From the l tosi t ion above- wlr i te 's f i rst step shor-r lc l beto l i rni t t l ie I l lack king's area ofnlovetrtc l t t

The queen is ideal at seat ing t l re king into a smal l area'

\ \ rhi te can begin to l imir Black's king by plavirrg t ' Qe5'

Limit the King's MobilitY

3J

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Black to nrove af ler. t . ec5

out[:l;u'"* is nou'boxed irt' and u'il l ne'ze'ach'ance ro (o' ber,o'cj) rhe mar.kr:d srluares in rrrc

T'his i l l t rst .ates an ir 'por1ai l r poirr : i t is not alrr .a1,5 best to check the e'ern-v ki l rg. l t is ol ierr be.sti;,,fi[T,::flr:ut

t<irig arrd lirriit ;ir ,rtr''i,,,.nr R.,,,.,,rr*,]il,oi'.r,.ckniare is rrre goar. ,or sirnDr\

rtll;[::tl,T:ff,i,filiJT,llil; i;,,t;'t is as good as a,,v. uorv ca,r wrrite conrinue ro nrakc

frurthel" Lirnit the Enerny King

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Black to not'e aftet' 2 Qf6

With 2. Qf6. \ \ ih i te cont i t t l tes to l inr i t the IJ lack kirrg 's Inovemerl ts '

\ \ i h i t c ' s r r e x t t c u ' i r l o v e s r v i l l c c l n t i n u e t o l o l l o r v t l t i s s a t t l e s t r a t e g ) ' ' B l a c k w i l l a t t e m p t t o s t a yarva1, f ' r '6r i r the edges o{ ' the board for as long as possible.rvi t l t .nroves st lch as 2' " ' Kc7' l - l re

chase rniglr t cont inue *ui in: . Qe6 Kb7 4. Qi6, af tet ' rv lr ich Blacl i rr tust give up grottncl '

Push the King to an Edge

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€r,Black t0 Inove af ter4. ec i6

BIack,s k ing rv i l l no\y have to r l . love to e i ther lheaccomplished a nrajor goaJ by O.ivi,,g',l.r.,nfu.t

For^ our exanrple, Black rvi l i ;r lar,4. . . . I{cg.

;;?:J l':.,-;i :il1i.,;jllr,case \\/l i,cIras

Piace tlre erreen oxr the Seconcl Line

$

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Black to rnoYe at ier 5 ' Qe?

o t r c c t h e e l l e l l . ] . \ , k r r r g h a s l r e e n p r ' r s l i e c i t o a l l e c l g e . i t ' s i n r p I t a l t t t 0 m l k e s t t r e h eaccottrpl ish this b1'p#;; ; ; ; [ ; ; ; " on the "sJco"c] l ine' - t ] te rank or f i le next

*utt i . f t ih. .n"n.tu king is trapped-

F o t i n s t a n c e , i r i t l i i s ^ e x a r n l i l e , t h e l ] l a c k k i r r g l i a s b c e t t f o r c e c ] , t o t l r e s t h r a r l k . o n o r c l e r t o e n S t l r ethe king st i rys put. wlr i te correct lv moves r. l l q, ," t r^," lhe Tt l i r t r t tk b1'playing s ' Qe?' l l lack's

l<ing is rtorv reclttcecl to slrtiffl irrg Letu'eett c8' b8 and a6'

Use the l(ing

sta) 's there. We

to the one on

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Black to move after 7. Kc5

The cl treen cannot checkntate an enenr\ / k ing b1' l rcrsel f . ]nsteacr. the kin,s and queen lnusr *,orktogether to f in ish rhe game.

At this point, there's no need l .or White to trove tB, lack ! ing. lnstead, he,can br ing l r is k ing closer iI t is k ing back and forth n, i th,r . ,ou,, , t i le 5. . . . XUtlrosi t ion diagramnred above. Black,s onl1, legal ru

Preparing the Checkmate

3b

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A rnate in one for White

I lefore cxccut ing Llre chcckrnatc. t l te s(rotrgcr sic le shr:r tr lc l move their k ing to the third l i r rc -- t l tat

is, tu,o ranks ot f i les tru,4l , f ronl the eneln}. l i i r rg -- aS neal. the enctny king a.* possible. \ \ i l tet l

c l reckrrrat ing rvi th a kir ig atrd t l t teetr , ha' ing the'kings direct l l 'oppoi ing eaclr other or sepalated

by a "kniglr t 's nl0ve" t ' i l lu 'ork '

In the cl iagrarn above, rvlr i te has accomplisheclrhis al ' ter 8 ' Kb6 l ic8' White nc^v has :r

checkmate itt one lnove, rvlrich )'orr shotrld spot before continuing to the rtext page'

Checkmate

31

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5

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Chcckniare after 9. ec7#

\\ / l r i re u, ins the garne b),pla_r j r lg g. et?ft .As .s i rup le as l l r i s encJrstaleruare p"r.,rrlri, ' i#:::-t-t'nl.'{rpcar. lltere are a couple rraps \'exist,

vr,,.ic, *rr] lurr a cer.tairi rvin inro u #ul,rou,rj r.r,arch our for. r.rvo

Au

White to pla.v and check mate in Tu'o moves'

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Problem #6

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: r !

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f g h

ChessPuzzl€s;corrtCheckmate in Tu'o Moves

l\Iate in Trto h{ovcs- l l lac l l ( ) iUorc:te in Tg,o i\'loves- Whi te to I \ Iove :

2.

2

g

t\'Ia

L

Matc in Trvo Nlovcs- lVhite to I\love:

l .

irlate in Trvo I\'loves-

I

2

\Vhi ie to i l ' love:

Check Mote With ROOK ond King

€

You should be aiming for one of the folloiving positions ro checknrate lhe enemv lr"irrg rvirfi ,1lone Rook. Notice horv trre Ki'g must also conlror sonre of trre escap€ squirrcs.

This r l lethod of checkniat ing is r i torc cl i fJ lcul t t l ra 'rrrat i rrg r ' i rh a erreen as t6e erern\; Ki 'g isable to attack the Rook in oi*o) ' r thich is iL 'possibre *, i r l i rhe a;; ;_ i l ; l i ; i l ;J j ; ' ,u rrop, l ,"Ki l ig on the edge of the boarcl i l r r i then r i re Kirrg is rrecdecl ro secure check'ate.

Let 's see rhis nretrrod in act ion staf l ing r . , i rh {he posit ion shorvn berorv.

E

d

1{

f-v

.l

l" ' Ke(r2' Ke3

{The \Vhite King comes to support the l{ook }'

2..- Kd63' Kd4 Ke6

4' Rd5

(The Rook confittes the llkrck King evetr ntore'

itl" Ki,tg is nou' restricted to rectangle sltorvttI in t lre diagr-arn')

o

o

I

g

4"' Kf()5 'Rc5

iThe Lrox is made srnal ler ' l

5 - " K f76' Kd5 K'1rr

7 ' K d 6

{The Illack King is ftrrcetJ to tl 'tot'e closcr to tne

t:dge of the board')7 . . . K f l8 ' Re6

{ ' l ' l re l (ook restr icts the King'}

-l

i

-?

I

6

v6

8. . . Kg79" Ke7 Kg8

10. f{96+ Kh7i l . K17 Kh8

t2 . Rh6#

I

1

o

.l

t

,

I

--\

chcckntal i l rq n' i t l t a lot te rook is r-rorc di f f icul t t l ra ' r i , i t l r a erreer or t \ \ ,o l lo.ks. .1. .e sraues lrrkeep i l r rnind are sunrntar ized belo,rr , :

( ing .

bor smal le r i f poss ib le .

l l re oppone't 's Kirrg.) ier ' l rove t l te King (a rvai t i r rg ntove to force hack

v' wlren the opPottent 's King is at the sic ie of the boarcl look lbr orre of the checknlar irr_qpat lerr)s to u, in the gamel

Gerteral ly ' u ' i th correct play, i t is possible to checkrnate u, i th a Rook arrci King i , l5 to 20t l lo\res. Orle of the dangers is that a i l rarv may result c lLre rol l re 50 r loye r l ie (sce I . low Car 'esa re D ra i v t t ) . v \ ' ! r v

" ' r J

set up various posir ions with the \vhite Rook a'cj King agai 'st the Black Ki 'g and practiseclteckrnating rvirh a fr ie,d ora chess cornfurer unliryolrare sure or-ir.

--'F

e

.J

tts: \

1

I

a

o

q

':

t

i ' R l i5

l ' fhe B lack K ing is n t l rv unab le to c toss l i t c

fifrh rank' )

a

6

t

{

)

:'

II

t

s

v8

t

' l . Rc7{A waitingmove rvhich forces Black's King

closer to t lrccorner becattse i f l , . .Ke8 2.I{c8 ischeckmate )

1 . . . K e S

2. Kf6{T 'he \ \ ih i te King l i r rces the encnrv in to the

corner as 2. . .KfB - l ,Rc8#)

2 . . . Kh8

I

o

.l

t

I

1r'

-1

8

t'

)

.1

3

t

6

:: -'

.'

s

t

3' Kg6

{The \\hite King closes in'}

3.. .K98{1-he onlY rnove'}

I

6

,l

J

,

I

4. I{c8#

$

1

6 1I

q

.l

t

r d c f C

W h e n t h e K i n g i s i t r t h e c e n t r e o f t h e b o a r d , i t m u s t b e d r i v e n t o t h e s i d e b e f o r e i t c a l l b echeckntated'

ln the diagram belorv'

cuttitlg off sorne of tliewhite mllst force the Black King to the side of the boarcl' She does this by

King's escape sqLlares with her Rook'

h0

1

nate in chess is the gbeckq4lg of a rone kine which can be forced\rith the srronger side ro irroue anO r,r,i,h *r€.;'oi;,-Jh."t ro,"hree moves fionr 1nV^lgrting position q,here the defencler cannor

r.toller & Lartrprechi200l,, 9), C|rleelm1it.:ii

aSoneofthefour'.oo:1:.u.,*,,1'.ii,i|.il}:lftffiJi:!-ff,?1mi:,and trvo bishops agairtsr a |,olre-king). ii onll'occurs in-P'act,:c" approxirnatel;,once i' every 5000ganres OAilgt_&l=esUrcctrr 200 I : | | ).

, 3 h c : d e f e l h

Clteckrrrarc i'.,ith irislrop anr.l knjght (l\lUlleL.t l=ernprechr 2LrC I ; l9)

El

1

€,

q :

':irai.-.:

+;:!Ei:ilii.f.ii

: i i= l.."i.j..+

;r;ii;i..;1i61:'r:lrr::i

a

t,

6

). : . l - rr . :

I i ' i : : : : .

a

gt

't

An altern ate.cJreckmate (PXg$slSl:29Q6:2 79): a b c d e t s h

i.,&ffi;ffi$ffi I

White checkr'ates in 33 nroves against best delense (Mii l ler & Lanrprecht 2001:400)

Arne thod fo rcheckn ra teus i r rg the "^w"n re t l l odu 'asg i venbyPh i t i do ' i nh i s f i a rnoL rs 1749

treatise. Anatv.se ttu ietr rtes r,ihe ,',Lr Anotherrn:l];;i,;;ff::;'rli:-'l;:'i:iliiillluol.,i., or-, ' i t l r Ihc "r ight ' l cor l le I at t l rc r ig lr t artgle ' Sorne

l l te cotnplcte s) 'stet l r rvas f i t 'st 1:ubl ished in 192i

ntethOcl takeS f i r ,e tO (el t ntore mOveS lhan

J i t can st i l l bc accornpl is lred bclore the f i l i ' '

lLa}:elllb takcs eff ect. FIis "secorld lt ' iangle" or "rniddle triangle" col]]es up in thc nrore standarcl

Inet l rocls (see belorr,) . checkmatc can be forced rvi t l rotr t st t ' ict lv using ei t l rer of thc methods'

opinions di t fer as to lvhether or not or not a player -shoukl learrr t l t is checkntate proceclure- James

Hovi,ell otnits tlie checkrirate r','itrr tvYo bisrrops |;l i:ill ffiil'il,IJ?leJ:ri:;lf;Jl'ilTy"'

n thc clreckrttate ivitlt tu'o bishops (![or-r'ell

c ludes the checkmate u' i th trvo bishops bl t t r tot

; had it only once and lris frrenrl J-qlrn \\jatsott

has never had i t (S l lman 2007:33 .188) ' S i lman says

,, . . . rnaster ing i t would take a signi f icant chunk of t i rne' Should the clress hopeftr l real ly spgnd

many of his ' recious-t iou* he' l put aside for chess study learning a1 endgarne he rvi l l achieve (at

rnost) only once or t'uvice in his lifetime?"

Contents

a

6

l : l

8*

l

c

o

c

c

!

I

"- -3.: Cteno'nuiilEr-GJ.ffiru{A stalemate frnn1_4i staremate trap5 Ouotations6See alsg? Notes

+,1

v vrr r crsK.y 2006:279):

s1

s

.+: B's

-dflh

€--i

i'i -

:

s)

i s com, n on I v -q i.,"u trrr ii I i",,1_ur;Silfo ,, r.

\\rhirc to rnovc

g3

tedill Standal.d "W,, nlanoeuvre,rced in the ,,*: il t''*ffi it

,[L'j,*: I r' ', : *iffi*:'i*i#,, .

l . Driving t lre or

? I;il;; il ;iflrTl]':iil:1l i::,:*:lirrhe board by using ar rhree pieces3' Deli 'ering lhe clreckrrrare. - ;ornL' l ' to the "r ight" correr. ;r, , . . .r iu.u,.

ii:f:,:.,t'#{1,,i:,!;1":'J::;llrjiHlt;::,fi:Iil:i:,i:lfi,r:" has bcen co,np,e,ec, anc,tr*:fff ilfiji:"ir,illtili'riiiri$ff ;r*,# jt,li:{{li$iiT,.rffi rr;,:;:*:iJ: H*'f r;; ;; ;'":l;illj.'3;:;'n*o..trku )ooo,ziqj,

--: l:

€E

e f e t' . ;;: i+

l .N17+

1

First white forces the king to reave trre corner. The *,hite bishop is positioned so that tlre next

i*r'*ou.r, gaining tont'i l ol g8' are possible'

1..-Kg8 2'Bf5

I rva i t ing lT loVg ' fo rc i r rgBIack ,sk ing tomoveso\ \ r l r i tecar rp lay3 .Bh?, tak ingarva l ,gSf romt l tek ing-

2.'.Kf8 3'l]lr? KeB 4'n*e5

T l reke 'v to t l res tandardu, in r t ingmethod is theNt f .e5 .d7-c5-b?rnoverne l l to f thekn ig l r t ,forruing a "\U" shape' Nolv tltere are rr'vo possitrle detlenses:

Defe t tseA:4 ' . .K t8B lackc | ings to the ' .sa fe . .corner 'bu t |osesmoreqt r i ck |y '

5.Nd7+ Kcg 6.Ke6 Kdg ?.Kd6 Keg g.896+ Kdg g.Bf l Kc8 10.Nc5 (corrt intr i r tg the

lil::"1;J"t1li,1l;;?'- 12'Kc6 Kb8 11'1{b9!f) *I''g is irr trre rigrrt position' a

krriglrt 's tnote frotn l lre matirrg t" ' l^tO 13"'Kc8 t1 l-5: KbB l5'Bd? (norv tt te

def'errcl ing t ing i"n'tnned toihe;igl i f l ' tgi" attd clteckrttate can be giYen)

15'.. l talt r i 'X=ts Kb8 i7'Nrr6+ Ka8 t8'Bc6#

I )efense I ] : 4" 'KdB [- le re ' the clel 'enci ing king tr ies to break

lorrgcr.etett t l rotrgh Black's

out frotu the edge' Tl i is holds out

5.Kc6 Kc7 6.Nt l?! \Yhite colr t t t iues the knight 's ' rW" lnal loeuvre'

;;; i.,;;i. 'tporarilv lefi tlre back rank'

6 . . . I (c6 7 .8d3:a b

6lr'i!r*i?ffii ,: ';'-B

r, Y ilFi

iosition after't"'Kc7

Brack,s king is norv restricted to the correct-corored corner. The.perrmeter is bouncled by a6' b6'

b5. c5, d5. d6. d.l .el, ' . t t . Black's rrur.quJri*""r, , ,gr,, t" trt i t '" t t^ f trrther' Bb5 closes off

c6; redeplo,ving the k";g;;;" i6 and therr * iJ'ii"*t"ffir land e8 bv the bishop)'

7t1

- . r i

t \

7...Kc7

At this point two ways of continuing are possible.

Continue the W mahoeuvreOne continuation from the position atier Black,of the knighr, by bringing ir ro c5 ancl b?. lvliill<Ke8 l0.896+ Kd8 I LIlfT Kc8 l2.n*c5 KdS 13Kb8 I7.Nc5 Ka8 I8.Bd? Kb8 t9.Na6+ Ka8 2,

Deleta ng's second triau gle

a b c c t e f g h

Deletan g's second tr iangle

,g++ i'. +**tt#,e l r c C e f g h

Deletang's triangle method

I

€

te by conf ining the king in strccessivel ; , r , ; f , r : r i l ,3 is conl ined inside the rnarked or.o nn. l i . . ! , : :. The king cannot escape the area nor atr i i ( . i ( i i i irms shorvs the tr iangles and horv rhe bishol.r

si

.l, l

\.lt

a . ' :. t , rrian gle (Pandol fi ni 2009:48ff)'

v

v

.\J

_i'v'

,?i'J"

iV

Second net

) r

a t

]

h

I

$ zmi '

5

.l, l

s. X ,

ffii X

:J

. L

r|

3

Third net

ln the first net all three pieces are required to confine the king. tn the second net only the bishopand kniglr t are needed. In t l ie third net. the king and bislrop conl lne the king. al lorving rhe knightto ei ther checktrate or assist in t l re clreckr late (dc la Vi l la 2008:205).

- t 'he rvinnirrg pioceclure

cottsists ol 'nrakir tg thc kir tg tnoye so that the bishop can reach rhe 6r 'porenrrse o{-the nexl snt.alertr ia rr g lc t|a12Stg[ll_?8Q! : 4 8 I {)-

a b c c i e l g l i

' a b c d e f s h

:I t

: . J

r,'-'1

.*-.-'.':.t I

: a l r c d e f

r...if*ii;ftI.t

;:i;.r.:11

e

i ] : t , i ' 7

I

f g h

g7

_ t!r\t

''-{I

;-

t

T

Y

$

: a ' i.i 8

h

s .

a b e r l e r

\j

\ 1 ' : :

' ....

;

:

Third tr ianglc

Starting trom the positiorlof the first triangle' White rvins:

1. Bc2 (to push the king toward the corner

1.'. Ke3 (tht kitt;;;tt'"s "lo'e

to the middle ns possible)

i.-r<.r tpfuo is tJ euard e2' probably from d l)

2 . . 'Ke23' 896 (a rvaiting move)

3... Ke34. Kdl (guarding e2)4... Kf,s. Kdz Kf66' Kd3 (still gLrarding e2)

6... Kg41.Ke3 Kh4 (preventing the bishop from going to h5)

s. Kf4 Kh3

br

\ J

t t

(r .it

A rier 8 . Kr,:.: b i:h.I;r,.1;0, a,trn" 1.rol-,o h l,pore,, use9. tshs! (the bishop is o' rfre t,ypot.nrr",i,f," _.""ra;;i;,r;,:;,9... Ir'gz10. Ne5 Kf2I I: Ne4+ Iigl12. Bg4 (the secoricl rrer)1 2 . . . K f I13 . K fJ KeII4 . Xc3 Kf I15 . Kd2 Kg216. Ke2 Kgr

,

E .

,r .,

\ :

/ * .\E .:. _

a# -

&.s ,

""&

. i#',ffi#,' , ,ff i :,iiiFs*i 2

f

Lt

i

l

i€

' fiiir; ---.,f*ri: "*tk#ff

ffij-*t ;a b c r l e f c J h

After 16... KS l^_ bishop is ready for rhe rhird hyporenusell Bl:?i(rhe hyporenur. of tl .,r.,irO ,riungt.l17... Kb218. Bfl Kgt

l l Nqs (preparirrg to guard h2)

19 . . . Kh l20. Kf2 Kh221. Nf3+ Ktr l

t1

22. Bg2# (Pa@lir::-2999:4 8-5 | )'

[edi t l The "W manoeuvrer l

Kaqttunen-Rasik, 2005a b c d e t g h

Whi t c t o t nove

. l .rr is game berrveen Mika I(arttune' and Vitezsrav Rasil . .Er srro*,s the knigrrt 's "w rnaroeuvre"'

The garne continued:

84. BcS Kb7 85. I{d5 KbB 86. Kc6 KaS 87' Nc7+ KbB BB' l l(14 Kc8 89' Ba7 KtlS 90' Nd5 I(eS

91. Kd6 Kn gl.n"r Xft 93. Be3 Kf7 94. B<14 KeB 95' I(e6 Kd8 96' Btr6+ KcB 9?' NfS I<f8

98. Bc7 KeS 99. Ng?+ Kf8 100. Kf6 KgA r0r. Bcl6 I(h7 102' NfsI(gs 103' Kg6 KlrS 104' BcS

l-0 ( ivl i i l ler & Pajeken 20f18:106-7)'

Checkmate fol lorvs after 104." Kg8, 105' Nh6r' KlrS 106' Bcl4#'

Igditl Grandmaster game, neither technique

[gditJ ExamPles from games

flo

\ - -

I - - -

] - , ,

I

l v

\ _

o

i + u

' ) l

i ]

3 i''

j

b c d e f g h

, 7t

)

t : '

]'i.ffia b c c l e f g h

Posit ion afrer 83... Nx96+

Tn': o.: ' : ' : t , l i . t :nt.,ht bl indfold game belrveen Liubornir Liuboievic arrctJucj ir potgi ir. tvtonacoAmber 1994;r Polgar did,not use the slandard melhod, but neverlhelesr.nor., l i ,r*,ruJl[e pieceseffectivel, ' . Plal ' conrirrued: B4.Kd6 Kf6 85.Kcs Kes s6.Kc4 ud5+ g?.Kd3 Nf4+ Bg.Ke3(Wh i tecan res i s tabou lseyen t l rov€s longerb ; ,88 .Kc3 )Be4B9 .Kd2Kd490 .Kc l Kc39 t .Kd lDc2+ 92-Kel Kd3 93.KD Ke4 94.Kg3 t ldl 95.Kf2 NrJ3+ 96.Kg3 Ke3 97.K14 Kf4 98.Kh3Ncl 99.Kh4 Ng2r' 100'Kh3 KR 101.I{ lr2Knfiz.Kh3 Be2 loJ.xtt Bg4 t04.Kti l n-e3l05.Kh2 Nf I+ 106.Ktr l I IR# 0- l

Ied i t ] Grandmastcr fa i lcd to nrate

Kenrpirrski -Eptslt !.1

a b c c i e f S

r 6

r q

4

. E\ ,

. ?

't

i - )

,iaffi

r _-'!

, . l - ]

6

5

:

I

d e f g

after l26.. .Nxdi

;l'+'jt :+:4.,lfis*t +:'*ia b c

posit ion

i€

s-U

\ . - - i

( - t

p

_;

]

F+4't: - t

, . . J

5

4

d e f g

i:ili.l.::';=:j,ill 2

tLij"!: -, , : : ' i ; : : . ; . b

3i::::.:di:ii;j:il?r:! ^if;"!.ld z

1

I-Ia b c c l e f s

posit ion after l40.Ka8

In this garre bet$'een tlvo grandtnasters- both players nrade suboptimal moves' The superior side

had no idea horv to ,r',rt onli eno.a uP g!4!gr]3u# several nroves after the irrferior side coulcl

hrtve clainted a drarv ur idcr the l i l is-nove rulg'E

ner ]q l lEgDl r j r$ j (2498) .V lad i ln i iEp is t r iq (2567) [E60]Bt rnc les | i [a000 lGer Inar r l , (5 .3 ) '0 7 . 0 1 . 2 0 0 1

lb2 d(r ?. I le2 c5 8.b5 I lbT 9'0-0 e6 l0 'Nbd2

fcl ReB l5 'Nc1 cxr l4 1(r 'ext l4 e5 t 7 'd5 Nc5

Bh6 22.8c3 Rc5 23.Qb2 Bc8 24' I tel Bl '5

t fS 29.Q43 Ra8 30.Qc3 Qb6 3l 'g3 RcbS

h6 3( i , l lc3 [ t rb2 37.Bxtr2 hS J8'Rg2 QcS

!J ,

E - -

1v

: E- g ! -

I

{ : , l l, ' lv

i -1

l , l

-1 .ii

Kc5? 150.'.Nd5 is the standard win. l51.Ka6 Bd6? I52.Kb? Kbs tSJ,KaT Kc6 t54.Ka6 Bbg!Reaching the same position as after Black's l49rh rnove. 155.Ka5 Nd5! Belateaty nnJing ttrewinning move he missed fi_vemoves ago. l56.Ka6 objectively best was l5l.Ka4. ncz: Missingrhe standard t56...Nb4+. l57.Ka? Bb6+ lsg.Kbg Bcj 159.Kas Nc?+ t60,Kbg Nbs 161.Kn8Kb6 162.Kb8 Na7 163.Ka8 Ka6 l64.Kb8 Bb6 l65.Ka8 Nb5 l66.Kb8 Nd6 l67.Ka8 Kb5168.Kb8 Kc6l69.Ka8 Bc7 I70.Ka? Nb? l7l.Ka8 Nc5 1?2.KaZ Bb6+ t?3.Ka8 Bcl t74.Ka7Nd7 t75.Ka8 Bd6 176.Ka7 Nb6 17?.Ka6 Bb8 I78.Ka5bc? l79.Ra6Nc8 sratem ate%-%

ing posit ion an.ived, White was kind enough rox moves. But Black seemed to try to materd the standard rvinning lirre. up to a point, butrgain to mate in the wrong corner.

A stalemate trap

( 3 _a' - - F

t$- :

e' . t r

€'

c liir';i.,!;

.'.3.

i

a b

Biack tg nrovec d e f

Black to rnove, drarv! Note thaiitr. poritiln *oui6 uiso u" arur"n if the knight were at aT or e7(rnarked wirh dors).

I

I3

6

ii:II

a b c d e f g h

q

3

ir-

l

_.j-

:-

,lI

rdsamg treatises, rvas noted by the Atnerican

n I"prry Er'-?ns' "What's the Best N'love?" coltttnn

fter I ..-Nb6+?2 2.Kb72? Nd5. Black rvould be

triangle. Howeven, White drauu's inslantl-y rvith

rr Black to save his bishop is to rnove it- resultirrg

: drawn if tlre knight were at a7 or e7 instead'

rt rvas added on an!' square rvhere it does not

ck stil l could not rtin. since if he sacrificed the

force checkrnate (see l'rvo knis.hts qndeante)'

r a "White to plat 'and drarv. ' corrrposit iQn' A

stalernate idea essentially., identical to r6at shorr'rt i ir the diagram at riglrt occtlrs at t6e clirnax of a

sr .udybyA.H.Branton , r . .ondpr ize .NevvSta tesman, lg66(Ro lc ro f t l .972 :2a i l ( \Vh i te :k ingon c.l : Btack: king orr .i, knighron a3, bishop on d l), though it may have been knou'n even

earlier'.

From t6e diagram position at left, i l lstead of l.--Nb6+??, Black rvould rvin quickll ' b)' setting up

Ort.tung,, se"cond iriangle 'ia the alternate rou{e 1...Ne3. e-g. 2.Kd8 Bb5 3'Kc8 Nd5'

1r.

. i -

.tv

I l 'hi ta i i ; Tl lov and muic i t t n"1 ' ' l111t:cl

q

)

) i

-)

T'he next Ihree are:

1

Black to checkmale l4/hirc in l\tto nlores

E

7

()

6

3

2

1

B

7

l t

6

z

1

|':,,lii !

?6

E7

?

-_ 'i

?

ti)li

iJi j iq

-t, I

Mating with hilo bishops is a little.more complicated but not to do"y' it's not that hard'

;ept as the other checkma vhich is about to be

rs-hed towards the edge o'

rok were You had to lead, two bishoPs the king wil

wo bishoPs work togethel , - - r,:*;".;ffi;in ttniJrtne oPPosing king)

The black king will try to stay * "1o:: T possibleto 1!e

banier made by the two bishops' This

way it wilr have l1:ll*Trr" **.0,i'""#"#' ii '* "i't'" ui't"-n'."t'*fJb;:il,li'."

;;ttrewbtlgSstspJg*

Space' <l Yr c d s 1 g h t '

Ks2-J3 Kd4'e5 2' Kf3-e3 Ke5-d5 3' Ba4-b3+ Kd5-e54. Bg5-e7Now the black king can only go

f t l- lI

s

5

4

E

B III

I I

4

T

I

t

a

V

;_:

'+: . F

I

( t b

the diagonal

c ' d d I

near the banier'

| ,-d6 prevents the black king frorn going ro

n-+... Ke|-fi 5' Be"KJs-ss 6- Ke3-e4 riiiiq'i'-ni-i-e6+ Kga-gt 8' Bd6-e7+

1 l

i

7

6

5

4

1

2

o l

Kg5-g6 e. Ke4'f4 Kg6-h6 t0' Kf4-15 Kh6-s7 tt' {fs-ts

t2. Be7-JB Kh7-h8 13. Kgs-f6 Kh8-h7 14. Kf6-17 Kh7'

c b c d e t s n Kh8-h7 l6.Be6'f5*Checkrnate!

This were just a few simple checkmating patterns that may occur in endgames.

Kg7-h7 This is were most beginners tend to make a mistake. Most fail to find the solution and

ju"st end up either by losing abitnop or by stalemate. This is what you have to do : you reduce

. i , t . . r - i - . . . -_ . , l

Mate in TVoh a b

8 B

6 6

5 . 5

4 4

a e

2 2

1 1

a b c d e

20. Whi te to Play

8 8

7 7

O C )

c 5

4 4

J \ '

2 2

1 1

.1

1c d e f g h

8

o

5

4

J

2

1

1j

a b c d ' e

19. Whi te to Play

8

7

o

I

7

o

5

4

e

q

z

1

z

1

a b c d e

21. White to Play

a b c d e

22. Whi te to Play

Tlte Chess Course

{v

s^IMPLE CHECKMATES

I

78 6

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 g

2 2

1 t

o

q

7

o

4

2

c

4

3, 2

I

2

1

I

7

o

B 6

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

l 1

B

7

64

4

e

2

I

z

1

a b c J

26. Black to play i h

BLACK

MoyeNo.

a b 'C-*;

23. Black io playa b c - J

2d. Whire 66 play

a b c O

zs$white ro ptay

srrvrpL.-cI-E'aEEATEE

39

loo

:

B B

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 31

2 2

1 1

Y

i *

I

o

4

2

I

8

7

o

4

a

L

{i

I

a b a d e

27. Black to Play

a b c d e

28. Black to PIay

1

,o

7

6

5

4

a

z

8

7

IJ

5

4

z

I

I

o

/1

1

U

o

5

4

a b c d e

29. White to Play

a - b c d

30. White to Play

The Chess Course 40 SIMPLE CIIECKMATES

to,t

i

i\

\I1I,

I

7

6

5

e

2

1

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 b

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

B l i

7

6 i

c

4

3

1

a b c d e

1. Whi te to Play

a b c d

33. Black to Play

a b c d

32. Black to Play

o

" 2

1

8 B

6 6

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

- :

tj

- . i

:1,l;

B

d

I

7

o

q

4

e

2

1

a b c d

34. Black to PIay

et

SIMPLE CHECKffATES The Chess Course

toil

,:-F!

F'-

r 8

_ 7

-a

J-

;.5

2

o

5

a b c d e

35. Whi te to Play

I

7

6

5

4

a b c d e

36. White to Play

B

2

6

4

a

2

1

!

c

Aa

z

, | :

2

II

I

7

o

c

4

3

2

I

r.'

- 8

- - o

A

z

I

I

6

A

8

6

(

(+

z

1

I

6

+

J

2

t

a D c

37. Whi te io P lav 38. White to Plav

The Chess Course SIMPLE CI{ECKN{ATES

foJ

. 87

o

4

e

I

MATI' IN TTIREEg h a b

B B

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

B

7

o

f,

4

* t J

2 2

1 1

a

2

II

a b c d e

39. White to Play

a D c d e

40. White to Play

B

7

A

2

'I

a b c d e

41. \Vhi te to Play

B

o

<l

I

a b c d e

42. Whi te to Play

x

a

4

o

I

8

6

4

I

1

' : ' i

,n*g

.€,€

f>

SIMI)LE CIIBCKMATES

l"h

Tlrc Chess Courseii.:

- , , - \

' :. " ! . ,

; - l

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3I

I

7

6

5

4

.t

2

1

r8

6

5

4

2

1

2 2

1 1

a b c d e43. Black to PIav

a b c d e

44, White'to Play= l i

I

i .

i l

Lfil

''ii:'

i,ii',:i:,:::.f.':

r:'it-"

. ;i):

;:+-T.;''i-?';1+:i9,t)

B

'''

6 i

' , .i:i:

A , i

8

o

/

z

I

a D c d e

45. White to Play

a

a

4

z

1

a b c d e

46, White to Play

A

7

4

B

a

o

4

a

1

z

1

I

6

5

4

3

2 ,

{ 1I

The CtrcsiduGiSIMPLE CHECKMATES

ls )

t

8

7

6

5

4

a

2

1

A

6

4

e

z

1

a b c d e

49. White to Play

a b c d e

48. Black to Play

a b c d e

50. White to Play

8 8

7 7

6 6

q < ,

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

B 8

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 t

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

47. Black to Play

Move

SIMPLE CIIECKMATES

fo6

The Ch.ess (]n,r."n

Y-). ' : . 1' = ) \

'o:-)

, : : r )

- l

; . J

Lv

A Beginner's Garden of Chess Openings

Common aims in opening play

Irrespective of whether they are trying to gain the upper hand as White and equalize as Black or

to create dynamic imbalances, players generally devote a lot of attention in the opening stages

to:H

1 . Development: One of the main aims of th. op"ning is to inobilize the pieces on irseful

squares where they will have impact on the game. To this end, knights are usually

developed to f3, c3, f6 and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7 ar d7), and both player's King

and Queen pawns are moved so the bishops can be developed (alternatively, the bishops

may be fianchetloed with a manoeuvre such as 93 and Bg2). Rapid mobilization is the

key. The queen, and ro a lesser extent the rooks, are not usually played to a central

position until later in the game, when many minor pieces and pattns are no longer

Present.Conrol of the cenrer: At rhe start oF rhe game, ir is not clear on vvhich part of the board

the pieces will be needed. Howerrer, control of the central squares allorrys pieces to be

moved to any part o[ rhe board relatively easily, and can also hat e a cramping effect on

the opponent. The classicalview is that central control is best effe.cted by placing p3l:\_.ll!

rhere, icteal ly esrabl ishing pawns on d4 and e4 (or C5 and eS for Black). I lor.r 'evet. , t l te

hypermodern school strowed that it was not always necessaty oI-even desirable to occupy

the center in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed,

leaving its architect vulnerable; an impresslve looking pawn center is worth little urrless it

can be maintained. The hypermoderns instead advocated control l ing the center frotn a

distance with pieces, breaking down one's opponenl center, and only taking over the

cenrer oneself later in the game. This leads to openings such as Alekhine's Delense - in a

line like 1. e4 Nf6 2. e5 Nd5 3. d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5. f4 (the Four Pawns Arrack), White has

a formidable pawn cenrer for the moment, but Black hopes to undermitre it later in the

gatrre, leaving White's position exposed.

King safety: The king is somewhat exposed in the middle of the board. Measures tnust be

taken ro reduce his vulnerability. It is therefore common for both players to either castle

in the opening (simultaneously developing one of the rooks) or to otherwise bring the

king to the side of rhe board via altii i i ial castling.

Prevention of pawn weakness: Most openings srrive to avoid tl-re creation o[ pawtt'weaknessbs

such as isolared, clor-rbled and backrryard pav/ns, pawn islarrds, etc. Sotne

openings sacr i f ice endgame considerat ions for a quick attack on the oPponent 's posi t io l t '

Some unbalanced openings for black, in particular, make use o[ this idea; such as the

,

Io

)-.

1

il

, . ,

3.

4.s' t ;

E€&:i

P,.II

.t

t :

Dutch, and the Sicilian. Other openings, such as the Alekhine and the Benoni, inviteopponent to overextend and forrn pawn weaknesses. Specific openings accept pawnweaknesses in exchange for compensation in the form of dynamic play. (see palvn

structure.)

Piece coordination: As each player mobilizes his or her pieces, each attempts to assurethat they are working harmoniously towards the.control of key squares.

Create positions in which the player is more comfortable than the opponent:

Transposition is one comtnon way of doing 15ir.lzltsl

There are three groups ofopenings covered here:

aJ .

Wlrite can start by rnor,ing his King's pawn2 spaces, i.e. playing "e4". This move hasmany strengths - it immediately works on controlling the cellter. ancl it frees trvo pieces(the Queen and a Bishop). This is a popular first move, leaving Black rvith two optiols:

l. Black may choose to mirror White's move and repl,v rvith "e5" for the sanrereasons, leading to openings such as the I{urJ Lopcz, Giuoco l)iano (including theEvans Gambit variant), and Kinq's Garnbi!.

2. Black can also try solnething other than rnirroring White's "e4" move. leadilg toopenings such as the Siciliatl Def'ense, Irenc{r I)ef'ense, Car.o-Karul, CentcrggUnlQL and Pirc/Modern.

White can start by moving the Queen's pawn to "d4". This leads to openings such as theQuecn's Gantbit, King's lnclian Def'ense, Nirnzo-Iqciian. Boqo^lnclian. ancl euee,n,s InclianDefense, and Dutch Defensg.White can start u'ith some other move thalr "e4" or "d4". One exarnple is the EnglishOpeninq.

Each ol'these openings is briefly described belorv.

the

5 .

6.

L

2 .

Ruy Lopez

The Ruy Lopez (also called the "Spanish" opening) stafts out as1 . e 4 e 5 2 . N f 3 N c G 3 - B b 5

The Ruy Lopez is an old opening; it is narned after Ruy Lopez, aI6th Century Spanish clergl,man and chess enthusiast. He madea sl,stematic study of this and other chess opeuings, which herecorded in a 150 page book. However, althougtr it is namedafier hirn, this particular opening was known earlier; it isirtcluded in the Gottengen manuscript, which dates frorn 1490.Popular use of the Rul,Lopez opening dicl not develop, ho\r,ever,tuitil the mid 1800's when Jaenisch, a Russian theoretician,"rediscovered" its ootential. The ooeninc is still in active use: it

@ t.&E

({-;

t

f

to8

g

qJ

i. .,,

t

is a favorite of Gary Kasparov and Bobby Fischer'.ln it' White

;;;t a potential pin of trt" d-pawir or Knight and starts an

attack immediately, ivhile simultaneously prepari n g to cast I e'

White generally directs pressure on Black's e-pawn and tries to

prepare for a pawn on O+' It's knorvn that Black's best reply on

il;;;; i, uO,l"f,i"t *io.f., White's auacking bishop, After tltat,

White can back up (Ba4) or exchange pieces (Bxc6)'|-J

Giuoco Piano

This "Quiet Game" has Wliite performing a, mild "t]i:[,1':llt]

n't

Bi;i"p, but Black is often able to even up tlte game wrth trts

det-etises. It starts as:1 . e 4 e 5 2 . N f 3 N c 6 3 ' B c 4 B c 5

t f Wfrite then replies "d3"' you irave the "Guioco Pianissirntl

("The Quietest Game") - a very passl\re gane'

l f White replies with "b4?!",1'ou have the "Evans Ganrbit" ' tn

which White offers a pawn in exchange for a powerfirl center

and possibly opening his Queen Bishop'

t

6

l u l

King's Gambit

This opening was the most PoPuoffers a pawn in exchange for ra

now at the master level; accordir

Black can obtain a reasonable PlWhite's Pawn).

1 . e 4 e 5 2 . f 4

a nat,u^t following move is "exf4" accepting the gambit'

,. \_-'-n

.4 \4t ! -

, ' t

t

1, J

,a

t

It . ,

Sicitian Defense

The Sicilian starts as:

,

a:

€tt

a4. : ]d

&q

q

The Siciliatt has been extetrsively studied, arld there at'e many

uuriations. A.popular variation is the "Dfagon" r'ariation, u'hich

starts as:1 . e 4 c 5 2 . N f 3 d 6 3 . d 4 c x d 4

4 - N x d 4 N f 6 s . N c 3 9 6

In this variat iou, Black f inachettos a bisl iop on the h8-al .diaeonal. This is cal led the "Dragon" variat ion because Black's

fru*n structure is supposed to look like a dragon'

Iro

=Et

*

i )

. ' i

Another variation that's quite poPYlut is the "Najdorf ' variation'

It starts just like th' il;;' J"tigi"ilqts on Black-s move ):

1 . e 4 c 5 z ' s t r j e 3 ' d 4 c x d 4

i . i "an "r .

5 - Nc3 a6

According to Grandmaster Danief rci1e^ White often responds

r.vith "8e2", o"'*niili;;;tk ';;ti*tt"tr"ti center with "e51"'

French Defense

ln the Frer-ich Defettse' Black iets White have more control over

the ceutet', i''''*'nulii; ;;i :;:'h l' ::'i'o' a (hope fu ll v) sat e

rt.ri;i p^*ns' The Fiench Defenbe stalls as:

1 ' e + e A 2 ' d 4 d 5

Garnes generally itlvolve jockeying for positior.r' The center

usually becomes ctc

'-o*n chains arise' and

each praver t.es to ' l:f'eJ:Tilll"ff:,i1"play e5; Black tnes

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The Caro-Kam is like the French defense - Black lets Whitebuild control ofthe center, and Black tries to get a pawn at d5. ltlooks like a "wirnpy Sicilian". The Caro-Kann starts out as:

1 . e 4 c 6 2 . d 4 d s

The main line of the Caro-Kann is

1 . e 4 c 6 2 - d 4 d 5 3 . N c 3 d x e A

Black gets to eliminate one of \Vhite's central pawns and cau gethis pieces developed, 'uthiclr is an adyastage over the FrenchDefense. However, Black's pieces end trp with more of a passivedefensive role, so players of'this opening are often looking for'White to make a mistake (however slight).

Center Counter

The Center Counter stalts out as:1 . e 4 d 5

This opening is also called the "scandinavian" opening. Acornnon coutinuation is exd5 Qxd5.

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This opening goes by various names' such as "Pirc" and

"Modern". It starts:1 . e 4 d 6

or1 . e 4 9 6

Keene labels the "Modern Defense" as the sequence:

1 . e 4 9 6 2 ' d 4 B g 7

This isa rilatively new opening' In the 1930s this was

,onria.rra inferior, but by the igeos it was fourrd to be quite

;i;;;i;. btu.t lets whitl take the center rvith the vierv to

;J"r*ining and ruining White's "wonderful" position' This

;;;t;J is tlickv to play and correct plav of it is counter-

intuitive (inimediate ttntt' control is not a goal' since BIack is

trying to undertttine that control)'

Queen's Gambit

Norv rve look at openings other than "l ' e4"' The Queen's

Gambit starts rvith:1 . d 4 d s 2 - a 4

White offers Llp a pawn in exchauge for rapid development'

Black oan accept the gambit with ixc4, playing ".!ue31's Gambit

A"ceptea", which is a"risky rvay !o play this gaurbil' Black can

also play Nc6 (the Tchigoian Defense), e6 (which leads to the

Tarrascit Defense), ot piay e6 (the Orthodox Defense)'\t

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This is a "hypermodern" opening, *,here Brack lets white takeihe center with the view tolater ruining white's ,,wonderful,,position. It's a risky opening, a favorite of both Kaspar.ov-andFischer.

1 . d 4 N f 6 2 . c 4 9 6 3 . N c 3 B c ZBlack rvill be inreresred in playing c5, ind 1.r,hen white plays d5,repl1, rvith e6 and b5.

AII of these "lndian" defenses start vvith:1 . d 4 N f 6 2 . c 4 e 6

The Nirnzo-lndian continues witri "Nc3 8b4,,. rn trre Nirnzo-lndian, white tries to^create a pawrl cenler and mass his piecesbehind behind them for attack.

Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-r'diatr, &nd eueen's Indian Defense

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The Dutch defense starts as: i

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The Dutcli defense is an aggressive counterplay by Black. Black

English 0pening

The English opening is a "f lank" manlle\Ier. I t starts t 'ety

.differently:

I{erc \\rhite hopes to control the cettter b1' 6.tt gaining stjppotl

on the side. A comnloR response lbr Black is "c5".

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A chess tactic is a maneuver that is designed to achieve a specific goal. It does nor necessarily invoh'eatackiirg an enemy piece.

A ractic creates one or more threats that did nor exist before the tacrical move is made.

The crucial tactics explored in this book are:

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B5for1 lve get into a discussion of each of rhe tactics, lert revieu'some rerms rhat are oFten used to d.escribeand dassify drem, Several authors offer precise definitions, but they rarely agree wirh each ot6er and somerimesthe meaning of one authort words changes when we think in ,.r*, of

"oJther author's d.finitions. \{/hile we

are not lobbying for our own definitions, w;hich we formulated specificallv for rhis book, we do want you toundersrand rvhat we mean when \4.e use a rechnical term.

Vhen you attack a piece you threaten to capture it. A threat is made when, on the next turn, a player canmake a move rhat results in a position that is better rhan the one you had before. This may invoh.e the captureof enemy forces, control of important squares, or damage to enemy pawn srructure.

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A double attack takes place when two enemy pieces are rhreatened rvith caprure on rhe same move . lv{anractics are based on this concepr. If a combinadon is made up of a serie.s of ractics, rhen the double arrack cabe said to be a feature rhat many ractics have in common. Irrthe following diagram, the White bisSop atracksthe BlacL queen and the Black rook.

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1KILLER CHES9 TACTICS ' CARDOZA PUBLISHING

The term double threat is used when rhe attacker has nvo different threats as a result of rhe rnove' One of

the threats is not a caprufe however, but somerhing else, such as checkmate.

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The \Xihite rook attacks the Black knight, and also threarens 1.Re8, checkmate''t117'e

use the expression mating threat when the threat is to checkmare the enemy king in one or more moves'

where there *ould be no way foi the enemy to escape if it were still our turn. The idea is that if the oPPonent

doesnt stop the threat, the game will be won.

Consider the follorving posidon.

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'$irhite has two mating threats. If ir is \?hite to movc, therc is the pleasant ctroice of 1.Qg7# and 1'QF8#'

Thart simple enough. Black can caprure rhe knight at e6 rvith rhe gueen,tri:h"P ol knight. The 6rsr nvo options

allow rhe .tr..t *".., bur aking *ith th" knieht parries both thream. Black also has a mating rhreat, horvever,

and can carry it out ri'ght awaY!

1...Qxa3+!! forces Black to try 2.bxa3, since 2.Ba2 is checkmated by 2...Nb3#.

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Black has nvo different mating threars! 2...Nc2+; 3.Ka.2Bxe6# is rhe most Poetic' removing the white

knrght at last, but 2" 'Nb3+; 3'Ka2 Nxcl# is also good'

you may; have noticed that the first move, f .Lq***,'rn'as marked with a double exclamation point (!!)'

which means "a brilliant move". This is one of six ,y-bnl, 1\'e use to comment on rhe value of a move rn'ithout

having to repeat the sarne rvords all of the time'

ons, but ro understand the concept of the macing threat

reckmate was inevitable'

rg threat. One plaver threatens, not to checkmate the

i-ion, lvhich mlgllt be a drau'n endgame or perpetual

check.A forced move is a move that must be macle in orcler ro avoid immerliate disaster. The internatio'al symbol

for such a move is a small squarer and many players use the rerm "box" co describe a forced move'

A forced move makes calculation of variarions easier to carry out, because alternative srrategies for the

opponent ca* be easily disrnissed. On the other hand, many moves that seem forced, especially recaptures' need

"oa U. ptayed immediately. See the interrnezzo topic later to learn how you can sometimes PostPone a move

that y'our oPponent expecced you to play righr arvay"

Now Iet us move on to the i'dividual ra.ti., *ri acquire the tools that rvill let us build up rvirrning posicions'

Frorn this point oDwarc{ rve u,ill use games played by the \Ktorld champions to illustrate dre ractics'

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TACTICS FOR ATTACKING PIECES

In rhis secrion you \.\'ill learn the ten basic racrics for anacking enemy forces:

DISCOVERED ATTACKThe &scovered attack is the rveaker sibling of the discovered check, which ne'll meer nexr. In each case

your atrack takes place u'hen a piece standing benveen the atracker and the enemy rarget moves a,rvay. In adiscovered attack, the piece that finds irself under attacli is nor rhe mighty king, bur a less"valuable piece. Thardoesnt mean it can't be valuable! On the contar)', iiscov.re.l artacks ir. *,r.h *ore common t6an discovereclcheck- They can also bring rl.re enemy to rheir knees, as yolr can see below

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TACTICS . CARDOZA

Eurvn vs. THoMASHnsrmcs, 1934

PUBLISHING

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Euwe uses a discovered artack to force a quick r.vin. He retreats rhe bislrop from f7 to d5, uncovering anattack on the rook at f8 by the rook at f2. At the same time, the queen at e4 is attacked. Black musr caprure oneof the attackers, but cant ward off both.

26.F,d5! Bxd5. Or 26...Rx{2; 27 .QSB#. 27 .Rfr8 + Bg8; 28.Rxg8#.

DISCOVERED CHECKAII tactics can be powerful, but a discovered check is usually the most porverful of alll This rnonsrer can

denr.olish the enemy position quickly. The poor victimt resignation or checlanare is almost inevitable .A discovered check takes place rvhen a piece is moved, causing the enemy king to be attacked by another

piece, which previously had an obsrructed vien.A discovered attack can involve a check, but that doesn'r rnake it a discovered chech. A discovered check

occurs only if the piece that is not moved gives check as a result of another piece getting our of the rvay'.

GEnasruov vs. SuysrovMoscow 1935

the powcr of the discovered check with

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".,,m;m,..,,ffiThe fuure

'\T/orld Champion demonstrated 21.. .8h2+!;22.1<hl

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Bxe5+ and \W"hite resigned, because after 23.Kgl the bishop returns to h2 wirh check, rerreats to c7 withanother discovered check and grabs the enemy queen. This repeated use of discovered checks is rhe themebehind the windmill combination rve'll cover later on.

Sometimes a playet can be tortured by repeated discovered checks, in a tactic knov'n as a u'indmill. Thishorrible fate leavqs rhe victim squirming helplessly as pieces fall off the board.

WINDMILLThe qindmill invoh'es repeared use of a discovered check ro vvin macerial. The piece thar is moved, giving

discovered check, caprures a piece..Ir rhen returns to the scene of the crime, also rvirh check, before engaging ina feeding frenzy. The windmill is ar rhe heart of many famous cornbinations.

Tonnu VS, LASKERMoscorur, 1925

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Tlre last move. 25.8f6!l ofteied up dre qu€en. A{ter 25...Qxh5;26.Rxg7+ the windmill goes into morion.26...Kh8; 27.Rst7+ Kg8; 28.Rg7+ Kh8; 29.Rxb7+ KSS; 30.Rg7+ Kh8.

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The rook could also grab the a-pa$/n, but that rvould only open aInscead, it is rime ro s*'irch direccions and pick off the queen 31.\5+34.Rxh6+ Kg5; 35.Rh3.

line for rhe Black rook on the a-fiIe.Kh7; 32.Rxh5 KS6; 33.Rh3 I{f6;

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The carnage is complete and White had an easy win in rhe endgarne, thanks ro rhe exrra palvns.

SMOTHERED MATEThe smothered mate is carried out by surrounding the enemy Ling rvith his own pieces, and delirrcring

checkmare wirh a knight.

MoRprrv vS. AMATEURs, 1g5g

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Stardng with a discovered check, White arranges the enrombment of rhe Black king, rtho is buried alive.20.Nc5+! Kb8; 2r.Nd7+ KcS; 22.Nb6+! .4. discovered double check, which also att".ks the rook at a8.

But the rool< must nor be captured, fot ir is parr of the plan leading ro smothered mate.22...Kbg; 23,ec8+!!RxcS;24.Nd7#.

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FORKA fork is a move that attacks nvo pieces at once. Since the opponent can rnove only one piece ar each turn,

one of the two attacked pieces must be left to its 6te. Somerimes you read rhat forks are only a properry ofknigha and pa*'ns, and another rerrn is used rvhen the atracker is a bishop, rook, queen or king. That is a rarherardficial and useless distinction. Even if 1rcu lr'ant to disdnguish short range and long range operarions, rhe kings'ould have to be included wirh rhe pawn and knighl

The Knight ForkThe knight fork is especially frequent at c7, r,vhere ir gives check to the king and atracks a rook at a8.

Tar vs. PErnosrultCaNoroar:rs Toup.xe"vnxr, Yucosrnvre I 959

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'J(&ire has ail sorts of available ractics here. fhl found the cleanest kill, aracking rhe enemy queen andforcing an exchanse rhat led to a classic king and rook fork.

L7.Qc7 QxcT; 18.Nxc7+ Kd8; 19.Nxa8 and White won. V4ren a queen and king are both invoft,ecl, tftenn'e have an exarnple oFa royal fork.

Kaspanov vs. TTMMANVSB Tounn'errrrnrr, AMsTERDAT{, l9g4

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$ 25.Ne7+ Kg7; 26.Nxd5. Whire had u'on enough nraterial to secure vicrory,, and the game didn't last long.

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The FamilY Forkone of rhe juiciest forlis is rhe family&rk which rargets a queen' king, and rook

SprYsrov vs' KAMYSHovMoscow Crrv CneuPtoNssu', 1945

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Black did not dare caPture the bishop, as that u'ould have allou'ed l6.Nxg6+ with a familY Fork.

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Another verY conlmon fork is ac f6

kingside. Here are rwo examPles'

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(for Black) or f3

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(for V4rite), when the enemy has castled on the

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Kaspanov vs. TrnnttaNMercq, PxacuB, 1998

a b c c l e f g t r

\fhite wins material using a fork. 21.Rxd7lBxd7;22.Nxf6+ KgZ 23.Nxd7.

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\X4rite is a piece ahead, and Black soon resigned.

Arorsy vs. BorvrNNrKTrr- Arnv Orvnrpreo, 1964

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Because the'!7hite king at gl and queen ar d2 can each be atracked lry a Black knight at f3, Black was ableto sreal a Pawn with 15...8xh3!

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The bishop cannot be captured because of 16...Nf3+, and White had no rime to get rid of rhe knight u,ithI6'Bxd4 because of 76...exd4; L7 .gxh3 dxc3; l8.bxc3 Bxc3 and Black still has an .*r." !"our,. Alonv uieJ 16.b4,which led to an interesting barle but in the end Bon'innik prevaired.

The Bishop Fork

. Tht bishop's abiliry to operate at long range makes it possible ro'fork m,o pieces on distant areas of the

board.

Arnrnrmn vs. GA osD0ssuroonr, 1908

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The simultaneous attack at 98 and aB (and the pa*,n at c4, rhough that isnr releva.t) wins \(1hite morematerial' After 33"'KF8;34'Bxa8, \x'4rite had a rook and rwo bistops for rhe q;;;'and won rvidrourdifficulry.

.34":Qh4t 35'Bg2 Rxbl; 36.Rxbr Qls4; 37.h3 Qsj;38.8d4 Qxf4; 39.Bxa7 Qd6;40.Ra1. Blackresigned,

The Rook ForkThe rook .,rn create a d uble attack in rlvo ways. It can atrack nvo pieces on the same straighr line, or canactack one piece on a rank a d another on a file. \i,/hen ir is really luck1 ir cap aftack rhree, or e'en in very rarecases. four pieces at once!

LasrrR vs. SlrowAtruRM,trce, Nnw Yom, ISgZlgS

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-. . L*tkt: used a super rook.fork with the help of a larer knighr fork co bring his opponenr dorvn. 37.Rxd5+!

Jhis anlclrs king, rook and trishop, ,,orr. of n,h;.h ar. ad.ql"r. ly fror..t.d.37...Ke6.37...Rxd5;3g.Rxd5+Ke6; 39.Rxb5 was our of the quesrion.

38'Nxb5! Rxd5; 39.Nc7+. IGright fork! 39...Kd6; 40.Nxd5 Brack resigned.

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The Queen Fork , ,. - -r^ -L- ̂ ..--.. l ro create forla. In\fith the abiliry to work on ranks, 6[es, and diagonals, the queerr has many oPPortunrtres

the rricky queen vs. rook endgame, the win oft.n lo'*t' by w"y of t forlc In the opening' a fork at e4 or e5 can

snare one of che rools in the corner'

Sp*ssxY vs. KINzEtVenNl OrwPreo, 1962

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21.Qxe5+ picked ofF the rook at h8 and the game ended a few moves later'

racldles around and hits things wirh his eibor+s' Enemy

I crowd around rhe attacking king' The king fork are

.rch to take an active rolc in the game' The king cannot

lo so. It can, horvever, attack all tht othtt pieces' though

rst common in the endgame lvhen used against Palvns'

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Ponuscn vs. SMYsf,ovHoocovaNs TouRNAMENT' 1972

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Vhitet king atracks rwo parvns, at b6 and c5, but the attack is not effecdve because rhe pawn at b6 isdefended. Pordsch quickly forced rhe capitularion of the former \7orld Champion rvirh 4O.a5! .

The b-pawn cannor be defended, so 40...bxa5 was forced, but after 4l:Kxc5, Black resigned. The \Yrhiteking will pick offthe rveak Black pawns.

INTERFERENCEThg interference tacdc places a piece on a line (rank, file, or diagonal) so that ir interrupts the corirmunication

of enemy pieces. Inrerference can be a simple ractic, as in the follot'ing position-

Ponrrscn vs. FrsclrnR2Np PrerrcoRsKc Cup, 1966

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e3.28. . .Ne3!

is defended by his colleague, but because Black has a pa'"vn at f4, interference is possible at

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This rvins material, and lcads ro victory after a ferv more moves.

29.Rlxe3 fte3; 30.Rxe3 Qx"t. \X/hite doesnt have enough compensation, and the game didnt last long.

3l.RB+ Ke8;32.B,g7 Qc4; 33.hxg5 hxg1i 34.Rf8+ Kd7; 35.Ra8 Kc6. V4rite resigned.

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PINA pin is one of the most powerful lveapons in all of chess. The simple pin is ar the heart of many of the

most complicated combinations. A piece ispinncdwhen ir cannot *orr. tffof ,he line on which ir is atcacked,

if the resull ofrnoving would lead to the loss ofa more important piece, lvhich is a relative pin, or check to the

king, which is an absolute pin. The basic method of exploiting "

pin ir to add as much pr.rrr.rr. as possible tothe pin.

Spntnouov vs. KaspnRovEunopeeN Tinrr,r Cgrur,rroNsHrp, 1980

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The pin ar. f2 (for \Tfrite) or f7 (for Black) is one of the most powerful ractics. Here it leads ro a crucialdefiection.

35"'93!;36'..Rfi.36-Qd4 Qd4;37.Rxd4 Rb2 is a rvinning Fork rhar is also a skerver. 38.Kfl loses to adouble deflection. 38...f31'I'he bishop crnnot move, so th" par"n is forced ro abandon 92.39.gxf3 (39.BxBRxf2+; 40.Kel Rxf3!; 41.gxf3 NxB+ finishes with. a fork.) 39.*+!The rhrear of dre pa.,,r,l promorion deflectsrhe king &orn rhe bishop. 36.gxf2+;37.Fr<fZ.The rook is pinned, so the back .^nk ir'.xpos.d.

37"'Rbl+; 38.8f1._The bishop is now pinned. 38.Qe3! The queen is defiectei, and the c-par+.n islost. 39.Qxe3. 39.Qa5 Rb2; 40.Qc7+ NdZ runs our of cirecks,

"r,d rh. penalw is rhe rook at fZ. 3g...fxe3;

4A.Rc2.

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The pawn seems to be defended. 40.Nxc4! white resigned. After 4l.Rxc 4 e2 Blackgers a new queen.

Absolute Pin

- An absolute pin is a pin against the king and a con.sequence of the rules. x4ovirg rhe atracked piece cannor

break these.pi's. A play'er rnay not move in such a *'"y ",

to leav'e rhe king i.r .h.ik at rhe conclusio' of themove'-Absolute pins play a major role in the opening, where they are usecl ro"tie doq,n enemy pieces and preventthem from adr.ancing.

BuuzrxsKy vs, MonpnyPenrs, 1859

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'l-his creates an absolute pin at c3. Becalue the knighr cannor mo.v,e, the bishop at d5 and pawn ar e4 have

less suppon.6...Nxd5; 7.exdS O-O; S.Qf3 Re8+; 9.Nge2.

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- A second absolure pin is added, this time along rhe e-fiIe. Remember that rhe knight is nor really protected

by irs colleagu e at c3, because that piece is also pinned by rhr! bishop ar b4. :

9"'Bxc3+; lo.bxc3 Qh4+; rl.g3. Black ignores rhe threat to the queen and conrintres the attack.1r...8g4.

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^ Black exploits the pin on e2 bv adding one at f3. [f the queen moves, rhen Black wins material bv capturing6rst at g3, then at e2. \7hire actually resigned here, bur ler's consider rvhat might have happen ed. l2.efz.(l2.gxh4 Bxf3 wins either r}'e rookathl or rhe knight arez.) 12...&g3; l3.tr-vg3 exhl+; l4'.Kd2rhoorol=tanother pin being exploited - this time on the h-file. l3...Rxe2+; t+.qxez Bx.i; t 5lK"e2 92; t6.Rgl exh2;17.Be3 Nd7 wirh a queen and br,'o pawns for a mere rook.

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TACTICS FOR ATTACKING PTECESRelative pin

DnwxEn vs. BorvrNNrKUxrrro Srarus vs, SovrET Uitron, Reoto Mercn,lg45

l.d4 d5;2.c4 e6;3.Nc3 c6;4.Nf3 Nf6;5.8g5.

iemi-srav Defense is cnrcialiy concerned wirh this pin ancr its consequences.n the game, ill!:..^*:

of the pressure on the kingside.re palvn. 6.e4.White r'rearens to exploit rhe pin E,r

"drrrr.rrg rhe e-pa..vnt, hanging on ro the parvn.

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IT: f.t_*:1. p"'h::.l1ck rhe bishop, breaking the pin.

$ 8.8h4 g5; 9.Nxg5! Whire sacrifi...

" t ";glt ro re-establish the pin. 9...hxg5; l0.Bxg5.

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lW'hite has renewed the pin and will u'in the knighr.10....Nbd7; 1l.ex6 Bb7. The stage is now set for a complicated middlegame. Let's see how Bowinnik

continued the game, using a flurry of tacrics. l2.Be2 Qb6; 13.O-O 0-O-O; 14.*4 b4'!; 15.Ne4 c5;16.Qb1!

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V/hite removes his queen from the dangerous d-fiIe, where the Black rook is srationed, and also protects hisKnight at e4.

r6...Qc7. Black is lvasting no time, and airning for direcr atrack, already threarening mare at h2. 17.Ng3,.Whise defends against the mate by retreating the knight, u'hich is now. pinned to h2.

17...qd4; l8.Bxc4. The bishop cirnnot be caprured because of the absolute pin Rci. Instead, Bowinnikadjusts his sighrs, widr a new target ar 92. 18...Qc6. \,Vhite replied 19.f3 and for the resr you'll have to wair fbrthe quiz section. V/hite did not last long!

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Terminal PinThere is one pin that doesnt clearly 6t either the class of absolute pin or rhe class of relative pin. This is a pin

not against a king, but against a mating square. It mighc be called a terminal pin, because moving rhe pinnedpiece will terminate the garne. \7e saw an example of it in rhe previous game, after move l7 by \7hire.

DenrEn vS. BoTvINNIKUr.nrso Starrs vs. SovrET UNroN, Reoro Mnrcn, 1945

a b c d e f g h

There is a terminal pin against the knight at 93, because of the rhreatened mate at h2-

St. Andrew's CrossThe St. Andre*"s Cross involves n'r'o pins, one against the enetny king and anorher againsc a second piece.

It has been seen in a number of garnes, and is hard ro anrrcrpate.

CapasLaNCA vs. ArExnrxr$flonro CneitrproNs larl, 19 27

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Capablanca,checkmate.

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The king pin is on the fl -h3 diagonal, w'hile rhe pin againsr rhe queen ar ag is on rhc h 1-ag diasonal.

Oblique CrossThe oblique cross al.so invol'es a diagonal pin, bur has a rank or file pin as its partner.

Ar.t pru vs. AIEKHTNESr. furensBURG INTERNATToNAL, Russrc, Lglfi

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\flhite resigned, because if the Black queen is capruret{, then the Black rook delivers mare ac h2

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