baicells technical training wispamerica 2018 · • the lte mme is responsible for initiating...

Baicells Technical TrainingWISPAMERICA 2018

For full color booklet, visit our documentation page at

www.baicells.com

http://www.baicells.com/

Agenda

Patrick Leary Introduction

Rick Harnish Installing the eNodeB

Rick Harnish Preparing the User Equipment

Panel Q&A

Part 1 - Installation

Nitisha Potti LTE Overview

Cameron Kilton EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows

Cameron Kilton RF Planning & Design

Cameron Kilton X2 Handoffs

Nitisha Potti Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues

Cameron Kilton Baicells HaloB Solution

Panel Q&A

Part 2 - Operation

67

Baicells SupportWebsitehttps://na.baicells.com/support/

Baicells Operators Support Group onFacebookhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/

Baicells CommunityForumhttps://community.na.baicells.com

BaicellsAddress555 Republic Dr., #200, Plano, TX 75074, USA

BaicellsPhone+1(888)–502–5585

[email protected] / [email protected]

CONTACTINFORMATION

http://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/

http://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Baicells Technical TrainingPart 1 - Installation

Patrick Leary, President of Baicells North AmericaRick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets

1

Installation Topics

• Introduction

• eNodeB Installation

• Preparing the User Equipment

2

IntroductionPatrick Leary, President of Baicells North America

3

Baicells System Architecture

4

Baicells eNodeB’s (1 of 4)

5


6


7


8

Easy Installation

9

Baicells User Equipment

10

Baicells OAM Applications

• eNodeB (eNB) GUI

• User Equipment (UE) GUI

• CloudCore Operations Management Center (OMC)

• CloudCore Business Operations Support System (BOSS)

− Local and remote internet access to each eNB

− Local and remote internet access to each UE

− Configure and manage all of an operator’s network eNBs and UEs

− Subscriber management

OAM: Operation, Administration, & MaintenanceThese apps are covered in the Baicells Configuration & Network Administration Guidehttps://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/sections/115000516233-CloudCore-OMC-BOSS-

11

https://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/sections/115000516233-CloudCore-OMC-BOSS-

eNB GUI

12

UE GUI

13

OMC & BOSS

14

Installing the eNodeB

Installation Guides & User Manuals:

https://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/categories/204105328-Hardware

Rick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets

15

https://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/categories/204105328-Hardware

Open a Baicells CloudCore Account

• Open a web browser, and enter the CloudCore address: https://cloudcore.cloudapp.net/cloudcore/

• Click on the “Sign up” button.• Complete the mandatory fields, and click “Sign up”

You will receive an email from CloudCore.

In the email, click on the CloudCore link to

go to the login page. The default user name

and password are both admin.

16

https://cloudcore.cloudapp.net/cloudcore/

Out-of-Box Audit: Nova-233 Outdoor 2x1WG2 eNodeB

• Nova-233 eNB unit

• AC/DC power adaptor

• Power terminal and plug

• GPS antenna kit

• Installation bracket kit

• Ground terminal

• Cold shrink tubes

• Optional optical modules

17

Materials & Tools

Item Description

Power Cable Gauge: Less than AWG16 (e.g., AWG14)Length: Shorter than 330 feet (100meters)

RF Antenna Cable

50-ohm feeder

Optical Fiber Single mode optical fiber

Ethernet Cable Outdoor CAT6Shorter than 330 feet (100 meters)

RF Antenna Omnidirectional or Directional

Ground Cable 16mm² diameter yellow-green wire

18

Interfaces & LEDsInterface DescriptionPWR Power interface: +48V (+42V to +60V) DCGPS External GPS antenna, N-female connectionANT0 External RF antenna 0, N-female connectorOPT Optical interface to connect to external data backhaulETH RJ-45 Ethernet interface, used for debugging or external data

backhaulANT1 External RF antenna 1, N-female connector

LED Color Status Description

PWR GreenSteady on Power is on Off No power supply

RUN Green

Fast flash: 0.125s on, 0.125s off Base station is booting up

Slow flash: 1s on, 1s off

Base station is booted and operational

Off No power input, or board failure

ACT

Green Steady on Active cell site. The transmitting channel is working normally.

Off Inactive cell site. The transmitting channel is not working.

ALM Red Steady on Hardware alarm, e.g., VSWR alarmOff No alarm

19

Space Requirements

20

Installation Process Overview Attach Mounting Bracket to eNB

Attach Antenna and eNB to Support Pole if Needed

Attach Cables to eNB Interfaces

Attach GPS Antenna to eNB

Install Equipment on Tower, Roof, or Other Structure

Power on eNB to Check LEDs

Connect Power and Grounding

Log in to eNB GUI or OMC to Check Status is Active

Staging

Weatherproof all Connections

1

23

2

5

4

6

7

8

9

21

Attach GPS Antenna to eNB

22

Connect Cables, Power Connector, Grounding

23

Power on, Check LEDs

LED Color Status Description

PWR GreenSteady on Power is on Off No power supply

RUN Green

Fast flash: 0.125s on, 0.125s off

Base station is booting up

Slow flash: 1s on, 1s off

Base station is booted and operational

Off No power input, or board failure

ACT

Green Steady on Active cell site. The transmitting channel is working normally.

Off Inactive cell site. The transmitting channel is not working.

ALM Red Steady on Hardware alarm, e.g., VSWR alarm

Off No alarm

24

Attach eNB to Support Pole (if Needed) or Wall

25

Once Installed & Before Weatherproofing…Check eNB Status in Software (eNB GUI)• Designed for plug-and-play, eNBs

arrive preconfigured• Before you seal and weatherproof

the connections on the eNB elements, log in to the local eNB GUI or the cloud-based OMC to ensure the eNB status is reported as Active.

• From the local eNB MGMT port, type in http://192.168.150.1, using default username admin, password admin.

• Once the application is installed and has a WAN IP address assigned, you can log in remotely with http://x.x.x.x.

26

http://192.168.150.1/

Once Installed & Before Weatherproofing…Check eNB Status in Software (OMC)

• Directly connect the eNB’s DATA port to a network routed to the internet. The eNB DATA interface is set to DHCP client by default.

• Log in to the eNB GUI from either the DATA or MGMT interface IP: http://192.168.150.1

• Configure the eNB to connect to the Baicells Cloud OMC (“BaiOMC”)

• Navigate to BTS Settings -> Network Management Settings

• Enter baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080 into “Network Management IP”, and then click on Save.Note: Upgrading the firmware sets the network management IP by default.

Set up eNB for use with CloudCore Account:

27

http://192.168.150.1/

Weatherproofing Techniques

• All-weather electrical tape and mastic

• Self-fusing silicone electrical tape: Scotch 70

• Black cold shrink amalgamating tape

• Cold shrink tubing

• Heat shrink tubing w/adhesive

• Weatherproof RF cable boots

28

RF Antenna Selection & Installation Considerations

• Define the desired coverage area and demographics

• Estimate the potential subscriber capacity of the coverage area

• Number of subscribers

• Bandwidth per subscriber (packages)

• Oversubscription Model: 10:1

• Consider reuse models, spectrum availability, and channel size

• Omni versus sectors• Vertical beamwidth• Electrical versus mechanical

downtilt• Horizontal beamwidth and overlap• Use downtilt calculator• Height above average terrain• Accurate azimuth settings• Dual slant versus horizontal and

vertical polarization

29

Basic Configuration of eNB

• Log in to the local eNB MGMT port: http://192.168.150.1

• Default user name and password: admin/admin

eNB GUI:

30

http://192.168.150.1/

Quick Settings (North America)• Country Code: FCC

• Band: 41, 42, 43, or 48- Note: CBRS will be Band 48

• Channel Size: 10 or 20 MHz

• Frequency: This eNB’s EARFCN

• SubFrame Assignment: 1 or 2, where 1 = 2:2 DL/UL transmission ratio 2 = 3:1 DL/UL transmission ratio (default)

• Special Subframe Pattern: 5 or 7 (default)Pertains to synchronization of timing between DL and UL

• Physical Cell Identification (PCI): 0-503 Allocated by the operator

31

WAN/LAN Settings

• Select Network/WAN/LAN.• Select Static IP, DHCP, or PPPOE (not

recommended).• Assign Static IP address.• Enter Subnet Mask.• Enter Default Gateway. • Enter DNS Servers (8.8.8.8 default).• LAN address is used only for initial

configuration and should not need to be changed.

32

Upgrade Firmware via eNB GUI

• Select System/Upgrade.• To check for recent firmware

releases, go to: https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcements.

• Download firmware to computer.• Select Firmware File.• Check Attempt to Preserve Settings.• Select Upgrade Now.

33

https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcements

Upgrade Firmware via OMC

• Go to eNB/Strategy/Upgrade.• Click on + sign in top right corner.• Check eNB(s) to upgrade.• Click right arrow.• Name the task at the top of the

page.• Select Upgrade Time/Date under

Execute Type.• Select Next.• Select upgrade firmware file.• Select Finish.

34

Management Server

• Management Server: http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/ or IP address

• Cloudkey: Unique Operator Identifier

• Entering Cloudkey enters device into the OMC Operator’s account automatically

35

http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/

Mobility Management Entity (MME) and IPSec Tunnels

• The LTE MME is responsible for initiating paging and authentication of LTE devices. The operator may have more than one MME in the network.

• Upgrading firmware sets the defaults:

- IKE Port can be 4500 or 500- Note IPSEC Gateway

addresses- Note MME IP addresses

36

Local Gateway (LGW)

• LGW fields allow you to enable or disable the gateway

• Select an LGW Mode of Network Address Translation (NAT), router, or bridge

• If Router, make sure there is a default route to the assigned subnet

• If Bridge, make sure there is a DHCP server feeding the subnet to the eNB WAN port

• NAT is default

37

Preparing the User EquipmentRick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets

38

Plan Subscriber Information

• You need 2 pieces of information before adding a new subscriber:

• SIM card IMSI number• Service Plan

39

Import SIM Card IMSI’s

• Open a blank Excel sheet*, and paste the SIM card IMSI numbers in it, e.g., 311980000012596. Save the file.

• Go to BOSS > Network > Sim Card.• To activate up to 100 SIM cards, select

SIM Card and enter the activation code.

• Click on Import > Import SIM Card File.• Navigate to the Excel file you saved,

and select Import.

*An example template is availablein BOSS for you to download.

40

Add Service Plans

• Go to BOSS > System > Service Plans.• Select Add Service Plan.• Enter the required information, and

click on Enable.• System prompts you to be sure you

want to enable the scheme. Select OK.

41

Add Subscribers

• Go to BOSS > Subscriber.• Select “New” to add a new subscriber.• Enter subscriber information, and click

on the search icon in the SIM card field.• Select the respective IMSI number.• Select Service Plan (default is wide

open).• Click on Save to add a new subscriber

and activate the SIM card.

42

Basic Configuration of UE

• Log in to the UE GUI: http://192.168.254.1- Note: Older firmware versions used 192.168.1.1

• Default Username and Password: admin/admin

43

http://192.168.254.1/

Overview Fields

44

Overview Fields, Cont.

45


46


47

Network Mode on the Atom UEs

• Select the network mode as either Network Address Translation (NAT), Router, or Bridge. NAT is default.

• Warning: Selecting Bridge mode will pass the assigned IP address to the customer router. Remote management of the UE will no longer be possible.

• This will hopefully be corrected in a future firmware upgrade.

48

LTE Settings

49

Scan Mode Settings

• FullBand – The UE will routinely scan all channels in the band.

• PCI Lock – Allows you to select the specific E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) and Physical Cell Identifier (PCI).

• Band/Frequency Preferred – You can specify which band(s) the UE will scan.

50

TR069 Settings

• Navigate to System -> TR069• Check Enable• ACS URL:

http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/AcsService

• Periodic Inform Interval: 60• Enter Cloudkey• Click on Submit

51

http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/AcsService

PCI Lock Settings

• Select PCI Lock in Scan Mode• Add EARFCN and PCI numbers,

and then click on Add.• You can add multiple PCI lock

entries• The UE will scan the list for eNBs

with the PCI and EARFCN combination

52

Upgrade UE Firmware via Web GUI

• Select System/Version Manager• Go to

https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcementsfor recent firmware releases.

• Download firmware to computer• Select Firmware File• Click on Submit

53

https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcements

Upgrade UE Firmware via OMC

• Go to CPE/Strategy/Upgrade• Click on + sign in top right corner• Check CPE(s) to upgrade• Click right arrow• Name the task at the top of page• Select Upgrade Time/Date under

Execute Type• Select Next• Select upgrade firmware file• Click on Finish

54

Contact and Support

• Baicells Support Website -https://na.baicells.com/support/

• Baicells Operators Support Group on Facebook -https://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/

• Baicells Community Forum –https://community.na.baicells.com

55

https://na.baicells.com/support/

https://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/

https://community.na.baicells.com/

Q & A

56

Baicells Technical TrainingPart 2 - Operation

Nitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support EngineerCameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services

57

Operation Topics

• LTE Overview• EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows • RF Planning & Design • X2 Handoffs • Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues • Baicells HaloB Solution

58

LTE OverviewNitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support Engineer

59

LTE Overview

• What is LTE? Long-Term Evolution – A standardized wireless broadband technology evolution project begun in 2004 by a telecommunications body known as 3GPP.

• Why? With the rapid increase of mobile data usage and the emergence of new applications, 3GPP worked on LTE on the way towards 4G mobile.

• Main goals and benefits of LTE:- FDD and TDD capable in the same platform

- Seamless connection with legacy systems

- Higher throughput

- Lower latency

- Superior end-user experience, e.g., optimized signaling

60

LTE Network Architecture

3 main components:• User Equipment (UE)• Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network (E-UTRAN)- The E-UTRAN handles the radio

communications between the mobile and the evolved packet core (EPC) and has just one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB (eNB).

• Evolved Packet Core (EPC)- Baicells hosts an EPC called CloudCore

E-

Evolved Packet Core

61

Terms

• UE: These terms all refer to the same thing regarding subscriber equipment, and are used interchangeably:

• eNB: These terms all refer to the same thing regarding the radio access network (RAN) equipment, and are used interchangeably:

Subscriber Station (SS)

Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

User Equipment (UE)

Terminal

eNodeB (eNB)

Base Station

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Access Point (AP)

CellRadio Access Network

(RAN)

62

Key Features of LTEFrequency Range UMTS Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and UMTS Time Division Duplexing (TDD) bands

Channel Bandwidth

MHz: 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Resource Blocks:1 resource block = 180 KHz

6 15 25 50 75 100

Modulation Schemes Downlink (DL)/Uplink (UL): QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (64QAM optional for terminal device)

Multiple Access

DL: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)UL: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)

MIMO Technology

DL: Maximum 4 antennas at eNB and terminal device. Wide choice of options regarding transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, and cyclic delay diversity.

UL: Multi-user collaborative MIMO

Peak Data Rate

DL: 150 Mbps – user equipment (UE) category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20 MHz300 Mbps – UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz

UL: 75 Mbps – 20 MHz

63

Orthgonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Advantages:• Efficient multi-access scheme that partitions different subcarriers among multiple users

(OFDM-A)• Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath• Reduced computational complexity using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)• Easily adapts to severe channel conditions• Robust against burst errors caused by portions of spectrum undergoing deep fades• Robust against narrowband interference

Disadvantages:• Adapts to severe channel conditions• Robust against burst errors caused by portions of spectrum undergoing deep fades

64

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Basics

• LTE incorporates MIMO, which uses two or more antennas and related receive and transmitcircuitry to achieve higher speeds within a given channel.

• MIMO divides the serial data to be transmitted into separate data streams that are thentransmitted simultaneously over the same channel.

• This technique mitigates the multipath problem and adds to the signal reliability because of thediversity of reception.

• One common arrangement is 2x2 MIMO, where the first number indicates the number oftransmit antennas and the second number is the number of receive antennas. Standard LTE canaccommodate up to a 4x4 MIMO.

2x2 MIMO65

Frequency & Time Division Duplexing (FDD/TDD)

TDDFDD

Two different frequencies One frequency, different timing

2 types of LTE radio frame structures: FDD (Type 1) and TDD (Type 2)

66

LTE-FDD Frame Structure

• FDD systems:1 frame = 10 ms (comprised of ten 1-ms subframes)

1 subframe = 2 consecutive time slots (1 time slot = 0.5 ms)

Therefore, 1 frame = 20 time slots (0-19)

67

LTE-TDD Frame Structure• TDD systems:

- 1 frame = 10 ms (comprised of two 5-ms half frames)- 1 frame = 10 subframes- 1 subframe = 2 time slots- Subframe configuration is divided between downlink/uplink , e.g., 2:2, 3:1 ratio- Subframes 0 and 5 are special subframes (SS) used by the downlink and carry downlink pilot

time slot, guard period, and uplink pilot time slot information that cause the DL/ULtransmission switch

68

LTE-TDD Downlink/Uplink Switch Points

69

Baicells LTE-TDD Frame Structure

70

Carrier Aggregation (CA)

• The most straightforward way to increase capacity is to add more bandwidth.• Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier. A component carrier can have a

bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. A maximum of five component carriers can beaggregated. Hence, the maximum bandwidth is 20 MHz x 5 = 100 MHz.

• The number of aggregated carriers can be different in DL and UL; however, the number of ULcomponent carriers is never larger than the number of DL component carriers.

fDL

fUL

71

LTE Network Identifiers

• Public Land Mobile Network Identity (PLMN-ID) identifies each operator’s unique network number. PLMN is a combination of the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC).

• Tracking Area Code (TAC) identifies a tracking area within a particular network (e.g., could be geographical).

• E-UTRAN Cell Identity (ECI) identifies a cell site within the operator’s network.

• Physical Cell Identity (PCI) distinguishes a specific cell from its immediate neighbors.

Operator’s PLMN-ID

ECI-1A

TAC-1 TAC-2 TAC-3

ECI-1B ECI-2A ECI-2B ECI-3A ECI-3B

PCI-1A1

PCI-1A2

PCI-1A3

PCI-1B1

PCI-1B2

PCI-1B3

ECI-2A1

ECI-2A3

ECI-2A2

ECI-2B1

ECI-2B3ECI-2B2

ECI-3A1

ECI-3A3ECI-3A2

ECI-3B1

ECI-3B3ECI-3B2

72

LTE User Equipment Identifiers

• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique ID used to identify a specific subscriber. The IMSI is programmed on the USIM card.

• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique ID that globally identifies 3GPP UE hardware. In LTE, IMEI is equivalent to a MAC address in other technologies.

73

LTE Signal Measurements – RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ

• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures the total received wide-band power.

• Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is the average power of the LTE reference signals over the entire bandwidth. [RANGE]: -44 to -140dBm

• Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) indicates the quality of the received reference signal. [RANGE]: -3 to -19.5dB

RSRQ Formula:

RSRQ = N x RSRP / RSSIN = Number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs)

RSRP does a better job of measuring signal power from a specific sector while potentially excluding noise from other sectors.

Basically, RSRQ depends on serving cell power and the number of Tx antennas.

74

RSSI vs RSRP

• RSSI measures the power of the entire resource block symbol containing the Reference Signal (RS).

• RSRP measures the power of a single resource element.

75

LTE Signal Measurements – SINR, CINR

• Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is the ratio of the average received demodulated signal power to the sum of the average co-channel interference power and the noise power from other sources.

• Carrier-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (CINR) is the ratio between the power of the RF carrier bearing the wanted signal and the total power of interfering signals and noises.

76

TDD Configuration Options

Supported subframe assignments• 1 - DL:UL = 2:2• 2 - DL:UL = 3:1Peak data rates• 20 MHz, 1-7 = 82 Mbps DL / 20 Mbps UL• 20 MHz, 2-7 = 112 Mbps DL / 10 Mbps ULSupported special subframe patterns• Format 5: Long guard period (~46 miles / 75 km limit)• Format 7: Short guard period (~11 miles / 18 km limit)

77

MCS ChartModulation and Coding

SchemeMax troughtput [Mbps] SINR (dB) Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)

rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL

0-QPSK 0-QPSK 3.07 Mbps 1.07 Mbps -7.9 -6.5 -6.9 -101.9 -105.5 -100.9


2-QPSK 2-QPSK 5.01 Mbps 1.71 Mbps -6 -4.4 -4.5 -100 -103.4 -98.5





7-QPSK 7-QPSK 13.43 Mbps 4.73 Mbps -1.1 0.6 0.6 -95.1 -98.4 -93.4


9-QPSK 9-QPSK 17.40 Mbps 6.11 Mbps 0.6 2.2 2.9 -93.4 -96.8 -91.1

10-16QAM 10-QPSK 17.40 Mbps 6.80 Mbps 1.5 3 3.7 -92.5 -96 -90.3

11-16QAM 11-16QAM 19.24 Mbps 6.80 Mbps 1.7 3.3 3.9 -92.3 -95.7 -90.1

12-16QAM 12-16QAM 21.98 Mbps 7.63 Mbps 2.7 4.4 5.1 -91.3 -94.6 -88.9

13-16QAM 13-16QAM 25.13 Mbps 8.86 Mbps 3.8 5.2 6.3 -90.2 -93.8 -87.7

14-16QAM 14-16QAM 28.00 Mbps 9.80 Mbps 4.6 6.1 7.4 -89.4 -92.9 -86.6

15-16QAM 15-16QAM 31.22 Mbps 10.95 Mbps 5.5 7.2 8.8 -88.5 -91.8 -85.2

16-16QAM 16-16QAM 33.63 Mbps 11.72 Mbps 5.9 7.7 9.3 -88.1 -91.3 -84.7

17-64QAM 17-16QAM 33.63 Mbps 12.68 Mbps 6.9 8.7 10.6 -87.1 -90.3 -83.4

18-64QAM 18-16QAM 36.08 Mbps 14.06 Mbps 7.4 9 11.2 -86.6 -90 -82.8

19-64QAM 19-16QAM 40.31 Mbps 15.16 Mbps 8.4 9.5 12.7 -85.6 -89.5 -81.3

20-64QAM 20-16QAM 43.10 Mbps 16.23 Mbps 9 10.4 13.4 -85 -88.6 -80.6

21-64QAM 21-16QAM 48.20 Mbps 16.23 Mbps 10.5 10.5 15.3 -83.5 -88.5 -78.7

22-64QAM 22-16QAM 51.57 Mbps 18.14 Mbps 11 11.4 15.6 -83 -87.6 -78.4

23-64QAM 55.97 Mbps 12.1 17.2 -81.9 -76.8

24-64QAM 60.28 Mbps 13.1 18.6 -80.9 -75.4

25-64QAM 63.40 Mbps 13.6 19.1 -80.4 -74.9

26-64QAM 67.47 Mbps 14.5 21.3 -79.5 -72.7

27-64QAM 69.78 Mbps 15.5 21.4 -78.5 -72.6

28-64QAM 82.32 Mbps 19.2 22.3 -74.8 -71.7

• Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz• Subframe Assignment = 1 (2:2)

• Special Subframe Patterns = 7• Category 4 UE – 2rx 1tx

78

MCS Chart, Cont.Modulation and Coding

SchemeMax troughtput [Mbps] SINR (dB) Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)

rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL



2-QPSK 2-QPSK 6.85 Mbps 0.85 Mbps -6 -4.4 -4.5 -100 -103.4 -98.5







9-QPSK 9-QPSK 23.74 Mbps 3.05 Mbps 0.6 2.2 2.9 -93.4 -96.8 -91.110-16QAM 10-QPSK 23.74 Mbps 3.40 Mbps 1.5 3 3.7 -92.5 -96 -90.311-16QAM 11-16QAM 26.27 Mbps 3.40 Mbps 1.7 3.3 3.9 -92.3 -95.7 -90.1

12-16QAM 12-16QAM 29.92 Mbps 3.82 Mbps 2.7 4.4 5.1 -91.3 -94.6 -88.9

13-16QAM 13-16QAM 34.30 Mbps 4.43 Mbps 3.8 5.2 6.3 -90.2 -93.8 -87.7

14-16QAM 14-16QAM 38.18 Mbps 4.90 Mbps 4.6 6.1 7.4 -89.4 -92.9 -86.6

15-16QAM 15-16QAM 42.56 Mbps 5.48 Mbps 5.5 7.2 8.8 -88.5 -91.8 -85.2

16-16QAM 16-16QAM 45.86 Mbps 5.86 Mbps 5.9 7.7 9.3 -88.1 -91.3 -84.7

17-64QAM 17-16QAM 45.86 Mbps 6.34 Mbps 6.9 8.7 10.6 -87.1 -90.3 -83.4

18-64QAM 18-16QAM 49.23 Mbps 7.03 Mbps 7.4 9 11.2 -86.6 -90 -82.8

19-64QAM 19-16QAM 54.99 Mbps 7.58 Mbps 8.4 9.5 12.7 -85.6 -89.5 -81.3

20-64QAM 20-16QAM 58.80 Mbps 8.12 Mbps 9 10.4 13.4 -85 -88.6 -80.6

21-64QAM 21-16QAM 65.72 Mbps 8.12 Mbps 10.5 10.5 15.3 -83.5 -88.5 -78.7

22-64QAM 22-16QAM 70.33 Mbps 9.07 Mbps 11 11.4 15.6 -83 -87.6 -78.4

23-64QAM 76.38 Mbps 12.1 17.2 -81.9 -76.8

24-64QAM 82.30 Mbps 13.1 18.6 -80.9 -75.4

25-64QAM 86.33 Mbps 13.6 19.1 -80.4 -74.9

26-64QAM 92.14 Mbps 14.5 21.3 -79.5 -72.7

27-64QAM 95.29 Mbps 15.5 21.4 -78.5 -72.6

28-64QAM 112.47 Mbps 19.2 22.3 -74.8 -71.7

• Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz• Subframe Assignment = 2 (3:1)

• Special Subframe Patterns = 7• Category 4 UE – 2rx 1tx

79

Physical-Layer Cell Identity (PCI)

Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)3 different sequences called Physical-Layer ID (0 to 2)Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)168 different sequences called Physical-Layer Cell ID Group (0 to 167)

3x168 = 504 available PCIs. Once a UE knows the PCI, it also knows the location of the cell reference signals.

80

Summary – LTE Overview

• FDD/TDD is same platform, based on OFDM multi-access technology• 3 main architectural components: UE, eNB, EPC• Channel bandwidth 1.4-20 MHz• MCS QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM• MIMO multi-antenna technology at eNB and UE• CA increases bandwidth• Network identifiers: PLMN, TAC, ECI, PCI• UE identifiers: IMSI, IMEI• RF measures: RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CINR

81

EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows

Cameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services

82

Signaling in Basic LTE Network Architecture

HSS: Home Subscriber ServerMME: Mobility Management EntityPCRF: Policy & Charging Rule FunctionPGW: Packet GatewaySGW: Serving Gateway

83

E-UTRAN Network Interfaces

S1 InterfaceConnects the eNodeB to the EPC.It is split into two interfaces:• Control plane (S1-MME) and • User plane (S1-U)

X2 InterfaceUsed to interconnect eNodeBs. It is where handoff related and load or interference related information is exchanged.

84

EPC Elements

• Mobility Management Entity (MME): Responsible for user authentication (by interacting with HSS), idle mode location tracking, paging, roaming, handovers, bearer activation and deactivation process, and selecting gateways for UE.

• Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information.

• Serving Gateway (S-GW): Gateway which terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN, serving a large number of eNodeBs. Responsible for handovers with neighbor eNodeBs and data transfer across the user plane.

• Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW): Controls IP data services, routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policies, and provides access for non-3GPP access networks such as WiMAX and 3GPP2.

• Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): Interfaces with PGW and supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement, and flow-based charging.

85

User Plane – UE to PGW

IP packets in the core network are encapsulated in an EPC-specific protocol and tunneled between the PGW and the eNodeB. GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP) is used on the S1 and S5/S8 interfaces.The protocol stack between the eNodeB and UE consists of the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayers.

86

Control Plane – UE to MME

The control plane additionally includes the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, which is responsible for establishing the radio bearers (carriers) and configuring the lower layers. Control plane handling of radio-specific functionality includes:• Cell selection and reselection

procedures• UE information on the downlink

channel quality and neighbor cell information

87

EPS Bearer – Part 1

Evolved Packet System (EPS) Bearer is defined between the PGW and UE, and maps to a specific set of QoS parameters such as data rate, latency, and packet error rate.

Bearer Classes:• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearer• Non-GBR bearer

88


• Access Point Name (APN) is a gateway the UE attaches to and which identifies the Packet Data Network (PDN).

• QoS Class Identifier (QCI) identifies 9 different QoS performance characteristics.

• Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) indicates the priority of the bearer.

• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the bit rate to be guaranteed in the uplink and in the downlink.

• Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed in the uplink and in the downlink.

• APN-AMBR (UL/DL) is used for non-GBR type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed for all bandwidth in a PDN.

• UE-AMBR (UL/DL) is the same as APN-AMBR, but is the maximum bit rate allowed for all non-GBR type bearers associated to the UE.

89


90

EPS Bearer – Part 4 (SDF)

Service Data Flow (SDF) is a group of IP flows of user traffic associated with a type of service. Each SDF that matches the packet filters of a Traffic Flow Template (TFT)(DL TFT) is mapped by the P-GW to an EPS bearer that satisfies its QoSrequirements.

91

EPS Bearer – Part 5.1 (QoS)

• QoS parameters are defined at service level and bearer level. • Both QCI and ARP are the basic QoS parameters applied to all SDFs

and EPS bearers. • GBR, MBR, and AMBR are the rate limiting related QoS parameters.• QoS authorization is handled by the Policy Control and Charging Rules

Function (PCRF), which dynamically manages and controls data sessions.

• QoS parameters:• SDF QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR and MBR• EPS bearer QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR, APN-AMBR and UE-AMBR

92

EPS Bearer – Part 5.2 (QOS)

93

EPS Bearer – Part 6.1 (QoS Provisioning)

EPS Bearer QoS ProvisioningQoS parameters applied to a default bearer are provisioned by the HSS, which is downloaded by the MME when the default bearer is activated. These QoS rules can be modified by the PCRF. The PCRF is also responsible for provisioning QoS parameters for dedicated bearers.

SDF QoS ProvisioningAll the QoS parameters for SDFs are provisioned by the PCRF.

94

EPS Bearer – Part 6.2 (QoS Provisioning)

95

EPS Bearer – Part 7 (QoS Enforcement)

QoS rules are applied to each detected SDF and EPS bearer upon detection of user traffic (IP flows). IP flows arriving at a P-GW are filtered into different SDFs. Enforcement of QoS for EPS bearers are done in EPS entities (UE, eNB, S-GW, and P-GW)

96

Baicells CloudCore Design

97

LGW – NAT Mode

• URL access to UE:https://[IP Address]:[Port]

• [IP Address] = eNB IP• [Port] = 5xxxx where xxxx =

last 4 digits of UE’s IMSI

98

LGW – Router Mode

• Requires a static route entry to access the LGW subnet

99

LGW – Bridge Mode• MAC address of UE is

generated from the IMSI to hex

• To calculate the UE MAC address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, and then prefix it with 8A.

• For example, if the IMSI is 311980000002918, you would take the last 12 digits "980000002918" and convert them to hex, which would equal "E42C8D5366“. The resulting MAC address would be 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66.

100

RF Planning & Design


101

Challenges?

How do we develop a business model with so many parameters? • The three C’s to planning: Coverage, Capacity, & Cost• Vertical assets: Towers, Buildings, Utility Poles, etc.

What are the challenges to be overcome? • Data accuracy - clutter• Site selection

102

Propagation Modeling Software

103

PCI Planning - Why it’s Important

Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms:Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) ◦ Subframe #0 and #5 ◦ Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of

the band ◦ OFDM symbol #6

Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) ◦ Subframe #0 and #5 ◦ Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of

the band ◦ OFDM symbol #5

104

Cell Sizes

• Macro cells – cover 1-30 km, e.g., cellular networks• Small cells – typically to improve cellular service and cover dead zones

in a building:oMicro – covers 200-2000 metersoPico – covers 4-200 meters o Femto – user-installed local wirelessoAtto – optical Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) vs RF, as small as light bulbs

• Heterogeneous network (HetNet) – a combination of different cell types, sizes, and access technologies

Small cells increase user capacity at a lower power

105

Capacity Planning

• The challenge of macro and HetNet planning is ensuring capacity is provided where the demand is located.

• The cell spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. In the presence of traffic hotspots, an adaptive modulation and coding scheme means the difference between users sharing .5 Mbps and 100 Mbps.

• The location of traffic hotspots determines whether there will be a return on investment or not, and maximizes profit margins.

106

PCI Planning – TDD Sync signals

• Sync signals are transmitted by the eNB to UEs to obtain cell identity and timing

• 2 synchronization signals aretransmitted once every 5 ms, and mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band

• Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) • Subframe #1 and #6 • OFDM symbol #2

Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) • Subframe #0 and #5 • OFDM symbol #13

107

PCI Planning - Priority Orders

When planning PCIs, the following priority orders are recommended: 1. The same PCIs should be avoided within the same site and as neighbors. 2. PCIs with conflicting k values should be avoided within the same site and as

neighbors. 3. PCIs with conflicting m0 and m1 values should be avoided within the same site

and as neighbors.

Reasons for not following these rules strictly: • Will not work in an irregular pattern (see previous slide) • Will cause a lot of limitations on neighbors, and neighbor lists will have to be

shortened

108

PCI Planning Calculator

Example formula using Excel to calculate PCI usage: =SUM(3*E2+D2)

109

Antenna Choice - Coverage vs Interference

• Which antenna you choose is very important when designing an LTE site.

• The next few slides provide examples of some DO’s and some DO NOT’s.

110

Antenna Choice: Three 120-degree Sectors (DO NOT)

111

Antenna Choice: Three 90-degree Sectors (Acceptable)

112

Antenna Choice: Four 90-degree Sectors (DO NOT)

113

Antenna Choice: Four 65-degree Sectors (DO!)

114

Antenna Choice: Six 45-degree Sectors (Best use)

115

Antenna Basics – Down Tilt

• Need to know:• Desired coverage area (radius from tower)• Antenna mounting height above average

terrain• Vertical beamwidth• Electrical down tilt

• Use down tilt calculator before ordering antennas

• http://www.commscope.com/calculators/qdowntilt.aspx

• Most antennas fall in a range of 6-8 degree vertical beamwidth

• Use 7 as an average starting point

116

http://www.commscope.com/calculators/qdowntilt.aspx

Antenna Down Tilt – Electrical vs Mechanical

• Need to know:• With mechanical tilt, the coverage area is reduced

in the central direction, but the coverage area in side directions is increased.

• With electrical tilt, the coverage area suffers a uniform reduction in the direction of the antenna azimuth; that is, the gain is reduced uniformly.

• Tilt is used to reduce and control interference with other sites

• Tilt is used to concentrate the RF pattern in the desired coverage area

• Mechanical down tilt may worsen CINR levels from neighboring sectors

117

Baicells Antenna Selection

• Once you know the target antenna specifications for your deployment, search for the best antenna to fit your deployment.

• Baicells has approved:• Alpha Antennas https://alphaantennas.com/• KP Performance Antennas https://www.kpperformance.ca• MTI Antennas http://www.mtiwe.com/

• Fixed vs Adjustable Electrical Downtilt• F/B Ratio - The front-to-back ratio denotes the sensitivity of an antenna to radio waves in the

region of 180 ±40 degrees from the main beam direction - the area of space behind the antenna.

• F/B Ratio of 30-35 dB is considered good. Less than that is not, but may be acceptable under certain small cell scenarios. The higher the number, the better.

118

https://alphaantennas.com/

https://www.kpperformance.ca/

http://www.mtiwe.com/

Baicells Antenna Selection, Cont.

• Polarization: • Dual Slant• Horizontal/Vertical

• Benefits of dual slant:• Improved noise immunity• Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)• Improved coverage in congested

environments• Vertical polarization generally

maintains a stronger receive signal than horizontal polarization (inequality)

• Slanting both polarities 45 degrees improves receive sensitivity equality

119

Baicells Antenna Selection, Cont.

• Find a few antennas that may fit your deployment• Run down tilt calculations again using the correct vertical beamwidth

specifications• Choose as much electrical down tilt as possible to meet your desired

down tilt. Reduced mechanical down tilt reduces pattern skew.• Total Down tilt (DT) = Electrical DT + Mechanical DT

• Install antenna with accurate mechanical down tilt, per calculations• Test and adjust if needed

120

RF Cables

• PIM - defined as the unwanted signal or signals generated by the non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies

• High PIM means poor reception and limited bandwidth to the end user, which in turn means lost customers.

• Low PIM means strong signals with more bandwidth for more users, which means happy customers and higher revenues.

• Extensive testing by LTE providers determined that legacy LMR braided cables may test perfectly in a Return Loss or VSWR test, but generally possess only average PIM performance.

• PIM lowers the reliability, capacity, and data rate of LTE systems. It does this by limiting the receive sensitivity.

121

RF Cables, Cont.

• PIM shows up as a set of unwanted signals, created by loose or corroded connectors, nearby rust, medium or high PIM braided cable products, and other variables listed below. Other names for PIM include the diode effect and the rusty bolt effect.

• Connectors made for LTE usage are non-ferrous and plated with coatings such as silver, white bronze, and gold.

• Over-tightening, insufficient contact pressure, distorted contact surfaces, foreign material in the mating surfaces, or corrosion can cause excessive PIM.

• Other causes of PIM: Poorly manufactured antennas, nearby corrosion, lightning arrestors

122

RF Cables, Cont.

• Following are a few datasheet links for Low PIM cables from various manufacturers:

• RFS Cellflex49• Superior Essex HSFC Series23• Commscope Heliax Sureflex27• Times Microwave LMR-SW49

123

http://www.rfsworld.com/WebSearchECat/datasheets/pdf/cache/LCF12-50JFN.pdf

http://ce.superioressex.com/uploadedFiles/Docs/PDF/Catalogs/Communications/HFSC.pdf

http://www.commscope.com/Docs/SureFlex_BR-104351.pdf

https://www.timesmicrowave.com/downloads/products/lmr-sw.pdf

Power Levels

• Range in power can vary greatly, from the smallest to the largest components.

• Increasing power can swamp the smaller components and render them inoperable; they must be planned carefully with new levels of accuracy.

• Environment modeling such as clutter data must be reconsidered, with accuracy the main focus, due to the range in power levels.

• Deployments in significant numbers result in an exponential growth in the planning complexity.

124

Coverage Prediction

• Clutter data accuracy – recommendations:• Macro : < 32 feet / 10 meters• Pico/SmallCell : < 8 feet / 2.5 meters• Femto/Wi-Fi : < 3 feet / 1 meter• Atto : < .8 feet / 0.25 meters

• Network Capacity• Provide capacity where demand is located• Spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. It

may mean the difference between users sharing 5 Mbps and 50 Mbps.• Location, Location, Location

• Adaptive modulation works to achieve maximum performance of the link• High Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) means more spectrum efficiency, which in turn maximizes

ROI

125

Network Capacity

• Network capacity is sensitive to the cell spectral efficiency.• An adaptive modulation and coding scheme means that user locations determine

the capacity of the serving cell.• A commuting, dynamic population means that residential or business census falls

short of the actual population distribution in modern cities.• Components are sensitive to the mobility of the demand. Fast moving demand

cannot be served by small cells such as picos.• Different components are suited to different environments. Femto and Wi-Fi are

designed primarily for indoor; macros and picos work effectively outdoors.

126

Interference

1. The power of a distant macro can often be at a similar value to the power of a small cell’s serving area.

2. The interference potential of a macro is increased considerably for a small celldue to the greater powers of the macro.

3. Complex interplays between the macro and small cells should be modeled.4. Modeling entire cities, it may be necessary to extend the signal predictions to

much farther distances in order to compute a site’s capacity.How do we address this? 1. Reduce power, increase gain2. Tilt - Focus your antenna for your planned coverage, and stick to it.

127

Planning Summary

• Use deployment-ready business case studies for cell planning.• Use good clutter data, as available. Design for capacity with

coverage as the second most important factor.

• Various techniques are required to understand the ROI on each new site.

Remember: Clutter data is not cheap, but neither is putting a site in the wrong spot.

128

X2 Handoffs

NOTE: The terms handoff and handover are used interchangeably in LTE. You will see both terms used in Baicells.


129

X2 Handoffs (LTE to LTE)

EPC

X2 InterfaceLogical interface for signaling between eNBs. When attached to the same MME, the serving and the target eNBs can communicate directly without going through a radio network controller (RNC). X2 starts buffering on the target eNB in advance of a handoff.X2 is disabled by default.

130

X2 Handoff Configuration

Configure Neighbor

Frequencies

Configure Mobility

Parameters

Examine Advanced Settings

1 2 3

131

X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Neighbor Frequency & Neighbor Cell Tables

Configure Neighbor

Frequencies1

132

X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Mobility Settings

Configure Mobility

Parameters2

133

X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Mobility Settings, Cont.

Configure Mobility

Parameters2

134

X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Advanced > X2

Examine Advanced Settings

3

135

X2 Handoff Config., Cont.Real-World Example

Neigh Freq & Neigh Cell Tables

136

X2 Handoff Config., Cont.Real-World Example, Cont.Mobility:Event A1: The serving cell becomes better than the absolute threshold.

Event A2: The serving cell becomes worse than theabsolute threshold.

Event A3: The neighbor cell becomes “x” amount ofoffset better than the serving cell.

Event A5: The serving cell becomes worse than theabsolute threshold 1 AND the neighbor cell becomesbetter than another absolute threshold 2.

137

X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Real-World Example, Cont.

Mobility & X2

138

Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues

Nitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support Engineer

139

eNB Status Shows Inactive

140

OMC Status Check

141

IPSEC Status Check

142

MME Status & Quick Settings

143

UE Connect/Reconnect Problems

• Check SIM status:- For a new install, first check the USIM

card status. ‘USIM Normal’ is expected.

- If you find it displays ‘SIM not ready’, please check if the SIM card is firmly installed.

144

• Check if the UE can “hear” a cell:- Try adjusting the orientation of the UE

so that it faces the eNB’s antenna in order to get better RF quality.

- If it cannot, maybe the UE is out of RF coverage of an eNB. Adjust the height and/or down tilt of the eNB’s antenna.

UE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont.

145

UE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont.

- Check if the user status in BOSS is activated:

- If the PC cannot get an IP from the UE, then restart the UE; it may be that the LAN is not working.

- If the UE’S PCI lock feature is enabled, make sure the frequency and PCI information are correct.

- Make sure the eNB power settings are correct. An eNB’s reference signal may be set incorrectly, so the UE will receive lower RSRP and have difficulty attaching.

- Make sure the eNB is activated.- If all of the above checked OK but the UE still fails to gain access, collect logs from the eNB and

report it to Baicells support.

If you cannot find the UE in BOSS, contact BaiCells support to add it in.

146

UE or eNB not showing up in OMC

• Add the UE or eNB in OMC:1. Log in to the OMC.2. Go to the Device Management menu.3. Click on the CPE/UE or eNB tab.4. Click the plus symbol + in the top right corner.5. Enter the serial number/MAC address of the CPE/UE or eNB into the box.

• Check that the CPE/UE or eNB is active and connected to the internet.• Check that the management server settings on the eNB and the TR069 settings

are correct on the CPE/UE.• Check the DNS settings.

147

Speed & Latency Issues

• Check if there is any flow control enabled on the switch connected to the eNB.

• Check the RF parameters on the CPE/UE, i.e., RSRP, MCS, CINR, SINR and see if they are optimum.

• Check to see if the backhaul is the problem. Run iperf3 between the eNBand the client PC. Run iperf3 server on iperf server-tower, and try the iperf3 test on the client PC. Iperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - DownloadServer: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5 -RIperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - UploadServer: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5

• If the results are satisfactory, include the ISP and run the iperf3 test again.

148

LGW Modes on the eNB & UE

• There are three LGW modes on the eNB and UE: NAT, Router, Bridge.1. NAT mode on eNB

To access the UE when the eNB is in NAT mode, use URL: https://[IP Address]:[Port]• [IP Address] is the eNB’s IP address.• [Port] is a number with format 5XXXX, XXXX with the last 4 digits of UE’s IMSI.

149

LGW Modes on the eNB & UE, Cont.

2. Router mode on eNB:

Use the UE’s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.: https://10.10.0.10

150

https://10.10.0.10/

LGW Modes on the eNB & UE, Cont.

3. Bridge mode on eNB: In LGW L2 bridge mode, the eNB will create a virtual interface for every UE that attaches. Each virtual interface will then do a DHCP request and create a 1:1 mapping between the UE IP (from Cloud EPC) and LGW IP. In L2 mode, the MAC address that the UE uses is generated from the IMSI number.

To calculate the UE MAC address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, and then prefix it with 8A. For example, if the IMSI is 311980000002918, you would take the last 12 digits "980000002918" and convert it to hex, which would equal "E42C8D5366“. The resulting MAC address is 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66. Once you know the MAC address, you can provision your networking accordingly. Use the UE’s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.: https://192.168.1.101

151

https://192.168.1.101/

CPE/UE Not Connected to Internet

• Check the CPE/UE SIM status.• Check if the CPE/UE is connected to the eNB.• Check the DNS information on the CPE/UE.

152

CPE/UE Not Connected to Internet, Cont.

• Perform the ping test on the CPE/UE:

• Check the LGW setting on the eNB and CPE/UE.• Check the route between the eNB and the external router.

153

GPS Unsynchronized

• When an installation unsync alarm is found: Make sure the GPS antenna on the eNB was correctly mounted, per the eNB Installation Guide, before it was powered on. If the GPS status appears unsynchronized in OMC after the eNB is powered on for the first time, check the following items:1. In the eNB GUI, check whether the GPS switch setting is set to Enable.

154

GPS Unsynchronized, Cont.

2. Check whether the GPS connector is loosened.3. Check whether the GPS antenna is operating normally by connecting it

to another eNB.4. Reboot the eNB to try again if the above items are normal.

• During normal operations an unsync alarm may be seen. Sometimes, the GPS status suddenly appears unsynchronized in OMC while the eNB is operating normally. The probable cause of this situation is as below:1. The GPS antenna may have been damaged by natural factor, such as a

thunderstorm.2. The GPS antenna has been unplugged manually. 3. The GPS connector is loosened.4. Reboot the eNB after you have checked the above items.

155

CPE/UE Shows Disconnected in OMC While Passing Traffic

• After noting the MAC address, delete the CPE/UE from the OMC.• Upgrade the CPE/UE if it is not at the latest release. An upgrade will

automatically cause a reboot.• If no upgrade was required, reboot the CPE/UE.• Add the CPE/UE back in the OMC using its MAC address.

156

Interference Issues

• The first indication there may be interference issues is when you see bad CINR and MCS values despite having good RSRP.

• To confirm, look at the CINR, SINR, and MCS values on the other CPE/UEs connected to this eNB.

• If all the CPEs/UEs are facing similar problems, it could be that interference is at the eNB; else, it can only be at this particular CPE/UE.

• To further verify this, check the BLER %.• If you have a frequency scanner and know that you are not operating

anywhere near the eNB on the same frequency, scan and see if you are seeing signals in your operating frequency.

• Check the frequency configuration on your nearby eNBs, and make sure there is no PCI conflict on any of your eNBs.

157

CPE/UE Weak RF Conditions

• From the CPE/UE web GUI, you can monitor both RSRP0 and RSRP1 in real-time. If the values are greater than -110 dBm, it indicates that the RF is within the

service scope of the eNB. If the values are greater than -95 dBm, it indicates the RF is good.

• We strongly suggest that the RSRP of the CPE/UE should be greater than -110 dBm; otherwise, the CPE/UE will frequently be offline or not functioning properly.

158

CPE/UE Weak RF Conditions, Cont.

• The items listed below also may cause poor RF issues:1. Problems with the RF path from the eNB to the antenna, such as water in the RF cable, a bad

lightning protector, a bad cable termination, or a bad cable.2. One radiator in the antenna is defective or disconnected internally. In this case, replace with

another antenna to test.3. Bad UE hardware, e.g., one antenna radiator is defective or disconnected internally, or one

transmitter is bad. Try another UE unit.4. RF interference on one RF chain. Try changing to a different frequency.5. Incorrect antenna down tilt, or the UE antenna is not mounted to face directly at the eNB

antenna. Check the eNB antenna down tilt and vertical beamwidth in relation to the UE location.

6. The UE is mounted outside or at the edge of the eNB antenna propagation field. Move the UE inside the antenna propagation field.

7. Bad eNB hardware, e.g., one RF port is disconnected from the transmitter internally, or a bad transmitter. Replace the eNB unit.

159

Baicells HaloB Solution


160

Problem: Unstable Backhaul Causes S1 Failure

An MME pool solution remits the situation but does not resolve it. And the cost is much higher.

Using the internet for S1 backhaul is flexible but unstable. There are always some end-users out of service because of the unstable backhaul.

eNodeBCPE

Internet

Internet

APP Server

IPSec & EPC

Signaling

Traffic

LGW

Node Failure

Link Failure

TransmissionNetwork

IP-S

ec

SAE-GW

MME-Pool

161

Problem: Complicated Structure

The complicated structure requires professional design.

Centralized EPC causes heavy impact when a failure occurs.

LTE is an E2E L3 network; it is hard to migrate a L2 network to LTE.

Traditional LTE Architecture

OMC&BOSS

MME

eNodeBeNodeB

SGW

PGW HSSPCRF

Internet

End to end IP

162

HaloB Overview

Nova

HaloB

Nova

HaloB

Nova

HaloB

Nova

HaloB

Nova

HaloB

Internet

Traditional LTE Architecture

OMC&BOSS

MME

eNodeBeNodeB

SGW

PGW HSSPCRF

Internet

End to end IP

One HaloB, One LTE

OMC&BOSS

Nova

HaloB

Nova

HaloB

163

HaloB Highlights

• NAS is processed by the HaloB eNB; the UE will be always online

• Only users under that HaloB will be affected when a failure occurs

• Less investment, easier for newcomers• Simplified structure, no need for professional design and

maintenance• Self-configuration, plug-and-play, shorter TTM• Decouples eNodeB and core network• Provides L2 scenario, such as for SME and LAN gaming• Multiple APNs, isolates management from service packets

Nova

HaloB

164

HaloB Network Diagram

Software upgrade to get HaloB.Concise structure, concise management UI.Get active subscriber information from HSS.

Cache subscriber information in local database. Cipher storage.

OMC

Self-configuration:PLMNEARFCNBandwidth…

BOSS

Subscriber Info:SynchronizationTransportationStorageVerification

Subscriber Info: Input Accounting

NAS Processing

Subscriber InformationManagement

Local Traffic Breakout

Local Breakout

Cipher Data

APN1 Mgmt.

APN2 DATA

Nova

HaloB Self-optimization:PCIPRACH…

How to get HaloB

Software upgrade plus active license on existing hardware:

New hardware with license:

Q & A

167

168

Thank you!

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