bacteria 1428

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2- .

3- .

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MicrobiologyLouis Pasteur

Robert K och.

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- Microbiology

.

Micro

Biology .

.1

Bacteriology, Mycology, phycology, virology, protozology

.2 ) ( Soil

microbiology, Air microbiology, Food microbiology, industrialmicrobiology, water microbiology

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.1 .

.2

.3

.

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EventScientistYear

Mucor

Robert Hooke.1664

Anton van Leeuwenhoek .1632-1723

Ferdinand Julius Cohn

(German botanist).1872

The concept of spontaneous generation theory: 122-184 . .

.1 .

.2 .

.3autoclave .

.4 .

.5 Fowl cholera, anthrax .

.6 .

The French chemist Leuis Pasteur

1822-1895

.1

.2 .3

.4

German physician Robert K och.1843-1910

.Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in K och's laboratory.

1882

]Hans Christian Gram.[1884

Julius R .Petri.1884

2- :Historical roots of microbiology

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:

925-865 .

1038-980 .

1106-1030 .

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Microbiology

Louis Pasteur

Robert K och.

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Classification

(Naming- describing and classifying) : ± ± ± - ± ± .

K ingdom- Phylum- Class- Order-Family- Genus-S pecies

Binomial system nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus (1778- 1707)

Binomial system nomenclature :

Genus name Capital letter S pecies name Small letter .

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

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1- Two kingdoms system of classification

:

Plantae

) (

Animaliae

) (.

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(Haeckel¶s system) Three kingdoms system of classification

(1866) Ernest Haeckel

Animaliae

Protista

Plantae

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(Copeland¶s system) Four kingdoms system of classification

* (1956) Copeland

Monera (bacteria qnd cyanobacteria)

AnimaliaeProtista

Plantae

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:

(Whittaker¶s system) Five kingdoms system of classification

* (1969) Whittaker

, .

Fungi

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Six kingdoms system of classification Molecular biology techniques TwodomainsArchaebacteria) Eubacteria(

EubacteriaArchaebacteria

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.

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*

Euk aryote Prok aryote

.1-

.2

.3 D NA

.4

.5

.6

.1

.2

.3 D NA

.4D NA

.5

.6

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:

.1 Physical factors

- -- ± ± ± ± ± ±

.

.2 Chemical factors . Bacteriostatic

Bactericidal

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1- Temperature

:

.

1- :

:

:

: . :

1- )10 (% .)0.5 ) ( (

2- ) (

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2-

: ) (

Coagulation

Denaturation

) (

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:

.1Minimum temperature :

.2Optimum temperature :

.3Maximum temperature:

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:

Psychrophilic bacteria Mesophilic bacteria )1047° (

Thermophilic bacteria )4080° (

:

Thermal death point

24 Death time

Hyperthermophilic bacteria

80° *

)-535° (

* :

)-5 20° (

Psychrotolerant

)25-30° (

d1

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Slide 22

d1 dr.sana, 10/21/2008

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:

.1 pH

)6-8(

)3-5(

.2 Coagulation

.3 )

(

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pH:

Acidophilic bacteria Alk alophilic bacteria

:

Neutrophilic bacteria

*

:

*

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:

Aerobic Anaerobic

Facultative aerobic

: E.coli

Obligate aerobic

.

: Bacillus

spp.

Facultative anaerobic

Lactobacillus

Corynebacterium

Obligate anaerobic

Clostridium .

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:

2O2-

:2H+ superoxide dismutase H2O2 +O2+2O2-

(Strong oxidizing agent) Catalase

H2O +O2

Catalase Hydrogen H2O2 peroxide .

superoxide dismutase

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:

.1: K olle flask- Roux bottles ± Shaker incubator

.2

) ( ) (

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)

(

:

Available (Free) , Non-available ( bounded)

70-80%

)

(

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.1

.2 ) (/ )(

.3 ) ³ =1´(

.4

.5 ) = (0.9

.6 =0.8

.7 0.7

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0.7 :

.1 ) (

.

.2 <

.3 <

.4 )Gram +ve(< )Gram -ve(

.5 <

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)(

.

:

.1 ) (

.2

.

.3

Plasmolysis

Osmophilic)

(

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Halophilic bacteria :

. :.1

.2

.3

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.

) + Hydrostatic pressure(

Baratolerant

:

.1

.2

.3 1000 . :

.1

.2

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) (

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R adiation

1- Visible spectrum

)7600-3800Å(

:

.1 :

) (

.2 ) (

Superoxide

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2- Non-visible spectrum

Long wave length radiation

Infra red

)

Short wave length radiation

UV rays

.2

)2500-3800(Å

)

Ionized radiation

D NA

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:

.1 :Bacteriostatic agents

.2 Bactericidal agents:

:

.1 ) (

.2

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:

.1 ) ( Antiseptic

.2 : Disinfectants

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1- :

2-5%

) OH

(

2-:

)( 37%

3-

50-70%

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4-

,5-

: * )

( * )

( *

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:

.1

.2

.3

.4

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:

:

1-Acids.a )(HCl- H2SO4

H+ .b

.c

.d

..e

2-Alk alies .a OH-

.bBa(OH)2 NaOH .c NaOH

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.1

.2

.3 .4

.5

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Hg Cl2

1

1%

600

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) - (

,

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Bacteriology

.

Monera

Prokaryotic organisms:Bacteria

ArchaebacteriaEubacteria

Cyanobacteria

Blue green algae

Bacteria

Methanogens .

CO2

.

Halophiles

Thermophiles

.

.

pH=2.

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Binary fission

:

B t i l h l

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.1 Bacterial colonies

Bacterial morphology

CIRCULAR FILAMENTOUS (Fimbriate)IRREGULAR

E

NTIR E

Colony Margin

Colony Form

FILAME

NTOUSUNDULATE

Colony Elevation

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Qm= 10-6 m)(

)1-5Qm( )0.2-0.5 µm(

Nanobacteria (0.1 µm in diamter ).

:

.1

.2 (S/V)

.3 (metabolic rate a 1/size2),

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R=1Qm

Surface area=4Tr 2

=12.6Qm

Volume= ¾Tr 3

= 4.2 Qm3

Surface/volume= 3

R=2Qm

Surface area=4Tr 2

=50.3Qm

Volume= ¾Tr 3

= 33.5 Qm3

Surface/volume= 1.5

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Shape of bacteria

.

singular .

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Cocci ( singular: coccus),

the Latin coccinus ( scarlet) and the Greek (kokkos)

S pherical oval

Coccobacilli Mor axell a N eisseria

-1 Monococcus:

ex: Micrococcus

2- Pairs or Diplococci

) (

ex: Diplococcus pneumonia

3- Streptococci ( bead-like chains)

ex: St rept ococcus lact is

Types of arrangement

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4-Tetrad

ex: Micrococcus t et ragenia

5- Packets of eights or cubes

ex: S arcina lut ea

6- Staphylococci ( grape like clusters)

ex: St aphylococcus aureus

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Cylindrical in morphology called rod ±shaped bacteriaBacilli Bacillus short rods ( Escherichia, Pseudomona s) Long rods ( Bacillus)

Trichome

types of arrangement : Monobacillus

ex: S almonell a typhi

Diplobacilli

ex: Clostridium tet ani

Streptobacilli

ex: Bacillus anthr acis

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Curv

ed rods or spiral-shaped bacteria, div

ided into: Vibrion(Comma Shape)

) (

ex: V ibrio choler a

Cork -screw shape)(Spirillum

) (

ex: S pirillum minus

Spirochaete

ex: T reponema pallidum

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: Ar t hrobact er globiformis

: Rhizobium spp

) (

T, Y, L, X shape

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External structures

(Variant components or Non-Essential components)

Internal structures

(Non-variant components or Essential components)

1. Capsule or Slime layer

2. Cell wall

3. Flagella

4. Pili

1. Cytoplasmic membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Ribosome

4. Mesosome

5. Stored materials

6. Genetic material

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Plasmid

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Slime layer Viscus Capsule

Polysaccharides polypeptides, phospholipids.

:

.1 Mucoid colony

.2 Rough colony

:.1 ) Virulence()

(.2

.3

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)10-20 ( 20%

:

.1

.2

.3

.1 Peptidoglycan Mucopeptide or

Murein .2

Methanobacterium Pseudomurein

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.1 Differentiated stain (gram stain)

.2 )Gram +ve(

.3

)Gram -ve. (

.4

.5

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enters bacterial cell & forms iodine-crystal violet complexes

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Gram Negative Gram PositiveProperty

10-15 nmnm20-25 Thickness of wall

21Number of layers in wall

)10-20% (

)<50% (

Peptidoglycan content

-+Teichoic acid in wall

)20 % ( )2% (Lipid and lipoprotein content

+-Proplasmic space

A summary of the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls.

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)250-300( pilin )

(

fimbria

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Movement of bacteria:

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Movement of bacteria:

:.1 gliding motion)( Myxobacteria

.2 Rotatory motion S pirochaetes

axial fibrils Endo flagella

. ..3

Flagella (singular: Flagellum) :

.1 )Atricous(

.3 )Tricous(-

.

:

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:

)monotrichous( .

)lophotricous( .

)amphitrichous( .

)Peritrichous(

:

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.1 basal body ) )S, M(

(L, P)

.2Hook :

.3Filament:

)flagelin(

.

.

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Cytoplasmic membrane

S f l i b

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Structure of cytoplasmic membrane

.1 10

.2 10-8

.3 ) 2-3 ( Phospholipids

4-5

.4 60-70 20-30 2-5 (Glycolipids and glycoproteins)

R NA

.5 :

Integral proteins

proteins peripheral

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Integral membrane protein

protoplast

Cell free of residual cell wall material

Spheroplast:

Cell contains pieces of cell wall material

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.1 :permeable barrier-Semi

.2 : polymes cell wall ± capsule

.3 :bioenergetic function:

.4 .5

.6 :

.7

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peripheral

bodies or chondrioides

:.1

.2 chromatophores

.3

.4 ) (

.5

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70-80 50

R NA

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:

- glycogen granules- Lipid granules

- (

- Sulfur granules

- Protein granules - volutin inorganic phosphate

50

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) (

Gas vacuoles cell sapvacuoles

:

- ) (

± :

-

-

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.1

.2 10-20

.3 40%

.4 5 50 .5

.6 %) :60(rR NA%)40( protein

.7

(Flagellum)

(Cytosol)

[Nucleoid (DNA)]

(Cell membrane)

(Cell wall)

(Pilli)

(Capsule)

(Ribosome

s)

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Chromatophores

Cyanobacteria and Nitrobacter

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D NA Bacterial chromatin or nucleoplasm

circular chromosome 2 10

1-2 ) 1000 (

D NA Extrachromosomal D NA

F- factor

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.1

.2

.3 :

.4 120 ) (

115-120 15-20 85-60 30 .

.5

..6 : Endospores

S porosarcina

Cysts )(Azotobacter

Myxospores My xococcus Conidiospores or sporangiospores

Actinomycetes

Exospores

:

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OvaleS pherical

TerminalSub-terminalCentral

:

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:

:.1 Binary fission

(a

( b

(c

(d

2-Fragmentation

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Actinomycetes

3-Budding

Rhodopseudomona s

4- Conidio spores

Actinomycetes

Sporangiospores

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Actinoplanes S porangium

Sexual reproduction .1 Bacterial conjugation.2 E. coli F- F+

Fertility factor

.3F+ :

.4-F : F+

.5 ) ( ) (

.6

.7 F+

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mass and cell number : an increase in cellgrowthnumber : an increase in cellReproduction

:

) -

- - (

:(g) Generation time (doubling time)

) (

Cell number (N) = No( initial cell number) x 2n(number of generation during

exponential growth)

) ( growth curve

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:

.1 Lag phase

.2 Exponential phase (Log phase )

.3 Stationary phase

.4 Death phase

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:

.1

.2 )-( .3 R NA ) R NA (

.4

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(1

(2 .

(3

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) - ± (

)

(

:

.1

.2

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.1

.2

.3

.4

.5 :

.6

.1 ) (

.2

.3

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:

:

* * .

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: .1Turbidostat

.1Chemostat Flow rate

.1

.2

.3

bacteria 1428

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