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SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY

CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS

Bachelor of Science in Microbiology

SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY

B.Sci. in Microbiology

Eligibility Course

Mode

Duration Fees Per Year/Sem

10+2 WITH

PCB/M

Year 3 Year Rs. 20000

Year 1

Subject Code

Subject

Type Subject Name Credits

BSMICRO-11 Theory Introduction to Microbiology 6

BSMICRO-12 Theory Basic Techniques in Microbiology 6

BSMICRO-13 Theory Bacterial Systematics and Physiology 6

BSMICRO-14 Theory Industrial and Soil Microbiology 6

BSMICRO-15 Theory Air and Water Microbiology 6

BSMICRO-16 Theory Bacterial Genetics 6

Year 2

Subject

Code

Subject


BSMICRO-21 Theory Medical Microbiology – I 6

BSMICRO-22 Theory Genetics & Molecular Biology – I 6

BSMICRO-23 Theory Enzymology 6

BSMICRO-24 Theory Immunology - I 6

BSMICRO-25 Theory Fermentation Technology -I 6

BSMICRO-26 Theory Food & Dairy Microbiology 6

Year 3

Subject Code

Subject


BSMICRO-31 Theory Medical Microbiology – II 6

BSMICRO-32 Theory Genetics & Molecular Biology – II 6

BSMICRO-33 Theory Metabolism 6

BSMICRO-34 Theory Immunology – II 6

BSMICRO-35 Theory Fermentation Technology – II 6

BSMICRO-36 Theory Agricultural & Environmental Microbiology 6

F. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology

Unit No.

2. A. History of Microbiology I. Discovery of microscope II. Micrographia of Anton von Leeuwenhoek

and Robert HookeIII. Abiogenesis v/s biogenesis

• Aristotle’s notion about spontaneousgeneration • Redi’s experiment• Louis Pasteur’s & Tyndall’s experiments

B. Development of Microbiology in 19th

century I. Observations and role of microorganisms in

transformation of organic matter. • Germ theory of fermentation• Discovery of anaerobic life &

physiological significance of fermentation

II. Discovery of microbes as pathogens• Surgical antisepsis• Germ theory of disease – Koch’spostulates & River’s postulates

C. Developments in 20th and 21st Centuries with respect to: 4• Vaccination and Chemotherapy• Contributions of Nobel Laureates inImmunology, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

3. Morphological and differentiating characters of microorganisms:

• Bacteria• Rickettsia

Syllabus

FIRST YEAR

Topic

1. Frontiers of Microbiology

• Protozoa• Algae• Fungi (Molds and Yeasts)• Viruses, viroids and prions

Principles in classification of Bacteria (Introduction toBergey’s Manual of Determinative and SystemicBacteriology) and viruses (ICTV)

4. Applications of Microbiology : i. Significance of normal flora and probiotics in human

healthii. Microbes as Biofertilizers and Biocontrol Agents (e.g.

Nitrogen fixers, Phosphate Solubilizers and Bacillusthuringensis)

5. I. Covalent and non- covalent bonding in biomolecules II. Concepts of pH and redox potential Chemistry of

Biomolecules• Carbohydrates (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose,Peptidoglycan) • Lipids (Triglycerides and phospholipids) • Structural and Functional Proteins (Hemoglobin,

Immunoglobulin; flagellin and cytoskeletal proteinsin bacterial cell)

• Nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA)

6. Bacterial Cytology Studies on structure, chemical composition and functions of the following components in bacterial cell: • Cell wall• Cell membrane• Endospore• Capsule• Flagella• Fimbriae and Pili• Ribosomes• Chromosomal & extra-chromosomal

material• Cell inclusions ( Gas vesicles, carboxysomes, PHB

granules, metachromatic granules and glycogenbodies)

F. Y. B.Sc.

BASIC TECHNIQUES IN MICROBIOLOGY

Unit

No.

1. a.Units of measurement. Modern SI units (Length, volume,

Weight)

b.Microscopy :

• Bright field microscopy: Structure, working of and ray diagram

of a compound light microscope; Concepts of magnification,

numerical aperture and resolving power.

• Types, ray diagram and functions of – condensers, eye-pieces

and objectives

• Aberrations in lenses - spherical, chromatic, comma and

astigmatism

• Principles, construction, working and applications of:

i. Dark field microscopy

ii. Fluorescence microscopy

• Confocal microscopy

2. Staining Techniques :

• Definitions of Stain; Types of stains (Basic and Acidic),

• Properties and role of Fixatives, Mordants, Decolorisers and

Accentuators

• Principles of staining techniques for following:

i. Monochrome staining and Negative (Relief) staining

ii. Differential staining - Gram staining and Acid fast

staining

Syllabus

Topic

3. Sterilization and Disinfection

1. Physical Agents - Heat, Radiation, Filtration 6

2. Chemical agents and their mode of action -Aldehydes,

Halogens, Quaternary ammonium compounds, Phenol and

phenolic compounds, Heavy metals, Alcohol, Dyes, Detergents

and Ethylene oxide.

3. Characteristics of an ideal disinfectant

4. Checking of Efficiency of Sterilization – Biological and

Chemical Indicators

5. Checking of Efficiency of Disinfection - Phenol Coefficient

4. Cultivation of Microorganisms

1. Nutritional requirements and nutritional classification 3

2. Design and preparation of media – Common ingredients of

media and types of media

3. Methods for cultivating photosynthetic, extremophilic and

chemolithotrophic bacteria.

4. Concept of Pure Culture, Enrichment, Isolation and

Preservation techniques. Maintenance of bacterial and fungal

cultures

5. Culture collection centers and their role. Requirements and

guidelines of National Biodiversity Board for Culture collection

centers

5. Bacterial Growth

Growth Kinetics and growth curve; definitions of Generation time, 4

Growth rate and specific growth rate

Methods of enumeration :

1. Microscopic methods (Direct Microscopic Count, Counting cells

using Neubauer, Petroff and Hausser’s chambers)

2. Plate counts (Total Viable Count)

3. Estimation of Biomass (Dry mass, Cell volume)

4. Chemical methods (Cell Carbon and Nitrogen estimation)

5. Turbidometric methods (Nephalometry)

Factors affecting bacterial growth ( pH, Temperature, Solute 4

Concentration (Salt and Sugar) and Heavy metals Diauxic growth

Synchronous culture


Bacterial Systematics and Physiology

Unit

No.

1. Bacterial Systematics:

a. Concept of species

b. Chemotaxonomy

c. Numerical taxonomy

d. Genetic basis of taxonomy

i. G + C content

ii. DNA hybridization

iii. Base sequence similarity ( Use of 16s rRNA databanks)

2. Bacterial Physiology:

a. Radioisotopes in the study of metabolic pathways

i. Autoradiography

ii. Phospher imaging

iii. Pulse chase (tracer studies)

b. Definitions of Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, respiration

and fermentation

c. Metabolic pathways (with structures) EMP, HMP, ED,

Phosphoketolase, Glyoxylate, TCA (with emphasis on

amphibolism), Homofermentative and heterofermentative

pathways

d. High Energy Compounds, Electron transport chain, Oxidative

phosphorylation and Substrate level phosphorylation ,

Chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation, Concept of

Standard redox potential (Nernst equation)

Syllabus

Topic

4. Biocatalysts:

a. Introduction to Enzymes: Nature of active site, ribozymes,

coenzymes, apoenzymes, prosthetic group and cofactors.

b. Nomenclature & classification as per IUB (up to class level).

c. Structure of active site; common amino acids at active site

Models for catalysis –

i. Lock and key

ii. Induced fit

iii. Transition state.

d. Specific catalytic groups involved in enzyme catalyzed

reactions: Acid-base catalysis, metal ion catalysis, covalent

catalysis.

e. Effect of pH & temperature, substrate concentration & enzyme

concentration, activators and inhibitors of enzyme


Industrial and Soil Microbiology

Unit

No.

1. Introduction to Industrial Microbiology:

a. Strains of industrially important microorganisms: i. Desirable

characteristics of industrial strain ii. Principles and methods of primary

and secondary screening iii. Master, working and seed culture;

development of inoculum

b. Equipment: Design of a Fermenter (typical CSTR Continuous stirred

Tank Reactor); different parts and their operation.

c. Process Control and Monitoring of different fermentation parameters

(temperature, pH, aeration, agitation, foam)

d. Types of fermentations: Batch, continuous, dual fermentations

e. Media for industrial fermentations: Constituents of media ( (Carbon

source, nitrogen source, amino acids and vitamins, minerals, water,

buffers, antifoam agents, precursors, inhibitors and inducers)

f. Contamination: Sources, precautions, and consequences

2. Soil Microbiology:

a. Soil microorganisms, composition and types of soil.

b. Rhizosphere microflora and its role in the rhizosphere

Syllabus

Topic

c. Role of microorganisms in composting and humus formation

d. Biofertilizers: Bacterial, Cyanobacterial, fungal and their large scale

production

e. Biocontrol agents: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal and their large scale

production

f. Role of microorganisms in following elemental cycles in nature

Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorous.

g. Degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin

h. Brief account of microbial interactions Symbiosis, Neutralism,

Commensalism, Competition, Ammensalism, Synergism, Parasitism and

Predation

SyllabusF. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Air and Water Microbiology

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

UnitNo.

i. Transient nature of air flora

ii. Droplet, droplet nuclei, and aerosolsb. Air pollution:

Chemical pollutants, their sources in air and effects on humanhealth

c. Methods of Air sampling and types of air samplers

i. Impaction on solids

ii. Impingement in liquid

iii. Sedimentation

iv. Centrifugation

v. Precipitation

vi. Thermal Precipitationd. Air sanitation :

Physical and chemical methods

a. Types of water:

surface, ground, stored, distilled, mineral and de-mineralized water

b. Water purification methods, Bacteriological standardsof potable water

Maharashtra pollution control board (MPCB), Centralpollution control board (CPCB), Bureau of Indian standards(BIS) World health Organization (WHO)

Topic

I AIR MICROBIOLOGYa. Air flora

e. Air borne infectionsII WATER MICROBIOLOG

c. Indicators of faecal pollution;

i. Escherichia coli

ii. Bifidobacterium

iii. Streptococcus faecalis

iv. Clostridium perfringens

v. New indicators: Campylobacter and Pseudomonas

e. Bacteriological analysis of water for potability

i. Presumptive coliform count

ii. Confirmed test

iii. Completed test

iv. Eijkman test

v. Membrane filter technique

f. Sewage and Waste Water

1. Analysis of waste water

i. Physic chemical parameters: pH, temperature, total solids,

suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand(C.O.D.)

ii. Biological parameters: B.O.D., Toxicity (Fish bioassay)

iii. Industrial water pollutants, their ecological effects and health

hazards (Biomagnification and eutrophication)

2. Methods of effluent treatment –

Primary, secondary, tertiary treatment methods

3. Recycling of waste water and sludge

4. Solid waste management

i. Raw materials

ii. Organisms involved and their activity

iii. Biochemical mechanisms of Biomethanation.

iv. Types of anaerobic digesters.

v. Applications of biogas (Methane)

d. Water borne Infections

SyllabusF. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Bacterial Genetics

Unit

a. RNA world and shift to DNA world with timeb. Discovery of transforming material (hereditary material):

Griffith’s experimentc. Evidence for nucleic acid as genetic material

i. Avery and MacLeod experimentii. Gierer and Schramm / Fraenkel-Conrat & Singer experiment

(TMV virus)iii. Hershay& Chase experiment

d. Prokaryotic genome organizatione. Concept of Gene, basic structure of B form of DNA, Properties

of nucleotides related with DNA stabilityf. Comparative account of different forms of DNA

II DNA REPLICATION AND EXPRESSIONa. DNA replication

i. Messelson and Stahl’s experiment (semiconservative)ii. Mechanisms of DNA replication:

Theta model (semi-discontinuous), J Cairn’s experiment, rolling circle model (plasmid DNA, λ phage DNA)

b. Gene organization and expressioni. Properties of genetic codeii. Basic mechanism of transcriptioniii. Basic mechanism of translation

TopicNo.

I UNDERSTANDING MOLECULES OF HEREDITY

III MUTATIONS AND REVERSIONSa. Spontaneous mutations

i. Occurrence and Mechanismsii. Fluctuation test

b. Mechanisms of induced mutationsi. iBase pair substitution (Transitions, Transversions),

Base analogues (2amino purine, 5bromo uracil), HNO2,Alkylating agents (ethyl methyl sulphonate)

ii. Frame shift mutations (Insertions and deletions),Intercalating agents (EtBr, acridine orange), Crosslinking agents (Psorolin, mitomycin), UV rays, X rays,Biological mutagens (bacteriophage µ, transposomes)

c. Types of mutations: Nonsense, Missense, Silent, Null,Conditional lethaltemperature sensitive, amber, leaky& nonleaky

d. Isolation of Mutants: Replica plate techniquee. Reversion:

i. True reversionii. Suppression (intragenic and intergenic)

IV PLASMID GENETICSa. Structure and Properties of plasmidsb. Types of plasmidsc. Plasmid replicationd. Plasmid incompatibilitye. Plasmid curingf. Plasmid amplification

S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology Medical Microbiology-I

1 Introduction to infectious diseases of following human body systems: (Brief anatomy and physiology, Diseases, Pathogens and Symptoms)

a. Respiratory systemb. Gastrointestinal systemc. Kidney and Liverd. Genital systeme. Central nervous system

2 II Epidemiology: a. Definition, scope and applicationsb. Incidence and prevalence rates, mortality and morbidity ratesc. Disease distribution based on time, place and persond. Case control and cohort studies – study design and applicatione. Principle and methods – Clinical trials of drugs and vaccines

(Randomized control trials Concurrent parallel and cross-overtrials)

f. Epidemiology of infectious diseasesi. Sources and reservoirs of infectionii. Modes of transmission of infectionsiii. Disease prevention and control measures

3 III Study of following groups of bacterial pathogens : (with respect to - Classification and Biochemical characters, Antigenic structure, Viability characteristics, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy): i. Enteric pathogens (E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella,

Campylobacter, Vibrio) ii. Pneumococci and Neiserriaiii. Pyogenic organisms – Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,

Pseudomonasiv. Spirochetes – Treponema, Leptospirav. Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringensvi. Bacillus anthracisvii. Acinetobacter spp.viii. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium lepraeix. Rickettsia

Syllabus

SECOND YEAR

Sr. No. Topic

S. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Genetics and Molecular Biology-I

Unit No.

1. Gene Linkage and crossing over : a. Mendelian laws,b. Recombination in eukaryotes Double Strand Break (DSB)

modelc. Gene linkage and cross overd. Chromosome mapping, Recombination frequency, Map unite. Mapping Chromosome by Tetrad analysisf. Mapping Chromosome by Para sexual cycle

II. DNA Replication : a. Single repliconb. Bidirectional movement of replication fork. Ori

C,c. Prepriming and Priming reaction.d. DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis of leading,

lagging strande. Okazaki fragments.f. Termination- Ter sequence, Tus proteing. Mismatched repair

3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription : a. Structure of Promotorsb. Structure and role of RNA polymerases.c. Initiation, elongation and terminationd. Post transcriptional modificatione. Regulation of transcriptionf. Introduction to RNA splicing

4. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation : a. Role of m-RNA, t-RNA and Ribosomes intranslation b. Synthesis of amino acyl tRNAc. Initiation, elongation, translocation andtermination of protein d. Regulation of translation

5. Guidelines for gene manipulation : a. History of recombinant DNA technology -

Potential uses and biohazardsb. Safety guidelines for recombinant DNA

technology laboratory set up

6. Techniques used in recombinant DNA technology : a. Isolation and purification of genomic DNAb. Agarose gel electrophoresisc. Blotting- Southern, Northern and Western

Syllabus

Topic


Enzymology

a. Structure of Enzymes: Methods to determine amino

acid residues at active site (Physical and chemical

methods)

b. Role of Cofactors in Metabolism :

Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical functions of

the following:

i. Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) and the Pyrimidine

nucleotides.

ii. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and the Flavin nucleotides

iii. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Thiamine

Pyrophosphate

iv. Pantothenic acid and coenzyme A

v. Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6)

vi. Metal ions

a. Principles of enzyme assays: Sampling methods and

continuous assay

b. Enzymes assays with examples by:

i. Spectrophotometric methods

ii. Spectroflurometric methods

iii. Radioisotope assay

a. Methods of cell fractionation

b. Principles and Methods of Enzyme Purification:

i. Based on molecular size

ii. Based on charge

iii. Based on solubility differences

Syllabus

Unit Topic

1 Enzymes :

2 Enzyme Assays:

3 Principles and Methods of Enzyme Purification:

iv. Based on specific binding property and selective

adsorption

c. Criteria for Purity: SDS-PAGE, ultracentrifugation,

and construction of purification chart

d. Characterization of Enzymes :

i. Determination of Molecular weight based on:

Ultracentrifugation, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration

a. Concept and use of initial velocity

b. Michaelis Menton equation for the initial velocity of

single substrate enzyme catalyzed reaction. Brigg’s

Haldane modification of Michaelis Menton equation.

Michaelis Menton plot. Definition with significance of

Km, Ks, Vmax

c. Different Plots for Plotting Kinetic Data :

i. Lineweaver and Burk plot

ii. Hanes plot

iii. Eadie Hofstee plot

iv. Eisanthal, Cornish-Bowden plot

i. Enzyme compartmentalization at cellular level

ii. Allosteric enzymes

iii. Feedback mechanisms

iv. Covalently modified regulatory enzymes (e.g.

Glycogen phosphorylase)

v. Proteolytic activation of zymogens

vi. Isozymes - concept and examples

vii. Multienzyme complex e.g. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Concept, methods of immobilization and applications

ii. Stability of enzyme activity at pH and temperature

4 Enzyme Kinetics :

d. Concepts and types of Enzyme Inhibitions

5 Metabolic Regulations :

complex(PDH)

6 Immobilization of Enzymes :


Immunology-I

I Immunity:

Definition and Classification

II Formation of blood cells:

Erythrocytic, myelocytic, monocytic and lymphocytic

lineages and differentiation process, lymphocyte types and

subsets

III Organs of immune system:

a. Primary lymphoid organs (Thymus and Bursa):

Thymus – structure, thymic education (positive and negative

selection)

b. Secondary lymphoid organs – structure and function of

spleen and lymph node, mucous associated lymphoid

tissue; response of secondary lymphoid organs to antigen,

lymphatic system and lymph circulation.

IV Innate immunity: Non specific mechanisms of defense

a. First line of defense

– Physical, chemical and biological barriers

b. Second line of defense :

i. Humoral components: Defensins, pattern recognition

proteins (PRP) and pathogen associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs), complement, kinins, acute phase reactants.

Syllabus

Topic

ii. Cellular components: Phagocytic cells – PMNL,

macrophages (reticulo-endothelial cell system) and

dendritic cells

iii. Functions: Phagocytosis (oxygen dependent and

independent systems), Complement activation (Classical,

Alternative and lectin pathway), Coagulation system,

Inflammation (cardinal signs, mediators, vascular and

cellular changes, role of Toll-like receptors)

V Antigen:

a. Concepts and factors affecting immunogenicity

b. Antigenic determinants, haptens and cross-reactivity,

Carriers, Adjuvants

c. Types of antigens: Thymus-dependent and thymus-

independent antigens, Synthetic antigens, Soluble and

particulate antigens, Autoantigens, Isoantigens

VI Immunoglobulins:

a. Structure of basic unit, chemical and biological properties

b. Characteristic of domain structure, functions of light and

heavy chain domains

c. Antigenic nature of immunoglobulin molecules

d. Molecular basis of antibody diversity (kappa chain, lambda

chain and heavy chain diversity)

VII Adaptive / Acquired Immunity (Third line of defense):

1. Humoral Immune Response

a. Primary and secondary response kinetics, significance in

vaccination programs

b. Antigen processing and presentation (MHC class I and class

II restriction pathways), cell-cell interactions and adhesion

molecules, response to super-antigens, role of cytokines in

activation and differentiation of B-cells.

2. Cell Mediated Immune Response

a. Activation and differentiation of T cells

b. Mechanism of CTL mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC

c. Significance of CMI

VIII Transplantation and Immunity

a. Types of Grafts,

b. Allograft rejection mechanisms

c. Prevention of allograft rejection


Fermentation Technology-I

1 Strain Improvement:

a. Objective of strain improvement

b. Methods for strain improvement:

i. selection of different types of mutants

ii. application of rDNA technology

2 Media optimization:

a. Classical approach – One factor at a time, Full factorial

design 4

b. Placket & Burman design

c. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

3 Sterilization of Media:

a. Methods of sterilization

b. Batch sterilization and Continuous sterilization

c. Concept and derivation of Del factor

4 Scale-up and Scale-down:

a. Objective of scale-up

b. Levels of fermentation (laboratory, pilot-plant and production

levels)

c. Criteria of scale-up for critical parameters (aeration and

agitation, broth rheology and sterilization)

d. Scale-down

Syllabus

Sr. No. Topic

5 Principles and methods of downstream processing:

a. Cell disruption

b. Filtration

c. Centrifugation

d. Liquid-liquid extraction

e. Distillation

f. Ion exchange chromatography

g. Drying

6 Quality assurance (QA) of fermentation product :

a. Detection and Quantification of the product by physicochemical,

biological and enzymatic methods

b. Sterility testing

c. Pyrogen testing – Endotoxin detection

d. Ames test and modified Ames test

e. Toxicity testing

f. Shelf life determination

7 Fermentation economics :

Contribution of various expense heads to a process (Recurring

and non recurring expenditures) citing any suitable example.

Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Types of IPR.


Food and Dairy Microbiology

Unit No.

I. DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 3. Dairy Development in India:

Role of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), NationalDairy Research Institute (NDRI), Military dairy farm, IndianDairy Corporation (IDC), Dairy Co-operatives, Milk Grid,Operation Flood.

4. Milk Chemistry and Constituents:a. Definition and Composition of milkb. Types of Milk (skimmed, toned and

homogenized). c. Concept of clean milkd. Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk.e. Nutritive value of milkf. Physico-Chemical properties of milk.

5. Microbiology of milk:a. Common micro-organisms found in milkb. Fermentation and spoilage of milkc. Milk borne diseases

6. Preservation of Milk by Pasteurization & its storage:a. Methods of Pasteurization – LTH, HTST,

UHT b. Storage specifications after pasteurizationc. Phosphatase test and its significance

7. Microbial analysis of milk:a. Dye reduction test (using methylene blue and resazurin)b. Total bacterial count.c. Brucella ring test and tests for mastitis.d. Somatic cell count

II. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1. Classification of Foods based on stability:

Perishable, Semi-perishable & stable2. Food spoilage:

a. Chemical and physical properties of foodaffecting microbial growth

b. Sources of food spoilage micro-organisms

Syllabus

Topic

c. Spoilage of i. Meat and Poultry productsii. Breadiii. Fruits and Vegetablesiv. Eggsv. Sea foodsvi. Canned foods

3. Food preservation:a. Principles of food preservationb. Thermal destruction of bacteria - use of low temperatureand high temperature. c. Determination of TDP, TDT, D, F, and Z

values d. Use of chemicals and antibiotics in food preservatione. Canningf. Dehydrationg. Use of radiationsh. Principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points(HACCP)-

i. Introduction to Tetrapack technology4. Microbial food poisoning and food infection:

a. Food poisoning by:i. Staphylococcus aureusii. Campylobacteriii. Clostridium botulinumiv. Aspergillus flavus

b. Food infection by :i. Salmonella typhimuriumii. Vibrio parahemolyticus

5. Fermented foods: 4a. Definition and Typesb. Significance of fermented foods (probiotic characteristicsof lactic acid bacteria) c. Fermentation of Idli batter, butter

6. Applications of genetically modified microorganisms:a. Starter culturesb. Genetically modified foods

i. Food grade Bio-preservativesii. Recombinant Dairy enzymes / Proteins

7. Food Sanitation and regulation

T. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Medical Microbiology-II Unit

No.

Chemotherapy:

1. Introduction to chemotherapy

2. Desirable parameters of chemotherapeutic agent (Selective

toxicity, Bioavailability of Drug, MIC, MBC, LD-50 value, routes

of drug administration)

3. Mode of action of antimicrobial agents on:

a. Bacteria:

i. Cell wall (Beta lactams [1st to 6th Generation- e.g.

Meropenem, Imipenem Piperacillin], Tazobactam,

Cycloserine, Bacitracin)

ii. Cell membrane (Polymyxin, Monensin)

iii. Protein synthesis (Streptomycin, Tetracycline)

iv. Nucleic acids (Nalidixic acid, Rifamycin, Quinolones)

v. Enzyme inhibitors (Trimethoprim)

b. Fungi:

(Griseofulvin, Nystatin, Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin,

Voriconazole)

c. Viruses:

(Acyclovir, Zidovudine, Oseltamivir)

d. Protozoa:

(Metronidazole, Mepacrine)

4. Resistance to antibiotics:

i. Development of antibiotic resistance (e.g. ESBL, VRE,

MRSA)

ii. Reasons and Mechanisms of drug resistance

iii. Antibiotics misuse

Syllabus

THIRD YEAR

1.

ADMIN

Typewritten text

Topics

2. a. Introduction to cultivation of viruses:

b. Study of following groups of viral pathogens (with respect to

a. – Virion characteristics, Viability characteristics,

Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory

diagnosis including serological diagnosis, Epidemiology,

Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy):

i. HIV

ii. Polio virus

iii. Hemorrhagic viruses (Dengue, Ebola)

iv. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B viruses

v. Influenza virus (human, swine and bird)

vi. FMD virus and Rinderpest virus

vii. Japanese encephalitis virus

viii. Rota virus

ix. Rhabdoviruses (Rabies)

x. Herpes Virus (simplex, zoster)

xi. Oncogenic viruses (DNA, RNA)

3. Study of following groups of parasites (with respect to – 5

Classification, Life cycle, Morphological characteristics, Viability

characteristics, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory

diagnosis (Serological diagnosis wherever applicable),

Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy):

a. Plasmodium

b. Entamoeba

c. Giardia

4. Study of following groups of Candida and Non-Candida fungal

pathogens

(with respect to – Morphological and cultural characteristics,

Classification, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Laboratory

diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy)


Genetics and Molecular Biology -II

Unit

No.

a. Development of competence in Gram positive and

Gram negative bacteria.

b. Process of transformation in Gram positive and

Gram negative bacteria.

c. Factors affecting transformation.

d. Mapping of chromosome by co-transformation.

2. Gene transfer by transduction :

a. Process of generalized transduction.

b. Process of specialized transduction.

c. Mapping by Co-transduction.

3. Gene transfer by conjugation :

a. Properties of F plasmid,

b. F+, F-, Hfr and F' strains

c. Process of conjugation between F+ and F- and Hfr and F-.

d. Mapping of conjugant's by interruptedmating experiment.

4. DNA damage and repair :

a. DNA damage by hydrolysis, deamination,

alkylation oxidation and radiation

b. Base excision repair and nucleotide excision

repair

c. Recombinational repair

d. Photoreactivation

e. Translesion DNA synthesis

Syllabus

Topic

1. Gene transfer by transformation :

5. Recombination and Mutants in Bacteriophages :

a. Bacteriophage mutants

i) Plaque morphology

ii) Conditional lethal (Ts and Am) mutants

iii) Deletion Mutants

b. Deletion Mapping using bacteriophage deletion mutants

c. Benzer`s spot tests

d. Genetic Complementation

i) Cis-trans test of genetic function

ii) Intercistronic (rII locus of T4 phage)

iii) Intracistronic (ß galactosidase)

6. Tools of Recombinant DNA technology :

a. Vectors used: Plasmids, Viral DNA, cosmids, phagemids, PACs,

BACs, YACs, Expression vectors

b. Restriction Enzymes

c. Insertion of foreign DNA in hosts

d. Genomic and c DNA library

e. Concept of a clone and probe

7. Generation of recombinant DNA molecule :

a. Cutting and joining the DNA molecules.

b. Methods to transfer recombinant DNA into host cells.

c. Methods of screening the cells containing the recombinant DNA.

d. Identification of clones using probes


Metabolism Unit

No.

i) Passive transport - Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated transport

ii) Active transport - Active transport systems in bacteria

iii) Group translocation of sugars in bacteria

iv) Ionophores: Mechanism and examples

II. Bioenergetics:

i) Laws of thermodynamics

ii) Concepts of free energy, entropy, high energy compounds:

Pyrophosphate, enolic phosphates, acyl phosphates, thioester

compounds, and guanidinium compounds

iii) Mitochondrial electron transport chain: components,

arrangement of different components in the inner membrane,

structure and function of ATP synthatase, inhibitors and

uncouplers of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation, energetics of

mitochondrial electron transfer chain

III. Biosynthesis and Degradation:

i) Chemistry, concept of polymerization of macromolecules:

ii) Polysaccharides. (Starch, glycogen and peptidoglycan) and

Lipids

iii) (Fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids)

iv) Degradation of macromolecules – Polysaccharides (starch,

v) glycogenand cellulose), Lipids (fatty acids oxidation) and

Proteins (urea cycle)

Syllabus

Topic

I. Membrane transport mechanisms:

IV. Bacterial Photosynthesis:

i) Habitat and examples of photosynthetic bacteria

ii) Photosynthetic apparatus

iii) Oxygenic and Anoxygenic mechanisms

iv) Calvin cycle and its regulation


Immunology -II

Unit

No.

Major Histocompatibility Complex:

a. Structure of MHC in man and mouse

b. Structure and functions of MHC class–I and class–II molecules

c. Polymorphism of MHC molecules

d. MHC antigen typing (microcytoxicity and mixed lymphocyte

reaction)

2. Cytokines:

Types, General characters and role in immune activation -

Interferons, a. Interleukins and TNFs

3. Antigen- Antibody Interactions :

Principles : of interactions: Antibody affinity and avidity, ratio of

antigen antibody, lattice hypothesis and two stage theory, antigen-

antibody reaction kinetics (dialysis equilibrium experiment)

Visualization of antigen antibody complexes

a. Precipitation reactions: in fluid and in gel, immunoel

ectrophoresis

b. Agglutination reactions: hemagglutination, bacterial

agglutination, passive agglutination and agglutination-inhibition

c. Immunofluorescence techniques: direct and indirect, FACS

d. ELISA, biotin-avidin system,

e. RIA

f. Jerne’s hemolytic plaque assay, ELISpot assay

Syllabus

Topic

1.

4. Immunohematology :

a. Systems of blood group antigens

b. ABO system - Biochemistry of blood group substances,

Bombay blood group, Inheritance of ABH antigens

c. Rh system

d. Laboratory methods of blood group typing, Coomb’s test

e. Medico-legal applications of blood groups

f. Blood banking practices, transfusion reactions

5. Public health immunology :

a. Types of vaccines and antisera

b. Immunization schedules: principles, schedules in developing

andi) developed countries

6. Hypersensitivity :

a. Immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity

b. Gell and Coomb’s classification of hypersensitivity –

mechanism with examples for type I, II, III and IV

c. Autoimmunity – Types, Immunopathological mechanisms,a. Theories of origin of autoimmunity, Pathophysiology

(mechanism of symptom generation) of Myasthenia gravis and

Rheumatoid arthritis, Therapeutic immunosuppression for

autoimmunity.

7. Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies :

a. Preparation, HAT selection and propagation of hybridomas

secreting monoclonal antibodies

b. Applications of monoclonal antibodies


Fermentation Technology-II

Unit

No.

1. Introduction to Solid State Fermentation and Submerged

Fermentation :

II. Large scale production of:

a. Primary Metabolites:

i. Vitamins (B12

and Riboflavin)

ii. Amino acid - Glutamic acid, Lysine

iii. Organic acids (Citric acid, Vinegar and Lactic acid)

b. Secondary metabolites:

i. Ethanol and alcoholic Beverages (Beer and Wine)

ii. Antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin)

c. Enzymes (Amylase, Esterases and Proteases)

d. Microbial transformation of steroids

e. Biomass based products:

i. Yeast: Baker’s and Distiller’s yeast

Syllabus

Topic

ii. Mushroom production

f. Milk products: Cheese and Yogurt

g. Vaccines (Polio, Tetanus and Rabies)

h. Immune sera

SyllabusT. Y. B. Sc. Microbiology

Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology

Unit no.

Agriculture Technology:1 1. Plant growth improvement with respect to:

a. Disease resistanceb. Environmental tolerance

2. Methods of plant disease controla. Chemical controlb. Eradicationc. Biological control (employing bacterial and fungal cultures)d. Integrated pest managemente. Development of insect resistant plants (BT crops)f. Application of viral proteins in controlling plant viral diseasesg. Antisense RNA technology in plant disease controlh. RNA interference (RNAi) in controlling plant pathogensi. Mycoviruses acting against fungal plant pathogens

2 Biochemistry and production of bio-fertilizers with respect to: a. Nitrogen Fixation

i. Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen fixation : Diazotrophy, role ofnitrogenase and hydrogenase, mechanism of nitrogenfixation

ii. Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation : Establishment of symbiosis,Nodule development, mechanism of nitrogen fixation in rootnodules

iii. Nod genes, Nif genes, Nif gene cloning,b. Phosphate solubilizationc. Potassium mobilizationd. Iron chelation

Contents

Bioremediation and Waste Water Treatment: 1. Bioremediation: Definition, Role of plants & Microbes inBioremediation of:

a. Hydrocarbonsb. Industrial Wastes: (Dyes, Paper & Pulp, Heavy metals, Dairy,

Distillery , Tanneryc. Xenobiotics

2. Bioaugmentation:a. Definitionb. Use of microbial cultures and enzymes for bioaugmentationc. Applications

3. Genetically Modified Microorganisms in Bioremediation4. Biosorption

Bioleaching: a. Microorganisms usedb. Bioleaching processc. Bioleaching of - Copper, Iron, Manganese, Gold, Silverd. Advantages of Bioleaching

Introduction to Nanobiotechnology: Synthesis of Nanoparticles using microorganisms and its’ a pplications

Microbial Biosensors and Biochips in Environmental Monitoring: a. Definition, components, types, advantages & limitationsb. Application of Biosensors and Biochips

Biofuel cells and Biodegradable plastic:

Bioterrorism

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