bachelor of pharmacy · pdf file5/29/13 first b.pharm 1/2 first b. pharm 102. pharmaceutics...

5/29/13 Bachelor of Pharmacy

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Bachelor of Pharmacy

First Year Bachelor of Pharmacy

101 Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmaceutics)102 Pharmaceutics - II ( Pharmaceutical Engineering And Engineering Drawing )103 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I104 Human Anatomy Physiology & Health Education (APHE)105 Advance Mathematics106 Fundamental of Computer Applications [PC Software]

Second Year Bachelor of Pharmacy

201 Pharmaceutics III (Unit Operations)202 Pharmaceutics- IV (Pharmaceutical Practice)203 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - II (Organic Chemistry)204 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I205 Biochemistry & Pathophysiology206 Pharmacognosy I207 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence & Ethics

Third Year Bachelor of Pharmacy

301 Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology302 Biological Pharmacy And Fermentation Technology303 Medicinal Chemistry - I304 Pharamceutical Analysis -II ( Instrumental Analysis And Quality Assurance)305 Pharmacology And Chemotherapy306 Pharmacognosy - II307 Pharmaceutical Industrial Management

Fourth Year Bachelor of Pharmacy

401 Technology of Drugs & Cosmetics & GMP402 Biopharmaceutics & Dosage Form Design403 Medicinal Chemistry -II404 Pharamcology & Drug Bio-Evaluation405 Hospital And Clinical Pharmacy406 Pharmacognosy-III ( Phytopharmaceuticals )407 Elective

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5/29/13 FIRST B.PHARM

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First B. Pharm

101 . Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmaceutics) Theory

1.States of Matter : [ 8 ] State and selected Properties : State of matter. Change in the state of matter, latent heats andvapour pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols- inhalers, relativehumidity, liquid complexes, Liquid crystals, glassy state, solid-crystalline and amorphous, polymorphism.2. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology : [ 12 ]Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number,methods for determining particle volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, measurement ofparticle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derivedproperties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness and flow properties.3. Surface and Interfacial phenomenon : [ 10 ]Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tension, surface free energy, measurement of surface andinterfacial tensions, free energy, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface activeagents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interface, solid gas and solid-liquid interface, complex films, electrical properties of interface.4. Viscosity and Rheology : [ 9 ]Newtonian system, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems,pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity:capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.5. Dispersion systems : [ 15 ] a. Colloidal dispersions : Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications ofcolloids in pharmacy. b. Suspensions and Emulsions : Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling insuspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles,sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicle,rheological considerations, emulsions ; types, theories, physical stability.6. Diffusion & Dissolution : [ 6 ]Definitions, steady state diffusion, procedures and apparatus, dissolution, drug release.7. Kinetics and drug stability: [ 8 ] General considerations and concepts, half-life determination, influence of temperature, light, catalyticspecies, solvent and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.8. Polymer Science and Applications : [ 4 ] Introduction and definitions, types of polymers, pharmaceutical applications, polymers as thickeningagents, fabrication technology.

Pharmaceuticals -I (Physical Pharmaceutics) Practicals1. Determination of latent heat, vapour pressure, critical point.2. Studies on polymorphs their identification and properties.3. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and surface area using various methods of

particle size analysis.4. Determination of derived properties of powders like density, porosity, compressibility, angle of

repose, etc.5. Determination of Surface/Interfacial tension, HLB value and Critical Micelle Concentration of

surfactants.6. Study of Rheological properties of various types of systems using different viscometers.7. Studies of different types of colloids and their properties.8. Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their sedimentation parameters.9. Preparation and stability studies of emulsions.

10. Determination of half life rate constant and order of reaction.11. To study the influence of various factors on the rate of reaction.12. Accelerated stability testing, shelf life determination and expiration dating of pharmaceuticals.13. Experiment involving tonicity adjustments.14. Experiments demonstrating the dissolution of drugs from various formulations.

Books Recommended:

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1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin.2. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences3. Bentley's Pharmaceutics by E A Rawlins4. Cooper and Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy

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First B. Pharm

102. Pharmaceutics - II ( Pharmaceutical Engineering And Engineering Drawing ) Theory

1. Fluid Flow: [ 8 ]Types of flow, Reynolds number, viscosity, concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.2. Material handling Systems : [ 12 ] a. Liquid handling & storage-Different types of pumps. b. Gas handling & storage-various types of fans, blowers and compressors. c. Solid handling & storage- Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.3. Dehumidification and humidity control : [ 5 ] Basic concepts and definitions, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Psychrometric chartand measurement of humidity, applications of humidity measurement in pharmacy, eqipments fordehumidification operations.4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning : [ 4 ] Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.5. Materials of pharmaceutical plant construction : [ 6 ] General study of composition, corrosion resistance, properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.6. Industrial hazards and safety precautions : [ 4 ]Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire and dust hazards, Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.7. Stoichiometry : [ 10 ]Unit processes, material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws,mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteadystates, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulas, dimensionless groups, different types of graphicrepresentation, mathematical problems.8. Heat Transfer : [ 10 ]Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determining of requirement ofamount of steam/electrical energy, steam pressure, Boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heattransfer.9. Corrosion and its prevention: [ 5 ]Types, causes, theories of corrosion, methods of prevention of corrosion.10. Packaging of materials: [ 8 ] Function and qualities of package, hazards encountered by package, protection to be given bypackage, containers, closures, foils, pressure packs for pharmaceutical products.

Pharmaceutics II ( Pharmaceutical Engineering And Engineering Drawing ) Practicals1. Measurement of flow of fluids and their pressure, determination of Reynolds number and

calculation of frictional losses.2. Determination of Humidity-use of Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb thermometers and psychrometric chart.3. Experiments to demonstrate corrosion resistance of various materials.4. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer coefficient.5. Elementary knowledge of Engineering Drawing -Concept of plan, orthographic & isometric views,

Elevation and third angle projection, notation and abbreviations used in engineering drawing.6. Drawing of simple pharmaceutical machinery parts.7. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing.

Books Recommended:1. Cooper and Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy2. Chemical Engineering by Badger and Banchero3. Handbook of Chemical Engineering by Perry4. Elementary Chemical Engineering by Max Peters5. Unit Operations by McCabe and Smith 6. Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman & others7. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design by Aulton8. Elementary Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt9. Machine Drawing by N. D. Bhatt

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First B. Pharm

103 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Theory)

Part-I (Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry )

Introduction to Pharmacopoeia :An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity identity and assayprinciples with examples including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate andspecial tests if any of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in IndianPharmacopoeia monograph details.1. Gastrointestinal agents : [ 7 ]Acidifying agents, Antacids, protective and Adsorbents, Cathartics:- Dil. Hydrochloric acid, Sod.Bicarbonate, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium trisilicate,Magnesium sulphate, Bismuth subcarbonate, Kaoline, Milk of magnesia, Activated charcoal, Sodiumdihydrogen phosphate, Sodium potassium tartrate, Combination antacid preparation.2. Major intra and extra-cellular electrolytes : [ 7 ] Physiological ions, Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combinationtherapy:- Sodium chloride and it’s preparations, Potassium chloride and it’s preparations, Ammoniumchloride and its injection, Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium citrate,Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, Magnasium sulphate, Sodium dihydrogenPhosphate, Electrolyte combination therapy. 3. Essential and trace elements : [ 4 ]Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance:- Iron and haematinics, Mineralsupplements, Ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulphate, Iodine, Iodine solutions, Potassium iodide.4. Topical agents : [ 4 ]Protectives, Astringents and Anti infectives:- Talc, Calamine, Zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide, Potassiumpermangnate, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Iodine solutions, Povidone iodine, Boric acid, borax, Silver nitrate,Mild silver protein, Yellow mercuric oxide, Ammoniated mercury, Sublimed and precipitated sulfur,Selenium Sulphide, Alum, Zinc sulphate, Hydrogen peroxide, Antimony potassium tartrate.5. Gases and Vapours : [ 4 ]Inhalants and Respiratory stimulants:- Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, Ammonium carbonate.6. Dental products : [ 4 ]Dentifrice and anti-caries agents:- Sodium fluoride, Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, Zinc chloride.7. Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy:- [ 3 ]Disodium EDTA, Calcium disodium EDTA, Dimercaprol.8. Miscellaneous agents : [ 4 ]Sclerosing agents, expectorants, emetics, poisons and antidotes, sedatives etc:- Ammonium chloride,Potassium iodide, Antimony potassium tartrate, Sodium nitrite, Sodium thiosulphate, Potassium bromide.9. Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry : [ 7 ]

1. Acids, Bases, Buffers and Water. Introduction, concepts of acid base, pH & dissociation constant of acid & base, HendersonHasselbatch equation, mechanism of buffers, physiological buffers, physical & chemical propertiesof water, hard water and methods of softening hard water, ionic product of water. Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Phosphoric acid, Boric acid, Strong AmmoniumHydroxide, Sodium hydroxide, Calcium hydroxide, Sodalime, Borate and phosphate buffers system,Purified water, W.F.I. , Sterile W.F.I.

2. anti-oxidants, preservatives, filter aids, adsorbents, diluents, excipients, suspending agents,colorants etc.:- Sodium nitrite, Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium bisulphide, Sodium metabisulphite, Boric acid, Borax.Activated Charcoal, Kaoline, Bismuth subcarbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, Calcium sulphate,Bentonite, Aluminium hydroxide.

10. Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals : [ 4 ]Nuclear radiopharmaceutical, reactions, nomenclature, methods of obtaining their standards and units ofactivity, measurements of activity, clinical applications and dosage hazards and precautions. Sodiumiodide 131 , Ferric chloride 59, Ferrous citrate 59 .Barium sulphate.

Part-II (Physical Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II)1. Behavior of gases : [ 6 ]Gas laws, ideal gas equations, Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior and explanations.

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2. The liquid state : [ 6 ]Study of chemical substances using physical properties such as :- surface tension, parachor, viscosity,refractive index, optical rotation, dipole moments and chemical constituents.3. Solutions : [ 6 ]Ideal and real solutions, solution of gases in liquids colligative properties, partition coefficient,conductance and its measurement. Debye Huckel theory.4. Thermodynamics : [ 6 ]Zero, First, Second and third laws. Absolute temperature scale. Thermochemical equations, phaseequilibrium and Phase rule.5. Adsorption : [ 6 ]Freundlich and Gibbs adsorption isotherms, Langmuir theory of adsorption.6. Photochemistry : [ 6 ]Consequences of light absorption, Jablenski diagram, Lambert-Beer law, Quantum efficiency.7. Chemical Kinetics : [ 6 ]Zero, first and second order reactions, complex reaction, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristicsof homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid, base and enzyme catalysis.8. Quantum mechanics : [ 6 ]Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I (Practicals)

The background and systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixtures up to 4 radicals. Six Mixturesto be analyzed preferably by semi-micro methods. All identification tests for pharmaceutical inorganicpharmaceuticals and qualitative tests for cations & anions as included in the Appendix of IP should becarried out.Pharmacopoeial Limit tests.

Books Recommended 1) Indian Pharmacopoeia. 2) Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry- Block and Soine. 3) Concise Inorganic Chemistry- J.D.Lee 4) Modern Inorganic Chemistry- Liptrot 5) Elements of Physical chemistry - Glasstone and Lewis 6) Mellor's 'Modern Inorganic Chemistry'- Parker 7) Inorganic and Theoretical chemistry- Taylor 8) College chemistry- Linus Pauling 9) General chemistry- Linus Pauling 10) Essentials of Physical chemistry-Bahl and Tuli 11) Bently and Driver's Text book of Pharmaceutical chemistry 12) Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin 13) Remington's Pharmaceutical Science 14) Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis Revised by G.S.Vehla 15) Pharmaceutical Chemistry Part I by Beckett & Stanlake

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First B. Pharm

104 Human Anatomy Physiology & Health Education (APHE) (Theory)

1. Scope of anatomy and physiology and terminology used in these subjects. [ 2 ]2. Structure of cell, its components and functions. Body fluids & its [ 2 ]composition, transport mechanisms across the cell menbrane.3. Elementary tissues of the human body : [ 2 ]Epithelial, connective muscular and nervous tissues, their sub-type and characteristics.4. Osseous system : [ 2 ] Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, classification of joints, types of movements at joints,Disorders of joints. 5. Skeletal muscles : [ 3 ]Their gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction, physiological properties of skeletal muscle andtheir disorders.6. Haemopoietic system : [ 6 ] Composition and function of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance,mechanism of coagulation, disorders of platelets and coagulation.7. Lymph and Lymphatic system : [ 2 ]Composition, formation and circulation of lymph, disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basicphysiology and functions of spleen.8. Cardiovascular system : [ 8 ]Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology of heart blood vessels and circulation. Basic understanding ofcardiac cycle, heart sound and electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline ofcardiovascular disorders like hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction,congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. 9. Digestive System : [ 6 ]Gross anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract functions of its different- parts including those of liver,pancreas and gall bladder. Various gastro-intestinal secretions and their role in the absorption anddigestion of food, disorders of digestive system.10. Respiratory system : [ 4 ] Anatomy of respiratory organs, functions of respiration, mechanism and regulation of respiration,respiratory volumes and capacity. 11. Central Nervous System : [ 6 ] Functions of different parts of brain and spinalcord. Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervoussystem, reflex action, electroencephalogram, cranial nerves and their functions.12. Autonomic Nervous System : [ 2 ] Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system. Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission inthe A.N.S. 13. Urinary System : [ 4 ] Various parts, structures and functions of the kidney and urinary tract. Physiology of urine formationand acid base balance. Diseases of the urinary system.14. Reproductive system :- [ 4 ]Male and Female reproductive system and their hormones. Physiology of menstruation, coitus andfertilization. Sex differentiation, spermatogenesis, pregnancy its maintenance and parturition.15. Endocrine System : [ 6 ] Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, Testes and ovary,their hormones and functions. 16. Sense Organs : [ 4 ]Basic anatomy and physiology of the eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and skin(superficial receptors).17. Health Education : [ 9 ]

a. Concepts of health & disease, disease causing agents and prevention of 1 disease.

b. Classification of food requirements, balanced diet, nutritional deficiency 2disorders, their treatment and prevention, specifications for drinking water.

c. Demography and family planning : Demography cycle, family planning, 2various contraceptive methods. Medical termination of pregnancy.

d. Brief outline of communicable diseases, their causative agents, modes of 3 transmissions and prevention (Chicken pox, measles, influenza, diphtheria, whooping coughtuberculosis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, food poisoning, helmenthiasis, malaria,

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filariasis, rabies, trachoma , tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, gonorrhea and AIDS ). e. First Aid : Emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns, poisoning, 1

fractures and resuscitation methods.

Human Anatomy Physiology & Health Education (Practicals)1. Study of human skeleton.2. Study of different systems with the help of charts and models. 3. Microscopic study of different tissues.4. Estimation of hemoglobin in blood, determination of bleeding time, clotting time R.B.C. count, TLC ,

D.L.C. and E.S.R.5. Recording of body temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure, basic understanding of

Electrocardiogram PQRST waves and their significance.6. Physiological experiments on nerve-muscle preparations and heart of frog or using computer

softwares or tracings.7. Determination of vital capacity, experiments on spirometry.

Books Recommended 1. Human Physiology by C. C. Chatterjee 2. Principles of human anatomy by Tortora 3. Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton and Hall 4. Basic Human Physiology by Guyton 5. The Living Body by Best and Taylor 6. Elements of Human Anatomy Physiology & Health Education by Dr. Derasari 7. Practical Anatomy and Physiology by Dr. Goyal, Patel and Shah. 8. Price's Textbook of The Practice of Medicine by Ronald Scott.

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First B. Pharm

105 : Advance Mathematics (Theory)

Unit – 1 (A) Determinants and matrices: [8]

Concept of determinants, properties of determinants (with out proof) Cramers rule,matrices of order m x n. Algebra of matrices, row and column, transformationcomputation of inverse, simultaneous equations of inverse, simultaneous equationsin two and three unknown variables solve by matrices methods.

(B) Biostatistics: [8]

Measures of central tendence (Averages) Mean, Median and Mode (PracticalProblems) measures of dispersion : Range, Quartice Deviation, Mean Deviation,Standard Deviation (Practical Problems)

Unit – 2 Limit, continuity and differentiation: [16] Limit of a function, rules of a limit (with out proof) some standard limits of all

Functions (with our proof).Continuity and discontinuity for a polynomial functions at a point. Defination of derivative. Rules of derivative (with out proof) Derivative of some Standardfunctions polynomials, implicit, exponential logaritumic and trigonometric functions higherorder of derivative, maxima and minima, tangent and normal.

Unit – 3 Rolles theorem, langromge’s and cauchu’s mean value theorems [16]

L’ Hospital rule along with suitable illustration. Unit – 4 Integral calculus: [16] Defination of integration basic rules of integration (with out proof) integration of somestandard functions integration by parts. Definite integral application of definite integral to surface and volume revolution. Unit – 5 Differential equation: [16] Definition and formation of differential equation of first order and first degree. Solutionof differential equations of the first order and first degree by variable separable, homogeneous equation linear equation, bernoylli’s equation,exact equation. Differential equations of first order and higher degree, equations solvable for p, x and y.(Lagrange’s equation, cluiraut’s form)

Book Recommended

1. Higher engineering mathematics by B. S. Grerawal2. Mathematical statistics by J. N. Kapur & H. C. Saxena3. A Text book of Matrices: Shairti Narayan S. Chand & Co.

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4. Integral and Differential calculus: Shairti Narayan Shyamlal Charitable Trust.5. Differential equations with application by herman betz paul B. Burcham.6. Differential equation by varishtua & Sharma Krishna Prakashan Mandir Meerut.

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First B. Pharm

106 : Fundamental of Computer Applications (PC Software)

Theory: [80]

FUNDAMENTAL:- [15]

Introduction to Computer, Input/Output Devices, Storage Devices, Binary Conversion, ComputerClassification, Applications of Computers in Pharmacy.

Introduction to Dos Commands: File Name and Different Extensions, Introduction to Windows, Use ofMenu Bar, ICON, Taskbar, Desktop, My Computer, Control Panel, Window Explorer, NetworkNeighborhood, Recycle Bin, MS-Paint, Creating Folder, Copying & Moving Files, Deleting Files,Creating Shortcuts, Adding & Deleting From Start Menu, Adding & Removing Hardware, ScanningDisk, De-fragmentation, Security Features, Installing other Software etc.

WORD PROCESSING PACKAGE [MS WORD] [20]

Word Essentials, Typing and Editing, Copy, Cut, Paste Finding and Replacing, Auto-correct and Autotext – Reusing Text and Graphics, Alignment, Formatting Text, Formatting Paragraphs, Formattingand Sorting Lists, Page Design and Layout, Page Setup : Margins, Page Numbers, Header, Footerand Other Items, Spell Check and Grammar Use of Thesaurus, Newspaper – style Columns, Workingwith Tables, Mail Merge, Word Art.

SPREADSHEET PACKAGE [MS EXCEL] [20]

Concept of worksheet, Navigating Worksheet, Entering & Editing data into cells, formulas &operators. Range of cells, Moving-Copying-Transposing data, absolute and relative cell references,spell checking, insert/delete/hide/show rows/ columns, change column, width/row height, formattingdata, protecting & hiding data, sorting data, searching & replacing data, built-in functions,Statistical functions, Mathematics Function, look up tables, data organization-analysis-manipulation,queries, what-if analysis, import-export of data, multiple worksheets & operations on them, Editingchart features such as formatting charts, adding legends and changing data. Pictures, fileoperations, printing worksheets, macros, templates, interface with other software packages, filteringdata etc.

PRESENTATION PACKAGE [POWER POINT] [15]

Creating/editing slides, using text, drawings, tables, pictures, charts and other objects in slide,animation & slide transition effects, creating and running automatic slide show, macros, templates,interface with other packages. Automatic slide show.

INTERNET [10]

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To Create New Internet Connection, Internet Addressing, Physical Connection, Telephone Lines,Introduction to E-mail, Creating Mail, Reading Mail, Reading Maid, Sending Mail, To create new EmailAccount, Web Browsers, Search Engines, Important Web sites. Browsing up the Web sites (e.g.Railway reservation, Sites of Pharmaceutical etc.)

Books Recommended:-

1. Working in Microsoft Office by Ron Mansfield2. MS-Office by R. K. Taxali3. PC-Software for Windows made Simple by R. K. Taxali4. MS-Office – APTECH, TMH Publications5. Online Help6. Ms-Office 2000 – No Experience required – Gini Courter (BPB)7. Mastering Ms-Office 2000 (Prof. Edition) – Courter8. Using Microsoft Office 2000 – Helly9. World Wide Web, Design with HTML C Xavier10. Woody Leonhard Teaches Microsoft Office 2000 (PHP)11. CCC – BAOU, Books of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University

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Second B. Pharm

201. Pharmaceutics III (Unit Operations) Theory

1. Size Reduction and size separation: [ 8 ]Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy andpower requirements of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill, classification& methods of size separation -sieving, sedimentation, elutriation, cyclone separator, cutter mill andcolloid mill.2. Mixing: [ 9 ]Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing, Selection of mixings, equipments.tumbler mixing, and agitator mixer, semi solids-agitator, shear, ultrasonic mixers. Solids-shaker,propeller, turbine, paddle. Industrial mixer-Nauta mixer & Diosna (R.M.G).3. Filtration and Centrifugation: [ 8 ]Theory of filtration, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, cartridgefilters, and membrane filters. Factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtration, optimumcleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters and centrifugalsedimenters. 4. Crystallization: [ 8 ] Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit forms, size and factors affectingthem, solubility curves and calculation of yields. Supersaturation theory and its limitations, . Mier’ssupersolubility curve, nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizers,tankg, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal crystallizer.Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields.5. Evaporation : [ 8 ]Basic concept of phase equilibria, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators: film evaporators, singleeffect and multiple effect evaporators, Vapor recompression. Mathematical problems on evaporation.6. Distillation : [ 10 ]Raoult's law, phase diagrams, volatility, simple, steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification,Rectification- columns packed, plate, efficiency of columns. McCabe Thiele method for calculation ofnumber of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation. Mathematical problem on distillation.Molecular distillation, relative volatility, molar value on distillation. 7. Drying : [ 9 ]Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying, calculations, classificationand types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods - tray,fluidized bed, spray, freeze, tunnel, Microwave, IR dryers. Mathematical problem on drying. 8. Automated process control systems: [ 6 ] Process variable, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements. Elements ofautomatic process control, Introduction to Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). 9. Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions. [ 2 ]Classification, types and design of reactors.10. Extraction: [ 4 ] Theory of extraction, solvents used extraction, methods, recovery of solvents.

Pharmaceutics III ( Unit Operations ) Practical1. Evaluation of filter media, determination of rate of filtration and study of factors affecting

filtration including filter aids. 2. Experiments to demonstrate application of centrifugation. 3. Experiments to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the rate of drying. 4. Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.5. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, Laws governing energy and power

requirements of size reduction.6. Experiments to illustrate solid-solid mixing, determination mixing efficiency using different types of

mixers. 7. Experiments to demonstrate various methods of size separation.8. Experiments to illustrate evaporation and rectification.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

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1. Cooper and Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy 2. Chemical Engineering by Badger and Banchero 3. Handbook of Chemical Engineering by Perry 4. Elementary Chemical Engineering by Max Peters 5. Unit Operations by McCabe and Smith 6. Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman & others 7. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design by Aulton 8. Unit Operations Handbook by McKetta 9. Pharmaceutics by A.K. Seth & M. M. Patel 10. Chemical Engineering by Richardson & Coulson

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Second B. Pharm

202. Pharmaceutics- IV (Pharmaceutical Practice) Theory1. Definition & Scope [ 1 ]2. Sources of information required by pharmacists. [ 1 ]3. Prescription, handling of prescription, source of error in prescription, care [ 2 ]

required in dispensing procedures. 4. General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. [ 1 ]5. Dispensing of proprietary medicines. [ 2 ]6. Pharmaceutical calculations: Enlarging and reducing recipes, percentage [ 3 ]

solutions, allegation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value, etc.

7. Posology & Metrology: household measures, calculation of doses for [ 2 ]infants, adults and elderly patients

8. Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of typical [16 ]prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders,capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, opthalmics, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions,liniments, inhalations, paints, sprays, tablet triturates etc.

9. Incompatibilities: physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic [ 8 ] incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-metals,acids, alkalies, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives,amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides,anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities,therapeutic incompatibilities.

10. Community pharmacy: Organization and structure of retail and whole [ 6 ] sale drug store- types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment,maintenance and drug store- dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance ofrecords of retail and whole sale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health careand education.

11. Dispensing of Radiopharmaceuticals: Therapeutic uses, diagnostic uses, [ 5 ] facilities work area, preparation and dispensing of Radiopharmaceuticals used inmedicine.

12. Future trends in dispensing. [ 1 ]

Pharmaceutics - IV Pharmaceutical Practice (Practical) 1. Dispensing of prescriptions falling under the categories. Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams,

ointments, powders suppositories, ophthalmics, capsules, pastes, jellies, pastille, lozenges, pills,tablet triturates lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints, etc.

2. Identification of various types of incompatibilities in pricing of prescription correction there of anddispensing of such prescriptions.

3. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceuticals calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosagecalculations for pediatric and geriatric patients.

4. Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity. 5. Categorization and storage of pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements of labeling and

storage. 6. 6.Practicals designed on the use of computer in drug information center, prescription filling,

documentation of information on drug interaction. 7. Experiments to illustrate handling of Radiopharmaceuticals products, measurement of radioactivity.

Books Recommended: 1.Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing Pharmacy. 2.Pharmaceutical Dispensing by Sharma and Jain 3.Dispensing Pharmacy by Husa 4.Remington's Pharmaceutics 5.Pharmaceutical Practice by Aulton and Collet

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Second B. Pharm

203 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - II (Organic Chemistry) (Theory)

The subject of organic Chemistry will be treated in its modern perspective keeping for the sake ofconvenience, the usual Classification of organic compounds.

1. Structure and Properties: [ 8 ]Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals,Bonding and Antibonding orbitals, Co-valent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bonddissociation energy Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, structure and physical properties,Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases.

2. Stereochemistry : [ 8 ]Isomerism and nomenclature and associated physicochemical properties, optical activity.Stereoisomerism, specification of configuration, chirality, chiral reagents, Reaction involvingstereoisomers, conformations.

3. Structure, Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of : [ 35 ]Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cycloalkanes, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds,Areues, Alkyl halides, Alcoholes, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, phenols, Aldehydes and ketones,carboxylic acids, functional derivatives of carboxylic acid, Reactive intermediates-carbocations,carbanions, carbenes, nitrene and nitrenium ions.

4. Nucleophilic aromatic substitutions; alpha-beta Unsaturated carbonyl [ 15 ] compounds, Conservation of orbital symmetry and rules, Electrocyclic cyclo addition reactions,Sigmatrophic reactions, Neighbouring group effects, Catalysis by transition metal complexes,Stereoselective and sterospecific reactions, organic reagents used in drug synthesis like E.C.A.,malonitrile, N-bromo succinamide ethylaceto acetate.

5. Heterocyclic Compounds : [ 9 ] Chemistry of some important heterocylics contains 3,4,5,6 & 7 atoms with one or two heteroatoms like O,N,S. Preparation and properties of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrimidine, imidazole

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II [Practical] 1. The student should be introduced to the various laboratory techniques through demonstrations

involving synthesis of selected organic compounds,[e.g. aspirin, p-bromoacetanilide,anthraquinone from anthracine, reduction of nitrobenzene etc.]

2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatives. 3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels. 4. At least five exercises in synthesis involving various heterocyclic ring systems. 5. An exercise involving stereoselective synthesis of a compound resolution of racemic DL-alanine or

any other example.6. Workshop on molecular modeling of primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins,

molecular modeling on double helical structure of nucleic acid showing hydrogen bonding. Books Recommended: 1.Organic Chemistry by Morrison & Boyd. 2.Organic Chemistry by Brewester & McEwan 3.Organic Chemistry Vol I & II by Finar 4.Organic Chemistry by Wingrove & S. Caret 5.Organic Chemistry by Pine & Handrickson 6.Organic Chemistry by Jerry March 7.Practical Organic Chemistry by F.G. Mann & B.C. Saunders 8.Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry by B.T. Furnis 9.Stereochemistry of carbon compounds by L. Eliel 10. An Introduction to the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds by R.M. Acheson . 11.Basic and Pharmaceutical Practical Chemistry by Singh and Kapoor

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Second B. Pharm

204 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I [Theory] 1. Introduction : [ 3 ]

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control. Different techniques of analysis,preliminaries and definitions, selection of sample, precision and accuracy. Fundamental ofvolumetric analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards.

2. Acid Base Titration: [ 5 ]Acid base concepts, Role of the solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases. Ionization, low ofmass action, common ion effect. Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts Henderson-Hesselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory ofindicators. Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, polyprotic system, polyamine and aminoacidsystems, Amino acid titration, applications in assay of H3PO4, NaOH, CaCO3 etc.

3. Oxidation Reduction Titrations: [ 5 ]Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, strengths and equivalent weights ofoxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox, redox indicator, titrations, cell representations,Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, cericsulphate titrations, Potassium iodate titrations, potassium bromate titrations, Titanous chloridetitrations, sodium 2, 6-dichlorophenol, Iodophenol titration, potassium permanganatepharmaceutical applications.

4. Precipitation titration : [ 2 ]Precipitation reactions, solubility products, effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon thesolubility of a precipitate. Argentometric titrations, ammonium or potassium thiocyanate titrations,mercuric nitrate titrations, Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, Fajan’s method, Gay-lussac method,pharmaceutical applications.

5. Gravimetric Analysis : [ 2 ] Precipitation techniques, solubility products, the colloidal state, supersaturational co-precipitation. Post precipitation, digestional washing of the precipitate filtration, filter papers andcrucibles, Ignition, Thermogravemetric curves, specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium asaluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophoshate,, organicprecipitants.

6. Theoretical considerations, and application in drug analysis and quality control of the followinganalytical techniques will be discussed. :

1. Non-aqueous titrations. [ 3 ]2. Complexometry. [ 3 ]3. Potentiometry [ 3 ]4. Conductometry. [ 3 ]5. Calorimety. [ 3 ]6. Polarography. [ 2 ]7. Amperometry. [ 2 ]8. Extraction procedure including separation of drug from excipients. [ 3 ]9. Chromatography:- Theory , mechanism of separation, types and [ 9 ]

practical aspects and application of different chromatographic techniques. The followingtechniques will be discussed with relevant examples of pharmacopeial products. TLC, HPLC,GLC, HPTLC, paper chromatography and column chromatography.

10. Miscellaneous methods of analysis such as ; Diazotisation titration, [ 2 ]Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karlfischer titration, oxygen flask combustion,gasometry.

Pharmaceutical Analysis -I [Practical] The student should be introduced to the main analytical tools through demonstrations. They shouldhave a clear understanding of a typical analytical balance, the requirements of a good balance, weights,care and use of balance, methods of weighing and errors in weighing. The students should also beacquainted with the general apparatus required in various analytical procedure.

1. Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric apparatus. 2. Acid Base Titrations: Preparation and standardization of acids and bases, some exercise related

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with determination of acids and bases separately of in mixture form, some official assay proceduree.g. boric acid should also be covered.

3. Oxidation reduction titrations : Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants e.g.potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate, etc., some exercisesrelated to determination of oxidizing and reducing agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercisesinvolving potassium iodate, potassium bromate, iodine solution, titanous chloride, sodium 2,6,-dichlorophenol idophenol, ceric ammonium sulphate be designed.

4. Precipitation Titrations : Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate andammonium thiocyanate, titrations according to Mohrs Volhards and Fajans methods.

5. Gravimetric Analysis : Preparation of Gooch crucible for filtration and use of sintered glasscrucible, determination of water of hydration, some exercises related to gravimetric analysisshould be covered.

6. Non-aqueous Titrations : Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium methoxides solutions, Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.

7. Complexometric titrations : Preparations and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercisesrelated to pharmacopoeial assays by complexometric titrations.

8. Miscellaneous determinations. Exercises, involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, oxygenflask combustion and gasometry methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals,procedure [BPC] shall be covered.

9. Experiments involving separation of drug from excipients. 10. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products. 11. Exercises based on acid base titration in aqueous and non aqueous media, oxidation-reduction

titration, precipitation titrations and complex formation titrations using potentiometric technique,determination of acid base dissociation constant and plotting of titration curves using pH meter.

12. Exercises involving polarimetry. 13. Exercises involving conductometric and polarographic techniques.

Books Recommended : 1. Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Aryes 2. A Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis by Vogel 3. A Text book of Pharma Analysis by Connors 4. Practical Pharma. Chemistry Part I & II by Backett and Stenlake 5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard 6. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Ewing 7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Chatwal and Anand 8. The Quantitative Analysis of Drug by D.C.Garatt 9. Pharma. Analysis, Modern Methods Part I & II by James W. Munson

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Second B. Pharm

205 Biochemistry & Pathophysiology [Theory]

Part-I Biochemistry 1. Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell [ 2 ]

membrane.2. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from [ 2 ]

equilibrium constant and reduction potential bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biologicalsignificance.

3. Enzymes : Nomenclatures, enzyme Kinetics and its mechanism of action, [ 4 ] mechanism of inhibition, isozymes and isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis.

4. Co-enzymes : Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance, Metals as co- [ 4 ]enzymes and their significance.

5. Carbohydrates metabolism ; Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose- - [ 9 ]phosphate, glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenisis and glycogenolysis,metabolism of galactose and galactosemia. Role of sugar nucleosides in biosynthesis, andpentosephosphate pathway.

6. The citric acid cycle ; Significance, reactions and energetic of the cycle, [ 3 ]Amphibolic role of the cycle and Glyoxalic acid cycle.

7. Lipids metabolism ; Oxidation of fatty acids, beta-oxidation & energestics [ 5 ]alpha oxidation. r-oxidation, Biosynthesis of ketones bodies and their utilisation, biosynthesis ofsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids, control of lipids metabolism, Essential fatty acids &eicosanoids [prostaglandens, thromboxens] phospholipids, and sphingolipids.

8. Biological oxidation - Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes [ 5 ]involved in oxidation reduction its control, The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and itscontrol, Energestics of oxidative phosphorylation, Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidativephosphorylation and, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

9. Nitrogen & sulphur cycle ; Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, [ 3 ]nitrification and nitrate assimilation, sulphate activation, sulphate reduction. Incorporation ofsulphur in organic compounds, Release of sulphur from organic compounds.

10. Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen containing Monomers ; Nitrogen [ 8 ]balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, catabolism of amino acids, conversion of amino acids tospecialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle,metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids, porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments,hyperbilirubinemia, purine nucleotide interconversion, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and formation ofdeoxyribonucleotides.

11. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids : Brief introduction of genetic organisation of [ 7 ]the mammalian, genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNAand its replication, Mutation, physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repairmechanism, Biosynthesis of RNA.

12. Genetic code and protein synthesis ; Genetic code, components of [ 3 ]protein synthesis, and Inhibition of protein synthesis.

13. Regulation of gene expression. [ 2 ]

Part.II Pathophysiology 1. Basic Principles of cell injury and adaptation ; Causes of cellular [ 5 ]

injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, Intracellular alterations in lipids, proteins andcarbohydrates, cellular adaptation, atrophy, hypertrophy.

2. Basic Mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair ; [ 5 ]Alterations in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBCs, acute and chronicinflammation, mediators of inflammation , brief outline of the process of repair.

3. Pathophysiology of common diseases ; Like Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, [ 8 ]epilepsy, psychosis, depression, mania hypertension, Angina, congestive heart failure, [CCF],artherosclerosis, myocardial infraction, diabetes, pepticulcer, asthma, ulcerative colitis, hepaticdisorders, acute and chronic renal failure, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections,

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases[STD], animas and common types of neoplasms.

wherever applicable the molecular basic should be discussed.

Biochemistry & Pathophysiology [Practical]

1. To prepare standard buffers [citrate, phosphate, and carbonate] and measure pH 2. Titration curve for amino acids. 3. Separation of amino acids by two dimensional paper chromatography and gel electrophoresis 4. The separation of lipids by TLC. 5. Separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. 6. Quantitative estimation of amino acids. 7. Quantitative estimation of proteins. 8. The identification of c-terminal amino acids of a protein. 9. The determination of glucose by means of the enzyme glucose oxides.

10. The isolation and assay of glycogen from the liner and skeletal muscle of rats. 11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen by alpha & beta amylase. 12. The isolation and determination of RNA and DNA.13. Effect of temperature on the activity of alpha- amylase. 14. Estimation of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and BRN in the serum. 15. Simple experiments involved in the analysis of normal and abnormal urine: collection of specimen,

appearance, determination of pH, sugars, proteins, urea and creatinine. Books Recommended : 1. Harper’s Review of Biochemistry by Martin 2. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stump 3. Biochemistry by Lehninger 4. Textbook of Biochemistry by Harron and Mazur 5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao 6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Varunkumar Malhotra

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Second B. Pharm

206 Pharmacognosy I :(Theory) 1. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. [ 2 ]2. Sources of drugs : Biological, marine, geographical and plant tissue [ 3 ]

cultures as sources of drugs.3. Classification of drugs : Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, [ 3 ] pharmacological and

chemical. 4. Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs. [ 8 ]

Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, types of soil and fertilizers of common use. Pestmanagement and natural pest control agents. Plant hormones and their applications. Polyploidy,mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.

5. Quality control of crude drugs : Adulteration of crude drugs and [ 5 ] their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods ofevaluation.

6. An Introduction to chemical constituents of drugs : their isolation, classification and properties &systematic pharmacognostic study of following :

1. Carbohydrates and derived products :Agar, Guar gum, Gum acacia, [ 10 ] Honey, Isabgol, Pectin, Starch, Sterculia and Tragacanth.

2. Lipids : Bees wax, Castor oil, Coca butter, Cod-liver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, [ 8 ]Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice bran oil, shark liver oil and wool fat.

3. Resins and resin combinations :Colophony, Podophyllum, Jalap, Cannabis, [ 9 ] Capsicum,Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsam of peru, Balsam of tolu, Benzoin, Turmeric.

4. Tannins and tannin containing drugs : Gambir, black catechu, gall and [ 5 ] myrobalan. 5. Volatile oils : General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants. [ 15 ]

Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel,Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Cumin, Dill, Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg,Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk, Palmrosa, Gaultheria, Sandal wood.

7. study of fibres used in pharmacy : cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass- wool, [ 3 ]polyester and asbestos.

8. Study of pharmaceutical aids : talc, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite and [ 2 ]gelatin.

Pharmacognosy-I (Practical)1. Morphological characteristics of plant families mentioned in theory. 2. Microscopic measurements of cells and cell contents: starch, grains, calcium, oxalate, crystals

and phloem fibers. 3. Determination of leaf constants such as stomatal index, stomatal number, vein islet number, vein

termination number and palisade ratio. 4. Identification of crude drugs belonging to carbohydrates and lipids 5. Preparation of herbarium sheets. 6. Identification of crude drugs mentioned in theory. 7. Study of fibers and pharmaceutical aids. 8. Microscopic studies of crude drugs and their powders underlined in the category of volatile oils.

Books Recommended : 1. Pharmacognosy by G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans 2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis 3. Pharmacognosy by V.E.Tylor,L.R.Brady and J.E.Robbers 4. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr.C.S.Shah and Prof. J.S.Qadry 5. Pharmacognosy by S.S.Handa and V.K.Kapoor 6. Pharmacognosy by Prof.C.K.Kokate,Prof.A.P.Purohit & S.B.Gokhale 7. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr. Mohammed Ali 8. The Wealth of India (Raw Material & Industrial Product) 9. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. I,II,III & IV 10. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants by Atal & Kapoor 11. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Atal & Kapoor

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12. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Steiniger and Hansel 13. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Ramsted 14. Powdered Vegetable Drugs by B.P.Jeckson & D.W.Snewden 15. Practical Pharmacognosy by Iyenger 16. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate 17. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.,

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Second B. Pharmacy

207 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence & Ethics [Theory]1. Introduction [ 2 ]

i. Pharmaceutical Legislation - A brief review. ii. Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry -A brief review. iii. Pharmaceutical Education - A brief review.

2. An elaborate [practical oriented] study of the following ; [ 23 ]i. Pharmaceutical Ethicsii. Pharmacy Act 1948. iii. Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 iv. Medicinal & Toilet preparations [Excise Duties] Act 1955 v. Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substance Act 1985 & Rules vi. Drug price control order 1995. [DPCO].

3. A brief study of the following with special reference to the main [ 22 ] provisions.i. Poisons Act 1991. ii. Drugs and Magic Remedies [Objectionable Advertisements] Act 1954. iii. Medical termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975. iv. Prevention of cruelty to Animals Act 1960. v. States shops & Establishment Act & Rules. vi. Insecticides Act 1968. vii. AICTE Act 1987. viii. Factories Act 1948. ix. Minimum Wages Act 1948 & Rules 1950.x. Patents Act 1970 & Rules 1972. xi. Consumer Protection Act

4. A brief study of the various prescription/Non-prescription products, [ 1 ] Medical/surgical accessories, Diagnostic aids, Appliances available in the market.

Note : The teaching of all the above Acts should cover the latest amendments.

Books Recommended: 1. Original laws published by the Government of India. 2. Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy by B.M. Mithal 3 Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy by N.K. Jain

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www.ngu.ac.in/academic/Pharmacy/tybpharm301.htm 1/1

Third B. Pharmacy

301. Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Theory)

Part 1: Pharmaceutical Microbiology1. Introduction, scope, contributions of great scientists to microbiology. [ 2 ]2. Structure of bacterial cell. [ 2 ]3. Classification of microbes and their taxonomy, actinomycetes, bacteria, [ 5 ]

ricketssia, spirochetes, fungi and viruses.4. Microscopy: Different types of microscopes, micrometry. [ 2 ]5. Identification of Microbes: Morphological, Stains and types of staining [ 4 ]

techniques and biochemical methods for S.typhi, E.coli, amylase activity, production of gas, indoleproduction, lactose fermentation.

6. Nutrition, cultivation, isolation & count of bacteria, fungi, viruses. [ 4 ]7. Control of Microbes [ 22 ]

1. Sterilization : Significance and scope, classification, D-value, F- value, Z-value, methods forsterilization, Pharmacopoeial standards, Sterilization indicators-biological and chemical.

2. Disinfectants: Classification, mode of action, uses of various disinfectants, evaluation ofdisinfectants, effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives.

8. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products as per IP. [ 4 ]9. Microbial assay of Antibiotics Vitamins & Aminoacids as per IP [ 3 ]

10. Pharmacopoeial microbial limit tests as per IP [ 2 ]Part II Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (theory)

1. Genetic Recombination: [ 12 ]Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and theirapplications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced bybiotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope IntornA, Monoclate, ORTAHOCLONE OKT3,Referon-A, Recombivax HB etc. Introduction to Genetics Structure of DNA & RNA, Synthesis of DNA, Genes mutation. Introductionof Recombination technology.

2. Microbial transformation: [ 2 ]Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformationprocesses and its improvements.

3. Enzyme immobilization: [ 6 ]Introduction, methods and applications of immobilized enzymesTechniques of immobilization ofenzymes, Immobilisation of bacteria and plant cells.

4. Study of diagnostic aids produced by biotechnology. [ 2 ]

Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Practicals)1. Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media. Subculturing of common aerobic

and anaerobic bacteria, fungus and yeast, various methods of isolation and identification ofmicrobes, sterilisation techniques and validation of sterilizing techniques, evaluation of antisepticsand disinfectants, testing the sterility of pharmaceutical products as per I.P. requirements,microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins etc..

Books Recommended : 1. Text book of Microbiology by Pelczar 2. Microbiology by Lippincot 3. Microbiology by Prescott 4. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by V.K.Dixit & S.P.Vyas 5. Biochemical Engineering by Bailey & Ollis

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Third B. Pharmacy

302 Biological Pharmacy And Fermentation Technology [Theory] 1. Blood products and plasma substitutes: [ 6 ]

Collection, processing labeling and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBC, driedhuman plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrinfoam, plasma substitutes-ideal requirments, PVP, dextran etc., control of blood products as perI.Pand B.P.

2. Surgical Products: [ 7 ]Defination, primary wound dressing, absorbent surgical cotton, surgical gauzes, bandages,adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressing, absorbable and nonabsorbablesutures, catgut. Standardization of surgical products,Packaging and labeling of surgical productsin general. Medical prosthetics and organ replacement materials.

3. Immunology and Immunological Preparations [ 16 ]Principles, antigens and haptens, immune system, cellular, humoral immunity, immunologicaltolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, Active and passiveimmunization, vaccines their preparation, standardisation and storage. Antibodies, Nonspecificdefence mechanisms of body, Vaccines- diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, cholera, pertussis, plaque,BCG, rabies, polio, measles, typhoid, new generation vaccines-hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, diagnosticpreparations

4. Fermentation: [ 16 ]Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, general screening methods, isolation andpreservation of pure cultures. Mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Fermenter, its design,control of different parameters, design of fermentation process. media, sterilization (fermenter,media, air, etc.), Isolation of fermentation products. Detailed production of

1. selected antibiotics: penicillins, streptomycins, tetracyclines 2. vitamin B 12, Riboflavin 3. others: citric acid, alcohol

5. Allergenic Extracts: [ 3 ]Types of allergy, allergens, diagnosis of allergy, sensitivity testing, treatment of allergy,preparation, testing and standardisation of allergenic extracts.

Biological Pharmacy And Fermentation Technology [Practicals]

1. Collection processing, storage and fractionation of blood. 2. Experiments to illustrate preparation, physical and biological evaluation of surgical dressings. 3. Exercises involving simple fermentation processes. Books Recommended: 1. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 2. Cooper & Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy 3. I.P., B. P., USP. 4. Principles of Fermentation Technology by Whittaker & Hall 5. Industrial Microbiology by Prescott & Dunn 6. Biopharmaceuticals:Biochemistry & Biotechnology by G. Walsh

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Third B. Pharmacy

303 Medicinal Chemistry - I (Theory)1. Basic principles of Medicinal chemistry: [ 9 ]

Physico-chemical aspects (Optical, geometric and bioisomerism of drug molecules and biologicalaction, Drug-receptor interaction including transduction mechanism and G.proteins. Principles ofdrug design (Theoretical Aspects): Traditional analog (QSAR) and mechanism based approaches(Introduction to graph theory, applications of quantum mechanics), Computer Aided DrugDesigning (CADD) and molecular modelling.

2. Synthetic procedures of selected drugs:‚ mode of action, uses Structure Activity Relationship(SAR) including physicochemical properties of the following class of drugs should be covered. Bio-chemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.

1. Drugs acting at syneptic and neuro-effector junction sites: [ 9 ]1. Cholinergic and Anticholinesterases. 2. Adrenergic drugs. 3. Antispasmodic and antiulcer drugs. 4. Neuromuscular blocking agents.

SAR of sympathomimetic amines, Acetylcholine analogs and antimascarinics. Synthesisof Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphajoline,Phenylephrine, Methacholine chloride, Neostigmine bromide, Pyridostigmine,Cyclopentolate, Dicyclomine and Succinyl choline chloride.

2. Autocoids: [ 6 ]1. Antihistamines 2. Eicosanoids SAR of Antihistamines.

Synthesis of Mepyramine , Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine,Chlorocyclizine Omeprazole, Phenindamine, triprdiding, meclizing, cemetidine,Astemizole, pheniramine, Ranitidine, cyproheptadine..

3. Drugs affecting uterine motility. [ 2 ]Oxytocis (including oxitocin, ergot alkaloids,and prostaglandins)

4. Chemotherapeutic agents [ 20 ]1. Antibacterials:- Antibiotics, Antimicobacterials, Sulphonamides, Quinolones

antibacterials, Antimetabolites.2. Antivirals:- Anti AIDS, Antioncogenic virals3. Antirickettsials and Antimycoplasmals 4. Antiprotozoles:- Antimalarials, Antiamoebics, Other antiprotozoles 5. Antifungals:- Antibiotics, Synthetics 6. Antimetazoals (Anthelmentics)7. Antiseptics and Disinfectants 8. Antineoplastics SAR of Penicillines , Tetracyclines and Sulphonamides.

Synthesis of Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Sulphadiazine, Sulphamethoxazole,Sulphacetamide, Trimethoprim, Cycloserine, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin,Isoniazide, Ethambutol, Depsone Clofazimine, Ampicillin, saibactan, 6-aminopenicillanicacid.

5. Immunosuppresive agents [ 2 ] 6. Diagnostic agents [ 2 ]

Medicinal Chemistry -I (Practical) 1. Exercises based on QSAR: Hansch and Free Wilson methods 2. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised.3. Determination of partition co-efficient, Dissociation constant and Molar refractivity of compounds

for QSAR analysis. 4. Workshop on stereo models use of some selected drugs. 5. Synthesis of selected drugs from the course content involving two or more steps and their

spectral analysis. 6. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised.

Books Recommended: 1. Medicinal Chemistry by Burger 2. Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharm. Chem. by Wilson & Gisvold

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3. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Foye, Williams and Lemke 4. A Hand book of Organic Analysis by Clarke 5. A Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry by Vogel 6. Quantitative Organic Analysis by Cheronis

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Third B. Pharmacy

304 Pharamceutical Analysis -II ( Instrumental Analysis And Quality Assurance) [Theory] A. Quality Assurance:- [ 11 ]

1. GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality Documentation. 2. Regulatory control, Regulatory drug analysis, Interpretation of Analytical data 3. Validation, Quality audit, Quality of Equipment, Validation of equipment, Validation of

analytical procedure. B. The theoretical aspects, basic instrumentation, elements of interpretation of spectra and

applications of the following analytical techniques should be discussed 1. Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry. [ 15 ]2. Fluorimetry. [ 4 ]3. Infrared spectrophotometry. [ 8 ] 4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy including C- 13 NMR [ 10 ]5. Mass Spectrometry [ 9 ]6. Flame Photometry. [ 3 ]7. Emission Spectroscopy. [ 3 ]8. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. [ 3 ]9. X-ray Diffraction. [ 6 ]

10. Radioimmunoassay. [ 3 ]

Pharmaceutical Analysis-II [Practicals]1. Using official procedure involving instrumental techniques, carry out the quantitative estimation of

atleast ten formulation containing single drug or more than one drug. 2. Using flame photometry, carry out the estimation of Na+,K+, Ca++ ions. 3. Carry out the IR of sample having different functional groups [-COOH, -CONHR, Primary,

Secondary, Tertiary amine and alcohol, etc].4. Workshop to interpret the structure of simple organic compounds using UV, IR, NMR, and MS.

Books Recommended: 1. A Text book of Pharma. Analysis by Connors 2. Practical Pharma. Chemistry Part I & II by Buckett and Stenlake 3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard 4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Ewing 5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Chatwal and Anand 6. The Quantitative Analysis of Drug by D.C.Garatt 7. Organic Chemistry by Morison and Boyd 8. Spectoscopy of Organic Compounds by P.S.Kalsi 9. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by Silverstein 10. Application of Absorption Spectoscopy of Org. Compd. by J.R.Dyer

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Third B. Pharmacy

305 Pharmacology And Chemotherapy (Theory)1. General pharmacology [ 18 ]

a. Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, dosage forms and 9 routes ofadministration. Mechanism of action, combine effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action,tolerance and dependence, Pharmacogenetics, drug receptors, dose response relationship.

b. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of drugs. Principles of 9 Basic and ClinicalPharmacokinetics. Adverse Drug Reactions and treatment of Poisoning, ADME druginteractions

2. Pharmacology of peripheral Nervous system: [ 18 ]a. Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic) 3b. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, 11 adrenergic receptor and

neuron blocking agents, ganglionic stimulants and blocking agents.c. Neuromuscular blocking agents. 2d. Local anesthetic agents. 2

3. Autocoids: [ 8 ]a. Histamine, 5-HT and their antagonists. 4b. Prostanglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes. 2c. Pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and substance P. 2

4. Chemotherapy [ 28 ]a. General principles of chemotherapy. 2b. Sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, Quinolones,nitrofurans. 4c. Antibiotics:- Betalactams, Macrolides 8

Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, and Miscellaneous Antibiotics.d. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal Diseases, viral diseases, 7 urinary tract

infections and sexually Transmitted Diseases [STD].e. Chemotherapy of malignancy and Immunosuppressive Agents. 3f. Chemotherapy of the parasitic diseases:- Helmenthiasis, malaria, 4 amoebiasis and other

Protozoal infections

Pharmacology And Chemotherapy ( Practical )

1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology :1. Preparation of different solutions for experiments.2. Drug dilution, use of molar and w/v solutions in experimental pharmacology.3. Common laboratory animals and anesthetics used in animal studies.4. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.5. Some common and standard techniques. Bleeding and intravenous injection intragastric

administration procedures for rendering animals unconscious, stunning of rodents, pithing offrogs, chemical anaesthesia.

2. Experiments on various preparations of Animal tissues or using computer softwares:1. Study of different routes of administration of drugs in mice/rats.2. To study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitors and induction on the

pentobarbitone sleeping time in mice.3. Evaluation of Local anaesthetics.

3. To study the effect of autonomic drugs on rabbits eye or using computer software: 4. To study the effects of various agonists and antagonists and their characterization using isolated

preparation like frog's rectusabdominus muscle and isolated ileum preparations of Rat Guineapigand Rabbit. (Demonstration or Computer simulation)

5. Experiments on Isolated preparations (Computer Software may be used as substitute):a. To record the Concentration Response Curve (CRC) of acetylcholine using rectus abdominus

muscle preparation of frog.b. To study the effects of physostigmine and d-tubocurarine on the CRC of acetylcholine using

frog rectus abdominus muscle preparation of frog.c. To record the CRC of 5-HT on rat fundus strip preparation.d. To record the CRC of Histamine on guinepig ileum. e. To record the CRC of noraderenaline on rat anococcygeus muscle .

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f. To record the CRC of oxytocin using rat uterus.6. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System (Computer Software may be used as substitute):

a. To study the ionotropic and Chronotropic effects of drugs on isolated & Perfused FrogHeart.

b. To Study the effects of drugs on Normal & Hypodynamic Frog Heart.Books Recommended: 1. Pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gillman 2. Medical pharmacology by Goth 3. Pharmacology by Gaddum 4. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics by Satoshkar & Bhandarkar 5. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar 6. Lewis Pharmacology by Crossland 7. Textbook of pharmacology by Bowman & Rand 8. Essentials of medical pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi 9. Pharmacology by Rang & Dale 10. Elements of Pharmacology by Dr. Derasari & Dr. Gandhi 11. Drug interactions by Hansten 12. Introduction to general toxicology by Aries Simonsis & Offermeier 13. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons by Casorett & Doull 14. Clinical pharmacology by Lawrence 15. Principles of drug action by Goldstein Aronow & Kalaman 16. Drug Treatment by Averey 17. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology by M.N. Ghosh 18. Handbook of experimental pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni 19. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Perry 20. Practicals in pharmacology by Dr. Goyal

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Third B. Pharmacy

306 Pharmacognosy - II (Theory) 1. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, [ 22 ] chemical

constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagonistic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups containing glycosides.

a. Saponins: Glycyrrhiza, Ginenseng, Dioscorea, Sarsaparilla and Senega. 6 b. Cardioactive sterols : Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus and Thevitia. 6c. Anthraquinone cathartics: Aloe, Senna, Rhubard and Cascara. 6d. Psoralea, Ammi, Gentian, Saffron, Chirata, Quassia. 4

2. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, [ 25 ]chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagonistic macroscopic and microscopicfeatures and specific chemical tests of following groups containing alkaloids.

a. Pyridine - Piperidine : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia. 3b. Tropane : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Dubosia, Coca and 4

Withania. c. Quinoline and isoquinoline : Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium. 5d. Indole : Ergot, Rauwolfia, Chatharanthus , Nux-vomica and 6

Physiostigma.e. Imidazole : Pilocarpus 1f. Steroidal: veratrum and kurchi 1g. Alkaloidal amine : Ephedra and Colchicum 2h. Glycoalkaloid : Solanum should be taught from Trease and Evans 1

latest edition.i. Purines : Coffee, Tea and Coca. 2

3. Studies of traditional drugs : [ 18 ]Common vernacular names, Botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents,pharmacological categories and common uses of following indigeneous drugs : Amla, Kantkari,Malkangani, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Kaner, Gaduchi, Brahmi, Adusa, Arjuna, Ashoka,Methi, Lasun, Palash, Majith, Guggul, Godh Kalimusli, Taila, Rasna, Punarnva, Chitrak, Apamarg,Gokhru, Shankhpushpi, Bahera, Chirata,Tulsi, Vidang, Cassia tora and Churnas, Leaps, Lehyas andherbo-mineral preparations.

4. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the [ 2 ]following enzymes. Diastase, Papain , Pepsin, Trypsin, Pancreatin

5. General techniques of biosynthesis studies and basic metabolic [ 6 ]pathways. An introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolities of pharmaceutical importance.

306 Pharmacognosy - II (Practical)1. Identification of crude drugs listed in theory by morphological characters.2. Microscopical studies of some selected drugs mentioned in theory :- Datura, Vasaka,

Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Withania, Cinchona, Ephedra, Ipecac, Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Vinca,Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza, Senna.

3. Microscopical studies of selected powdered drugs of single or mixture of two to three components:- Datura, Vasaka, Hyoscyamus, Belladona, Cinchona, Ipecac, Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Digitalis,Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Rhubarb.

4. Identification of traditional drugs mentioned in theory by morphological and microscopicalcharacters (where necessary ).

5. Identification of unorganized drugs mentioned in theory by morphological characters and chemicaltests.

Books Recommended: 1. Pharmacognosy by G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans 2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis 3. Pharmacognosy by V.E.Tylor,L.R.Brady and J.E.Robbers 4. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr.C.S.Shah and Prof. J.S.Qadry 5. Pharmacognosy by S.S.Handa and V.K.Kapoor 6. Pharmacognosy by Prof.C.K.Kokate,Prof.A.P.Purohit & S.B.Gokhale

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7. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr. Mohammed Ali 8. The Wealth of India (Raw Material & Industrial Product) 9. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plant Vol. I,II,III & IV 10. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants by Atal & Kapoor 11. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Atal & Kapoor 12. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Steiniger and Hansel 13. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Ramsted 14. Powdered Vegetable Drugs by B.P.Jeckson & D.W.Snewden 15. Biosynthetic products for cancer chemotherapy by George pattit vol I,II,III, Plenum pressNewyork 16. Natural products as Medicinal agents Ed. J.L.Beal, and Reinhard Hippocrates Verleg 17. Medicinal plant glycosides- Sim. Toronto. 18. Medicinal plant Alkaloids- Sim. Toronto. 19. Ayurvedic pharmacopeia. 20. Practical Pharmacognosy by Iyenger 21. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate 22. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.

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Third B. Pharmacy

307. Pharmaceutical Industrial Management (Theory)1. Basic Principles of Management: [10]

Introduction of Management, Evolution of Management Theories, Introduction of basicManagement functions (Planning, Organization, Leading and Controlling), Planning: DecisionMaking, Strategic and Short Term Planning, Advantages of Planning, Organizing: OrganizationalDepartments, Organizational Design and Organizational Structure, Leading: Leadership styles andvarious leadership models, Communication, Controlling: Methods of Effective control concept ofQuality Management, Basics of Inventory Management.

2. Organisational Behaviour: [4]Motivation-Maslow’s theory, Herzberg’s theory, Three Need Theory, Group Behavior

3. Pharmaceutical Marketing: [12]Introduction to Pharmaceutical Marketing, Organization of Marketing department, MarketResearch, Market information system, Market Segmentation, Pricing Policies, Channels ofDistributions, Advertising, Sales Promotion (With Specific Reference to Pharmaceutical Industries),Study of Marketing Strategies of Major Player in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.

4. Salesmanship: [6]Sales Force Management: Recruiting and Selecting Sales Personnel, Motivating and CompensatingSales Personal, the sales budget, Quotas, Sales Territories, Sales control and Cost Analysis, TheEffective sales executive.

5. Accountancy for Pharmacist: [9]Principles of Accountancy: ledger posting and book entries, preparation of trial Balance, columnsof cash book, Bank reconciliation statement, rectification of Errors, profits and loss account,balance sheet, purchase keeping and pricing of Stocks, treatment of cheques, bills of exchange,promissory notes and hundies, documentary bills. (Preliminary idea)

6. Economics and Foreign Trade: [5] Principles of economics with special reference to the laws of demand and Supply, demandschedule demand curves, WTO, Briefing about new EXIM policy of Government of India withspecial reference to Pharmaceutical Industry, Export-Import Procedure.

7. Industrial sociology: [2]8. Meaning types role of industry in national development. Problems of Librelisation and Globalisation

w.r.t pharmaceutical industry. History of labour movement in India problems of trade unions inIndia (collective bargaining industrial disputes, causes and remedies), labour welfare.

Books Recommended :

1. Principles of Accountancy - S.P.Gupta 2. Principles of Accountancy - M.C.Shukla 3. Marketing Management – Rajan Saxena 4. Marketing Management - Kotler 5. Principles & Practice of Management - L.M.Prasad 6. Principals of Management - Stoner 7. Current Documents Related to EXIM Policy, WTO etc.

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www.ngu.ac.in/academic/Pharmacy/fobpharm401.htm 1/2

Fourth B. Pharmacy

401. Technology of Drugs & Cosmetics & GMP [Theory]1. Liquid dosage forms: [ 4 ]

Introduction, types of additives used, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, emulsifying agents,solubilizers, colors, flavours , manufacturing, packaging and evaluation of ideal suspensions andemulsions official in pharmacopoeia.

2. Semisolid dosage forms: [ 4 ]Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration through skin, factors influencing penetration,semisolid bases and their selection, general formulation of semisolids, clear gels, manufacturingprocedure, evaluation and packaging.

3. Tablets: [ 12 ]a. Introduction to types of tablets , formulation of different types of tablets, excipients,

granulation techniques, machinery for large scale granulation, physics of tablet making,compression machinery , In process controls, processing problems , Evaluation parametersand equipments.

b. Coating of tablets: objectives, types of coating, film forming materials, formulation ofcoating solution, equipment for coating, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets ,coating defects, specialized coating process.

4. Capsules: [ 8 ]Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, size of capsules, material for productionof hard gelatin capsules, formulation of hard gelatin capsules, method of capsule filling, softgelatin capsule, shell and capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factorsin soft capsule quality control, stability testing & storage of capsule dosage forms.

5. Microencapsulation. [ 3 ]Introduction, techniques of microencapsulation, characterisation and applications.

6. Parenteral products: [ 16 ]a. Preformulation factors, routes of administration, vehicles- aqueous, nonaqueous;

pyrogenicity, Pyrogen testing, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment, modern methodsfor preparing WFI

b. Formulation details, containers and closures -types, characteristics, selection.c. Prefilling treatment- washing of containers and closures, an introduction to glass, plastic

and rubber as materials of containers and closures of parentral products. preparation ofsolution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules , vials, infusion fluids, opthalmicpreparations, lyophillization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scalemanufacturing and evaluation of parenetral products.

d. Aseptic techniques, sources of contamination and method of prevention, design of asepticarea, Laminar flow benches, services and maintenance.

7. Pharmaceutical aerosols: [ 3 ]Definition, propellants, general formulation, containers, selection of components, manufacturingand packaging methods, pharmaceuticals applications, evaluation of aerosols.

8. Cosmetic technology: [ 6 ]Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin, hair, formulation, preparationand packaging of cosmetics for skin - Sunscreen, moisturizers, cold cream, and vanishing cream,hair - Shampoo and conditioners, dentifrice- powders, gels, paste and manicure preparations likenail polish, lipsticks, eye lashes, brief introduction on baby care products, shaving cream.

9. Packaging of pharmaceutical products: [ 4 ]Packaging components, types, specifications, stability aspects of packaging, packagingequipments, factors influencing choice of containers, legal and other official requirements forcontainers, package testing.

10. Labeling of pharmaceuticals: FDA requirements. [ 2 ]11. Good Manufacturing Practice For Pharmaceuticals: [ 10 ]

Introduction, WHO guidelines, practice of GMP- Procedure (SOP’S), Building, Equipment, Personnel,Components, Documentation, Containers, Labeling, Laboratory Control, Distribution Records,Recovery & Reprocessing .

Technology of Drugs & Cosmetics And GMP: [Practical]1. Preparation, evaluation and packing of liquid orals like solutions, suspensions and emulsions,

ointments, suppositories, aerosols, eye drops, eye ointments, etc.2. Preparation of pharmacopoeial extracts and galenical products utilizing various methods of

extraction.

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3. Formulation of various types of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparation.4. Experiments to illustrate preparation, stabilization, physical and biological evaluation of

pharmaceutical products like powders, capsules, tablets, parenterals, microcapsules 5. Evaluation of materials used in pharmaceutical packaging.

Books Recommended: 1. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman. 2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Formulation by Mithal. 4. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets by Lachman and others. 5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems by Lieberman and others. 6. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medication by Lieberman and others. 7. Microencapsulation by Benita. 8. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Ansel & others. 9. GMP for Pharmaceuticals by Willig and Storker. 10. Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry by Williams and Schmitt. 11. Cosmetics: Formulation Manufacture and Quality Control by P.P. Sharma. 12. Cosmetics by Poucher.

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

402. Biopharmaceutics & Dosage Form Design (Theory) 1. Introduction to biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics [ 1 ]

History and their role in formulation development & therapeutics and clinical setting. 2. Biopharmaceutics : [ 8 ]

a. Definition, absorption, distribution, metabolism(biotransformation) and excretion (elimination)of drugs, physicochemical, biological and pharmaceutical factors altering biopharmaceuticalperformance of drugs. Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive diffusion, activetransport, facilitated diffusion and pinocytosis). Factors influencing absorption-physiochemical, physiological and pharmaceutical. Drug distribution in the body, plasmaprotein binding.

b. Bioavailability and equivalance, federal requirements, methods of determinition ofbioavailability using blood level and urinary excretion data. Design and evaluation ofbioavailability assessment.

3. Pharmacokinetics: [ 10 ] a. Definition and scope, significance of plasma drug concentration measurement. b. Compartment model:c. Phamacokinetics of drug absorption, zero order and first order absorption rate constant

using Wagner- Nelson and Loo-Riegelman method. d. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient. e. Compartment kinetics-one compartment and two compartment models. Determination of

pharmaccokinetics parameters from plasma and urine data after drug administration byintravascular and oral route.

f. Curve fitting (Method of Residuals),regression procedures. g. Clearance concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal

clearance. h. Hepatic elimination of drugs, first pass effect ,extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary

excretion, extrahepatic circulation.i. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model after I.V.

drug administration, Michals Menten Equation, detection of non-linearity (Saturationmechanism).

j. In-vitro, in-vivo correlationk. Numericals related to pharmacokinetic parameters using one compartmental models

4. Non-Compartmental Models: [ 2 ]Statistical Moments, Application, bioavailability determination, Linear system pharmacokinetics.Unit impulse response, Deconvolution, application in bioavailability determination etc.

5. Clinical pharmacokinetics : [ 4 ]a. Definition and scope. b. Dosage adjustment in patients with renal and hepatic failure. c. Dosage regimen adjustment for ref. d. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction significance in combination therapy.

6. Bioavailability and bioequivalence : [ 10 ]a. Measures of biovailability, Cmax, tmax, AUCb. Design of single dose bio-equivalent statistics, study designs, crossover designs, study

protocol, log transformation of pharmacokinetic data, sequence effect, outliersc. Overview of regulatory requirement of bio-equivalence study.

7. Preformulation studies : [ 6 ]a. Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, density, wetting,

dielectric constant, solubility, dissolution and organoleptic property and their effect onformulation, stability and bioavailability.

b. Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization,polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability of products.

c. Study of prodrugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and elegance offormulations.

8. Design, development and process validation [ 8 ]methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical products withspecial reference to tablets, suspensions. Prospective, retrospective validation, organizing ofvalidation, validation for dry heat, moist heat, filtration, ethylene oxide, radiation sterilization,Validation of parentrals, Solid dosage forms: validation of raw materials, Definition and control ofprocess variables, guidelines, validation protocols

9. Stabilization and stability testing [ 5 ]

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Protocol for various pharmaceutical products, ICH guidelines for stability testing10. Performance evaluation methods: [ 2 ]

a. Invitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms, methods, interpretation of dissolutiondata.

b. Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. 11. Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled [ 16 ]

release formulations.

Introduction, design of Control release Drug Delivery Systems (Biopharmaceutic pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic, characteristics of drug) Pharmacokinetic principles in design , development ofCDDS, drug release models, oral , parentral, ophthalmic, transdermal CDDS. Drug targeting,Evaluation of CDDS, Bioavailabilty testing

Biopharmaceutics & Dosage Form Design [Practical] 1. Experiments to illustrate absorption of drugs in various models. 2. Experiments to illustrate protein binding of drugs, K and N values of binding process. 3. Determination of plasma half life, elimination constant using plasma drug profile. 4. Determination of pharmacokinetics of single compartmental analysis. 5. Experiments to illustrate curve fitting, area under the blood level curves, binding, bioequivalence

determinations. 6. Preformulation studies including drug-excipients compatibility studies, effect of stabilizers,

preservatives etc. in dosage form design. 7. Experiments demonstrating improvement in bioavailability through prodrug concept. 8. Stability evaluation of various dosage and their expiration dating. 9. Dissolution testing and date evaluation for oral solid dosage forms.

10. Evaluation of Bioequivalence of some marketed products.11. In vivo bioavailability evaluation from plasma drug concentration and urinary excretion curves. 12. Design, development and evaluation of controlled relase formulations.

Books Recommended: 1. Physical Pharmacy by Martin 2. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman. 3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Formulation by Mithal. 5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets by Lachman and others. 6. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems by Lieberman and others. 7. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medication by Lieberman and others. 8. Microencapsulation by Benita. 9. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Ansel & others. 10. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery by N.K. Jain. 11. Drug Stability by Carstenen.

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

403. Medicinal Chemistry -II [Theory]1. Drug Metabolism and concepts in prodrug. [ 7 ]2. Synthetic procedures of selected drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity relationship

including physiochemical aspects of the following classes of drugs should be covered.[Biochemicalapparoches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.]

a. Drugs acting on the Central Nervous System: [ 24 ]General Anesthetics, Local anesthetics, Hypnotics and sedatives, Opioid analgesics,antitussives, Anticonvulsants, Antiparkisonian drugs, CNS stimulants, psychopharmocologicalagents [neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics], Non-Steroidal AntiinflamatoryDrugs(NSAID)SAR of Local anaesthetics, Benzodiazepines, Phenothiazines.Synthesis of Procaine, Lignocaine, Diazepam, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbitone, Hexabarbitone,Pethidine, Methadone, Theophylline, Nikethamide, Chlorepromazine, Amitryptilline,Meprobamate, Paracetamole, Aspirine, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin,Phenylbutazone, Barbituric acid, benzocaine, bupivacaine, caffeine, carbamazepine,chiordizepoxide, ethosuccimine Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, alopurinol, imepramine,pentobarbitone, phenytoine, probanacid, prochorperazine, reserpine, socliumpentothenate,trilocaine, valprocacid.

b. Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System: Cardio tonics, [ 17 ]Antihypertensive Agents, Antianginal and Vasodilators, Lipid lowering agents(Antihyperlipidemic agents), Pressure drugs (Antihypotensive agents), Miscellaneous (Antiplatelates, Thrombolytic drugs, Anticoagulants and Coagulants) SAR of Cardiotonicsincluding synthetic drugs.Synthesis of Clonidine , Nifedipine, Nicorandil, Propranalol, Sotalol, Procainamide, Atenolol,Diltiazam, Tolazocin, Clofibrate, Hydralazine, Mecamilamine, Guanithidine, Warfarin,Acebutalol, analapril, theophyline, captropril, isosorbidedinitrate, metaprolol, oxprinolol,prazosine.

c. Steroids and related drugs: Steroidal nomenclature and stereo [ 6 ] chemistry, Androgens and Anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational agents,Adrenocorticoids. Estradiol, estrone, Hydrocortisone, Progesterone, testosterone.SAR of Adrenal cortex hormons.

d. Diuretics [ 7 ]SAR of Clorthiazides, a,b - Unsaturated ketones.Synthesis of Furosemide, Chlorthiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide andAcetazolamide.Chiorthalidone, D-mannitol, ethacrynicacid, triamptrine, trimethadione.

e. Amino acids, proteins and peptide hormones; [ 10 ] 1. Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs., 2. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents Synthesis of Carbimazole 3. Peptidomimetics and nucleotidomimetics

f. Pharmaceutical Aids: Sovents and vehicals, Preservatives [ 4 ] and antioxidents, coloring agents, Flavouring agents, sweetening agents, acidifying agents,etc.

403 Medicinal Chemistry -II [Practical]

1. Experiments designed on drug metabolism a. Preparation of s9 and microsomes from tissue homogenates and standardization of protein. b. Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on microsomal cytochrome p-450,cytochrome b5 and

NADPH- cytochrome C-reductase and comparision of microsomes from control. c. Determination of microsomal aminopyrine, demethylase and P-nitroanisole o-demethylase

activities. d. Determination of microsomal azo and nitroredustase activities.

2. Submission of a pilot project along with the economics of one drug.3. Synthesis of selected drugs. 4. Establishing the pharmacopeial standards and spectral studies.

Books Recommended: 1) Medicinal Chemistry by Burger 2) Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharm. Chem. by Wilson & Gisvold 3) Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Foye, Williams and Lemke

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4) A Hand book of Organic Analysis by Clarke 5) A Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry by Vogel 6) Quantitative Organic Analysis by Cheronis .

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

404. Pharamcology & Drug Bio-Evaluation [Theory]1. Bioassay of drugs and Biological standardization: [ 6 ]

Importance, principles and methods of bioassay. Pyrogen testing, discovery and development ofNew Drugs. Bioassay methods of important drugs.

2. Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS): [ 20 ]a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.b. General Anesthetics.c. Alcohols and disulfiram.d. Sedatives-hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants.e. Psychopharmacological agents:- antipsycotics, antidepressants, antimaniacs and

hallucinogensf. Antiepileptics drugs.g. Anti- Parkinsonian drugs. h. Analgesics, Antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory and Antigout drugs.i. Narcotic Analgesics and Antagonists.j. C.N.S. Stimulants.k. Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.

3. Pharmacology of cardiovascular system. [ 12 ] a. Digitalis and cardiac glycosides.b. Antianginal and Vasodilator drugs. c. Anti-arrhythmic drugs.d. Antihypertensive drugs.e. Antihyperlipidemic drugs.f. Drugs used in the therapy of shock.

4. Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System. [ 4 ]a. Haematinics.b. Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents.c. Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs.d. Blood and plasma volume expanders.

5. Drugs Acting on the Urinary System : [ 3 ] a. Fluid and electrolyte balance.b. Diuretics.

6. Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System : [ 4 ] a. Anti-asthamatic drugs including bronchodilators.b. Anti-tussives and expectorants.c. Respiratory stimulants

7. Drug Acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract : [ 6 ]a. Antacids, Antisecretory and Anti-ulcer Drugs.b. Laxatives and antidiarrhoeal drugs.c. Appetite stimulants and suppressants.d. Emetics and anti-emetics.e. Miscellaneous; carminatives, demulcents, protectives, mucolytics, Adsorbants, Astringents,

Digestants and Enzymes.8. Pharmacology of Endocrine system ; [ 12 ]

a. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.b. Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.c. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents & glucagon d. ACTH and corticosteroids.e. Androgens and anabolic steroids.f. Drugs acting on the uterus.g. Estrogen, Progesterone & Oral contraceptives.

9. Recent Advances: [ 5 ]Nitric oxide & free radicals, Endothelins, Preliminary aspect of Molecular Pharmacology,Dermatological Pharmacology, Ocular Pharmacology, Gene therapy, Bone metabolism.

Pharmacology & Drug Bio-Evaluation (Practical)1.

Experiments on Isolated preparations of Animals tissues or using computer softwares or tracings: a. To calculate the PA2 value of atropine using acetycholine as an agonist on rat ileum

preparation.

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b. To calculate the PA2 value of mepyramine or chlorpheniramine using histamine as agonist onguineapig ileum.

c. To find out the strength of the given sample of agonist & antagonist e.g. Acetycholine,Histamine, 5-HT, Oxytocin, Atropine, Pheniramine etc. using a suitable isolated musclepreparation by Three point Assay, Four point Assay, graphical method, matching methodetc..

2. To study the Anti-secretary and anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligated rats using computersoftware.

3. To demonstrate the effects of certain clinically useful drugs on human voluntears likeAntihistaminics, Anti-anxiety and sedative drugs, Beta blockers etc..

4. Experiments on Central Nervous System (Only demonstration or using Computer Software):Recording of spontaneous motor activity, stereotype analgesia, anticonvulsant activity, anti-inflammatory activity and muscle relaxant activity of drugs using simple experiments.

Books Recommended: 1. Pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gillman 2. Medical pharmacology by Goth 3. Pharmacology by Gaddum 4. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics by Satoskar & Bhandarkar 5. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar 6. Lewis Pharmacology by Crossland 7. Textbook of pharmacology by Bowman & Rand 8. Essentials of medical pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi 9. Pharmacology by Rang & Dale 10. Elements of Pharmacology by Dr. Derasari & Dr. Gandhi 11. Drug interactions by Hansten 12. Introduction to general toxicology by Aries Simonsis & Offermeier 13. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons by Casorett & Doull 14. Clinical pharmacology by Lawrence 15. Principles of drug action by Goldstein Aronow & Kalaman 16. Drug Treatment by Averey 17. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology by M.N. Ghosh 18. Handbook of experimental pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni 19. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Perry 20. Practicals in pharmacology by Dr. Goyal

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

405. Hospital And Clinical Pharmacy (Theory)

Part-I Hospital Pharmacy1. Organisation and structure: [ 6 ]

Organisation of a hospital and hospital pharmacy. responsibilities of a hospital pharmacistpharmacy and therapeutic committees, budget preparation and implementation.

2. Hospital formulary : Contents preparation and revision of hospital formulary. [ 2 ] 3. Drug distribution systems in hospitals: [ 12 ]

a. Outpatient dispensing method adopted.b. Dispensing of drugs to patients. Types of drug distribution systems. Charging policy,

labeling.c. Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients.d. Dispensing of controlled drugs.

4. Central sterile supply unit and their management: [ 4 ]Types of meterials for sterilization, packing of materials prior to sterilisation, sterilisationequipments, supply of sterile materials.

5. Manufacture of sterile & Nonsterile products : [ 8 ]Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements,manufacturing practice, Master formula card, production control, manufacturing records.

6. Drug Information Services: [ 3 ]Sources of Information on drugs, disease treatment schedules, procurement of information.Computerised services (eg. MEDLINE), retrieval of information, medication errors.

7. Records and reports: [ 5 ]Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adversereactions, idiosyncratic cases, etc.

8. Nuclear pharmacy9. Introduction to radiopharmaceuticals: [ 8 ]

Radio active half life,. Units of radioactivity, production of radio pharmaceuticals, methods ofisotopic tagging, preparation of radio isotopes in laboratory using Radiation dosimetry, Radioisotope generators, permissible radiation dose level, radiation hazards and their prevention,specifications for radio active laboratory.

Part-II Clinical Pharmacy:1. Introduction to clinical pharmacy. [ 1 ]2. Basic concepts of pharmacotherapy [ 4 ]

a. Clinical pharmacokinetics and individulisation of drug therapy.b. Drug delivery systems and their Biopharmaceutic & therapeutic considerations.c. Drug use during Infancy and in the Elderly [pediatrics & Geriatrics].d. Drug use during pregnancy.e. Drug induced diseases.

3. Interpretation of clinical laboratory tests and its significance. [ 2 ]4. Important disorders of organ systems and their management :

a. Cardiovascular disorders ; Hypertension, Congestive Heart failure, Angina, [ 4 ] Acute Myocardial Infraction, Cardian Arrhythmias.

b. CNS Disorders ; Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression. [ 3 ]c. Respiratory Disease: Asthma. [ 1 ]d. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Peptic ulcer Disease, Ulcerative colitis, [ 2 ]

Hepatitis, cirrhosise. Endocrine Disorders [ 2 ]f. Infectious diseases: Tuberculosis urinary tract infection, Enteric Infections, [ 3 ]

upper respiratory infections g. Hemopoietic Disorders: Anemias. [ 1 ]h. joint and connective Tissue Disorders: Rheumatic Diseases, [ 2 ]

Gout and Hyperuricemia.i. Neoplasic Disorders: Acute Leukaemias Hodgkin!s Disease and [ 2 ]

carcinoma of Breast.5. Drugs in clinical toxicology [ 3 ]

Introduction, general treatment of poisoning, systemic antidotes, treatment of insecticide, heavymetal, narcotic drugs, barbiturates and organophosphorus poisoning.

6. Drug interactions: [ 2 ]Introduction, mechanism, drug-food interactions, drug-drug interactions with reference to

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analgesics, diuretics, GIT, hypoglycemics, cardiovascular drugs and vitamins. 7. Therapeutic drug monitoring [ 1 ]8. Concept of Essential Drug and Rational Drug use. [ 1 ]9. Modern Dispensing aspects- Clinical pharmacists and patient counseling [ 2 ]

and advice for the use of common drugs, medication history.

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

406 Pharmacognosy-III ( Phytopharmaceuticals )Theory1. Chemical and spectral approaches to simple molecules of natural origin. [ 3 ]2. Concept of stereo isomerism taking examples of natural product. [ 2 ]3. Chemistry and biogenesis of medicinally important monoterpens, [ 10 ] sesquiterpenes, diterpenes

and triterpenes.4. Carotenoids: beta-carotenes, alpha-carotenes, vitamin-A, Xanthophylls of [ 3 ] medicinal

importance.5. Steroids: Chemistry and biosynthesis of hecogenin, diosgenin and [ 6 ]

sarasapogenin.6. Alkaloids: Chemistry and biogenesis of atropin and related compounds; [ 10 ]

quinine, reserpine, morphine, papaverine, ephedrine, ergot and Vinca alkaloids.7. Chemistry of medicinally important iridoids. [ 5 ]8. Chemistry of penicillin, stryptomycin and tetracyclines. [ 7 ]9. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special [ 1 ]

reference to Diosgenin (Discorea), taxol (Taxus sps), Digitalis, Tropane alkaloid containing plants,papain Cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe vera, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containinglaxatives.

10. A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in [ 7 ] work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phytoconstituents ofPoppy, Ergot, Cinchona, Ipecac, Tropane Alkaloids, Vinca, Aloes, Senna, Ispaghula, Digitalis,Dioscorea and Solanum Khasianum.

11. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference [ 5 ] to Menthol, Citral , Sandalwood oil, Vetiver oil, Geranium oil and Eucalyptus oil.

12. Tissue culture : Historical development, types of cultures, nutritional [ 5 ] requirements, growthand their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.

13. Marine pharmacognosy ; studies on novel natural products from marine [ 5 ]sources.

14. Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents. [ 2 ]15. Phythochemical screening : Selection of method (Preparation of an [ 2 ]

extract) Screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds( saponins, sterols, cardenolides andbufadienolide, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols) anthraquinones,Cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant tissues and carbohydrates (gums,mucilages).

16. Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy. [ 1 ]

Pharmacognosy-III ( Phytopharmaceuticals ) Practicals1. Laboratory experiments on isolation, separation and purification of various groups of chemical

constituents of pharmaceutical significance.2. Exercises on paper and thin layer chromatographic evaluations of herbal drug constituents. 3. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory.4. Extraction of volatile oils and their chromatographic profiles.5. Some experiments in plant tissue culture.

Books Recommended: 1. Pharmacognosy by G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans 2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis 3. Pharmacognosy by V.E.Tylor,L.R.Brady and J.E.Robbers 4. The Wealth of India (Raw Material & Industrial Product) 5. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. I,II,III & IV 6. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants by Atal & Kapoor 7. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Atal & Kapoor 8. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Steiniger and Hansel 9. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Ramsted 10. Powdered Vegetable Drugs by B.P.Jeckson & D.W.Snewden 11. Biosynthetic products for cancer chemotherapy by George pattit vol I,II,III, plenum pressNewyork 12. Natural products as Medicinal agents Ed. J.L.Beal, and Reinhard Hippocrates Verleg 13. Medicinal plant glycosides- Sim. Toronto. 14. Medicinal plant Alkaloids- Sim. Toronto. 15. Indian Medicinal Plants by Kirtikar and Basu. 16. Phytochemische praktikum by wagner.

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17. Natural products by Ikan R Israel Uni. Press, Jarusalem 1969 18. Experimental pharmacognosy by Tylar V.E and Schwarting A.E, borgess publication. 19. Isolierum Und Kennenzeikhnung by stahl E and Schild W. 20. Ayurvedic pharmacopeia. 21. Practical Pharmacognosy by Iyenger 22. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate 23. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.

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Fourth B. Pharmacy

407 Elective

Dissertation assigned by respective department (subjects) of major specializationof pharmaceutical sciences i.e.Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical ChemistryPharmacology Pharmacognosy Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy

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