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DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE

Bachelor of Health Sciences

Fundamentals of

Health and Disease II

FAMH2004

2018

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INTRODUCTION

Fundamental of Health and Disease (FHD) II is a compulsory, half-year course in the Bachelor of

Health Science (BHSc) degree, offered by the Department of Family Medicine. Although the

course is housed in the Department of Family Medicine, much of the content is taught by a

number of other departments and disciplines. The overall aim of FHD II is to give students a

broader overview of the fundamental concepts, discourse and application of different

disciplines in the field of health sciences with the goal of exposing students to the many

avenues within the health sciences. As there are many facets of health, there are equally many

opportunities for further study and a wide range of career options open to BHSc graduates1.

Many of the fundamental concepts that are covered in the fundamentals of health sociology

(1st year) and this course, are carried over into the 3rd year compulsory course, FHD III.

COURSE OUTLINE

FHD II consists of 7 short modules, each focusing on a particular aspect of the health sciences. A

key concept with which you should be familiar from first year, the biopsychosocial approach,

emphasizes the need to take a holistic, integrated and contextual approach to health and

health care. As such, the 7 modules in FHD II should be thought of as interrelated, even if much

of the material is presented in isolation. Health Sciences are fundamentally multidisciplinary in

nature, and it is important to think about the interrelatedness of the different disciplines.

Here is a brief overview of the 7 modules:

Module 1: Health, wellness, medicine and healing (Department of Family Medicine)

Lectures in this module will look at:

How dominant health narratives are (re)produced and maintained in the health

sciences;

How the health system is set up in South Africa;

The principles and centrality of primary health care;

The nature of patient/provider relationship and the centrality of the biopsychosocial

approach to managing a consultation;

How inequalities and disparities in health exist and are maintained;

The concept of health as a human right, and the kinds of international commitments

made in realising health as a human right;

The role of health advocacy in maintaining health as a human right.

1 It might be useful to revisit the Faculty website, which contains for information about the BHSc: http://www.wits.ac.za/health/academic-programmes/undergraduate-programmes/bachelor-of-health-sciences-bhsc/

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Module 2: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Department of Family Medicine & the

School of Public Health)

Lectures in this module will look at:

Basic concepts in health promotion and disease prevention, including risks and benefits

of screening;

The history and development of health promotion, and the impact of the Ottawa

Charter;

Different levels of disease prevention and strategies for health promotion at each level;

Health promotion settings;

Patient education and theories of disease prevention;

Tobacco control and smoking cessation as an key example of disease prevention and

health promotion;

Motivational Interviewing as a technique to encourage behaviour change in the

consultation.

Module 3: Epidemiology & Statistics (School of Public Health):

Lectures in this module will look at:

The basic concepts and language of epidemiology and biostatistics;

The background and applications of epidemiology;

Types of study designs and their strengths and weaknesses;

Measures of occurrence;

The differences between risk, prevalence rate and incidence rate;

Types of data, data analysis and how data is presented.

Module 4: General Pathology (Dept. of Anatomical Pathology)

Lectures in this module will look at:

Essential terminology in pathology;

Cell injury and disease (necrosis and apoptosis), inflammation, and healing and repair;

The pathology of tuberculosis;

Disorders of growth;

Thrombosis and embolism;

Ischaemia and infarction;

Congestion and oedema;

Types of shock;

Tumours: benign and malignant;

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Module 5: Pharmacology (Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy)

Lectures in this module will look at:

The history of pharmacology and its basic principles;

Infection control;

The nervous system;

General principles of drug action and kinetics;

Drug laws, drug scheduling and prescription writing;

Drug development, drug regulations, drug safety and pharmacovigilance.

Module 6: Introduction to Infection (Department of Clinical Microbiology):

Lectures in this module will look at:

The classification of micro-organisms;

The infective process, sepsis and antisepsis;

The detection of infection;

Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms;

Infection prevention & control;

Bioethics In Infectious Diseases.

Module 7: Bioethics & Health Law (Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics)

Lectures in this module will look at:

Bioethics as a multidisciplinary enterprise including the relation between medicine, law,

philosophy and religion;

Skills and knowledge in Bioethics and Health Law with regard to patient care, specifically

the importance of principlism;

Privacy, confidentiality and informed consent;

Moral theories in bioethics, specifically the major normative ethical theories such as

Consequentialism and Deontological approaches;

The significance of the nature of persons in bioethics;

Major issues in bioethics through clear case studies, such as abortion and euthanasia.

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LOGISTICS AND TIME TABLE

The FHD II Timetable for 2018 is shown below. The hours are as follows:

Week 1:

Wednesday, January 31st: 15:00 – 17:00

Thursday, February 1st: 15:00 – 17:00

Friday, February 2nd: 15:00 – 17:00

Thereafter:

Mondays: 10:20 – 13:00

Wednesdays: 14:00 – 17:00

Fridays: 08:00 – 10:00

The venues for different sessions change often. Please check the timetable below for specific

venues:

Block 1 Time Table 2018 Day & Date Time Lecture Venue

Module 1: Week 1 – Health, wellness, medicine & mealing (Dept. of Family Medicine)

Wed, 31 Jan

15:00 – 16:00

Orientation: Introduction and overview of FHD II

SPH L1 16:00 – 17:00 Lecture: Telling stories – dominant narratives in health

Thurs, 1st Feb

15:00 – 17:00

Lecture: How are health services delivered in South Africa – The District Health System LT 1

Fri, 2nd Feb

15:00 – 17:00

Lecture: What is Primary Health Care (PHC)? LT 3

Module 1: Week 2 – Health, wellness, medicine & healing (Dept. of Family Medicine)

Mon, 5th Feb

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Disparities in health – why we need a biopsychosocial approach to care LT 1

Wed, 7th Feb

14:00 – 17:00 Tutorial: International commitments to Health as a Human Right 5A08

Fri, 9th Feb

08:00 – 10:00

Lecture: Pathways to healing – understanding the dynamics of the consultation LT 2

Module 2: Week 3 – Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (School of Public Health)

Mon, 12th Feb

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Understanding Health Promotion LT 1

Wed, 14th Feb

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: Theories of Health Promotion 5A08

Fri, 16th Feb

08:00 – 10:00

TEST 1 – Module 1 (8:00 – 8:45) LT 3 Tutorial: Putting Health Promotion theory into practice

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Module 2: Week 4 – Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (School of Public Health)

Mon, 19th Feb

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Fundamentals of disease prevention LT 1

Wed, 21st Feb

14:00 – 17:00 Lecture: Tobacco & Smoking – strategies for disease prevention LT 3

Fri, 23rd Feb

08:00 – 10:00

Lecture: Patient education & motivational interviewing – how to shift unhealthy behaviours LT 1

Module 3: Week 5 – Epidemiology and biostatistics

Mon, 26th Feb

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Applications of Epidemiology LT 1

Wed, 28th Feb

14:00 – 17:00 Lecture: Introduction to epidemiology and study designs LT 3

Fri, 2nd March 08:00 – 10:00

TEST 2 – Module 2 (8:00 – 8:45)

LT 1 Tutorial: Epidemiology in practice

Module 3: Week 6 – Epidemiology and biostatistics

Mon, 5th March

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Introduction to Biostatistics

LT 1

Wed, 7th March

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: Introduction to population parameters, sampling and measures used in biostatistics

LT 3

Fri, 9th March

08:00 –10:00 Lecture: Overview of fundamental concepts in biostatistics LT 1

Module 4: Week 7 – General Pathology

Mon, 12th March

10:20 – 11:00

Lecture 1: Introduction

LT 1

11:00 – 11:40

Lecture 2: Cell injury I

11:40 – 12:20

Lecture 3: Cell injury II

12:20 – 13:00

Lecture 4: Healing and repair

Wed, 14th March

14:00 – 17:00

ETHICS ALIVE STUDENT SYMPOSIUM

Fri, 16th March

08:00 – 10:00

TEST 3 – Module 3 (08:00 – 09:00)

LT 1

TEST WEEKS: 19th – 30st MARCH (No class, No FHD 2 test)

MID TERM BREAK: 2nd – 6th APRIL

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Block 2 Time Table 2018

Day & Date Time Lecture Venue Module 4: Week 8 – General Pathology

Mon, 9th April

10:20 – 11:00

Lecture 5: Inflammation

LT 1

11:00 – 11:40

Lecture 6: Tuberculosis

11:40 – 12:20

Lecture 7: Disorders of growth

12:20 – 13:00

Lecture 8: Thrombosis and embolism

Wed, 11th April

14:00 – 14:40

Lecture 9: Ischaemia and infarction

LT 3

14:40 – 15:20

Lecture 10: Congestion and oedema

15:20 – 16:00

Lecture 11: Shock

Fri, 13th April

08:00 – 09:00

Lecture 12: Neoplasia

LT 1

09:00 – 10:00

Lecture 13: Revision of key concepts

Module 5: Week 9 – Pharmacology

Mon, 16th April

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Principles of Pharmacology LT 1 Lecture: A brief history of Pharmacology

Wed, 18th April

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: Drug laws and scheduling LT 3

Fri, 20st April

08:00 – 10:00

TEST 4 – Module 4 (8:00 – 8:45)

LT 1 Lecture: Infection control Module 5: Week 10 – Pharmacology

Mon, 23rd April

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: The autonomic nervous system and pharmacology

LT 1 Lecture: Treating Cardiovascular conditions

Wed, 25th April

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: CNS drugs and drugs of abuse

LT 3

Fri, 27th April

08:00– 10:00

PUBLIC HOLIDAY

Module 6: Microbiology Mon, 30th April

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture 1: Man, Microbes and Maladies: Introduction to Clinical Microbiology LT 1

Wed, 2nd May

14:00 – 17:00 Lecture 2: Microbes, molecules and man Bacterial Pathogenesis LT 3

Fri, 4th May

08:00 – 10:00

TEST 5 – Module 5 (8:00 – 8:45)

LT 1 Lecture 3: Antibiotics & Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms

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Module 6: Microbiology

Mon, 7th May

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture 4: Viral zoonotic infections

LT 1

Wed, 9th May

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture 5: The diagnostic cycle: what happens inside a Microbiology laboratory LT 3

Fri, 11th May

08:00 – 10:00

Lecture 6a: Infection prevention & control

LT 1

Lecture 6b: Bioethics in Infectious Diseases: Microbiology for Good

and Evil

Module 7: Bioethics and health law

Mon, 14th May 10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Introduction to Bioethics and Ethical Theory LT 1

Wed, 16th May

BHSc CAREERS DAY

Fri, 18th May

08:00 – 10:00

Lecture: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Informed Consent LT 1

Module 7: Bioethics and health law

Mon, 21st May

10:20 – 13:00

Lecture: Health, Human Rights, and Vulnerabilities LT 1

Wed, 23rd May

14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: Introduction to Health Law and Human Rights LT 3

Fri, 25th May

08:00 – 10:00

TEST 6 – Module 6 (8:00 – 8:45)

LT 1 Lecture: TBA Module 7: Bioethics and health law

Mon, 28th May 10:20 – 13:00

Tutorial: Case Studies LT 1

Wed, 30th May 14:00 – 17:00

Lecture: TBA LT 3

Fri, 1st June

08:00 – 10:00

Lecture: Revision & Exam Preparation LT 1

FHD II FINAL EXAM: 11th June (9:00 – 12:00) FHD II SUPPLEMENTARY EXAM: 12th September (9:00 – 12:00)

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ASSESSMENT

BLOCK 1

Assessment % Description Date

Test 1 7.5% Module 1 – health, wellness, medicine &

healing.

Friday, 16th Feb

Test 2 7.5% Module 2 – Health Promotion & Disease

prevention.

Friday, 2nd March

Assignment 1 7.5%

Test 3 7.5% Module 3 – Epidemiology & biostatistics. Friday, 16th March

BLOCK 2

Test 4 7.5% Module 4 – General Pathology. Friday, 20th April

Test 5 7.5% Module 5 – Pharmacology. Friday, 4th May

Test 6 7.5% Module 6 – Microbiology. Friday, 25th May

Assignment 2 7.5% Integrative narrative report Friday, 1st June

Final Exam 40% Final exam Monday, 11th June

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT BREAKDOWN

Type of assessment Percentage

Class Tests 45%

Assignments 15%

Class Mark 60%

Exam 40%

Total 100%

DUE PERFORMANCE (DP) REQUIREMENTS

DP requirements for FHD II are as follows:

SUB-MINIMUM REQUIREMENT

In order to qualify to write the final exam, students are required to have a sub-minimum

of 40% for their class mark. The class mark is made up of class tests (45%) and

assignments (15%).

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CLASS TESTS

All class tests must be written. In the event that a student misses a test, supporting

documentation (e.g. a doctors note) must be submitted to course co-ordinator, and the

student’s class mark will be adjusted accordingly. Failure to submit requisite

documentation will result in ‘marked absent’ from the test (0%). There are no deferred

class tests. Students are allowed to review their papers at pre-determined consultation

times; however, students are not permitted to keep their test papers.

Each class test is based on the work of one module and will be written on a Friday

morning from 8:00 – 8:45. Students are required to be at the test venue 15 minutes

before the test. The venue for the tests is the same as for the lectures. Tests will include

multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and modified essay questions (MEQs). There are two

types of MCQs used: A-type (choose the best answer); and X-type (indicate which

statements are correct/incorrect). Tests are usually followed by a lecture or tutorial

session from 9:00 – 10:00.

ASSIGNMENTS

All assignments must be submitted. Failure to submit an assignment will result in

exclusion from writing the final exam. Should any student have difficulties with

submitting an assignment on time, they must write to the course co-ordinator to

request an extension.

EXAMS

Students are required to write the final exam, which covers all 7 modules, and counts

40% of the year mark. The exam is 3 hours long and is divided into two parts: an MCQ

section (A-type and X-type questions) and a MEQ (Modified Essay Question) section. If

students fail the final exam or fail to write the exam, they are required to write the

supplementary/deferred exam.

ASSIGNMENTS

There are two equally weighted assignments for FHD II, which build on each other. The first

assignment works to develop a personal understanding of health in relation to one’s own health

narrative, and how our narratives confirm or contradict dominant reproductions of health. It also

challenges the student to think through a set of questions about how the different fields of the health

sciences are interrelated, and how each field might offer insight into one’s personal understanding of

health and wellness. The second assignment builds on the first in that students respond to the

questions they pose in the first assignment, but reflect on the challenges and possibilities for

integration between the different fields in the health sciences through an integrated narrative report.

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Technical requirements for assignments:

Please make sure that all assignments follow the conventions stipulated below:

All assignments must be submitted online, using Sakai.

All assignments must be typed as hand written work will not be accepted.

Please use the following:

o Standard font, e.g. Times New Roman, Arial, Cambria etc.

o Font size 12.

o 1 ½ line spacing

Page numbers must be included.

A cover page must be included with your name, student number, title of assignment, and date

of submission.

All assignments must include a signed plagiarism declaration (see. Appendix 1 below).

Harvard referencing style must be used (Please consult the Harvard Reference Guide posted on

the Sakai page for FHD II).

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

The following platforms will be used to communicate with the class:

a. The SAKAI platform: A SAKAI page has been set up for this course. It is used to ensure

access to all course handouts, lecture notes, reading materials, test results, and class

announcements. Please check the SAKAI page as well as your Wits e-mail regularly. This

course is committed to being as paperless as possible.

b. Wits e-mail: will be used for messages to individuals and also as a backup in case there

are problems with SAKAI. If students require a private consultation with course

coordinators, please request a consultation three days prior via email.

c. Class representatives/WhatsApp group: Students should field any concerns via the class

representatives, who will relay any challenges to the course co-ordinator via email or via

the co-ordinator/class rep WhatsApp group. Likewise, the course co-ordinator will ask

the class representatives to relay any changes or important information to the class via

the class WhatsApp group. The course co-ordinator will not have access to the class

WhatsApp group.

PERSONAL OR ACADEMIC CHALLENGES

Even though FHD II is a stimulating course, the 2nd year of the BHSc degree can be tough and

demanding on student’s time. This is not a course where one can take-it-easy and catch up a

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few weeks before exams. As such, you are encouraged to apply yourself from the start and

work steadily throughout the course.

Please not that there are many avenues of help available should you have problems:

1. Problems with the BHSc degree, generally e.g. timetable clashes, you can contact the

BHSc coordinator, Ms Rukeya Harris.

2. Problems relating to FHD II: you are welcome to make an appointment to meet with the

course co-ordinator to discuss any challenges which may arise in the course of your

studies. Often if a problem is managed appropriately and early enough, the impact on

your work is minimised. If you have problems relating to a specific module, you are

advised to speak to the co-coordinator of that module.

3. For other problems, for example, problems relating to studying, illness, finances, family,

accommodation, residence issues you are urged to make an appointment at the Student

Support centre. For the range of services offered see:

https://www.wits.ac.za/health/faculty-services/office-of-student-support/

CONTACT INFORMATION: GENERAL

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Dr Richard Cooke

Department of Family Medicine

Philip V Tobias Health Sciences Building

Room 433, 4th floor.

Richard.Cooke@wits.ac.za

HEAD OF DIVISION OF FAMILY MEDICINE

Prof Olufemi Omole

Department of Family Medicine

Philip V Tobias Health Sciences Building

Room 402, 4th floor.

alagbaomole@gmail.com

FHD II COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Mr Stephen Pentz

Department of Family Medicine

Philip V Tobias Health Sciences Building

Room 410, 4th Floor.

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Tel: (011) 717-2065

pentzilvania@gmail.com

Stephen.Pentz2@wits.ac.za

BHSc ADMINISTRATOR

Ms Rukeya Harris

Undergraduate Unit for Medical Education, Office 3T12

Faculty of Health Sciences

Tel: (011) 717-2697

Rukeya.Harris@wits.ac.za

BHSc ACADEMIC CO-ORDINATOR

Ms Nabeelah Bemath

Undergraduate Unit for Medical Education, Office 3T12

Faculty of Health Sciences

Tel: (011) 717-2697

nabeelah.bemath@wits.ac.za

CONTACT INFORMATION: MODULE CO-ORDINATORS

Module 1 & 2

Mr Stephen Pentz – see above.

Module 3 – Epidemiology & Biostatistics

Prof Shan Naidoo shan.naidoo@wits.ac.za Administrator: Mr Magang Molobela Magang.Molobela@wits.ac.za

Module 4 – General Pathology

Dr Peter Swart

Room 3L03; Tel: 011 489 8535

Administrator:

Ms Shamila Dadoo

Tel: 011 717-2028

Shamila.Dadoo@nhls.ac.za

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Module 5 – Pharmacy & Pharmacology

Dr Neil Butkow

Room: 8Q14 (8th floor), Medical School

neil.butkow@wits.ac.za

Administrator:

Fatima Iqbal

fatima.iqbal@wits.ac.za

Module 6 – Infection

Prof. Adriano Duse

Room 3T11, Level 3, Wits Medical School Administrator:

Bronwyn Maroun

bronwyn.maroun@wits.ac.za

Module 7 – Bioethics and Health Law

Dr Chris Wareham

Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics; 3rd Floor PVT

Christopher.wareham@wits.ac.za

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APPENDIX 1: Plagiarism declaration form

FAMH2004: FUNDAMENTALS OF HEALTH & DISEASE II

PLAGIARISM DECLARATION

I, ____________________________________, (Student number: ________________________)

am a student registered for the degree of _____________________________________________

in the academic year ________________.

I hereby declare the following:

- I am aware that plagiarism (the use of someone else’s work without their permission

and/or without acknowledging the original source) is wrong.

- I confirm that ALL the work submitted for the assessment for the above course is my

own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise.

- I have followed the required conventions in referencing the thoughts and ideas of others.

- I understand that the University of the Witwatersrand may take disciplinary action against

me if there is a evidence that this is not my own unaided work or that I have failed to

acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing.

- I have included, as an appendix to this assignment, a report from “Turnitin” software

indicating the level of plagiarism in my research document, where stated as a requirement

for the assignment submission.

Signature: _______________________ Date: _________________________