b7–further biology b7 –further...
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QuestionWhat is the purpose of an internal skeleton?
B7 – Further Biology
Q1
Answer:The skeleton provides support for the body and allows it to move. It also provides protection for internal organs.
QuestionWhat are antagonistic muscle pairs? Why do muscles need to be antagonistic?
B7 – Further Biology
Q2
Answer:Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposite directions; when one muscle contracts the joint moves in one direction, when the other muscle contracts it moves in the other direction. Muscles can only pull on a bone, not push and this is why they usually come in pairs.
QuestionWhat is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
B7 – Further Biology
Q4
Answer:Tendons join muscles to bones, ligaments join bones to bones.
QuestionDescribe two ways of reducing friction in a joint.
B7 – Further Biology
Q3
Answer:Cartilage and synovial fluid.
QuestionWhat does being fit mean?
B7 – Further Biology
Q5
Answer:Fitness is a measure of how well you can do physical activities.
QuestionWhy do practitioners want to know your medical and lifestyle history before an exercise regime is started?
B7 – Further Biology
Q6
Answer:To enable them to develop the right exercise regime.
QuestionWhy is accuracy of equipment important when you are monitoring the progress of an exercise regime?
B7 – Further Biology
Q8
Answer:Accuracy means the results should be as close to what’s actually happening as possible. This means that the equipment used needs to be accurate.
QuestionWhat is BMI and how is it calculated?
B7 – Further Biology
Q7
Answer:Body mass index. It is based on your mass and height.BMI = body mass (kg)
height2 (M2)
QuestionHow would you expect heart rate and blood pressure to change during exercise?
B7 – Further Biology
Q9
Answer:They would both increase.
QuestionWhat is the recovery period and what can this tell us about fitness?
B7 – Further Biology
Q10
Answer:The recovery period is the time taken for blood pressure and heart rate to return to their resting levels after you stop exercising. The fitter you are, the shorter the recovery period.
QuestionWhat happens when you dislocate something?
B7 – Further Biology
Q12
Answer:A dislocation is when a bone comes out of its socket.
QuestionDescribe the symptoms of a sprain.
B7 – Further Biology
Q11
Answer:Symptoms are pain and swelling.
QuestionWhy could a torn ligament cause loss of control of the joint?
B7 – Further Biology
Q13
Answer:Ligaments join bones together, if the ligament is torn then the bones will not be attached firmly together anymore.
QuestionWhat is the treatment for a sprain?
B7 – Further Biology
Q14
Answer:If a sprain is not too severe it can be treated using the RICE method.RestIceCompressionElevation
QuestionWhy is ice recommended for treating injuries?
B7 – Further Biology
Q16
Answer:Ice helps to reduce swelling by reducing the temperature and blood flow to the area.
QuestionWhy should you elevate an injured limb?
B7 – Further Biology
Q15
Answer:It helps to reduce swelling by making it easier for blood to flow back to the heart.
QuestionWhat is the job of a physiotherapist?
B7 – Further Biology
Q17
Answer:They give treatment to reduce pain and swelling and therapies to speed up healing. They will also give advice on the best exercises to do to rehabilitate after an injury.
QuestionWhat are the four main components of blood and what are their functions?
B7 – Further Biology
Q18
Answer:1. Red blood cells – transport oxygen.2. Plasma – liquid that carries nutrients.3. White blood cells – help the body fight
infection.4. Platelets - involved in blood clotting.
QuestionWhat is meant by a double circulatory system?
B7 – Further Biology
Q20
Answer:There are two circuits joined together. One circuit links the heart and lungs. The other circuit links the heart with the rest of the body
QuestionDescribe two ways in which a red blood cell is adapted to its function.
B7 – Further Biology
Q19
Answer:• No nucleus so they can be packed full
of haemoglobin.• Contains haemoglobin that binds
oxygen.• Biconcave shape gives them a large
surface area for exchanging oxygen.
QuestionWhat is the function of valves in the heart?
B7 – Further Biology
Q21
Answer:They prevent the backflow of blood.
QuestionDescribe the thickness of the walls in the four chambers of the heart and explain the differences.
B7 – Further Biology
Q22
Answer:The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle as it pumps blood to the whole body; the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. The atria have thinner walls as they only pump blood to the ventricles.
QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
B7 – Further Biology
Q24
Answer:Pulmonary artery.
QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that brings blood from the body to the right atrium?
B7 – Further Biology
Q23
Answer:Vena cava.
QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs?
B7 – Further Biology
Q25
Answer:Pulmonary vein.
QuestionWhat is the name of the blood vessel that takes blood away from the left ventricle?
B7 – Further Biology
Q26
Answer:The aorta.
QuestionHow is tissue fluid formed?
B7 – Further Biology
Q28
Answer:As blood passes through capillary beds small molecules are forced out, this forms tissue fluid.
QuestionWhat is the function of coronary arteries?
B7 – Further Biology
Q27
Answer:They supply the heart with oxygen rich blood.
QuestionWhat is the function of tissue fluid?
B7 – Further Biology
Q29
Answer:It allows cells to get the substances that they need and get rid of waste without a capillary supplying every single cell.
QuestionWhat useful and waste substances are exchanged between cells and tissue fluid?
B7 – Further Biology
Q30
Answer:Useful: water, glucose and oxygen.Waste: carbon dioxide and urea.
QuestionWhat part of the brain detects the temperature of the blood?
B7 – Further Biology
Q32
Answer:Hypothalamus.
QuestionHow do substances move between cells and tissue fluid?
B7 – Further Biology
Q31
Answer:By diffusion.
QuestionWhy does the body need to keep the temperature constant at 37˚C?
B7 – Further Biology
Q33
Answer:37˚C is the optimum temperature for many important reactions that are controlled by enzymes.
QuestionWhat is meant by vasoconstriction and how does it alter body temperature?
B7 – Further Biology
Q34
Answer:Blood vessels close to the skin’s surface get smaller in diameter. This means that less blood gets to the surface of the skin and stops heat being lost to the surroundings.
QuestionWhy does sweating help to cool you down?
B7 – Further Biology
Q36
Answer:When the sweat evaporates heat is used, which cools the body.
QuestionWhat is meant by vasodilation and how does it alter body temperature?
B7 – Further Biology
Q35
Answer:Blood vessels close to the skin’s surface get bigger in diameter. This means that more blood gets to the surface of the skin and more heat is lost to the surroundings.
QuestionWhy do we shiver when we are cold?
B7 – Further Biology
Q37
Answer:When you shiver muscles contract rapidly. This increases the rate of respiration and warms the tissue surrounding the muscles.
QuestionName two things that the body needs to keep constant.
B7 – Further Biology
Q38
Answer:TemperatureBlood sugar levelsWater level
QuestionWhat is diabetes?
B7 – Further Biology
Q40
Answer:Diabetes is where blood sugar level can’t be controlled properly.
QuestionWhat is the function of insulin?
B7 – Further Biology
Q39
Answer:Insulin causes sugar to be removed from the blood.
QuestionWhat is the cause of type 1 diabetes and how is it controlled?
B7 – Further Biology
Q41
Answer:The pancreas stops producing insulin. It is controlled by injecting insulin into the blood at mealtimes.
QuestionWhat has gone wrong with the body in type 2 diabetes?
B7 – Further Biology
Q42
Answer:The body no longer responds to its own insulin or it doesn’t make enough insulin.
QuestionHow can type 2 diabetes be controlled?
B7 – Further Biology
Q44
Answer:By exercising and eating a carefully controlled diet.
QuestionWhat increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
B7 – Further Biology
Q43
Answer:Having a poor diet and being obese.
QuestionWhat is a closed loop system?
B7 – Further Biology
Q45
Answer:All the outputs from processes or stores within the system are recycled.
QuestionWhat waste products are produced in natural ecosystems?
B7 – Further Biology
Q46
Answer:• Oxygen (produced during
photosynthesis).• Carbon dioxide (produced during
respiration). • Dead organic matter. • Mineral nutrients.• Reproductive structures e.g. pollen.
QuestionWhy are ecosystems not an example of a perfect closed loop system?
B7 – Further Biology
Q48
Answer:Some outputs are always lost e.g. dead organic matter and nutrients can be carried out of an organism by air or water. Some organisms migrate from one ecosystem to another.
QuestionWhat happens to the waste products formed in natural ecosystems?
B7 – Further Biology
Q47
Answer:They are recycled as food or reactants for other organisms in the system.
QuestionWhy is the production of lots of reproductive structures (such as pollen and sperm) not wasteful?
B7 – Further Biology
Q49
Answer:The ones that do not become adult organisms are recycled in the ecosystem (e.g. they are eaten).
QuestionHow does vegetation in rainforests prevent soil erosion?
B7 – Further Biology
Q50
Answer:Leaves help to protect soil from direct rainfall which can break soil up.Roots help bind the soil together.
QuestionWhy are human systems not closed loop systems?
B7 – Further Biology
Q52
Answer:Human systems create non-recyclable waste.Many human systems use fossil fuels (energy input from outside system, waste gases produced, fossil fuels can’t be made again within the system due to the time it takes them to form).
QuestionIn what ways do humans rely on ecosystems?
B7 – Further Biology
Q51
Answer:Clean air, water and food (e.g. fish/game). Fertile soil for producing crops. Pollination (important for crop production).
QuestionWhat is bioaccumulation? What are its effects?
B7 – Further Biology
Q53
Answer:Heavy metal waste/pesticides do not break down. They are eaten by small organisms that store the waste in their tissues. Lots of the small organisms are eaten by a larger organism, so as you go up the food chain the amount of waste increases. At high levels the waste may kill the organism.
QuestionDescribe the process of eutrophication.
B7 – Further Biology
Q54
Answer:• Nitrates from fertilised fields wash into
rivers/lakes.• Nitrates causes algae to grow (bloom).• Light prevented from reaching plants
below, they can’t photosynthesise and die.
• Bacteria decompose dead material and use up oxygen.
• Oxygen depleted in water, other animals e.g. fish die.
QuestionName two sustainable solutions to overfishing and overharvesting of trees.
B7 – Further Biology
Q56
Answer: Fishing quotas.Planting new trees to replace the ones cut down.
QuestionWhat is sustainability?
B7 – Further Biology
Q55
Answer:Meeting the needs of today’s population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs.
QuestionWhy can crude oil be described as ‘fossilised sunlight energy’?
B7 – Further Biology
Q57
Answer:The energy in fossil fuels came from the Sun millions of years ago.
QuestionWhy is sunlight a sustainable source of energy in natural ecosystems and sustainable agriculture?
B7 – Further Biology
Q58
Answer:It can’t be used up by human activities. The amount of sunlight reaching Earth in the future is not affected by how much we use in the present.
QuestionList five features that make bacteria ideal for industrial and genetic processes.
B7 – Further Biology
Q60
Answer:1. Reproduce rapidly.2. Have plasmids that can be genetically
modified.3. Simple biochemistry.4. Can make complex molecules that are
difficult to produce artificially.5. No ethical concerns.
QuestionSuggest a reason why humans might choose not to protect an ecosystem.
B7 – Further Biology
Q59
Answer:Conserving a natural ecosystem can conflict with community needs e.g. population growth means more people need to be fed which means food production needs to be increased but this could damage the ecosystem.
QuestionName one medicine that is produced on a large scale by microorganisms.
B7 – Further Biology
Q61
Answer:Penicillin is made by growing Penicillium mould (a fungus) in a fermenter.
QuestionGive two ways that microorganisms are involved in the production of food.
B7 – Further Biology
Q62
AnswerExamples could include:Quorn – produced from a protein made by fungi.Cheese – enzymes used in production e.g. chymosin can be produced using GM bacteria as a vegetarian substitute for rennet.
QuestionOutline the five stages involved in the genetic modification of a bacterial cell.
B7 – Further Biology
Q64
Answer:1. Gene is isolated.2. Useful gene replicated3. Gene is joined to a vector (e.g.
plasmid)4. Vectors transferred to bacteria.5. Select successfully modified cells.
QuestionWhat is genetic modification?
B7 – Further Biology
Q63
Answer:Where a gene from one organism is transferred to another.
QuestionName one advantage and one disadvantage of herbicide resistant crops.
B7 – Further Biology
Q65
Answer:Advantage: farmers can use effective weedkillers without damaging the crop.Disadvantage: • can be more expensive than normal
crops.• Can encourage the use of weedkillers
which could reduce biodiversity.• Some people are worried that genes
could transfer to wild plants.
QuestionWhat is a labelled gene probe?
B7 – Further Biology
Q66
Answer:A strand of DNA bases that are complementary to the ones that you are looking for. It is labelled with a fluorescent marker so that it can be detected.
QuestionWhat is nanotechnology? Give one example of how it can be used in the food industry.
B7 – Further Biology
Q68
Answer:Nanotechnology uses tiny structures that are the same size as some molecules. Example: Nanosilver in food packaging, this has antibacterial properties.
QuestionOutline the stages involved in genetic testing.
B7 – Further Biology
Q67
Answer:1. Take a DNA sample2. Make a gene probe3. Use the gene probe (add to DNA
sample and shine UV light onto it – the marker will show if the faulty gene is present and where it is found.
QuestionHow can stem cell technology be used to treat leukaemia?
B7 – Further Biology
Q69
Answer:Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant can be used as treatment. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can become specialised to form any type of blood cell.
QuestionHow is hoped that stem cell technology could be used to treat spinal cord injuries in the future?
B7 – Further Biology
Q70
Answer:By replacing damaged nerve tissue.
QuestionWhy do some people need replacement heart valves?
B7 – Further Biology
Q72
Answer:Leaking or damaged heart valves can make blood circulation inefficient.
QuestionWhat is biomedical engineering? Give an example of its use.
B7 – Further Biology
Q71
Answer:Biomedical engineering uses engineering technologies to improve human health.Examples: replacement body parts such as pacemakers and heart valves.