b asic anatomy semester 2 kd 2 anatomy
DESCRIPTION
SEMESTER 2 kd 2 anatomyTRANSCRIPT
BASIC ANATOMY
The first day that you look at or place your hand on your patient, you require a basic knowledge to
interpret your observation.
Your knowledge of their anatomy may save their life.
It is in the Anatomy Department that you learn the basic medical vocabulary that you will carry with
you throughout your professional career and that will enable you to converse with your colleagues
Axial skeleton :
Skull 22
Auditory ossicles 6
Hyoid bone 1
Vertebral column 26
Ribs and sternum 25
---- 80
Appendicular skeleton :
Upper extremity 64
Lower extremity 62
---- 126
-----
Total 206
FUNCTION
PROTECTIVE
LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -MOVEMENT
STORAGE
HEMATOPOESIS
BONE COMPOSITION
Water 50%
Solid substance 50%
– Organic substance 31%
Ossein
– Inorganic substance 69% :
Calcium Phosphate 80%
BONE STRUCTURE
Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantis spongiosaEpiphysisEpiphyseal discMetaphysisDiaphysis (shaft)Cavum medullare
Types of Bone
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Long bones
Its length is greater than its width
Diaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal ends
Act as a lever movement
For examples :– Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia,
ossa phalanges pedis etc
– Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os metacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etc
Short Bones
Approximately equal in all 3 dimentionsComposed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneAlmost completely cover with articular surfaceOnly in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle (ossa tarsalia) where only limited movement is required
Flat Bones
Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate of compact bone separated by minimal layer of trabecular/cancellous bone between themForm a protective enclosure (brain, heart, lung), examples :– Os scapula– Ossa costae– Os sternum– Calvaria
Irregular Bones
Have a complicated configuration and numerous processes.
For examples :– Os vertebra
– Os sphenoideus
– Os ethmoideus
Sesamoid Bones
Small bones embedded within certain tendons.
Largest : os patella
The most constant :– Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis Articulatio
metacarpophalangeal I
– Tendo m flexor hallucis brevis Articulatio metatarsophalangeal I
OSTEOGENESIS
Bones can develop in two ways :
Osteogenesis intramembranacea
Osteogenesis endochondralis
Osteogenesis intramembranacea
Bone tissue develops directly from mesenchymal tissue
Only 1 type ossification center
Occurs in the flat bone of the skull
Osteogenesis endochondralis
Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline cartilagenous model
Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)
Diaphyse Primary center of ossification
Epiphyse Secondary center of ossification
TERMINOLOGY
Plane– Median/midsagittal
– Sagittal
– Coronal
– Frontal
– Transversal/horizontal
Direction/Position– Anterior-Posterior
– Ventral-dorsal
– Superior-Inferior
– Cranial-Caudal
– Lateral-Medial
– Proximal-Distal
– Superficial-Profundus
– Interna-Externa
GenuGenuGenu
Extremitas
inferior
Cruris
Pedis
Manus
Antebrachii
Brachii
Extremitas
superior
Truncus
Architecture of muscle
Strap
Fusiform
Pennate :
– Unipennate
– Bipennate
– Multipennate
Circular
STRAP :Muscle fascicles are paralel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle and may extend for the entire length of the muscleEx : m. sartorius
m. sternocleidomastoideus
RHOMBOID
m. rhomboides
QUADRILATERAL
m. pronator quadratus
FUSIFORM
Ex : M. biceps brachii
TRIANGULAR
Ex : m. pectoralis major
UNIPENNATE
m. extensor digitorum longus
BIPENNATE
m. rectus femoris
MULTIPENNATE
Pars acromialis m. deltoideus
CIRCULAR
M. orbicularis oculi
m. orbicularis oris
Sphincter
UNIVENTER
– Most of muscles
BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)
– M. digastricus
– M. omohyoideus
MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)
– M. rectus abdominalis
TYPES of MOVEMENTS
TYPES of MOVEMENT
TYPES of MOVEMENT
TYPES of MOVEMENT
How muscles are named.
Tells something about :
Shape
Size
Location
Number of heads of origin
Function
Direction of their fibers