avoiding sentence fragments making sure your sentences are complete chapter 4, pg 74
TRANSCRIPT
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Avoiding Sentence Fragments
Making Sure Your Sentences Are
Complete
Chapter 4, pg 74
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Talking in fragments Many times, when we speak, we
use fragments.
However, when we write (unless we are directly quoting a conversation), we need to formalize the writing.
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Complete Sentences To be complete, a sentence must have
a subjectand
a verband
express a completed idea.
Note: It has a capital letter at the beginning and punctuation such as a period, exclamation point or question mark at the end. (= full stop)
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Example:
•My homework is taking every waking hour. Complete sentence!
INCLUDES •Subject (My homework)•Verb (is taking)
and•Expresses a complete idea (I’m tired!)
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So all you have to remember is:
A sentence is not complete or correct, unless
It has a subject, it has a verb, and it expresses a completed idea.
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Fragment
A Fragment is piece of a sentence
can be missing a subject, can be missing a verb, or can fail to express a completed idea.
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Fragments
The architect to my office. No VERB: Doesn’t express the action
Brought the plans to my office. No SUBJECT: Doesn’t explain who or what
No COMPLETED IDEA. Brought what?
The architect brought.
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Understanding Fragments (Exercise 2, pg 77)
1. returned to the river No subject: Doesn’t explain who or what
2. a bird on the oak branch No verb: Doesn’t express the action
Missing subject AND the verb3. between the island and the main land
Identify if the subject, verb, both, or if the statement does not reflect a complete thought.
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Correcting a Fragment
1. Add the missing part(s)
OR
2. Join the fragment to the sentence.
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Phrases A phrase is a group of words
belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.
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Phrases (pg 80)
Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiersPrepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers
Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers
Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the phrase.
Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words that complete the phrase.
Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that complete the phrase
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Common Fragment TypesAPPOSITIVE PHRASE: Words that
explain or add extra information
I tried everything I could think of to get an A. Such as bribing the professor.
I tried everything I could think of to get an A, such as bribing the professor.
FRAGMENT
Correct
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Common Fragment Types
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE I hope to complete the requirements for
my major. By the end of next semester.
I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester.
FRAGMENT
Correct
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Common Fragment Types
INCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present participles without the helping verb
The student sleeping in the back row.
The student was sleeping in the back row.
FRAGMENT
Correct
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Common Fragment TypesDependent Clause: Group of words that
contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word.
I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired.
I kept working on my essay, although I was tired.
FRAGMENT
Correct
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One Common Problem Area It is OK for a subject to be a pronoun.
Example: I can’t decide what to do. It is a difficult situation.
Subject: It Verb: Is Completed idea: a difficult situation
As long as there is a word that acts as subject (it) the sentence fits the “subject/verb/completed idea” formula.
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How To Check for Fragments
Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence.
EXAMPLE:
It is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.)
Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence?
It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.)
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Watch Out for a Common Trap!
Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence.
Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself.
FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.
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But you knew that, because you remembered that…
…a sentence is not complete or correct, unless
• It has a subject;• it has a verb,• and it expresses a completed idea.
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Developing Paragraphs: Illustration
Chapter 18, pg 320
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Illustration Examples A method of developing an idea by
providing one or more instances of that idea. Clarify the idea Make the idea more convincing Make an abstract idea more concrete
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Where can we find examples? Personal experience/knowledge Imagination Interviews and surveys Outside research
Look @ pg 322, read Exercise 1. What kind of illustration is each?
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What order should I put it in?
time-order if the example is a story Spatial order (left to right, top to
bottom) Logical order
If no order seems necessary, put your strongest example last.
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Homework Do the exercises and activities up to pg
331. For your journal assignment, CHOOSE
one ASSIGNMENT from pgs 332-335. Write a illustrative paragraph about one
of the topics suggested. You will be graded on your illustration,
and use of our vocabulary words/ grammar that we have covered so far.