avoiding bankruptcy: the credit rating of high school sciences keith sheppard
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Avoiding Bankruptcy: Avoiding Bankruptcy: The Credit Rating of High School SciencesThe Credit Rating of High School Sciences
Keith Sheppard
The Academic Credit System -The Academic Credit System -
“Educational Coin of the Realm”
The Academic Credit System -The Academic Credit System -
“Educational Coin of the Realm”
Part of the “Grammar of Schooling”
The Academic Credit System -The Academic Credit System -
“Educational Coin of the Realm”
Part of the “Grammar of Schooling”
Ubiquitous
The Academic Credit System-UsesThe Academic Credit System-Uses
High School and College Graduation
Teacher certification
Faculty workloads and compensation
Departmental budgets
Transfer students
Etc.
The Academic Credit SystemThe Academic Credit System
Where did it come from?
Who invented it ?
Why?
Can it be changed?
Before The Credit System -Before The Credit System -
All students followed the same courses
Classics dominated curriculum
Limited science offerings
“Chemistry, like virtue, must be its own reward”
Lecture/recitation/textbook dominated approach
Before The Credit System -1870 Before The Credit System -1870 Admission RequirementsAdmission Requirements
Columbia Harvard Princeton U Michigan Yale
Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin
Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek
Math Math Math Math Math
English English English English English
Geography History & Geography
Geography History & Geography
Geography
Enter Charles W. Eliot Enter Charles W. Eliot (1834-1926)
Charles W. EliotCharles W. Eliot
Studied chemistry at Harvard
Became tutor in chemistry at Harvard
Promoted individual lab work
Was passed over for Chemistry Professorship
Co-authored first laboratory manual in English while at MIT
Became President of Harvard in 1869
Charles W. EliotCharles W. Eliot
Introduced new subjects (science and modern languages)
Introduced the elective system
Educational accounting system needed
The Elective SystemThe Elective System
Absolute prescription
Group Elective system
Free elective system
The Committee of TenThe Committee of Ten
•Chaired by Eliot
•Hold a conference on each appropriate academic subject and make recommendations on a uniform education
•Three science conferences
The Committee of TenThe Committee of Ten
•Introduced science to curriculum
•Allocated time to each subject(The idea behind the credit system)
•All science for all
CLASSICALThree foreign languages
(one modern).
LATIN-SCIENTIFIC.Two foreign languages
(one modern).
MODERN LANGUAGES.Two foreign languages
(both modern).
ENGLISH.One foreign language(ancient or modern).
I.AlgebraPhysical Geography
AlgebraPhysical Geography
AlgebraPhysical Geography
AlgebraPhysical Geography
II. GeometryPhysics
GeometryPhysicsBotany or Zoology
GeometryPhysicsBotany or Zoology
GeometryPhysicsBotany or Zoology
III. Mathematics
{Algebra 2 & Geometry 2}Mathematics
{Algebra 2 & Geometry 2}
{Astronomy 1/2 yr &Meteorology 1/2 yr}
Mathematics
{Algebra 2 & Geometry 2}
{Astronomy 1/2 yr &Meteorology 1/2 yr}
Mathematics
{Algebra 2 & Geometry 2}
{Astronomy 1/2 yr &Meteorology 1/2 yr}
IV.
Chemistry{Trigonometry &Higher Algebra}or History
Chemistry{Trigonometry &Higher Algebra}or History
{Geology or Physiography 1/2 yrAndAnatomy, Physiology& Hygiene 1/2 yr}
Chemistry{Trigonometry &Higher Algebra}or History
{Geology or Physiography 1/2 yrAndAnatomy, Physiology& Hygiene 1/2 yr}
Chemistry{Trigonometry &Higher Algebra}or History
{Geology or Physiography 1/2 yrAndAnatomy, Physiology& Hygiene 1/2 yr}
Committee on College Entrance Committee on College Entrance Requirements CCER (1899)Requirements CCER (1899)
Proposes ‘national unit’.
Recommends only ONE science credit for college admission.
(4 in languages, 2 English, 2 Math, 1 History, 6 Elective)
.
Enter Carnegie (1905)Enter Carnegie (1905)
Enter Carnegie (1905)Enter Carnegie (1905)
Gives $10,000,000 to establish pension fund for college professors to be paid to institutions.
Set criteria for what was a college-
It had at least 6 professors
It had a course of at least 4 years of liberal arts
For admission not less than 4 years of high school
Enter Carnegie (1905)Enter Carnegie (1905)
Defined four years of high school to mean a minimum of 14 units or credits earned --
The Carnegie Unit
Enter Carnegie (1905)Enter Carnegie (1905)
Defined four years of high school to mean a minimum of 14 units or credits earned --
The Carnegie Unit
A year’s work in any major subject = 120 sixty minute
hours or its equivalent
Enter Carnegie (1905)Enter Carnegie (1905)
The Educational Coin of the Realm
Impact on Science EducationImpact on Science Education
One year courses -fixed time
Fixed Order Biology-Chemistry-Physics
Limits innovation
Provides ability to transfer, easy scheduling