aviation management college airport management ms.zuliana ismail annex 14: aerodromes 1
TRANSCRIPT
Aviation Management CollegeAviation Management CollegeAirport Management Airport Management
Ms.Zuliana IsmailMs.Zuliana Ismail
ANNEX 14:ANNEX 14:AERODROMESAERODROMES
11
Annex 8Annex 8
Annex 3Annex 3
Annex 7Annex 7 Annex 10Annex 10 Annex 11Annex 11 Annex 12Annex 12
Annex 1Annex 1 Annex 2Annex 2 Annex 4Annex 4 Annex 5Annex 5 Annex 6Annex 6
Annex 9Annex 9
Annex 13Annex 13 Annex 15Annex 15Annex 14Annex 14 Annex 16Annex 16 Annex 17Annex 17 Annex 18Annex 18
Annexes ListsAnnexes Lists
AERODROMESAERODROMES
International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)DocumentsDocuments
22
What is Aerodromes?What is Aerodromes?
‘‘AerodromesAerodromes’’ A defined area on land or water A defined area on land or water
(including any buildings, installations (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of departure and surface movement of aircraft.aircraft.
33
How Annex 14 come to beHow Annex 14 come to be
ICAO adopted Aerodrome ICAO adopted Aerodrome Standard And Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs) Recommended Practices (SARPs) in 1951 & in 1951 & designated it as Annex 14designated it as Annex 14
Many amendments since 1951Many amendments since 1951
1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes– Vol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & OperationsVol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & Operations– Vol. 2 - HeliportsVol. 2 - Heliports
Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the standardsstandards
If signatories choose to differ, they must file a If signatories choose to differ, they must file a difference with ICAOdifference with ICAO
44
Volume 1: Aerodrome Design and OperationsVolume 1: Aerodrome Design and Operations Chapter 1 – Chapter 1 – Airport Classification Codes and Airport Classification Codes and
Design StandardDesign Standard Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical
characteristics (RWY,TXW,APRON)characteristics (RWY,TXW,APRON) Chapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removalChapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removal Chapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their FunctionsChapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their Functions Chapter 8 – Electrical SystemsChapter 8 – Electrical Systems Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services, Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services,
equipment and installationsequipment and installations Chapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenanceChapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenance
55
OutlinesOutlines
Why Need to Learn Annex 14?Why Need to Learn Annex 14?
Annex 14 provides the basic specification for Annex 14 provides the basic specification for aerodrome design and operations. aerodrome design and operations.
Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes with a similar standard or command.with a similar standard or command.– Miscommunication can be avoidedMiscommunication can be avoided– Safety for the travelling publicSafety for the travelling public
Knowledge of aerodrome standards is Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary for all personnel who are charged necessary for all personnel who are charged with duties associated with regulation and with duties associated with regulation and operation of aerodromes.operation of aerodromes.
66
Standard And Recommended Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs)Practices (SARPs)
Standards Standards are identified by the verb <shall> <shall>
77
Example: The systems shall be suitable for both day and night operations.
and are and are mandatory.mandatory.
Standard And Recommended Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs)Practices (SARPs)
Recommended Practices Recommended Practices are identified by the are identified by the verbverb <should><should>
88
Example: Recommendation.— The installation setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights, Types A and B, should be in accordance with Table 6-2.
and are only and are only recommendationsrecommendations
What should be the overall geometric What should be the overall geometric layout of runways, taxiways, and layout of runways, taxiways, and aprons?aprons?
What size of aircraft should the airfield What size of aircraft should the airfield be designed for?be designed for?
How should the construction of airside How should the construction of airside facilities be phased?facilities be phased?
How much land should be acquired or How much land should be acquired or reserved for a new airport?reserved for a new airport?
99
ImportanceImportance
Chapter 1
General
Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code
Type of ApproachType of Approach
1010
Airport Classification CodesAirport Classification Codes
Designed as a planning toolDesigned as a planning toolBased on two elementsBased on two elements
Aerodrome reference codeAerodrome reference code (based on a/c) (based on a/c)Type of approach Type of approach (based on runways :(based on runways :Non-Non-
Instrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).Instrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).
Example: Example: 3C NP3C NP
Type of approachType of approachAerodrome Aerodrome reference reference
codecode
The Aerodrome Coding The Aerodrome Coding ConceptConcept
Determine by two factors:Determine by two factors:Code number (1,2..,4)Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating to reflect aircraft operating
performance in terms of balanced field length of performance in terms of balanced field length of runways runways
Airplane reference field length (RFL)Airplane reference field length (RFL)Code letterCode letter (A, B, ..,F) (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical to reflect the aircraft physical
dimensions that have a bearing on the physical dimensions that have a bearing on the physical characteristics of aerodrome facilitiescharacteristics of aerodrome facilitiesWing span (WS) and Wing span (WS) and Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)
1212
Airplane reference Field Length (RFL)
The The minimum field length requiredminimum field length required for take-off at for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane field manualshown in the appropriate aeroplane field manual
1313
Wing Span (WS) and Outer Main Gear (OMG)
Wing Span (WS)=Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraftaircraft
Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=The distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.
Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code
Code element 1 Code element 2
Airplane referencefield length (RFL)
(2)
Codenumb
er(1)
Wing span (WS)(4)
Outer main gearwheel span (OMG)
(5)
Codeletter
(3)
RFL < 800 m
800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m
1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m
1 800 m ≤ RFL
1
2
3
4
WS < 15 m
15 m ≤ WS < 24 m
24 m ≤ WS < 36 m
36 m ≤ WS < 52 m
52 m ≤ WS < 65 m
65 ≤ WS < 80 m
OMG < 4.5 m
4.5 m ≤ OMG < 6 m
6 m ≤ OMG < 9 m
9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m
9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m
14 m ≤ OMG < 16 m
A
B
C
D
E
F
1515
ExerciseWhat is the AR Code for Boeing 747-400 &
Airbus A380 ????
1616
Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990mWS=64.4mOMG=12.4m
Airbus A380 RFL=>3300
mWS=79.8mOMG=14.34
m
1717
No
Aircraft type
CodeElement
1
CodeElement
2
Aerodrome
Reference Code (ARC)
RFL ( m)
Code No.
WS(m)
OMGWS
(m)
Code letter
1. ATR 42-200 1010 2 24.6 4.9 C ?
2. Fokker: 50 1760 3 29.0 8.0 C ?
3. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 8.7 C ?
4. A 340-300 2200 4 60.3 12 E ?
Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code
1818
AEROPLANETYPE
REF CODE
ARFL(m)
Wingspan(m)
OMGWS(m)
Lear Jet 55 3A 1292 13.4 2.5
Fokker F28-2000 3B 1646 23.6 5.8
Fokker:F27-500 3C 1670 29.0 7.9
Airbus A300 B2 3D 1676 44.8 10.9
Boeing:B737-200B737-300B737-400
4C4C4C
229527492499
28.428.928.9
6.46.46.4
Boeing:B707-300B757-200B767-200ER
4D4D4D
308820572743
44.438.047.6
7.98.7
10.8
Boeing:B747-300B747-400B777-200
4E4E4E
329233832500
59.664.960.9
12.412.412.8
Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code
Types of Runway ApproachTypes of Runway Approach
1.1. Non-Instrument Runway (NI)Non-Instrument Runway (NI)A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visualvisual
approach proceduresapproach procedures
2.2. Instrument RunwayInstrument RunwayA runway intended for the operation of aircraft using A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using instrumentinstrument approach procedures approach procedures
I.I. Non-Precision Runway (NP) Non-Precision Runway (NP) An instrument runway served by An instrument runway served by visual aids visual aids and a and a non-non-
visual aidvisual aid providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in approachstraight-in approach
I.I. Precision Runway (P) –Precision Runway (P) – Allow operations with a decision height and visibility Allow operations with a decision height and visibility
corresponding to Category 1, or II, or IIIcorresponding to Category 1, or II, or III
1919
Runway ApproachRunway Approach
2020
Non-Instrument Runway Non-Instrument Runway (NI)(NI)
Non-Precision Runway Non-Precision Runway (NP)(NP)
Precision Precision Runway (P) Runway (P)
ThresholThresholdd
TouchdoTouchdown zonewn zone
Aiming Aiming pointpoint
Runway Terminology
Runway Threshold: Beginning of runway for landing.Touchdown zone: The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway.Aiming point: serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.
2121
Precision Runway (P) CategoriesPrecision Runway (P) Categories
Category ICategory I An instrument runway served by An instrument runway served by Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)
and/or and/or Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) for lMicrowave Landing Systems (MLS) for lateral/vertical guidanceateral/vertical guidance and visual aids intended for operating :and visual aids intended for operating :
Decision Height (DH) more than 60mDecision Height (DH) more than 60m Visibility more than 880 m Visibility more than 880 m Runway Visual Range (RVR) more thanRunway Visual Range (RVR) more than 550 m550 m Most common of P runwaysMost common of P runways
Category II Category II Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less
than 60m and RVR more than 350 m.than 60m and RVR more than 350 m. Category IIICategory III
Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR less than 350 m.less than 350 m.
2222
The importance of The importance of airport classification airport classification codes codes
Designed as a planning tool.Designed as a planning tool.
Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & aprons (aprons (width, separation between runways, width, separation between runways, neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation
between parallel taxiways and etc) between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the depend on the aerodrome reference code selected for design aerodrome reference code selected for design purposes.purposes.
2323
ReviewReview
Specify the airport classification codes Specify the airport classification codes when the Airbus A 380 landing at the when the Airbus A 380 landing at the Precision type Runway.Precision type Runway.
2424
ReviewsReviews
What is the different between a non-What is the different between a non-instrument runway from a non-instrument runway from a non-precision runway?precision runway?
Aerodrome reference codes are based Aerodrome reference codes are based on two elements. What are they?on two elements. What are they?
2525
Chapter 2 & 3
Runway Designation NumbersRunways, Taxiways & Apron
CharacteristicsDeclared Distances
2626
Overview Overview
– Runways (i.e., orientation, length and width; shoulders, runway strip, RWY turn pads, Runway end safety area)
• Clearways• Stopways• Taxiways• Holding Bays• Aprons
2727
1. Runways1. Runways
2828
1. Runways1. Runways
A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Length and strength depend on the size of Length and strength depend on the size of aircraft to operate, the weather and the aircraft to operate, the weather and the presences of obstacles.presences of obstacles.
The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances)(take-off and landing distances)
The hotter the weather the longer the runwayThe hotter the weather the longer the runway
The higher the altitude the longer the runwayThe higher the altitude the longer the runway2929
Runways Length Runways Length
For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m
Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m.
3030
Runway CharacteristicsRunway Characteristics
Primary runway should be adequate to meet Primary runway should be adequate to meet operational requirements of critical aircraftoperational requirements of critical aircraft
Length of runway corrected for temperature, , Length of runway corrected for temperature, , humidity and surfacehumidity and surface
Length or runway need not be for maximum Length or runway need not be for maximum mass operations of critical aircraftmass operations of critical aircraft
Similar rationale for secondary runwaySimilar rationale for secondary runway
RWY Designation Numbers
Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. Example: heading. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340°° is marked as RWY 34.
Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16other runway marked as RWY 16
Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading. Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading.
Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six.Three Six.
For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS.
For multiple runways each runway is identified by For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).Center (C) and Right (R).
3232
Munich Airport: Munich Airport:
Two Parallel Runways Two Parallel Runways
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways
Runways WidthRunways Width
Code number
Code letter
A B C D E F
1 18 m 18 m 23 m - - -
2 23 m 23 m 30 m - - -
3 30 m 30 m 30 m 45 m - -
4 - - 45 m 45 m 45 m 60 m
3535
Recommendation.— The width of a runway should be not less than the appropriate dimension specified in the following tables
Exercise Exercise
Define the required runway width for the Define the required runway width for the Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?
3636
Runways StrengthRunways Strength
A runway should be capable of withstanding the traffic of airplanes the runway is intended to serve.
The surface of a paved runway shall be so constructed as to provide good friction characteristics when the runway is wet.
So that do not affect the airplane during the take-off or landing (no loss in friction)
3737
Runway shouldersRunway shoulders
Only for the airplane with Code Letter D, E and F
Width of runway shoulders
— 60 m for the code letter of airplane is D or E; and
— 75 m for the code letter of airplane is F.
3838
Runways with stopways or Runways with stopways or clearwaysclearways
3939
ClearwayClearway A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it
may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified heightheight
4040
StopwaysStopways A defined area on the ground prepared for an A defined area on the ground prepared for an
airplane so take it can be stopped in the case of an airplane so take it can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-offabandoned take-off
4141
Declared distancesDeclared distances
For any given runway, four declared distances defined by ICAO are
4242
take off run available TORA
take-off distance availabletake-off distance available TODATODA
accelerate-stop distance availableaccelerate-stop distance available ASDAASDA
landing distance availablelanding distance available LDALDA
TORA: Take-off run availableTORA: Take-off run available
TORA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
TORA = Full Length of RW
4343
Declared distancesDeclared distances
4444
TODA: Take-off distance TODA: Take-off distance availableavailable
The length of the take-off run available (TORA) The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the length of the clearway, if providedplus the length of the clearway, if provided TODA =TORA + CWY
4545
ASDA: Accelerate-stop ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance availabledistance available
ASDA is defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any SWY. Any CWY is not involved.
ASDA = TORA + SWY
4646
LDA: Landing distance LDA: Landing distance availableavailable
LDA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing aeroplane.
LDA = Length of RW (if threshold is not displaced.)
4747
Runway StripRunway StripA defined area including the runway and stopway.A defined area including the runway and stopway.
To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ; To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ; andand
To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operationsoperations
Figure: Composition of Runway Strip
Length of Runway StripsLength of Runway Strips
A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway strip.strip.
A runway strip should extend beyond each end of A runway strip should extend beyond each end of the runway for a distance of at least:the runway for a distance of at least:
— 60 m [ code number 2, 3 or 4];
— 60 m [code number 1 instrument runway]; and
— 30 m [code number 1 non-instrument runway] .
4949
Why Displaced Threshold ?Why Displaced Threshold ?
Due to the presence of obstacles on Due to the presence of obstacles on the approach path make the the approach path make the beginning section of runway beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings.unsuitable for landings.
It is marked with white paint arrows It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.landing portion of the runway.
5050
Displaced ThresholdDisplaced Threshold A displaced threshold not located at A displaced threshold not located at
the extremity(the extremity(the furthest point)the furthest point) of a of a runwayrunway
Provides obstacle free approach slopeProvides obstacle free approach slope May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and
landing rollout, but not for touchdownlanding rollout, but not for touchdown Temporary or permanentTemporary or permanent Specific markings : It is marked with Specific markings : It is marked with
white paint arrows that lead up to the white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of beginning of the landing portion of the runway.the runway.
5151
Displaced Displaced thresholdthreshold
5252
Permanently Displaced Threshold
Temporarily Displaced Threshold
Runway turn padRunway turn pad
5353
Runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of airplanes
Runway End Safety Area Runway End Safety Area (RESA)(RESA)
At each end of runway stripAt each end of runway stripPurpose: Purpose:
to reduce the risk of damage to an to reduce the risk of damage to an airplane undershooting or overrunning airplane undershooting or overrunning the runwaythe runway
Not included in declared distancesNot included in declared distancesMinimum length: 90 mMinimum length: 90 mWidth: twice that of runwayWidth: twice that of runway
5454
2.Taxiway2.Taxiway
5555
2.Taxiway2.Taxiway
Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and apron, runway and runway, the runway and apron, runway and runway, apron and apron and vice versaapron and apron and vice versa
Generally, width smaller than runwayGenerally, width smaller than runway
Lightings for night flyingLightings for night flying
Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg) Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg) at end of runway at end of runway
Can be one or multiple in bigger airportCan be one or multiple in bigger airport
Taxiways are given label Taxiways are given label
5656
TaxiwayTaxiway
Taxiways on aprons
5757
TaxiwayTaxiway
Recommendations.—
Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft.
Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.
5858
Width of taxiwaysWidth of taxiways
Code letter Taxiway widthA 7.5 mB 10.5 mC 15 m
D 18 m E 23 mF 25 m
5959
Junctions and intersectionsJunctions and intersections
Recommendation.—
To facilitate the movement of aeroplanes, fillets should be provided at junctions and intersections of taxiways with runways, aprons and other taxiways.
The design of the fillets should ensure that the minimum wheel clearances are maintained when aeroplanes are manoeuvring through the junctions or intersections.
[Note 3.— Compound curves may reduce or eliminate the need for extra taxiway width.]
6060
Taxiway CurveTaxiway Curve
Figure 3-2. Taxiway curve
6161
Taxiway minimum separation Taxiway minimum separation distancesdistances
6262
Rapid Exit TaxiwayRapid Exit TaxiwayA rapid exit taxiway should be designed:
with a radius of turn-off to enable exit speeds under wet curve of at least: conditions of: — 550 m — 93 km/h [code number is 3 or 4]; and — 275 m — 65 km/h [code number is 1 or 2].
6363
Holding bays
• A defined area where aircraft can be held, or bypassed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft. (when traffic is density is medium and heavy)
6464
Runway-holding position Runway-holding position A designated
position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/ MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower.
Taxiway or at Intersection of taxiway & runway
6565
6666
Runway-holding position Runway-holding position
3. Apron3. Apron
6767
6868
3. Apron3. Apron The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal
buildingbuilding Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport.Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport. The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the
apronapron Fitted with underground refueling systemFitted with underground refueling system Fitted with underground with water supply systemFitted with underground with water supply system Fitted with sewer disposal systemFitted with sewer disposal system
Types of apronsTypes of aprons
1.Passenger terminal apron
2.Cargo terminal apron
3.Remote parking apron
4.Service and hangar aprons
5.General Aviation aprons
6969
Apron DesignsApron Designs
7070
Minimum clearance Minimum clearance distances at Aprondistances at Apron
Minimum clearance distances between an aircraft stands with any buildings , another aircraft or object
Code letter Clearance distancesA & B 3 m C 4.5 m D, E & F 7.5 m
7171