aviation alternative fuels - icao

ICAO Colloquium on Aviation and Climate ChangeICAO Colloquium on Aviation

and Climate ChangeICAO Colloquium on

Aviation and Climate ChangeICAO Colloquium on

Aviation and Climate Changeand Climate ChangeAviation and Climate ChangeAviation and Climate Change

Aviation alternative fuels

Paul SteeleExecutive Director, Air Transport Action Group

ICAO Headquarters, Montréal, Canada, 11‐ 14 May 2010

ICAO Colloquium on Aviation and Climate Change

Why turn to alternative fuels?Why turn to alternative fuels?No action

CO2

Business as usual emissions

Aircraft technology (known), operations and infrastructure measures

TechOpsI f

CO2emissions

infrastructure measures

Biofuels and additional technology

Carbon‐neutral growth 2020

Gross emissions trajectoryInfra

CNG 2020

Economic measures

Biofuels +

add Tech

‐50% by

add. Tech

2005 20502020 2030 2040

2050

2010

(schematic)


2005 20502020 2030 20402010


Stringent performance specificationsStringent performance specifications

• SafeSafe• Drop‐in• High energy density• High energy density • High flash point / low freeze point N t b fit f ll b lif l b i• Net benefit on full carbon lifecycle basis

The above excludes many first generation fuelse.g.Biodiesel, Ethanol made from food crops



Alternative fuel typesAlternative fuel types

Energy Source Process Benefits /Issues

Fuels from Fossil Sources

Jet Kerosene Oil Refining Compact/High Energy Fuel

Coal‐to‐Liquid (CTL) Coal/Shale Fischer‐Tropsch

Reduces oil‐dependency

Needs CCS* to reduce CO22

Gas‐to‐Liquid (GTL) Gas/Coal/Shale Fischer‐Tropsch

Reduces oil‐dependency

Needs CCS* to reduce CO2

ICAO Headquarters, Montréal, Canada, 11‐ 14 May 2010*Carbon Capture & Storage


Alternative fuel typesAlternative fuel typesFuels from Renewable Sources

Energy Source Process Benefits /Issues

Biomass‐to‐Liquid Camelina/Jatropha Gasification/ CO Lifecycle benefits/Biomass‐to‐Liquid (BTL)

Camelina/Jatropha Halophytes/Algae/ Urban Waste

Gasification/

Fischer‐Tropsch

CO2 Lifecycle benefits/

Sustainability

H d d C li /J t h H d CO Lif l b fi /Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ)

Camelina/Jatropha Halophytes/Algae/

Hydrogen treatment

CO2 Lifecycle benefits/

Sustainability

Fermented Renewable Jet (FRJ)

Sugars Fermentation CO2 Lifecycle benefits/

Sustainability



Sustainability requirementsSustainability requirements

• Aviation determined not to repeat the experienceAviation determined not to repeat the experience with first‐generation biofuels

Food Water and Soil andCO2 Land use

Food security

Water and air quality

SocietySoil and

biodiversityHas a net reduction in carbon emissions over its full lifecycle

Do not use land previously used for

food

Do not impact food supplies

Do not negatively impact water and

air quality

Provide benefits to communities growing feed

Do not negatively impact soil quality

or introduce y

Do not cause deforestation

Do not compete with food crops for water supplies

q y g gsources invasive species

• The industry is working with the Sustainable Biofuels Roundtable on sustainability criteria



We’ve come a long wayWe’ve come a long way

• 2006: biofuels for aviation thought “unlikely”• 2006: biofuels for aviation thought unlikely

• 2010: 5 x biofuels test flights have taken place 2 x gas to liquid flightsplace, 2 x gas to liquid flights

• The industry has driven development of this i i i i i iexciting initiative

• ASTM certification for biofuels within a year

• Commercial flights on biofuels 3‐5 years away



Alternative fuels test flight programmeAlternative fuels test flight programmeCarrier Aircraft Partners Date Alternative fuel Blend

B747‐400 Boeing, GE Aviation 23 Feb 2008 Coconut & Babassu

20% one engine

B747‐400 Boeing,Rolls‐Royce

30 Dec 2008 Jatropha 50% one engine

B737‐800 Boeing 7 Jan 2009 Algae and 50% one engineB737‐800 Boeing,GE Aviation,CFM, Honeywell UOP

7 Jan 2009 Algae and Jatropha

50% one engine

B747‐300 Boeing,Pratt & Whitney,Honeywell UOP

30 Jan 2009 Camelina, Jatropha, Algae blend

50% one engine

Honeywell UOP blend

A340‐600 Airbus, Shell 12 Oct 2009 Gas to liquid

(not biofuel)

50% four engines

B747‐400 GE, Honeywell UOP 23 Nov 2009 Camelina 50% one engine

A319 Rentech 30 April 2010 Gas to liquid

(not biofuel)

40% two engines



Test flight programme scheduled flightsTest flight programme, scheduled flightsCarrier Aircraft Partners Date Alternative fuel Blend

A320 Airbus, CFM 2H 2010 Jatropha TBC

A320 Airbus, IAE, Honeywell 2010 TBC TBC

A320 CFM, Safran, EADS, Airbus, Honeywell

2011 Salicornia TBC

E190 Embraer, Amyris, GE 1H 2012 Sugars TBC



Key findings from test flight programmeKey findings from test flight programme

• Efficiency• Efficiency– Energy density up to 48 MJ/kg (more than JetA1 average of around 43

MJ/kg)(Continental)

f f l h fl h (– Saving of 1.4 tonnes fuel on a 12 hour 747‐400 flight (Air New Zealand)

• CO2 gas savings– Camelina, up to 85% (Michigan Technological University)



Need to support several types of biofuelNeed to support several types of biofuelNear term supply costs of aviation biofuels vs jet kerosene

2

1.5Feedstock costs Capital costs

Co-product benefits Other input costs

1

$/lit

er

0.5US$

BTL Wood Jet kerosene-0.5

0

HRJ Algae HRJ SH Sugars


Source: IATA, IEA, various biofuel studieswaste + carbon

0.5 gJatropha

g


Scaling up could reduce costs substantiallyScaling up could reduce costs substantially

GTCCpower

Gasturbines

Solar PV(1968 98)

Ethanol(1979 95)

Coal(1975 93)

Windturbine

Nuclearpower

5

0

power(1991-97)

turbines(1958-63)

(1968-98) (1979-95) (1975-93) turbine(1990-98)

power(1975-93)

-10

-5

duct

ion

-20

-15

cost

red

Impact on production costs of each doubling of capacity-25

20

%


Source: IEA

p p g p y-30


Biofuels could completely replace Jet A 1Biofuels could completely replace Jet A‐1

90%

100%High

70%

80%

90%Central (high)

Central (low)

%

50%

60%( )

Low

Very low

20%

30%

40%

f jet demand

Very low

0%

10%

20%

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

ICAO Headquarters, Montréal, Canada, 11‐ 14 May 2010Source: E4tech

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050


The way forwardThe way forward

• Consolidate aviation business case • Agree common sustainability standards• Agree standard methodology for carbon lifecycle calculationscalculations

• Support development of diversity of biofuel feedstock• Improve biomass productivity – more R&DImprove biomass productivity more R&D• Scale up capacity• Demonstration plants – World Bank • Commercialisation / implementation support from governments


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