avian infections. viral infections of respiratory tract newcastel disease virus avian influenza ...
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Viral infections of respiratory tractViral infections of respiratory tract
Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus Avian influenzaAvian influenza Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus Avian laryngotracheitis disease virusAvian laryngotracheitis disease virus AdenovirusesAdenoviruses
Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus
Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and
virulence) - mutations and recombinationvirulence) - mutations and recombination
Affects young animals from 3 weeksAffects young animals from 3 weeks
Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeksMaternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks
Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop
of lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 daysof lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 days
Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus
Horizontal spreadHorizontal spread
Rapid spread – high concentration of animalsRapid spread – high concentration of animals
Vertical transmission – not demonstratedVertical transmission – not demonstrated
Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells
of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic
strains)strains) Virus persistence and long term sheddingVirus persistence and long term shedding
Avian infectious bronchitis virus - Avian infectious bronchitis virus - diagnosticsdiagnostics
Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10 Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10 days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strainsdays in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains
Virus isolation in acute phase of the diseaseVirus isolation in acute phase of the disease– CAM (2-3 passages)CAM (2-3 passages)– tracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 daystracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days
Variant strains and Ag mutants – Variant strains and Ag mutants – sentinel SPF sentinel SPF animalsanimals
Avian infectious Avian infectious laryngotracheitis viruslaryngotracheitis virus
Acute disease of Acute disease of chickenchicken, pheasants (3-9 month), pheasants (3-9 month) Respiration problems, bloody mucous secretionRespiration problems, bloody mucous secretion Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitisConjunctivitis - panophtalmitis Mild - peracute diseaseMild - peracute disease Antigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulenceAntigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulence Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low
temperature, concurrent infections)temperature, concurrent infections)
Avian infectious Avian infectious laryngotracheitis viruslaryngotracheitis virus
Virus latency – in infected and vaccinated animalsVirus latency – in infected and vaccinated animals Rezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strainsRezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strains Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the
newbornsnewborns
Avian infectious Avian infectious laryngotracheitis viruslaryngotracheitis virus
Samples:Samples: 4-6 living animals4-6 living animals
trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozentrachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen
DiagnosticsDiagnostics I.N. inklusions - tracheaI.N. inklusions - trachea IF test – tracheaIF test – trachea Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identificationIzolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification Differentiation of vaccine and field strains by READifferentiation of vaccine and field strains by REA
Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus
Different pathotypes of the virusDifferent pathotypes of the virus
– Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)
– MezogenicMezogenic
– LentogenicLentogenic
Serologically uniqueSerologically unique
Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic
strainsstrains
Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus
Velogenic strains – Velogenic strains – respiratory signs (edema of respiratory signs (edema of
the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs, the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs,
bleeding, almost 100% mortalitybleeding, almost 100% mortality
Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Izolation: embryonated eggsIzolation: embryonated eggs
Detection: hemagglutination, PCRDetection: hemagglutination, PCR
Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.
Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)
THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACT Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum(CHRD) enrofloxacin p.o. Live vac..-aerosol.
lincomycin p.o. tilmicosin p.o.
H. paragallinarum amoxicilin p.o.(hemofilová rýma)
pneumoniaMycoplasma synoviae linkomycin p.o.
tilmikosin p.o. Pasteurella multocida amoxicilin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.(fowl cholera) Bordetella avium amoxicilin p.o.(rhinotracheitis, bordetelosis)
THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACT
rhinotracheitis ,pneumonia, pleuritis, airsaculitis O. rhinotracheale amoxicillin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.(ornithobacteriosis) doxycyclin p.o. airsacculitis E. coli flumequin p.o.M. synoviaeMycoplasma meleagridis* lincomycin p.o.(aerosacculitis in turkey) tilmicosin p.o.
Mycotic infections• flavus, A. fumigatus(aspergilosis)
THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACTMycotic infections (aspergilosis)Mycotic infections (aspergilosis)Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubatorsBrooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubatorsNeumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of ageNeumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of ageA.A. flavus, A. fumigatusflavus, A. fumigatus
Infection of GITInfection of GIT
Newcastel disease virus chorobaNewcastel disease virus choroba Avian influenzaAvian influenza
Avian influenzaAvian influenza
Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of
lay… …high mortalitylay… …high mortality
Virulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigensVirulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigens
Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green
diarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitisdiarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitis
Avian influenza - diagnosticsAvian influenza - diagnostics
Izolatio on EEIzolatio on EE
HA testHA test
Antibody detection by HITAntibody detection by HIT
Differentiation of Newcastel disease virusDifferentiation of Newcastel disease virus
THE ALIMENTARY TRACTTHE ALIMENTARY TRACT
EnteritisEnteritisClostridium perfringens typ A,Clostridium perfringens typ A, CCClostridium colinumClostridium colinum amoamoxicillinxicillin p.o.p.o.(ne(neccrotic enteritirotic enteritiss)) Salmonella Salmonella PPullorumullorum flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o.((fowl typhoidfowl typhoid)) enrofloxacin enrofloxacin p.o.p.o. Salmonella Salmonella GGallinarum allinarum flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o. live vac.live vac.. i.m.. i.m.((fowl typhoidfowl typhoid)) enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o.
THE ALIMENTARY TRACTTHE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Salmonella. spp.-S. Salmonella. spp.-S. EEnteritidis, S. nteritidis, S. TTyphimuriumyphimurium(paraty(paratyphoid phoid infeinfectionction)) enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o. live-/ live-/inainacct.vat.vacc. s.c.. s.c.
flumechinflumechin p.o.p.o. Salmonella ArizonaeSalmonella Arizonae enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o.(arizon(arizonosis inosis in turkeyturkey)) flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o.
Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuni ´ ´ erythromycinerythromycin p.o.p.o.(kampyloba(kampylobaccteriteriosisosis))
E.coli E.coli encofloxacinencofloxacin(coligranulomatosis)(coligranulomatosis)
Y. eneterocoliticaY. eneterocolitica
THE ALIMENTARY TRACTTHE ALIMENTARY TRACT
peritonitis
E. coli flumequin p.o.Pasteurella multocida amoxicillin p.o. inact. vac. s.c.,i.m.
enro/difloxacin p.o. flumequin p.o.
Mycobacterium avium/subsp. avium NO TREATMENT
LIVERLIVER
hepatitis E.coli flumechin p.o. subunit. vac. s.c. Salmonella spp. enrofloxacin p.o.(S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum) P. multocida amoxicillin p.o.
Campylobacter jejuniErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.Y. pseudotuberculosisPerihepatitisM. gallisepticum
Infection of CNSInfection of CNS
Avian encephalomyelitisAvian encephalomyelitis Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus
Avian encephalomyelitis virusAvian encephalomyelitis virus
Primary replication in the gutPrimary replication in the gut Serologic uniformity, strains differ in virulenceSerologic uniformity, strains differ in virulence Clinical signs up to 6 weeks after birthClinical signs up to 6 weeks after birth Ataxy, paralysis and tremorAtaxy, paralysis and tremor Zákal čočky, iridocyklitisZákal čočky, iridocyklitis Drop of lay, transovaral spreadDrop of lay, transovaral spread Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or
peripheral nervesperipheral nerves
Avian encephalomyelitis virusAvian encephalomyelitis virus Clinical signsClinical signs Anamnesis – no vaccinationAnamnesis – no vaccination Limited pathologic changesLimited pathologic changes
IFA detection in the brainIFA detection in the brain Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)
Serology Serology – VN test non EE – monitoring of vaccinationVN test non EE – monitoring of vaccination– ELISAELISA– ID testID test
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mycoplasma spp. tilmicosin p.o.M.gallisepcticumM.meleagridis (turkey)salpingitis
E. coli, flumequin p.o.Salmonella spp.
egg yolk saculitis and sepsis
E. coli flumecquin p.o. Pseudomonas aeruginosa enro/difloxacin p.o. Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o. Clostridium perfringens amoxicillin p.o. Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin p.o.Enterococcus faecalis
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMTHE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitisStaphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o.E. coli flumequin p.o.Mycoplasma synoviae tilmicosin p.o.(infekční synovitida kuřatrůt) lincomycin p.o. Pasteurella multocida potenc.sulfonamides p.o.(cholera drůbeže) flumequin p.o. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.
benzylpenicillin i.m. osteomyelitisE.coli enrofloxacin p.o.Staphylococcus aureus lincomycin p.o.
tylosin p.o.
Infection of the lymphatic tissueInfection of the lymphatic tissue
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus Avian leukosisAvian leukosis Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus
2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)
6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains
Virus is very stable (up to 4 month)Virus is very stable (up to 4 month) Highly contagious diseaseHighly contagious disease Incubation period 1-3 daysIncubation period 1-3 days Clinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animalsClinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animals Susceptible animals 3 – 12 weeksSusceptible animals 3 – 12 weeks
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus
Virus replication in lymphocytesVirus replication in lymphocytes Longlasting immunosupression (humoralLonglasting immunosupression (humoral,, cell- cell-
mediated)mediated) 100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in
muscles, muscles, Atrophy of bursaAtrophy of bursa
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days)Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days) Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF)Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF) Antigen capture ELISAAntigen capture ELISA
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus
Serology – ELISASerology – ELISA
Monitoring of antibodies in the flockMonitoring of antibodies in the flock Serological profile – estimation of maternal Serological profile – estimation of maternal
immunity, vaccine schedulindimmunity, vaccine schedulind
Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus
VN testVN test
Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type specific)specific)
Avian leukosis virusAvian leukosis virus
ALV – neoplastic disease of chickenALV – neoplastic disease of chicken Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasantsGroups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants
Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails, Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails, ducks, ducks,
in chicken serological detection only in chicken serological detection only
Avian leukosisAvian leukosis
Ubiquitous spreadUbiquitous spread Low clinical incidenceLow clinical incidence Vertical spreadVertical spread Horizontal spreadHorizontal spread Incubation period –more than 14 weeksIncubation period –more than 14 weeks
Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis in liver and spleenin liver and spleen
Clinical signs – nonspecificClinical signs – nonspecific
Avian leukosisAvian leukosis
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is
pathognomicpathognomic
IF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markersIF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markers
Avian leukosisAvian leukosis
Dg. testsDg. tests COFAL testCOFAL test ELISA-ALVELISA-ALV
Biological assayBiological assay
gs antigens
Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus
Lymphoproliferative disease in chickensLymphoproliferative disease in chickens
Serotype 1Serotype 1 patogenic and oncogenic strainspatogenic and oncogenic strains
Serotype 2Serotype 2 avirulent and nononcogenic strainsavirulent and nononcogenic strains
Serotype 3Serotype 3 avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine strains)strains)
Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus
Clinical signs from 6 – 16 weeksClinical signs from 6 – 16 weeks Majority of neoplastic changes in broilersMajority of neoplastic changes in broilers Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in
peripheral nerves and other organsperipheral nerves and other organs Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in
BF, skin, musclesBF, skin, muscles Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of
peripheral nervesperipheral nerves
Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of
coordination, asymetric paresis and paralysiscoordination, asymetric paresis and paralysis
Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock, Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock, depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals. depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals. Significant mortality without neurolog. changesSignificant mortality without neurolog. changes
Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid infiltration of pupil, blindnessinfiltration of pupil, blindness
Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather foliclesfolicles
Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus
K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje lytická infekce B bunlytická infekce B buněěk ve slezink ve sleziněě a thymu a thymu
Následující zánNásledující záněětlivé zmtlivé změěny vedou k infiltraci ny vedou k infiltraci monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocytymonocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty
Klidové T buKlidové T buňňky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u ky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci – aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci – imunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumoryimunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumory
K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buK produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buňňkách kách pépéřřových folikulových folikulůů!!
Místem latence jsou T lymfocytyMístem latence jsou T lymfocyty
Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus
DiagnosticsDiagnosticsThe detection of the virus or antibodies is The detection of the virus or antibodies is
not significantnot significant
MATSA antigensMATSA antigens
Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus
Disease of chickens in 2-3 weeksDisease of chickens in 2-3 weeks– Transovarial infectionTransovarial infection– Horizontal spread after birthHorizontal spread after birth
Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb., Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb., granulocyty)granulocyty)
Thymus atrophy (patognomic)Thymus atrophy (patognomic) Anorexia, fever, pallorAnorexia, fever, pallor
Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus
Clinical signsClinical signs Biological assay (i.p. aplication)Biological assay (i.p. aplication) Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA)Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA) PCRPCR
ColisepsisColisepsis
– E.coliE.coli Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid
– S. GallinarumS. Gallinarum SepticemiaSepticemia
– P.multocida (fowl cholera)P.multocida (fowl cholera)– S.aureusS.aureus– S. equi subsp. zooepidemicusS. equi subsp. zooepidemicus– E.rhusiopathieE.rhusiopathie
Mycoses Mycoses Generalized aspergilosisGeneralized aspergilosis
– A. flavus, A.fumigatusA. flavus, A.fumigatus
SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.